462:. A citizen-soldier. A pre-United States ancestor of the National Guardsman (which was a Federal creation). One may easily argue that the language of the current O.C.G.A. § 50-3-30 lends strong credit for the capitalized meaning of Constitution to refer to the US version. But a review of the Seal's history and through understanding of Georgia's history may lend weight towards another conclusion. A member of the Georgia Militia from this period would never dream of defending the (US) "Constitution". If we review the official precedents of the Seal (See laws 1799, Cobb's 1851 Digest, p. 959; Code 1863, § 86; Code 1868, § 81; Code 1873, § 86; Code 1882, § 86; Civil Code 1895, § 184; Civil Code 1910, § 213; Ga. L. 1914, p. 1247; Code 1933, § 40-701; Ga. L. 2001, p. 1, § 3) and utilize Georgia's turbulent transition after the Civil War ( Reconstruction - the downfall of the Progressives and election of McKinley), the Soldier, therefore, embodies the legacy of General Oglethorpe's Militia, who truly protected the Georgia Charter and eventually the Georgia Constitutions after the Revolutionary War. Fundamentally, Georgia was staunchly pro-cession throughout the Post Revolution with increasing anti-Federal sentiments until well after the Civil War. The State's Right argument in a nutshell. Concessions may be made that some of Georgia's leadership during this period (the First Seal with 1799) were pro Federalist like Clarke but these sentiments fell away by the 1860s. During Reconstruction, the seals were hidden until the Reconstruction supporters was eliminated. It was not until after the failure of the Farmers Alliance and eventual Progressive movement collapsed when Georgia began its true integration into National Government. With the election of McKinley and several subsequent presidents, America turned to building an empire through imperialistic growth. This gradual acceptance and transition from the old Bourbon ruled Georgia to the modernization and integration into National Affairs encompasses the time period when we see many of Georgia's semiotics change. The change from 1799 (a date originating from the state's history) to 1776 ( a Federally important date) lends credit to the argument that the original intent of the Georgia Seal was symbolic of Georgia's classic history, not the contemporary version which has become altered to sugar coat the state's true and turbulent past.
155:
boat landing from the interior of the State with hogsheads etc., on board representing her internal traffic; in the back part of the same side, a man in the act of ploughing; and at a small distance a flock of sheep in different postures shaded by a flourishing tree, the motto on this side agriculture and commerce, 1799. That the other side contain three pillars supporting an arch, with the word
Constitution, engraven within the same, emblematic of the Constitution supported by three departments of the government, viz.: the legislative, judicial and executive, the first pillar to have engraven on its base, wisdom; the second justice; and the third, moderation; on the right of the last pillar a man standing with a drawn sword, representing the aid of the military in defense of the Constitution; the motto, State of Georgia, 1799".
73:
1216:
389:
61:
257:, to prevent its use by Federal forces. The Reconstruction government, having failed to locate the official seal, had a duplicate seal fabricated. The duplicate was a perfect match for the original, except for one small detail: the soldier held his sword in his left hand. Reconstruction in Georgia became known as the "Period of the False Seal". In 1872, when local rule resumed in Georgia, Barnett (who had been re-elected by that point) unearthed the original seal and returned it to the Capitol.
359:
411:
219:
374:
339:. Fashioned from existing material, The Arch is a representation but not an exact replica of the elements of the Seal. Originally serving both symbolic and practical functions, it was connected to a barrier which kept cows from roaming over parts of the campus, and was initially known as The Gate. Today, The Arch is an important symbol of the University. According to legend, it is bad luck for
47:
309:
154:
On
February 8, 1799 an Act of the Legislature stated the seal as "On the one side a view of the seashore with a ship bearing the flag of the United States, riding near a wharf, receiving aboard hogsheads of tobacco and bales of cotton, emblematic of the exports of this State; at a small distance a
171:
with three columns, the arch symbolizing the state's
Constitution and the columns representing the three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial). The words of the official state motto, "Wisdom, Justice, Moderation," are inscribed on scrolls that are wrapped around the columns.
150:
The original seal from 1777 was specified as such: "The great seal of this State shall have the following device: on one side of a scroll, whereon shall be engraved “The
Constitution of the State of Georgia;” and the motto “Pro bono publico.” On the other side, an elegant house, and other buildings,
304:
could make a ruling on the rightful winner. Thompson was eventually declared "acting governor" until a special election could be held to fill the remainder of the original term. Herman
Talmadge won the special election and served out the remaining portion of his father's term.
192:, symbolizing Georgia's export trade. A second, smaller boat represents the state's "internal traffic." Towards the left of the image, there is a man plowing and a flock of sheep. The motto "Agriculture and Commerce, 1776" is inscribed around the outside of the image.
