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463:
416:. The largest seamount has an area of 15,500 km (6,000 sq mi) and it occurs in the North Pacific. Guyots cover a total area of 707,600 km (273,200 sq mi) and have an average area of 2,500 km (970 sq mi), more than twice the average size of seamounts. Nearly 50% of guyot area and 42% of the number of guyots occur in the North Pacific Ocean, covering 342,070 km (132,070 sq mi). The largest three guyots are all in the North Pacific: the Kuko Guyot (estimated 24,600 km (9,500 sq mi)),
360:
471:
701:. In the second, most active stage of its life, ocean-ridge volcanoes erupt tholeiitic to mildly alkalic basalt as a result of a larger area melting in the mantle. This is finally capped by alkalic flows late in its eruptive history, as the link between the seamount and its source of volcanism is cut by crustal movement. Some seamounts also experience a brief "rejuvenated" period after a hiatus of 1.5 to 10 million years, the flows of which are highly alkalic and produce many
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690:. Here it is subducted under the plate margin and ultimately destroyed, but it may leave evidence of its passage by carving an indentation into the opposing wall of the subduction trench. The majority of seamounts have already completed their eruptive cycle, so access to early flows by researchers is limited by late volcanic activity.
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852:
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The ecological conservation of seamounts is hurt by the simple lack of information available. Seamounts are very poorly studied, with only 350 of the estimated 100,000 seamounts in the world having received sampling, and fewer than 100 in depth. Much of this lack of information can be attributed to a
478:
There are more seamounts in the
Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic, and their distribution can be described as comprising several elongate chains of seamounts superimposed on a more or less random background distribution. Seamount chains occur in all three major ocean basins, with the Pacific having
284:
Earth's oceans contain more than 14,500 identified seamounts, of which 9,951 seamounts and 283 guyots, covering a total area of 8,796,150 km (3,396,210 sq mi), have been mapped but only a few have been studied in detail by scientists. Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the North
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The study of seamounts has been hindered for a long time by the lack of technology. Although seamounts have been sampled as far back as the 19th century, their depth and position meant that the technology to explore and sample seamounts in sufficient detail did not exist until the last few decades.
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All volcanic seamounts follow a particular pattern of growth, activity, subsidence and eventual extinction. The first stage of a seamount's evolution is its early activity, building its flanks and core up from the sea floor. This is followed by a period of intense volcanism, during which the new
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in the world, distributed extremely widely both in space and in age. A seamount is technically defined as an isolated rise in elevation of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) or more from the surrounding seafloor, and with a limited summit area, of conical form. There are more than 14,500 seamounts. In
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in Papua New Guinea. Conical
Seamount has a basal diameter of about 2.8 km and rises about 600 m above the seafloor to a water depth of 1050 m. Grab samples from its summit contain the highest gold concentrations yet reported from the modern seafloor (max. 230 g/t Au, avg.
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project formed in 2005. CenSeam is intended to provide the framework needed to prioritise, integrate, expand and facilitate seamount research efforts in order to significantly reduce the unknown and build towards a global understanding of seamount ecosystems, and the roles they have in the
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is a broader alternative, albeit not as detailed, with 13,000 catalogued seamounts; however this is still only a fraction of the total 100,000. The reason for this is that uncertainties in the technology limit recognition to features 1,500 m (4,921 ft) or larger. In the future,
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seas together have only 23 seamounts and 2 guyots. The 9,951 seamounts which have been mapped cover an area of 8,088,550 km (3,123,010 sq mi). Seamounts have an average area of 790 km (310 sq mi), with the smallest seamounts found in the Arctic Ocean and the
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the most number and most extensive seamount chains. These include the
Hawaiian (Emperor), Mariana, Gilbert, Tuomotu and Austral Seamounts (and island groups) in the north Pacific and the Louisville and Sala y Gomez ridges in the southern Pacific Ocean. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the
1754:
Kitchingman, A., Lai, S., 2004. Inferences on
Potential Seamount Locations from Mid-Resolution Bathymetric Data. in: Morato, T., Pauly, D. (Eds.), FCRR Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Reports. University of British Columbia, Vanvouver, BC, pages
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Even with the right technology available, only a scant 1% of the total number have been explored, and sampling and information remains biased towards the top 500 m (1,640 ft). New species are observed or collected and valuable information is obtained on almost every
987:, who climb the coral to get themselves off the seafloor, helping them to catch food particles, or small zooplankton, as they drift by. This is in sharp contrast with the typical deep-sea habitat, where deposit-feeding animals rely on food they get off the ground. In
500:. The mid-Atlantic ridge and spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean are also associated with abundant seamounts. Otherwise, seamounts tend not to form distinctive chains in the Indian and Southern Oceans, but rather their distribution appears to be more or less random.
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and associated hydrological phenomena that ultimately result in water movement in an otherwise still ocean bottom. Currents have been measured at up to 0.9 knots, or 48 centimeters per second. Because of this upwelling seamounts often carry above-average
686:(possibly after a brief rejuvenated period), they are ground back down by the waves. Seamounts are built in a far more dynamic oceanic setting than their land counterparts, resulting in horizontal subsidence as the seamount moves with the tectonic plate towards a
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lack of technology, and to the daunting task of reaching these underwater structures; the technology to fully explore them has only been around the last few decades. Before consistent conservation efforts can begin, the seamounts of the world must first be
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Seamounts can form in a wide variety of tectonic settings, resulting in a very diverse structural bank. Seamounts come in a wide variety of structural shapes, from conical to flat-topped to complexly shaped. Some are built very large and very low, such as
272:
as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form. The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of meters below the surface, and are therefore considered to be within the
1471:. Subsidation analysis found that at the time of their deposition, this would have been 500 m (1,640 ft) up the flank of the volcano, far too high for a normal wave to reach. The date corresponded with a massive flank collapse at the nearby
277:. During their evolution over geologic time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface, such flat-top seamounts are called "
3005:
Clark, M. R.; Rowden, A. A.; Schlacher, T.; Williams, A.; Consalvey, M.; Stocks, K. I.; Rogers, A. D.; O'Hara, T. D.; White, M.; Shank, T. M.; Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2010). "The
Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Function, and Human Impacts".
