428:
687:, but rather to the Amendment's requirement for a warrant or probable cause. Balanced against the sovereign's interests at the border are the Fourth Amendment rights of entrants. Not only is the expectation of privacy less at the border than in the interior, the Fourth Amendment balance between the interests of the Government and the privacy right of the individual is also struck much more favorably to the Government at the border. This balance at international borders means that routine searches are "reasonable" there, and therefore do not violate the
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1316:("(b)(1) When a warrant is sought or electronic information is obtained in an emergency under Section 1546.1, the government entity may submit a request supported by a sworn affidavit for an order delaying notification and prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought. The court shall issue the order ")
707:(officially called a delayed notice warrant and also a covert entry search warrant or a surreptitious entry search warrant) is a search warrant authorizing the law enforcement officers executing it to effect physical entry into private premises without the owner's or the occupant's permission or knowledge and to clandestinely search the premises.
415:(c) where the Court considers that the purposes of any inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this Code will be served by a general search or inspection, it may issue a search-warrant; and the person to whom such warrant is directed, may search or inspect in accordance therewith and the provisions hereinafter contained.
454:
Under the Fourth
Amendment, search warrants must be reasonable and particular. This means that a search warrant must reasonably identify the items to be searched for and the place where law enforcement officials are authorized to search for those items. Unless an exception to the warrant requirement
633:
is located in a vehicle. When police arrest an individual shortly after the individual has exited a vehicle, the police may conduct a full search of the suspect's person, any area within that person's immediate reach, and the passenger compartment of the recently occupied vehicle for weapons or any
590:
If the subject is arrested in a home or vehicle, police may perform a protective search to make sure that there are no weapons within the vicinity. For example, they may search for weapons in the room where they arrested the subject of a warrant, and conduct a "protective sweep" of the premises if
577:
In a plain view case, the officer is legitimately on the premises, his observation is from a legitimate vantage point, and it is immediately obvious that the evidence is contraband. The plain view rule applies, for example, when the officer has pulled the suspect over for a seat belt violation and
833:
British Gas are legally entitled to enter anyone's home if the householder hasn't paid the bill and won't let them in, but they need a warrant from a magistrate, who must be satisfied the information
British Gas shows them is correct. In most cases, British Gas also must have issued a prior
411:(1) (a) Where any Court has reason to believe that a person to whom a summons order under section 91 or a requisition under sub-section (1) of section 92 has been, or might be, addressed, will not or would not produce the document or thing as required by such summons or requisition, or
349:, a constable can conduct a search immediately without an inspector's authorisation. This subsection allows a constable to search the home of a suspect(s) under arrest in their presence before they take the suspect to a police station (or other custody location). Under Section 32 of
443:. The absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement (whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest) normally requires a warrant for police entry in an individual's home. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the
479:. Police can seize both property and persons under a search warrant. The rationale is that evidence police collect without a search warrant may not be sufficient to convict, but may be sufficient to suggest that a warrant would allow police to find enough evidence to convict.
398:, some have specific requirements such as being served during daytime or having a named supervising officer present in the case of a home search. If these (see link) requirements are not met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial.
384:
To get a warrant, police must present a judge with an ITO (information to obtain) form that contains reasonable and probable grounds to believe an offence has been or is being committed and that the authorization sought will afford evidence of that offence. This hearing is
417:(2) The Court may, if it thinks fit, specify in the warrant the particular place or part thereof to which only the search or inspection shall extend; and the person charged with the execution of such warrant shall then search or inspect only the place or part so specified.
606:
People who are occupying rooms at hotels or motels have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their rooms. However, a warrantless search may be possible if the hotel guest has property in their room a considerable period of time after the scheduled check-out time.
419:(3) Nothing contained in this section shall authorise any Magistrate other than a District Magistrate or Chief Judicial Magistrate to grant a warrant to search for a document, parcel or other thing in the custody of the postal or telegraph authority.
