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Search game

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64:. In general, this random Chinese postman tour is indeed an optimal search strategy if and only if the graph consists of a set of Eulerian graphs connected in a tree-like structure. A misleadingly simple example of a graph not in this family consists of two nodes connected by three arcs. The random Chinese postman tour (equivalent to traversing the three arcs in a random order) is not optimal, and the optimal way to search these three arcs is complicated. 93:, i.e., finding a target on the infinite line, which has attracted much attention over several decades and has been analyzed as a search game. It has also been used to find a minimax trajectory for searching a set of concurrent rays. Optimal searching in the plane is performed by using exponential spirals. Searching a set of concurrent rays was later re-discovered in Computer Science literature as the 'cow-path problem'. 32:
radius and at this very moment capture occurs. The game is zero sum with the payoff being the time spent in searching. As mathematical models, search games can be applied to areas such as hide-and-seek games that children play or representations of some tactical military situations. The area of search games was introduced in the last chapter of
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called the search space. The searcher can choose any continuous trajectory subject to a maximal velocity constraint. It is always assumed that neither the searcher nor the hider has any knowledge about the movement of the other player until their distance apart is less than or equal to the discovery
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trajectory for problems of these types is always a geometric sequence (or exponential function for continuous problems). This result yields an easy method to find the minimax trajectory by minimizing over a single parameter (the generator of this sequence) instead of searching over the whole
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A natural strategy to search for a stationary target in a graph (in which arcs have lengths) is to find a minimal closed curve L that covers all the arcs of the graph. (L is called a
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tour). Then, traverse L with probability 1/2 for each direction. This strategy seems to work well if the graph is
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M. Chrobak, A princess swimming in the fog looking for a monster cow, ACM Sigact news, 35(2), 74–78 (2004).
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Searching in an unknown environment: an optimal randomized algorithm for the cow-path problem
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In general, the reasonable framework for searching an unbounded domain, as in the case of an
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The 7: 193:Beck, Anatole; Newman, D.J. (1970). 166:International Journal of Game Theory 317:First-player and second-player win 14: 130:, Academic Press, New York (1980) 424:Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium 434:Evolutionarily stable strategy 112:, John Wiley and Sons, (1965), 1: 362:Simultaneous action selection 236:MY Kao, JH Reif and SR Tate, 200:Israel Journal of Mathematics 1299:List of games in game theory 474:Quantal response equilibrium 464:Perfect Bayesian equilibrium 399:Bayes correlated equilibrium 48:deals with a moving target. 768:Optional prisoner's dilemma 494:Self-confirming equilibrium 1356: 1233:Principal variation search 949:Aumann's agreement theorem 612:Strategy-stealing argument 519:Trembling hand equilibrium 449:Markov perfect equilibrium 444:Mertens-stable equilibrium 1269:Combinatorial game theory 928:Princess and monster game 479:Quasi-perfect equilibrium 404:Bayesian Nash equilibrium 76:, is to use a normalized 46:princess and monster game 1284:Evolutionary game theory 1017:Antoine Augustin Cournot 903:Guess 2/3 of the average 700:Strictly determined game 489:Satisfaction equilibrium 307:Escalation of commitment 16:Two-person zero-sum game 1289:Glossary of game theory 888:Stackelberg competition 509:Strong Nash equilibrium 27:which takes place in a 1314:Tragedy of the commons 1294:List of game theorists 1274:Confrontation analysis 984:Sprague–Grundy theorem 499:Sequential equilibrium 419:Correlated equilibrium 144:S. Alpern and S. Gal, 1335:Non-cooperative games 1087:Jean-François Mertens 179:10.1007/s001820000056 91:linear search problem 1216:Search optimizations 1092:Jennifer Tour Chayes 979:Revelation principle 974:Purification theorem 913:Nash bargaining game 878:Bertrand competition 863:El Farol Bar problem 828:Electronic mail game 793:Lewis signaling game 332:Hierarchy of beliefs 160:Gal, Shmuel (2001). 1264:Bounded rationality 883:Cournot competition 833:Rock paper scissors 808:Battle of the sexes 798:Volunteer's dilemma 670:Perfect information 597:Dominant strategies 429:Epsilon-equilibrium 312:Extensive-form game 1243:Paranoid algorithm 1223:Alpha–beta pruning 1102:John Maynard Smith 933:Rendezvous problem 773:Traveler's dilemma 763:Gift-exchange game 758:Prisoner's dilemma 675:Large Poisson game 642:Bargaining problem 542:Backward induction 514:Subgame perfection 469:Proper equilibrium 214:10.1007/BF02798690 150:, Springer (2003). 