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Seamounts are exceptionally important to their biome ecologically, but their role in their environment is poorly understood. Because they project out above the surrounding sea floor, they disturb standard water flow, causing
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extend from the eastern coast of the United States to the mid-ocean ridge. Craig and
Sandwell noted that clusters of larger Atlantic seamounts tend to be associated with other evidence of hotspot activity, such as on the
1374:(the latter especially in parts of Micronesia) are all mineral resources that are deposited upon or within seamounts. However, only the first two have any potential of being targeted by mining in the next few decades.
1068:. Seamounts were first extensively fished in the second half of the 20th century, due to poor management practices and increased fishing pressure seriously depleting stock numbers on the typical fishing ground, the
1913:
K. Hoernle; F. Hauff; R. Werner; P. van den
Bogaard; A. D. Gibbons; S. Conrad & R. D. Müller (27 November 2011). "Origin of Indian Ocean Seamount Province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere".
1234:, with six major expeditions recording over 60,000 species observations. The contrast between the seamount and the surrounding area was well-marked. One of the primary ecological havens on the seamount is its
2806:
Muller, Daniel; Leander Franz; Sven
Petersen; Peter Herzig; Mark Hannington (2003). "Comparison between magmatic activity and gold mineralization at Conical Seamount and Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea".
778:
rocks dominate shallow-water seamounts. They are the products of the explosive activity of seamounts that are near the water's surface, and can also form from mechanical wear of existing volcanic rock.
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Sandwell, David T.; Müller, R. Dietmar; Smith, Walter H. F.; Garcia, Emmanuel; Francis, Richard (2014). "New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure".
1163:) near Japan and Russia. The reason for this is that the fishes that are targeted over seamounts are typically long-lived, slow-growing, and slow-maturing. The problem is confounded by the dangers of
316:, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are ongoing concerns on the negative impact of fishing on seamount ecosystems, and well-documented cases of stock decline, for example with the
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from seamounts are also vulnerable, as they are highly valued for making jewellery and decorative objects. Significant harvests have been produced from seamounts, often leaving coral beds depleted.
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IHO, 2008. Standardization of
Undersea Feature Names: Guidelines Proposal form Terminology, 4th ed. International Hydrographic Organization and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Monaco.
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Seamounts are a possible future source of economically important metals. Even though the ocean makes up 70% of Earth's surface area, technological challenges have severely limited the extent of
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626:. Which of these two process involved in the formation of a seamount has a profound effect on its eruptive materials. Lava flows from mid-ocean ridge and plate boundary seamounts are mostly
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Before seamounts and their oceanographic impact can be fully understood, they must be mapped, a daunting task due to their sheer number. The most detailed seamount mappings are provided by
830:, seamounts with a flat top. These tops must be 200 m (656 ft) or more below the surface of the sea; the diameters of these flat summits can be over 10 km (6.2 mi).
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have also been found. They tend to gather small particulates and thus form beds, which alters sediment deposition and creates a habitat for smaller animals. Many seamounts also have
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for marine species that are not found on or around the surrounding deeper ocean bottom. Because seamounts are isolated from each other they form "undersea islands" creating the same
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Pacific Ocean, and follow a distinctive evolutionary pattern of eruption, build-up, subsidence and erosion. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example
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but now shown to be the process followed by all seamounts of the ocean-ridge type. During the first stage the volcano erupts basalt of various types, caused by various degrees of
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populations, seamounts are thus centers where the fish that feed on them aggregate, in turn falling prey to further predation, making seamounts important biological hotspots.
2468:
Morato, T., Varkey, D.A., Damaso, C., Machete, M., Santos, M., Prieto, R., Santos, R.S. and
Pitcher, T.J. (2008). "Evidence of a seamount effect on aggregating visitors".
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1444:, which can be among the largest natural disasters in the world. In an illustration of the potent power of flank collapses, a summit collapse on the northern edge of
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visit seamounts as well, to gather food, but proof of this aggregating effect has been lacking. The first demonstration of this conjecture was published in 2008.
223:
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1324:. But with the constantly decreasing supply on land, some mining specialists see oceanic mining as the destined future, and seamounts stand out as candidates.
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garden, and many of the specimens noted were over a century old. Following the expansion of knowledge on the seamount there was extensive support to make it a
1052:. Some recent research indicates whales may use such features as navigational aids throughout their migration. For a long time it has been surmised that many
3053:
Richer de Forges; J. Anthony Koslow & G. C. B. Poore (22 June 2000). "Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific".
3254:
399:. Overall, seamount and guyot coverage is greatest as a proportion of seafloor area in the North Pacific Ocean, equal to 4.39% of that ocean region. The
1167:, which damages seamount surface communities, and the fact that many seamounts are located in international waters, making proper monitoring difficult.
979:, which capitalize on the strong currents around the seamount to supply them with food. These coral are therefore host to numerous other organisms in a
2363:"Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber"
4143:
2548:
678:, the eruptions slowly die away. With eruptions becoming infrequent and the seamount losing its ability to maintain itself, the volcano starts to
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are two technologies working to close the gap. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts; for example,
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ran into an uncharted seamount in 2005 at a speed of 35 knots (40.3 mph; 64.8 km/h), sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman.
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Seamounts are abundant, and all have metal resource potential because of various enrichment processes during the seamount's life. An example for
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Overfishing is a serious threat to seamount ecological welfare. There are several well-documented cases of fishery exploitation, for example the
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1243:
2854:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed.-in-Chief C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
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that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to 1,000–4,000 m (3,300–13,100 ft) in height. They are defined by
3172:
1793:
667:
3239:
455:, they have since subsided far below sea level. This long chain of islands and seamounts extends thousands of kilometers northwest from the
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combined with data from other satellites has shown thousands of previously uncharted seamounts, with more to come as data is interpreted.
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in January 2005, following its collision with an uncharted seamount. The damage was extensive and the submarine was just barely salvaged.
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Ocean-ridge volcanoes in particular have been observed to follow a certain pattern in terms of eruptive activity, first observed with
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in particular is extremely devastating to seamount ecology, and is responsible for as much as 95% of ecological damage to seamounts.