176:
stands between the second and third columns, holding a drawn sword in his right hand, representing the citizen/soldier's defense of the state's
Constitution. A border surrounds the coat of arms, and the motto "State of Georgia, 1776" is inscribed outside the arms.
596:
291:
announced that he would not relinquish the office until it was clear who the new governor was. The political turmoil that ensued became known as the "three governors controversy". In
January 1947, while all three governors occupied different portions of the
881:
877:
195:
The dates listed on the obverse and reverse of the seal were originally 1799. The dates were changed by the
Georgia state legislature in 1914 to reflect the date of the signing of the
946:
458:
The figure represented on
Georgia's State Seal dates much earlier than the American Revolution, and represents more than a standard soldier. The figure depicted is from the
151:
fields of corn, and meadows covered with sheep and cattle; a river running through the same, with a ship under full sail, and the motto, “Deus nobis haec otia fecit.”
335:
representation of the architectural elements featured on the obverse of the Great Seal. It stands at the north entrance of the campus, and has become known as
77:
910:
388:
196:
1297:
1276:
937:
512:
757:
1307:
885:
794:
395:
301:
1266:
1312:
1302:
490:
358:
135:
287:, who maintained that the state constitution authorized him to assume the office upon the death of the governor. Outgoing governor
1248:
1240:
380:
1222:
556:
373:
347:
student) to walk under the arch. Legend suggests that any student walking through the arch prematurely will never graduate.
138:
of 1777, and its current form was adopted in 1799 with alterations in 1914. Its specifications are currently spelled out by
300:, took the seal and hid it. This prevented any of the claimants to the governorship from executing any business until the
250:
1005:
930:
732:
424:
212:
416:
266:
439:
234:
72:
253:, the Great Seal was not used for state business. It had been hidden under the home of wartime Secretary of State
1215:
1115:
280:
223:
208:
923:
709:
237:
is the official custodian of the Great Seal, which is attached to official papers by executive order of the
60:
31:
1256:
1155:
1120:
130:
is a device that has historically been used to authenticate government documents executed by the state of
1195:
1100:
1060:
328:
322:
293:
761:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1125:
365:
131:
1271:
1075:
990:
434:
238:
1190:
1110:
1105:
980:
854:
618:
573:
215:. Either the coat of arms or the state seal has appeared on every state flag since that date.
1200:
1165:
1070:
1045:
810:
790:
254:
180:
The reverse (back) of the seal contains an image of
Georgia's coast, with a ship (bearing the
784:
1234:
1185:
1135:
1090:
1080:
1065:
1055:
1040:
1020:
995:
985:
975:
663:
545:
17:
538:
1205:
1180:
1085:
1025:
1000:
970:
960:
690:. Department of Archives and History - A Division of Secretary of State. 1985. p. 252
684:
459:
284:
276:
272:
227:
218:
173:
1140:
1095:
1035:
1010:
965:
211:
mandated that the coat of arms (the central portion of the obverse) be included in the
1291:
1170:
1050:
1015:
429:
344:
181:
1261:
1175:
1130:
1030:
915:
288:
164:
30:
This article is about the seal of the U.S. state. For the seal of the country, see
640:
297:
406:
340:
46:
665:
Representative Georgians: Biographical Sketches of Men Now in Public Life ...
332:
878:"University of Georgia Arch Stands for Tradition, Superstition and Protest"
222:
A large metallic representation of the Seal, as seen at a rest area along
185:
139:
90:
189:
308:
911:
Image of Georgia historical marker - Hiding Place of the Great Seal
832:
307:
217:
108:
710:"History of Baldwin County Georgia by Mrs. Anna Maria Green Cook"
168:
919:
786:
Through the Heart of Dixie: Sherman's March and American Memory
733:"Mystery Picture Identified as Portrait of Col. Nathan Barnett"
882:
Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication
134:. The first great seal of the state was specified in the
738:. Atlanta Journal-Constitution "Sunday Morning" Magazine
811:"New Georgia Encyclopedia: Three Governors Controversy"
283:. This was challenged by the Lieutenant Governor-elect
27:
Official government emblem of the U.S. state of Georgia
789:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 59–60.