572:
evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal
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applies, the search of other buildings or areas of a building, persons or vehicles, or the search for additional items that do not reasonably fall under the original warrant, will normally require additional search warrants.
1813:
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following a criminal who has fled the scene of a crime has the right to enter a property where the criminal has sought shelter. The necessity for a search warrant and its abilities vary from country to country. In certain
364:
compared to
England and Wales – the restrictions governing the use and execution of search warrants are set out under Part XIII under the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995. Search warrants must be signed by a
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that probable cause exists for the proposed search, based upon direct information (i.e., the officer's personal observation) or other reliable information. An application for a search warrant will often rely upon
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490:. Federal search warrants may be prepared on Form AO 93, Search and Seizure Warrant. Although the laws are broadly similar, each state has its own laws and rules of procedure governing the issuance of warrants.
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may refuse to allow law enforcement to search a tenant's apartment without a search warrant, and police must obtain a warrant under the same guidelines as if the tenant were the owner of the property.
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After a search the occupants have a copy of the warrant and may get hold of the ITO through crown disclosure if the occupant(s) are charged. There are numerous different warrant procedures in the
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640:(2009) limits such searches to circumstances where the arrested person could have accessed the vehicle, or when the vehicle could contain evidence of the crime the person is arrested for. As per
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In
California, the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act mandates that in certain cases concerning electronic search warrants that the court issue
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Coletta, Christine A. (2007). "Laptop searches at the United States borders and the border search exception to the fourth amendment".
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Paul
Grabowicz, "Tutorial: Police Records" UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism – Advanced Media Institute, 2014
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1129:"The Protective Sweep Doctrine: Protecting Arresting Officers from Attack by Persons Other Than the Arrestee"
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any evidence they find. In most countries, a search warrant cannot be issued in aid of civil process.
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413:(b) where such document or thing is not known to the Court to be in the possession of any person, or
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nations, police officers may be allowed to search individuals and property without having to obtain
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561:: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.
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549:: such as when someone is heard screaming, yelling, or calling for help inside a dwelling; or
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Search warrants are normally available to the public. On the other hand, they may be
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518:: a warrant is not required when a person in control of the object or property gives
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Regini, L. A. (July 1999). "The Motor
Vehicle Exception: When and Where to Search."
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See the
California Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Sec. 1, codified at
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543:: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;
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and a right to privacy constrain police powers, and typically require search
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646:(2018), the exception does not apply when the vehicle is within the home or
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or an equivalent procedure for searches police conducted in the course of a
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1193:"Do Not Disturb: Fourth Amendment Expectations of Privacy in Hotel Rooms"
943:"India code - When a search warrant can be issued, retrieved July 23 2022
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1255:"Arizona v. Gant, 556 US 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009)"
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Under section 93 of IPC, a search warrant can be issued by a court if:
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custom and immigration officers are not required to have a warrant or
555:(to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).
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Gas company officials may enter a home to inspect, repair, or replace
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1032:"Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 41. Search and Seizure"
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Certain searches do not require a search warrant. For example,
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they reasonably suspect that other individuals may be hiding.
486:. The law has been restated and extended under Rule 41 of the
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required for a later criminal conviction, which requires
439:, most police searches require a search warrant based on
534:(to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);
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provide evidence that supports the warrant application.
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To obtain a search warrant, an officer must prove to a
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permission or provide justification for their actions.
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360:, a country operating on the distinct legal system of
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Request for a search warrant dated
December 11, 1905
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742:, to enter a property without occupant notification
471:, such as information obtained from a confidential
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2195:International Association of Privacy Professionals
683:This doctrine is not actually an exception to the
482:The issue of federal warrants is determined under
437:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2160:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
1159:"Landlords, Tenants, and Police Civil Liability"
475:, as long as probable cause exists based on the
695:against "unreasonable searches and seizures".