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is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses; as they get older,
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deep sea floor. This causes a different type of fauna to exist than on the seafloor, and leads to a theoretically higher degree of
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suggests that seamounts may not be especially endemic, and discussions are ongoing on the effect of seamounts on endemicity. They
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2303:
826:, steepening of volcanic slopes, and ultimately, flank collapse. There are also several sub-classes of seamounts. The first are
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2593:"NOAA Releases Plans for Managing and Protecting Cordell Bank, Gulf of Farallones and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries"
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in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents, as well as their elevated position in the water, attract
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2019:
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1300:), however after more than 5000 publicly held cruises, the amount of the sea floor that has been mapped remains minuscule.
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Seamounts provide habitats and spawning grounds for these larger animals, including numerous fish. Some species, including
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volcano erupts almost all (e.g. 98%) of its total magmatic volume. The seamount may even grow above sea level to become an
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begin to seep in the seamount. This activity leads to inflation, over-extension of the volcano's flanks, and ultimately
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286:
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How to Read a Navigational Chart: A Complete Guide to the Symbols, Abbreviations, and Data Displayed on Nautical Charts
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1419:
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1246:. Much of what is known about seamounts ecologically is based on observations from Davidson. Another such seamount is
708:
In recent years, geologists have confirmed that a number of seamounts are active undersea volcanoes; two examples are
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Mediterranean and Black Seas; whilst the largest mean seamount size, 890 km (340 sq mi), occurs in the
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seeping in the seamounts put pressure on their sides, causing landslides that have the potential to generate massive
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1135:) have plummeted; experts say that it could take decades for the species to restore itself to its former numbers.
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has agreed to fund the OASIS project, a detailed study of the effects of fishing on seamount communities in the
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61:
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1475:, and it was theorized that it was a massive tsunami, generated by the landslide, that deposited the fossils.
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968:, however, been confidently shown to provide a habitat to species that have difficulty surviving elsewhere.
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Lundsten, L; J. P. Barry; G. M. Cailliet; D. A. Clague; A. DeVogelaere; J. B. Geller (January 13, 2009).
530:. Their overall abundance makes them one of the most common, and least understood, marine structures and
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McClain, Craig R.; Lundsten L.; Ream M., Barry J.; DeVogelaere A. (January 7, 2009). Rands, Sean (ed.).
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1961:
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1938:
1872:"The Geological History of Deep-Sea Volcanoes: Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere Interactions"
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Harris, P. T.; MacMillan-Lawler, M.; Rupp, J.; Baker, E. K. (2014). "Geomorphology of the oceans".
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The most apparent lava flows at a seamount are the eruptive flows that cover their flanks, however
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Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B., Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. and Santos, R.S. (eds) (2007). "
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2198:"Endemicity, Biogeography, Composition, and Community Structure On a Northeast Pacific Seamount"
1986:
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Because of their large numbers, many seamounts remain to be properly studied, and even mapped.
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Vulnerability of deep sea corals to fishing on seamounts beyond areas of national jurisdiction
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1250:, which has also been declared a marine protected area by Canada for its ecological richness.
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177:
105:
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Craig, C.H.; Sandwell, D.T. (1988). "Global distribution of seamounts from Seasat profiles".
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Nearly 80 species of fish and shellfish are commercially harvested from seamounts, including
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seamounts. This is helped by geochemical exchange between the seamounts and the ocean water.
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In addition soft sediments tend to accumulate on seamounts, which are typically populated by
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Seamounts often project upwards into shallower zones more hospitable to sea life, providing
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lavas. Compared to mid-ocean ridge seamounts, subduction zone seamounts generally have more
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If all known seamounts were collected into one area, they would make a landform the size of
508:
448:
297:
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3201:
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4013:
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3258:
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886:, have been shown to occur more often on seamounts than anywhere else on the ocean floor.
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595:
493:
456:
388:
325:
197:
133:
90:
85:
75:
3242:, a volume on the biological and geological effects of seamounts, available fully online.
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2262:"Benthic invertebrate communities on three seamounts off southern and central California"
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2135:"Seamounts may serve as refuges for deep-sea animals that struggle to survive elsewhere"
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are isolated elevation spikes measuring less than 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). Lastly,
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Lundsten, L; McClain, CR; Barry, JP; Cailliet, GM; Clague, DA; DeVogelaere, AP (2009).
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Some seamounts have not been mapped and thus pose a navigational danger. For instance,
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2757:"Seamount Mineral Deposits: A Source for Rare Minerals for High Technology Industries"
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1819:(Press release). Scripps Institution of Oceanography / UC San Diego. 23 February 2010.
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Most seamounts are built by one of two volcanic processes, although some, such as the
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mineralization on the seafloor is Conical Seamount, located about 8 km south of
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Individual nations are beginning to note the effect of fishing on seamounts, and the
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and a field of debris up to 6 km (4 mi) away. A catastrophic collapse at
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in particular grows in the surrounding area as well, but nowhere near as profusely.
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Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
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The giant Ruatoria debris avalanche on the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand
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Keating, Barbara H.; Fryer, Patricia; Batiza, Rodey; Boehlert, George W. (1987).
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The effect that seamounts have on fish populations has not gone unnoticed by the
763:, are also an important part of seamount growth. The most common type of flow is
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1840:(Press release). National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration. 30 April 2010.
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767:, named so after its distinctive shape. Less common are sheet flows, which are
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3217:. The life cycle of seamounts was originally observed off of the Hawaiian arc.
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2777:
1459:
flattened its whole structure extensively. Lastly, in 2004, scientists found
1305:
technological advances could allow for a larger and more detailed catalogue.
4357:
4219:
4204:
4118:
3963:
3802:
3797:
3580:
3508:
3436:
3356:
3346:
3303:
2994:. International Series in the Earth Sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, 271 pp.
2739:
2704:
2338:
2321:
2134:
1741:
1472:
1437:
1429:
1428:
One major seamount risk is that often, in the late of stages of their life,
1409:
1405:
1344:
1309:
1301:
1258:
1224:
819:
747:
flow that originates from lava-water interactions during submarine eruptions
675:
651:
452:
408:
336:
249:
182:
3211:. Aftermath of a seamount carving into the far side of a subduction trench.