513:"Government - 1777 Georgia Constitution - GeorgiaInfo"
685:"Georgia Official and Statistical Register 1983-1984"
491:"Georgia Official and Statistical Register 1975-1976"
241:. This custodianship has led to some controversies:
1247:
1233:
953:
163:The obverse (front) of the seal is centered on the
107:
99:
89:
53:
39:
619:"New Georgia Encyclopedia: State Flags of Georgia"
855:"New Georgia Encyclopedia: University of Georgia"
597:"Official Code of the State of Georgia § 50-3-30"
931:
275:died before assuming office. Talmadge's son,
8:
857:. Georgiaencyclopedia.org. February 16, 2012
576:. Secretary of State of the State of Georgia
568:
566:
813:. Georgiaencyclopedia.org. December 8, 2002
679:
677:
675:
938:
924:
916:
758:"Memory Hill Cemetery person information"
485:
483:
481:
479:
574:"Georgia Secretary of State: State Seal"
783:Anne Sarah Rubin (September 15, 2014).
475:
451:
354:
36:
7:
760:. Friendsofcems.org. Archived from
668:Morning News Print. pp. 25–26.
641:"Georgia State Flag: c. 1906-1920"
546:Department of Archives and History
128:Great Seal of the State of Georgia
40:Great Seal of the State of Georgia
25:
271:In December 1946, Governor-elect
1214:
947:State seals of the United States
409:
387:
381:Georgia House of Representatives
372:
357:
279:, was appointed governor by the
71:
59:
45:
1298:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)
876:Green, Cat (November 1, 2017).
662:Henry Wilkes Jones Ham (1887).
712:. Keys-Hearn Printing Co. 1925
118:Agriculture and Commerce, 1776
103:1777 (original) 1914 (current)
1:
539:"Georgia's Official Register"
537:Knight, Lucian Lamar (1923).
1308:Coats of arms with buildings
643:. Digital Library of Georgia
425:Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
18:Seal of Georgia (U.S. state)
517:georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu
417:Georgia (U.S. state) portal
351:Government Seals of Georgia
343:(or, in some versions, any
267:Three governors controversy
261:Three governors controversy
197:Declaration of Independence
1329:
731:Willard Neal (1938–1939).
440:Georgia Secretary of State
320:
264:
249:From 1868 to 1871, during
184:) arriving to take aboard
29:
1313:Coats of arms with swords
1303:United States state seals
1212:
621:. Georgiaencyclopedia.org
595:State of Georgia (2012).
85:
70:
58:
44:
1267:Northern Mariana Islands
396:Supreme Court of Georgia
302:Supreme Court of Georgia
245:Period of the False Seal
224:Interstate 20 in Georgia
209:Georgia General Assembly
835:. University of Georgia
78:Historical coat of arms
32:Coat of arms of Georgia
313:
230:
114:State of Georgia, 1776
329:University of Georgia
323:University of Georgia
311:
296:, Secretary of State
221:
213:state flag of Georgia
366:Georgia State Senate
1277:U.S. Virgin Islands
888:on January 19, 2019
764:on February 4, 2012
435:Governor of Georgia
298:Ben W. Fortson, Jr.
493:. State of Georgia
314:
235:Secretary of State
231:
136:State Constitution
1285:
1284:
1227:
1223:Great Seal of the
796:978-1-4696-1778-7
281:State Legislature
255:Nathan C. Barnett
167:of the state: an
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
1320:
1241:Washington, D.C.
1235:Federal district
1221:
1218:
940:
933:
926:
917:
898:
897:
895:
893:
884:. Archived from
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
807:
801:
800:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
737:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
689:
681:
670:
669:
659:
653:
652:
650:
648:
637:
631:
630:
628:
626:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
570:
561:
560:
554:
552:
543:
534:
528:
527:
525:
523:
509:
503:
502:
500:
498:
487:
463:
456:
419:
414:
413:
412:
391:
376:
361:
203:History and lore
172:A member of the
95:State of Georgia
75:
63:
49:
37:
21:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1243:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1210:
949:
944:
907:
902:
901:
891:
889:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
853:
852:
848:
838:
836:
831:
830:
826:
816:
814:
809:
808:
804:
797:
782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
735:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
708:
707:
703:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:
673:
661:
660:
656:
646:
644:
639:
638:
634:
624:
622:
617:
616:
612:
602:
600:
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
572:
571:
564:
550:
548:
541:
536:
535:
531:
521:
519:
511:
510:
506:
496:
494:
489:
488:
477:
472:
467:
466:
460:Georgia Militia
457:
453:
448:
415:
410:
408:
405:
398:
392:
383:
377:
368:
362:
353:
325:
319:
285:Melvin Thompson
273:Eugene Talmadge
269:
263:
247:
205:
174:Georgia Militia