110:Differential Games 1340:Search algorithms 1322: 1321: 1228:Aspiration window 1197:Suzanne Scotchmer 1152:Oskar Morgenstern 1047:Donald B. Gillies 989:Zermelo's theorem 918:Induction puzzles 873:Fair cake-cutting 848:Public goods game 778:Coordination game 652:Intransitive game 577:Forward induction 459:Pareto efficiency 439:Gibbs equilibrium 409:Berge equilibrium 357:Simultaneous game 82:competitive ratio 68:Unbounded domains 1347: 1309:Topological game 1304:No-win situation 1202:Thomas Schelling 1182:Robert B. Wilson 1142:Merrill M. Flood 1112:John von Neumann 1022:Ariel Rubinstein 1007:Albert W. Tucker 858:War of attrition 818:Matching pennies 592:Pairing strategy 454:Nash equilibrium 377:Mechanism design 342:Normal-form game 297:Cooperative game 270: 263: 256: 247: 241: 234: 228: 225: 219: 218: 216: 190: 184: 183: 181: 157: 151: 142: 131: 124: 113: 106: 74:online algorithm 23:is a two-person 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1252: 1238:max^n algorithm 1211: 1207:William Vickrey 1167:Reinhard Selten 1122:Kenneth Binmore 1037:David K. Levine 1032:Daniel Kahneman 999: 993: 969:Negamax theorem 959:Minimax theorem 937: 898:Diner's dilemma 753:All-pay auction 719: 705:Stochastic game 657:Mean-field game 628: 621: 587:Markov strategy 523: 389: 381: 352:Sequential game 337:Information set 322:Game complexity 292:Congestion game 280: 274: 244: 235: 231: 226: 222: 192: 191: 187: 159: 158: 154: 143: 134: 125: 116: 107: 103: 99: 70: 58:Chinese postman 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1353: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:Robert Axelrod 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147:Olga Bondareva 1144: 1139: 1137:Melvin Dresher 1134: 1129: 1127:Leonid Hurwicz 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:Harold W. Kuhn 1059: 1054: 1052:Drew Fudenberg 1049: 1044: 1042:David M. Kreps 1039: 1034: 1029: 1027:Claude Shannon 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1003: 1001: 995: 994: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 964:Nash's theorem 961: 956: 951: 945: 943: 939: 938: 936: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 823:Ultimatum game 820: 815: 810: 805: 803:Dollar auction 800: 795: 790: 788:Centipede game 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 743:Infinite chess 740: 735: 729: 727: 721: 720: 718: 717: 712: 710:Symmetric game 707: 702: 697: 695:Signaling game 692: 690:Screening game 687: 682: 680:Potential game 677: 672: 667: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 631: 623: 622: 620: 619: 614: 609: 607:Mixed strategy 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 531: 525: 524: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 484:Risk dominance 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 393: 383: 382: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 327:Graphical game 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 286: 282: 281: 275: 273: 272: 265: 258: 250: 243: 242: 229: 220: 207:(4): 419–429. 185: 172:(4): 533–542. 152: 132: 114: 108:Rufus Isaacs, 100: 98: 95: 69: 66: 53: 50: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257:Miscellaneous 1255: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Samuel Bowles 1190: 1188: 1187:Roger Myerson 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1177:Robert Aumann 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132:Lloyd Shapley 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117:Kenneth Arrow 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097:John Harsanyi 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067:Herbert Simon 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1002: 996: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 944: 940: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868:Fair division 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 843:Dictator game 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 728: 726: 722: 716: 715:Zero-sum game 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 685:Repeated game 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 664: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 632: 630: 624: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 602:Pure strategy 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 562:De-escalation 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 532: 530: 526: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 504:Shapley value 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 394: 392: 388: 384: 378: 375: 373: 372:Succinct game 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 287: 283: 279: 271: 266: 264: 259: 257: 252: 251: 248: 239: 233: 230: 224: 221: 215: 210: 206: 202: 201: 196: 189: 186: 180: 175: 171: 167: 163: 156: 153: 149: 148: 141: 139: 137: 133: 129: 123: 121: 119: 115: 111: 105: 102: 96: 94: 92: 87: 83: 79: 78:cost function 75: 67: 65: 63: 59: 51: 49: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 26: 25:zero-sum game 22: 1162:Peyton Young 1157:Paul Milgrom 1072:Hervé Moulin 1012:Amos Tversky 954:Folk theorem 665:-player game 662: 582:Grim trigger 240:, SODA 1993. 232: 223: 204: 198: 188: 169: 165: 155: 145: 128:Search Games 127: 109: 104: 80:(called the 71: 55: 42:Steve Alpern 34:Rufus Isaacs 20: 18: 1279:Coopetition 1082:Jean Tirole 1077:John Conway 1057:Eric Maskin 853:Blotto game 838:Pirate game 647:Global game 617:Tit for tat 547:Bid shading 537:Appeasement 387:Equilibrium 367:Solved game 302:Determinacy 285:Definitions 278:game theory 21:search game 1329:Categories 923:Trust game 908:Kuhn poker 572:Escalation 567:Deterrence 557:Cheap talk 529:Strategies 347:Preference 276:Topics of 97:References 38:Shmuel Gal 1107:John Nash 813:Stag hunt 552:Collusion 1248:Lazy SMP 942:Theorems 893:Deadlock 748:Checkers 629:of games 391:concepts 126:S. Gal, 62:Eulerian 52:Strategy 1000:figures 783:Chicken 637:Auction 627:Classes 86:minimax 44:. The 738:Chess 725:Games 414:Core 40:and 998:Key 209:doi 174:doi 29:set 1331:: 733:Go 203:. 197:. 170:29 168:. 164:. 135:^ 117:^ 19:A 663:n 269:e 262:t 255:v 217:. 211:: 205:8 182:. 176::

Index

zero-sum game
set
Rufus Isaacs
Shmuel Gal
Steve Alpern
princess and monster game
Chinese postman
Eulerian
online algorithm
cost function
competitive ratio
minimax
linear search problem






The Theory of Search Games and Rendezvous
"On the optimality of a simple strategy for searching graphs"
doi
10.1007/s001820000056
"Yet More on the linear search problem"
Israel Journal of Mathematics
doi
10.1007/BF02798690
Searching in an unknown environment: an optimal randomized algorithm for the cow-path problem
v
t

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