3084:
3045:
2712:
2396:
2243:
2020:"Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain"
1123:
432:"Seamount chain" redirects here. For a broader coverage of this topic, see
380:, ridges and hills less than 1,000 m in height in the world's oceans.
48:
3127:"Ichthyofauna on Three Seamounts off Southern and Central California, USA"
2526:
1689:
1418:
is named after the ship that hit it in 1973. More recently, the submarine
4452:
4174:
3925:
3915:
3860:
3336:
2910:
2656:
2202:
1449:
1393:
1181:
1164:
1080:
1022:
957:
953:
866:
809:
702:
301:
274:
241:
17:
3264:
3036:
2347:
1813:"Seamount scientists offer new comprehensive view of deep-sea mountains"
4321:
4311:
3481:
3451:
2440:
2138:
1441:
1278:
1203:
1003:
971:
The volcanic rocks on the slopes of seamounts are heavily populated by
903:
812:
683:
679:
655:
610:
rises through the crust to the surface. Volcanoes formed near or above
556:
504:
377:
348:
265:
80:
3151:
3126:
2288:
2261:
1262:
Graph showing the rise in global sea level (in mm) as measured by the
4028:
3441:
3076:
1947:
1460:
1363:
1127:
Because of overfishing at their seamount spawning grounds, stocks of
744:
647:
643:
627:
527:
253:
245:
163:
3189:
2570:
1072:. Seamounts have been the site of targeted fishing since that time.
383:
Most seamounts are volcanic in origin, and thus tend to be found on
3223:. An explanation of the different types of lava-water interactions.
2979:
Keating, B.H., Fryer, P., Batiza, R., Boehlert, G.W. (Eds.), 1987:
4390:
4209:
3988:
3943:
1785:
1381:
1297:
1257:
1188:
1174:
1173:
1122:
1112:
1049:
992:
976:
908:
902:
all congregate over seamounts to feed, as well as some species of
891:
850:
827:
735:
725:
721:
607:
546:
531:
469:
461:
358:
305:
278:
261:
257:
296:
Because of their abundance, seamounts are one of the most common
3822:
2603:
2167:
1965:
1397:
1340:
1331:
1267:
1263:
1230:
Possibly the best ecologically studied seamount in the world is
1100:
895:
560:
3268:
1184:
of this type are often made from coral harvested off seamounts.
3245:
3234:
A review of the effects of seamounts on biological processes
2411:"Introduction to the Biology and Geology of Lōʻihi Seamount"
2018:
Kerr, B. C.; D. W. Scholl; S. L. Klemperer (July 12, 2005).
855:
Animations depicting current flow over seamounts and ridges.
638:), whereas flows from subducting ridge volcanoes are mostly
2652:
Satellites detect 'thousands' of new ocean-bottom mountains
2255:
2253:
1834:"Seamounts identified as significant, unexplored territory"
1607:
Watts, T. (August 2019). "Science, Seamounts and Society".
420:(estimated 20,220 km (7,810 sq mi)) and the
474:
Distribution of seamounts and guyots in the North Atlantic
2320:
Wessel, Paul; Sandwell, David T.; Kim, Seung-Sep (2010).
466:
Distribution of seamounts and guyots in the North Pacific
376:
addition to seamounts, there are more than 80,000 small
312:
alike. Their aggregational effect has been noted by the
2417:. Fe-Oxidizing Microbial Observatory (FeMO). 2009-02-01
2750:
2748:
2554:
The Impacts of Fishing on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems
2315:
2313:
1155:) off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand and the
3192:. A database of seamount maps and catalogue listings.
2671:
New Map Exposes Previously Unseen Details of Seafloor
1044:
Seamounts may thus be vital stopping points for some
2494:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
1991:
Ocean Drilling Program Database-Results of Site 1206
952:, the substrate is much harder than the surrounding
771:
and marginal, and indicative of larger-scale flows.
439:
Seamounts are often found in groupings or submerged
424:(estimated 13,680 km (5,280 sq mi)).
4330:
4304:
4266:
4218:
4157:
4052:
3924:
3821:
3616:
3302:
3196:
Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska
2517:
2515:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1242:, a motion that was granted in 2008 as part of the
991:extensive coral growth results in the formation of
932:. These are two species attracted to the seamount;
590:near Australia, are more enigmatic. Volcanoes near
2755:James R. Hein; Tracy A. Conrad; Hubert Staudigel.
1715:
1713:
1202:. Another project working towards conservation is
960:. However, recent research especially centered at
4238:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
3102:"Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries"
2941:"Hawaiian tsunami left a gift at foot of volcano"
2083:. John F. Dower and Frances J. Fee. February 1999
1594:. Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
1410:Landslide § Prehistoric submarine landslides
674:). After a period of explosive activity near the
2464:
2462:
2304:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Mountains in the Sea 2004"
2191:
2189:
2057:School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
2013:
2011:
1590:Nybakken, James W. and Bertness, Mark D., 2008.
367:. The dots indicate significant coral nurseries.
328:, which scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.
4228:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1684:
1682:
3161:Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation
2129:
2127:
2125:
1772:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 43.
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
3280:
2898:. International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press.
1828:
1826:
403:has only 16 seamounts and no guyots, and the
217:
8:
906:when the features are particularly shallow.
1602:
1600:
503:Isolated seamounts and those without clear
264:-rock. Seamounts are typically formed from
3287:
3273:
3265:
3167:Series 12, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 527pp.
2560:. 14 July 2006. Retrieved on 26 July 2010.
1577:
1575:
1573:
534:on Earth, a sort of exploratory frontier.
507:origins are less common; examples include
224:
210:
36:
3150:
3035:
2863:
2861:
2386:
2337:
2287:
2233:
2223:
1937:
796:; others are built more steeply, such as
551:Diagram of a submarine eruption (key: 1.
1870:Hubert Straudigal & David A Clauge.