625:when they have probable cause to believe that
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1338:
1057:AO 93 (Rev. 12/09) Search and Seizure Warrant
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338:issues search warrants, which require that a
186:The examples and perspective in this article
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932:Canada search warrant & ITO requirements
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1724:
1716:
1345:
1331:
1323:
764:, to clandestinely look inside a property
623:search a vehicle without a search warrant
507:Warrantless searches in the United States
305:. The laws usually make an exception for
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
799:"Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995"
2316:
790:
497:if they contain sensitive information.
1038:. Cornell Law School. 30 November 2011
278:of a person, location, or vehicle for
2175:Electronic Privacy Information Center
351:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
347:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
7:
1300:"California Penal Code, Sec. 1546.2"
954:
952:
950:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2155:Center for Democracy and Technology
1106:Annotations to the Fourth Amendment
1102:"Fourth Amendment: Annotation Four"
488:Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
1304:California Legislative Information
680:and their functional equivalents.
484:Title 18 of the United States Code
25:
1657:Evidence law in the United States
1012:LII / Legal Information Institute
988:LII / Legal Information Institute
964:LII / Legal Information Institute
595:Rental properties and hotel rooms
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1761:Right of access to personal data
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449:proof beyond a reasonable doubt
293:Jurisdictions that respect the
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2170:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2150:American Civil Liberties Union
2104:Privacy-enhancing technologies
1511:Deferred prosecution agreement
1306:. California State Legislature
1133:Catholic University Law Review
621:(1925), police are allowed to
369:after a petition from police.
1:
1090:, 540 U.S. 551, 564–65 (2004)
705:sneak and peek search warrant
477:totality of the circumstances
1242:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
1236:Hendrie, E. (August 2005). "
1224:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
2347:Law enforcement terminology
1895:Data protection authorities
1238:The Motor Vehicle Exception
1036:Legal Information Institute
1008:"Particularity Requirement"
666:The Border Search Exception
634:other contraband. However,
200:, discuss the issue on the
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2099:Social networking services
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650:of the home of its owner.
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2190:Global Network Initiative
2134:Virtual assistant privacy
2114:Privacy-invasive software
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1626:Presentence investigation
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1281:Boston College Law Review
1197:Seton Hall Circuit Review
1191:Miller, Jason C. (2010).
553:Search incident to arrest
345:Under Section 18(5)a of
1166:AELE Monthly Law Journal
1127:Joseph, Paul R. (1983).
773:Sugar bowl (legal maxim)
735:National Security Letter
618:Carroll v. United States
615:As first established by
599:With rented property, a
376:by obtaining a warrant.
2185:Future of Privacy Forum
2180:European Digital Rights
818:"Breaking and metering"
816:Farin (29 April 2010).
660:Border search exception
654:Border search exception
611:Motor vehicle exception
582:on the passenger seat.
540:destruction of evidence
2226:Cellphone surveillance
2143:Advocacy organizations
1766:Expectation of privacy
1568:Statute of limitations
1363:Criminal investigation
762:Sneak and peek warrant
757:Reverse search warrant
432:
387:
303:criminal investigation
274:officers to conduct a
2352:Searches and seizures
2205:Privacy International
1776:Right to be forgotten
1506:Criminal jurisdiction
920:1989 CanLII 109 (SCC)
746:Parallel construction
678:international borders
674:searches and seizures
430:
1546:Inquisitorial system
1483:Criminal prosecution
1423:Reasonable suspicion
1398:Exigent circumstance
891:"Criminal Procedure"
851:2000 SCC 65 (CanLII)
849:Araujo, 2 SCR 992,
805:. National Archives.