161:
148:
81:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1257:American Samoa
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:South Carolina
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1121:North Carolina
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
957:
955:
951:
950:
945:
943:
942:
935:
928:
920:
914:
913:
906:
905:External links
903:
900:
899:
868:
846:
824:
802:
795:
775:
749:
723:
701:
671:
654:
632:
610:
587:
562:
529:
504:
474:
473:
471:
468:
465:
464:
450:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
421:
420:
404:
401:
400:
399:
393:
386:
384:
378:
371:
369:
363:
356:
352:
349:
331:constructed a
321:Main article:
318:
315:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
251:Reconstruction
246:
243:
204:
201:
160:
159:Current design
157:
147:
144:
122:
121:
111:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
82:
76:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1225:United States
1217:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:West Virginia
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:New Hampshire
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Massachusetts
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
948:
941:
936:
934:
929:
927:
922:
921:
918:
912:
909:
908:
904:
887:
883:
879:
872:
869:
856:
850:
847:
834:
828:
825:
812:
806:
803:
798:
792:
788:
787:
779:
776:
763:
759:
753:
750:
734:
727:
724:
711:
705:
702:
686:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
666:
658:
655:
642:
636:
633:
620:
614:
611:
598:
591:
588:
575:
569:
567:
563:
558:
547:
540:
533:
530:
518:
514:
508:
505:
492:
486:
484:
482:
480:
476:
469:
461:
455:
452:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
407:
402:
397:
390:
385:
382:
375:
370:
367:
360:
355:
350:
348:
346:
345:undergraduate
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:In 1857, the
324:
316:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
294:State Capitol
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
229:
225:
220:
216:
214:
210:
207:In 1902, the
202:
200:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
182:American flag
178:
175:
170:
166:
158:
156:
152:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
119:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
79:
74:
69:
62:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1272:Puerto Rico
1161:South Dakota
1151:Rhode Island
1146:Pennsylvania
1126:North Dakota
890:. Retrieved
886:the original
871:
859:. Retrieved
849:
837:. Retrieved
827:
815:. Retrieved
805:
785:
778:
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
752:
742:December 26,
740:. Retrieved
726:
714:. Retrieved
704:
692:. Retrieved
664:
657:
645:. Retrieved
635:
623:. Retrieved
613:
601:. Retrieved
599:. LexisNexis
590:
578:. Retrieved
555:– via
549:. Retrieved
532:
520:. Retrieved
516:
507:
495:. Retrieved
454:
394:Seal of the
379:Seal of the
364:Seal of the
336:
326:
289:Ellis Arnall
270:
248:
233:By law, the
232:
206:
194:
179:
165:coat of arms
162:
153:
149:
127:
125:
117:
113:
1249:Territories
1076:Mississippi
991:Connecticut
861:October 16,
817:October 16,
768:October 16,
694:October 13,
647:October 16,
625:October 16,
603:October 16,
580:October 16,
226:outside of
146:Description
1292:Categories
1191:Washington
1111:New Mexico
1106:New Jersey
981:California
833:"The Arch"
470:References
116:(obverse)
1201:Wisconsin
1166:Tennessee
1071:Minnesota
1046:Louisiana
333:cast iron
120:(reverse)
1186:Virginia
1136:Oklahoma
1116:New York
1091:Nebraska
1081:Missouri
1066:Michigan
1056:Maryland
1041:Kentucky
1021:Illinois
996:Delaware
986:Colorado
976:Arkansas
551:July 21,
522:July 21,
403:See also
341:freshmen
337:The Arch
317:The Arch
312:UGA arch
239:Governor
54:Versions
1206:Wyoming
1181:Vermont
1086:Montana
1026:Indiana
1006:Georgia
1001:Florida
971:Arizona
961:Alabama
892:June 1,
839:June 5,
716:May 26,
557:GALILEO
497:May 26,
186:tobacco
140:statute
132:Georgia
100:Adopted
91:Armiger
65:Reverse
1141:Oregon
1096:Nevada
1036:Kansas
1011:Hawaii
966:Alaska
954:States
793:
277:Herman
228:Harlem
190:cotton
80:(1876)
1171:Texas
1051:Maine
1016:Idaho
736:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
542:(PDF)
446:Notes
109:Motto
1262:Guam
1176:Utah
1131:Ohio
1031:Iowa
894:2021
863:2012
841:2018
819:2012
791:ISBN
770:2012
744:2018
718:2018
696:2014
649:2012
627:2012
605:2012
582:2012
553:2020
524:2020
499:2018
430:Seal
188:and
169:arch
126:The
1294::
880:.
674:^
565:^
544:.
515:.
478:^
199:.
142:.
939:e
932:t
925:v
896:.
865:.
843:.
821:.
799:.
772:.
746:.
720:.
698:.
651:.
629:.
607:.
584:.
559:.
526:.
501:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