1807:
1805:
1463:61 m (200 ft) up the flank of
622:to the overriding plate that lowers its
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
1569:
324:). 95% of ecological damage is done by
162:
141:
118:
60:
39:
3559:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2626:"Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area"
2172:Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
1592:Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach
1244:Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
3261:, United Nations Environment Program.
2490:"Seamounts – hotspots of marine life"
1763:
1761:
7:
4506:
3028:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081109
1144:, a task that is still in progress.
650:, and volatile abundances, and less
248:without reaching the water surface (
614:are created because the subducting
4386:National Oceanographic Data Center
3813:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3701:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
3221:How Volcanoes Work: Lava and Water
1440:with the potential to start major
948:interest. As they are formed from
588:Christmas Island Seamount Province
451:. Formed millions of years ago by
25:
4233:Global Sea Level Observing System
2049:"General Information About Loihi"
1406:Landslide § Causing tsunamis
1277:(left) and its follow-on mission
838:are small pillar-like seamounts.
4516:
4505:
4496:
4495:
3691:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3607:
3596:
2361:Higashi, Y; et al. (2004).
1485:
371:Seamounts can be found in every
47:
4421:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4144:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
3215:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
3008:Annual Review of Marine Science
2437:"Seamount: What is a Seamount?"
2047:Rubin, Ken (January 19, 2006).
1722:Journal of Geophysical Research
1512:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
654:, resulting in more explosive,
363:Bathymetric mapping of part of
3131:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2985:. Geophys. Monogr. 43:319–334.
2267:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1770:Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls
443:, a classic example being the
1:
2991:Marine Geology of the Pacific
2982:Seamounts, islands and atolls
2869:"USS San Francisco (SSN 711)"
2388:10.1016/S0168-6496(04)00004-2
2053:Hawaii Center for Volcanology
995:late in the seamount's life.
822:, which is likely to lead to
818:Many seamounts show signs of
804:. Some seamounts also have a
3681:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3651:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3407:Luke's variational principle
3248:, seamount biology database.
2322:"The Global Seamount Census"
2225:10.1371/journal.pone.0004141
1653:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011
1161:Pseudopentaceros richardsoni
847:Ecological role of seamounts
3190:Earthref Seamount Catalogue
2768:. Seamounts Special Issue.
2630:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
1883:. Seamounts Special Issue.
1522:List of submarine volcanoes
1066:commercial fishing industry
314:commercial fishing industry
4572:
3746:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3594:
3165:Fish and Aquatic Resources
1403:
1089:Paralithodes camtschaticus
543:Geochemistry and evolution
431:
30:For active seamounts, see
29:
4491:
4281:Ocean acoustic tomography
4094:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3686:General circulation model
3322:Benjamin–Feir instability
2829:10.1007/s00710-003-0007-3
2525:. CenSeam. Archived from
2367:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2078:"The Bowie Seamount Area"
1448:resulted in a pronounced
1083:(Scombridae and others),
1033:communities, for example
798:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
712:(formerly Lo‘ihi) in the
682:. After finally becoming
289:(formerly Lōʻihi) in the
4411:Ocean surface topography
3786:Thermohaline circulation
3776:Subsurface ocean current
3716:Hydrothermal circulation
3549:Wave–current interaction
3327:Boussinesq approximation
2915:Volcanism reference base
2809:Mineralogy and Petrology
2472:Series 357: pages 23–32.
881:blackstripe cardinalfish
4448:Sea surface temperature
4431:Outline of oceanography
3626:Atmospheric circulation
3564:shallow water equations
3554:Waves and shallow water
3447:Significant wave height
2849:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
2705:10.1126/science.1258213
2470:Marine Ecology Progress
2339:10.5670/oceanog.2010.60
2108:Encyclopædia Britannica
1742:10.1029/jb093ib09p10408
1436:, leading to submarine
1153:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1133:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1109:Hoplostethus atlanticus
884:(Apogon nigrofasciatus)
434:Undersea mountain range
322:Hoplostethus atlanticus
4443:Sea surface microlayer
3808:Wind generated current
2949:(2464): 14. 2004-09-11
1995:Ocean Drilling Program
1728:(B9): 10408–410, 420.
1552:Topographic prominence
1401:
1294:multibeam echosounding
1281:
1185:
1136:
981:commensal relationship
937:
856:
748:
583:
490:Vitória-Trindade Ridge
475:
467:
447:, an extension of the
368:
252:), and thus is not an
4551:Physical oceanography
4276:Deep scattering layer
4258:World Geodetic System
3766:Princeton Ocean Model
3646:Coriolis–Stokes force
3296:Physical oceanography
3184:Geography and geology
3100:Koslow, J.A. (1997).
2988:Menard, H.W. (1964).
2894:Nigel Calder (2002).
1695:Encyclopedia of Earth
1527:Marine protected area
1385:
1339:26 g/t, n=40).
1261:
1227:of marine organisms.
1208:Census of Marine Life
1177:
1126:
912:
854:
739:
600:decompression melting
550:
513:Eratosthenes Seamount
481:New England Seamounts
473:
465:
362:
240:is a large submarine
4296:Underwater acoustics
3856:Perigean spring tide
3721:Langmuir circulation
3432:Rossby-gravity waves
3240:Mountains in the Sea
2875:on 25 September 2009
1097:Lutjanus campechanus
606:. The lower density
281:" or "tablemounts".
244:that rises from the
4458:Science On a Sphere
4064:Convergent boundary
3736:Modular Ocean Model
3696:Geostrophic current
3412:Mild-slope equation
3143:2009MEPS..389..223L
3118:1997AmSci..85..168K
3069:2000Natur.405..944R
3020:2010ARMS....2..253C
2821:2003MinPe..79..259M
2697:2014Sci...346...65S
2606:. November 20, 2008
2435:Kennedy, Jennifer.
2379:2004FEMME..47..327H
2280:2009MEPS..374...23L
2216:2009PLoSO...4.4141M
2161:"Davidson Seamount"
2141:. February 11, 2009
2027:Stanford University
1930:2011NatGe...4..883H
1887:(1). Archived from
1778:1987GMS....43.....K
1734:1988JGR....9310408C
1645:2014MGeol.352....4H
1302:Satellite altimetry
1289:dive at seamounts.