785:Notes and references
270:issues to authorize
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
188:may not represent a
95:improve this article
2241:Global surveillance
2109:Privacy engineering
2094:Personal identifier
2044:Information privacy
1781:Post-mortem privacy
1563:Preliminary hearing
1172:(6): 101. June 2009
918:Genest, 1 SCR 59,
865:"Rules of Evidence"
643:Collins v. Virginia
469:hearsay information
27:Type of court order
2281:Personality rights
1491:Adversarial system
1433:Search and seizure
1403:Knock-and-announce
1354:Criminal procedure
1062:2010-04-07 at the
889:Faloney, Bernard.
863:Faloney, Bernard.
803:legislation.gov.uk
778:Writ of Assistance
768:Search and seizure
547:Emergency searches
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1695:Wikimedia Commons
1642:Criminal defenses
1577:Charges and pleas
1501:Bill of attainder
1438:Search of persons
984:"Burden of Proof"
332:England and Wales
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84:This article
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2276:Human rights
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1791:Privacy laws
1647:Criminal law
1621:Plea bargain
1603:
1558:Precognition
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1310:11 September
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
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1264:11 September
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
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1227:. 68, 27–33.
1222:
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1207:11 September
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
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1176:11 September
1174:. Retrieved
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1110:. Retrieved
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1042:11 September
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991:. Retrieved
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967:. Retrieved
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900:11 September
898:. Retrieved
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872:. Retrieved
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
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47:Please help
44:
2271:Wiretapping
1983:Switzerland
1968:South Korea
1958:Philippines
1948:Netherlands
1943:Isle of Man
1864:Switzerland
1844:New Zealand
1705:Wikiversity
1662:Legal abuse
1599:Information
1589:Arraignment
1584:Alford plea
1524:Extradition
672:to conduct
527:Hot pursuit
307:hot pursuit
295:rule of law
260:court order
2336:Categories
2256:Panopticon
1879:California
1754:Principles
1690:WikiSource
1675:Wiktionary
1594:Indictment
1541:Indictment
1529:Grand jury
1472:Law portal
1453:Terry stop
1017:2022-03-21
993:2022-03-20
969:2022-03-20
827:27 October
717:gag orders
711:Gag orders
631:contraband
573:activity).
566:Plain view
501:Exceptions
460:magistrate
435:Under the
374:gas meters
336:magistrate
334:, a local
288:confiscate
264:magistrate
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2221:Anonymity
2057:Financial
2034:Workplace
2024:Education
1933:Indonesia
1903:Australia
1859:Sri Lanka
1854:Singapore
1799:Australia
1685:Wikiquote
1680:Wikibooks
1393:Detention
1108:. FindLaw
648:curtilage
538:Imminent
473:informant
362:Scots law
340:constable
202:talk page
56:talk page
2342:Warrants
2299:Category
2214:See also
2067:Facebook
2062:Internet
2014:Consumer
1988:Thailand
1700:Wikinews
1652:Evidence
1112:29 April
1060:Archived
834:warning.
723:See also
627:evidence
601:landlord
388:ex parte
358:Scotland
299:warrants
280:evidence
196:You may
2077:Twitter
2029:Medical
2019:Digital
1938:Ireland
1923:Germany
1908:Denmark
1834:Germany
1824:England
1819:Denmark
1747:Privacy
1448:Suspect
1372:Arguido
580:syringe
578:sees a
520:consent
516:Consent
367:Sheriff
286:and to
262:that a
135:scholar
2312:Portal
2072:Google
1993:Turkey
1978:Sweden
1963:Poland
1953:Norway
1918:France
1849:Russia
1809:Canada
1804:Brazil
1378:Arrest
1287:: 971.
752:Police
664:Under
495:sealed
380:Canada
276:search
137:
130:
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2084:Email
2007:Areas
1973:Spain
1928:India
1839:Ghana
1814:China
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530:of a
464:judge
405:India
320:court
284:crime
282:of a
268:judge
258:is a
204:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
2200:NOYB
1616:Plea
1496:Bail
1312:2017
1266:2017
1209:2017
1178:2017
1145:2017
1139:: 95
1114:2013
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902:2017
876:2017
829:2012
309:: a
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