1272:satellite altimeter
1196:European Commission
337:satellite altimetry
4114:Seafloor spreading
4104:Outer trench swell
4069:Divergent boundary
3969:Continental margin
3954:Carbonate platform
3851:Lunitidal interval
3257:2007-06-27 at the
3207:2010-07-16 at the
1698:. December 9, 2008
1542:Submarine eruption
1416:Muirfield Seamount
1402:
1308:Observations from
1282:
1186:
1137:
1019:gastropod mollusks
973:suspension feeders
938:
934:Paragorgia arborea
928:) on the crest of
926:Paragorgia arborea
918:Coryphaenoides sp.
877:(Allocyttus niger)
857:
820:intrusive activity
755:, in the forms of
753:igneous intrusions
749:
695:Hawaiian seamounts
666:(for example, the
584:
498:Cape Verde Islands
476:
468:
369:
341:Muirfield Seamount
178:Hydrothermal vents
129:Surface microlayer
4556:Fisheries science
4531:
4530:
4523:Oceans portal
4483:World Ocean Atlas
4473:Underwater glider
4416:Ocean temperature
4079:Hydrothermal vent
4044:Submarine volcano
3979:Continental shelf
3959:Coastal geography
3949:Bathymetric chart
3831:Amphidromic point
3519:Wave nonlinearity
3377:Infragravity wave
3173:978-1-4051-3343-2
3152:10.3354/meps08181
3063:(6789): 944–947.
2660:, 2 October 2014.
2650:Amos, Jonathan. "
2571:"CenSeam Science"
2549:Secretary-General
2523:"CenSeam Mission"
2289:10.3354/meps07745
1917:Nature Geoscience
1795:978-1-118-66420-9
1547:Submarine volcano
1517:Hotspot (geology)
1232:Davidson Seamount
1157:pelagic armorhead
1070:continental shelf
1046:migratory animals
1031:hydrothermal vent
962:Davidson Seamount
930:Davidson Seamount
553:Water vapor cloud
445:Emperor Seamounts
365:Davidson Seamount
298:marine ecosystems
266:extinct volcanoes
234:
233:
106:Continental shelf
32:Submarine volcano
16:(Redirected from
4563:
4521:
4520:
4509:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4438:Pelagic sediment
4376:Marine pollution
4170:Deep ocean water
4039:Submarine canyon
3974:Continental rise
3866:Rule of twelfths
3781:Sverdrup balance
3711:Humboldt Current
3636:Boundary current
3611:
3600:
3417:Radiation stress
3387:Iribarren number
3362:Equatorial waves
3317:Ballantine scale
3312:Airy wave theory
3289:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3156:
3154:
3121:
3096:
3077:10.1038/35016066
3049:
3039:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2911:"Kohala Volcano"
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2865:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2815:(3–4): 259–283.
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2780:. Archived from
2761:
2752:
2743:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:. 1 October 2011
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2500:on 13 April 2010
2496:. Archived from
2486:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:on 7 August 2010
2443:. Archived from
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:10.1038/ngeo1331
1941:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1876:
1867:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1686:
1657:
1656:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1457:Detroit Seamount
1446:Vlinder Seamount
1240:marine sanctuary
1039:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
794:Detroit Seamount
714:Hawaiian Islands
710:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
612:subducting zones
596:mid-ocean ridges
592:plate boundaries
581:Click to enlarge
509:Bollons Seamount
457:island of Hawaii
449:Hawaiian Islands
389:mid-ocean ridges
291:Hawaiian Islands
287:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
226:
219:
212:
91:Seagrass meadows
86:Mangrove forests
62:Coastal habitats
51:
37:
21:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4515:
4487:
4326:
4300:
4262:
4243:Sea-level curve
4214:
4153:
4139:Transform fault
4089:Mid-ocean ridge
4055:
4048:
4014:Oceanic plateau
3920:
3906:Tidal resonance
3876:Theory of tides
3817:
3726:Longshore drift
3676:Ekman transport
3612:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3544:Wave turbulence
3477:Trochoidal wave
3402:Longshore drift
3298:
3293:
3259:Wayback Machine
3246:SeamountsOnline
3209:Wayback Machine
3181:
3124:
3099:
3052:
3004:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2921:, vulcanologist
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2848:
2844:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2787:on 13 June 2010
2784:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2732:
2728:
2691:(6205): 65–67.
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2415:Lōʻihi Seamount
2409:
2408:
2404:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1939:10.1.1.656.2778
1924:(12): 883–887.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1894:on 13 June 2010
1891:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1660:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:Volcanic island
1502:Asphalt volcano
1491:
1484:
1481:
1465:Kohala mountain
1412:
1380:
1368:manganese oxide
1366:, hydrothermal
1322:deep sea mining
1318:
1316:Deep-sea mining
1256:
1169:Bottom trawling
1121:
1079:(Palinuridae),
1062:
1054:pelagic animals
1048:, specifically
975:, particularly
946:biogeographical
922:bubblegum coral
849:
844:
785:
734:
688:subduction zone
602:of rock in the
545:
540:
494:Bermuda Islands
437:
430:
357:
326:bottom trawling
230:
198:Marine sediment
134:Epipelagic zone
76:Intertidal zone
56:
41:Marine habitats
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4503:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Stratification
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4355:
4353:Color of water
4350:
4348:Benthic lander
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4253:Sea level rise
4250:
4248:Sea level drop
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Marine geology
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Passive margin
4021:
4019:Oceanic trench
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Ocean dynamics
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Coriolis force
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Stokes problem
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Kinematic wave
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3179:External links
3177:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3122:
3112:(2): 168–176.
3097:
3050:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2932:
2901:
2886:
2857:
2842:
2798:
2744:
2735:Cryosat 4 Plus
2726:
2675:
2662:
2643:
2617:
2584:
2562:
2558:United Nations
2547:Report of the
2540:
2529:on 24 May 2010
2511:
2474:
2458:
2427:
2402:
2373:(3): 327–336.
2353:
2309:
2295:
2249:
2185:
2152:
2121:
2094:
2069:
2039:
2007:
1978:
1953:
1905:
1843:
1822:
1801:
1794:
1757:
1747:
1709:
1658:
1632:Marine Geology
1616:
1596:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Oceanic trench
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1480:
1477:
1461:marine fossils
1434:flank collapse
1379:
1376:
1317:
1314:
1275:TOPEX/Poseidon
1255:
1252:
1248:Bowie Seamount
1236:deep sea coral
1200:North Atlantic
1120:
1117:
1103:(Scombridae),
1061:
1058:
1027:Xenophyophores
989:tropical zones
983:, for example
888:Marine mammals
848:
845:
843:
840:
802:Bowie Seamount
784:
781:
773:Volcaniclastic
733:
730:
699:mantle melting
664:oceanic island
616:tectonic plate
544:
541:
539:
536:
521:Gorringe Ridge
517:Axial Seamount
429:
426:
356:
353:
310:marine mammals
270:oceanographers
232:
231:
229:
228:
221:
214:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
167:
166:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4568:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4534:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Marine energy
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Acidification
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:SOFAR channel
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Oceanic crust
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Fracture zone
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Oceanic basin
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Abyssal plain
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Internal tide
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Ocean current
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3599:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Wave shoaling
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Ursell number
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Internal wave
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Breaking wave
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:. NOAA paper.
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2948:
2947:
2946:New Scientist
2942:
2936:
2933:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:Seach, John.
2905:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2600:Press release
2594:
2588:
2585:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1962:"Pillow lava"
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:10.1029/GM043
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:Oceans portal
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:San Francisco
1417:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1389:San Francisco
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1273:
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1183:
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1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:orange roughy
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1129:orange roughy
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Orange roughy
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:red king crab
1082:
1078:
1077:spiny lobster
1073:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
985:Brittle Stars
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:volcanic rock
947:
943:
935:
931:
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729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:ocean surface
673:
669:
668:2009 eruption
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:calc-alkaline
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:melting point
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:are built by
597:
593:
589:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Magma chamber
566:
565:Magma conduit
562:
558:
555:2. Water 3.
554:
549:
542:
537:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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501:
499:
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491:
487:
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472:
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450:
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442:
435:
427:
425:
423:
422:Pallada Guyot
419:
415:
410:
406:
405:Mediterranean
402:
398:
394:
393:mantle plumes
390:
386:
385:oceanic crust
381:
379:
374:
366:
361:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
318:orange roughy
315:
311:
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303:
299:
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288:
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227:
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189:
188:Demersal zone
186:
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121:
120:Ocean surface
117:
112:
109:
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104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
71:Littoral zone
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
59:
55:
54:Bear Seamount
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
4533:
4478:Water column
4426:Oceanography
4401:Observations
4396:Explorations
4366:Marginal sea
4359:
4317:OSTM/Jason-2
4149:Volcanic arc
4124:Slab suction
4033:
3841:Head of tide
3731:Loop Current
3671:Ekman spiral
3457:Stokes drift
3367:Gravity wave
3342:Cnoidal wave
3227:
3226:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3134:
3130:
3109:
3105:
3060:
3054:
3037:10026.1/1339
3011:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2969:Bibliography
2964:
2951:. Retrieved
2944:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2914:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2851:
2845:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2769:
2765:Oceanography
2763:
2738:
2729:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2665:
2655:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2565:
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2469:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2332:(1): 24–33.
2329:
2326:Oceanography
2325:
2298:
2271:
2265:
2210:(1): e4141.
2207:
2201:
2176:. Retrieved
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2112:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2052:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
1998:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1956:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1884:
1880:Oceanography
1878:
1838:ScienceDaily
1837:
1817:ScienceDaily
1816:
1769:
1750:
1725:
1721:
1700:. Retrieved
1693:
1636:
1630:
1610:Geoscientist
1608:
1591:
1586:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1388:
1349:hydrothermal
1336:Lihir Island
1326:
1319:
1307:
1291:
1283:
1229:
1221:productivity
1217:biodiversity
1213:biogeography
1193:
1187:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1119:Conservation
1115:(Percidae).
1108:
1096:
1088:
1074:
1063:
1043:
1017:worms), and
1011:oligochaetes
1007:marine worms
997:
993:coral atolls
970:
965:
939:
933:
925:
917:
883:
876:
871:
858:
817:
786:
750:
743:, a type of
722:Manu'a Group
707:
692:
660:
604:upper mantle
585:
525:
502:
486:Walvis Ridge
477:
441:archipelagos
438:
414:Indian Ocean
401:Arctic Ocean
382:
370:
330:
321:
308:, fish, and
295:
283:
237:
235:
193:Benthic zone
172:
155:Oceanic zone
150:Pelagic zone
111:Neritic zone
96:Kelp forests
4468:Thermocline
4185:Mesopelagic
4158:Ocean zones
4129:Slab window
3994:Hydrography
3934:Abyssal fan
3901:Tidal range
3891:Tidal power
3886:Tidal force
3771:Rip current
3706:Gulf Stream
3666:Ekman layer
3656:Downwelling
3631:Baroclinity
3618:Circulation
3514:Wave height
3504:Wave action
3487:megatsunami
3467:Stokes wave
3427:Rossby wave
3392:Kelvin wave
3372:Green's law
3137:: 223–232.
3014:: 253–278.
2636:31 December
2145:December 7,
1987:"SITE 1206"
1532:Mud volcano
1372:phosphorite
1287:submersible
1254:Exploration
1093:red snapper
1000:polychaetes
954:sedimentary
900:cephalopods
776:sedimentary
765:pillow lava
741:Pillow lava
672:Hunga Tonga
658:eruptions.
577:Pillow lava
418:Suiko Guyot
397:island arcs
373:ocean basin
246:ocean floor
101:Coral reefs
4540:Categories
4406:Reanalysis
4305:Satellites
4286:Sofar bomb
4134:Subduction
4109:Ridge push
4004:Ocean bank
3984:Contourite
3911:Tide gauge
3896:Tidal race
3881:Tidal bore
3871:Slack tide
3836:Earth tide
3756:Ocean gyre
3576:Wind setup
3571:Wind fetch
3534:Wave setup
3529:Wave radar
3524:Wave power
3422:Rogue wave
3352:Dispersion
2919:John Seach
2610:2 December
2421:2009-03-02
2178:2 December
1690:"Seamount"
1564:References
1507:Bathymetry
1438:landslides
1430:extrusions
1404:See also:
1352:iron oxide
1329:epithermal
1015:microdrile
874:black oreo
790:Koko Guyot
732:Lava types
632:tholeiitic
345:extrusions
333:Bathymetry
183:Cold seeps
142:Open ocean
4546:Seamounts
4268:Acoustics
4220:Sea level
4119:Slab pull
4056:tectonics
3964:Cold seep
3926:Landforms
3803:Whirlpool
3798:Upwelling
3581:Wind wave
3509:Wave base
3437:Sea state
3357:Edge wave
3347:Cross sea
2852:Phosphate
2837:129643758
2778:1042-8275
2740:DTU Space
2573:. CenSeam
2274:: 23–32.
1934:CiteSeerX
1473:Mauna Loa
1345:manganese
1310:CryoSat-2
1225:evolution
1023:sea slugs
914:Grenadier
836:pinnacles
824:inflation
806:carbonate
783:Structure
718:Vailulu'u
703:xenoliths
652:magnesium
620:volatiles
561:Lava flow
453:volcanism
355:Geography
250:sea level
173:Seamounts
164:Sea floor
81:Estuaries
18:Seamounts
4501:Category
4453:Seawater
4180:Littoral
4175:Deep sea
4034:Seamount
3916:Tideline
3861:Rip tide
3791:shutdown
3761:Overflow
3494:Undertow
3337:Clapotis
3255:Archived
3205:Archived
3085:10879534
3046:21141665
2721:31851740
2713:25278606
2657:BBC News
2397:19712321
2348:24861056
2244:19127302
2203:PLoS ONE
2103:"Guyots"
1639:: 4–24.
1613:: 10–16.
1479:See also
1450:headwall
1442:tsunamis
1394:dry dock
1270:oceanic
1182:earrings
1165:trawling
1081:mackerel
958:endemism
942:habitats
904:seabirds
867:plankton
810:sediment
628:basaltic
505:volcanic
428:Grouping
349:tsunamis
302:plankton
275:deep sea
242:landform
238:seamount
4511:Commons
4381:Mooring
4331:Related
4322:Jason-3
4312:Jason-1
4195:Pelagic
4190:Oceanic
4165:Benthic
3482:Tsunami
3452:Soliton
3228:Ecology
3139:Bibcode
3114:Bibcode
3106:Am. Sci
3093:4382477
3065:Bibcode
3016:Bibcode
2999:Ecology
2974:Geology
2953:25 July
2925:25 July
2879:25 July
2817:Bibcode
2791:26 July
2693:Bibcode
2685:Science
2577:22 July
2551:(2006)
2533:22 July
2504:24 July
2451:25 July
2441:ask.com
2375:Bibcode
2276:Bibcode
2235:2613552
2212:Bibcode
2139:PhysOrg
2114:24 July
2087:26 July
2062:26 July
2032:15 July
2000:26 July
1971:25 July
1926:Bibcode
1898:25 July
1774:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1702:24 July
1641:Bibcode
1378:Dangers
1360:sulfate
1356:sulfide
1279:Jason-1
1204:CenSeam
1111:), and
1060:Fishing
1004:annelid
842:Ecology
720:in the
684:extinct
656:viscous
636:alkalic
557:Stratum
538:Geology
4200:Photic
4029:Seabed
3442:Seiche
3171:
3091:
3083:
3056:Nature
3044:
2835:
2776:
2719:
2711:
2395:
2346:
2242:
2232:
2174:. 2006
1936:
1792:
1469:Hawaii
1408:, and
1370:, and
1364:sulfur
1189:Corals
1142:mapped
1050:whales
977:corals
920:) and
916:fish (
898:, and
892:sharks
862:eddies
832:Knolls
828:guyots
769:glassy
745:basalt
648:alkali
644:sodium
630:(both
532:biomes
528:Europe
395:, and
378:knolls
306:corals
279:guyots
254:island
4391:Ocean
4360:Alvin
4210:Swash
4054:Plate
3999:Knoll
3989:Guyot
3944:Atoll
3823:Tides
3586:model
3472:Swell
3304:Waves
3089:S2CID
2833:S2CID
2785:(PDF)
2772:(1).
2760:(PDF)
2717:S2CID
2596:(PDF)
2344:JSTOR
2164:(PDF)
2081:(PDF)
2023:(PDF)
1892:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1755:7–12.
1453:scarp
1298:sonar
1179:Coral
1113:perch
1035:Suiyo
761:sills
757:dikes
726:Samoa
680:erode
618:adds
608:magma
409:Black
387:near
262:cliff
260:, or
258:islet
4358:DSV
4343:Argo
4205:Surf
3661:Eddy
3169:ISBN
3081:PMID
3042:PMID
2955:2010
2927:2010
2881:2010
2793:2010
2774:ISSN
2709:PMID
2638:2011
2612:2009
2604:NOAA
2579:2010
2535:2010
2506:2010
2453:2010
2393:PMID
2240:PMID
2180:2009
2168:NOAA
2147:2009
2116:2010
2089:2010
2064:2010
2034:2010
2002:2010
1973:2010
1966:NOAA
1900:2010
1790:ISBN
1704:2010
1420:USS
1398:Guam
1387:USS
1341:Iron
1332:gold
1268:CNES
1264:NASA
1223:and
1206:, a
1101:tuna
1037:and
966:have
896:tuna
879:and
800:and
792:and
759:and
716:and
634:and
594:and
573:Dike
519:and
496:and
407:and
335:and
3163:".
3147:doi
3135:389
3073:doi
3061:405
3032:hdl
3024:doi
2825:doi
2701:doi
2689:346
2383:doi
2334:doi
2284:doi
2272:374
2230:PMC
2220:doi
1944:doi
1782:doi
1738:doi
1649:doi
1637:352
1467:in
1396:in
1392:in
1099:),
1091:),
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813:cap
808:or
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670:of
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571:7.
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