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these two shells. Bivalves that do not have two shells either have one shell or they lack a shell altogether. The shells are made of calcium carbonate and are formed in layers by secretions from the mantle. Bivalves, also known as pelecypods, are mostly filter feeders; through their gills, they draw in water, in which is trapped tiny food particles. Some bivalves have eyes and an open circulatory system. Bivalves are used all over the world as food and as a source of pearls. The larvae of some freshwater mussels can be dangerous to fish and can bore through wood.
884:
2294:
2590:" were late 19th-century decorative keepsakes which were made from the Caribbean, and which were often purchased by sailors to give to their loved ones back home for example in England. These valentines consisted of elaborate arrangements of small seashells glued into attractive symmetrical designs, which were encased on a wooden (usually octagonal) hinged box-frame. The patterns used often featured heart-shaped designs, or included a sentimental expression of love spelled out in small shells.
2642:
1886:, as is often the case in identifying plants and other phyla of invertebrates. The construction of functional keys for the identification of the shells of marine mollusks to the species level can be very difficult, because of the great variability within many species and families. The identification of certain individual species is often very difficult, even for a specialist in that particular family. Some species cannot be differentiated on the basis of shell character alone.
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1882:) or "iconographies" (limited text – mainly photographs or other illustrations). (For a few titles on this subject in the US, see the list of books at the foot of this article.) Identifications to the species level are generally achieved by examining illustrations and written descriptions, rather than by the use of
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scientists, having full collecting data (when, where, and by whom it was collected) with a specimen is far more important than having the shell correctly identified. Some owners of shell collections hope to be able to donate their collection to a major natural history or zoology museum at some point,
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represents the Star of
Bethlehem that led the Wise Men to the manger of Christ. Outside the "star" you will see the Easter Lily, a sign of Jesus' Resurrection. There are four holes that represent the holes in the Lord's hands and feet. The center hole is the Wound to His Sacred Heart by the spear of
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are marine shelled gastropods, fairly large sea snails. Most species of xenophorids cement a series of objects to the rim of their shells as they grow. These objects are sometimes small pebbles or other hard detritus. Very often shells of bivalves or smaller gastropods are used, depending on what is
853:
There are more than 15,000 species of bivalves that live in both marine and freshwater. Examples of bivalves are clams, scallops, mussels, and oysters. The majority of bivalves consist of two identical shells that are held together by a flexible hinge. The animal's body is held protectively inside
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use or "wear" empty marine gastropod shells throughout their lifespan, in order to protect their soft abdomens, and in order to have a strong shell to withdraw into if attacked by a predator. Each individual hermit crab is forced to find another gastropod shell on a regular basis, whenever it grows
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on the subject of shell-collecting. Although there are a number of books about land and freshwater mollusks, the majority of popular books emphasize, or focus exclusively on, the shells of marine mollusks. Both the science of studying mollusk shells and the hobby of collecting and classifying them
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plates or valves often wash up on beaches in rocky areas where chitons are common. Chiton shells, which are composed of eight separate plates and a girdle, usually come apart not long after death, so they are almost always found as disarticulated plates. Plates from larger species of chitons are
552:
Empty seashells are often picked up by beachcombers. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of large-scale exploitation can sometimes have a
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346:
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or sub-tidal zones, and are therefore easily found and preserved without much in the way of specialized equipment or expensive supplies. Some shell collectors find their own material and keep careful records, or buy only "specimen shells", which means shells which have full collecting
518:. Conchologists or serious collectors who have a scientific bias are in general careful not to disturb living populations and habitats: even though they may collect a few live animals, most responsible collectors do not often over-collect or otherwise disturb ecosystems.
310:
1822:: information including how, when, where, in what habitat, and by whom, the shells were collected. On the other hand, some collectors buy the more widely available commercially imported exotic shells, the majority of which have very little data, or none at all. To
2998:, have a hard "test" or shell. After the animal dies, the flesh rots out and the spines fall off, and then fairly often the empty test washes up whole onto a beach, where it can be found by a beachcomber. These tests are fragile and easily broken into pieces.
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is a deep water squid-like cephalopod. It has an internal shell which is small (about 1 in or 24 mm) but very light and buoyant. This chambered shell floats very well and therefore washes up easily and is familiar to beachcombers in the tropics.
1813:. Many shell collectors belong to "shell clubs" where they can meet others who share their interests. A large number of amateurs collect the shells of marine mollusks, and this is partly because many shells wash up empty on beaches, or live in the
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Many impressive old homes and public buildings, as well as more mundane structures such as cisterns and curbs, were constructed of shellcrete bricks in Corpus
Christi, Galveston, and other cities along the coast. However, very few exist
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Seashells have been used by humans for many different purposes throughout history and prehistory. However, seashells are not the only kind of shells; in various habitats, there are shells from freshwater animals such as
3219:" which are made of calcium carbonate. These shells and tests are usually microscopic in size, though in the case of foraminifera, they are sometimes visible to the naked eye, often resembling miniature mollusk shells.
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1809:. The line between professionals and amateur enthusiasts is often not well defined in this subject, because many amateurs have contributed to, and continue to contribute to, conchology and the larger science of
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of the shell or cutting off the tip of the spire altogether. Various different kinds of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into "blowing shells"; however, the most commonly encountered species used as
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shells they encounter. Seashells purchased from tourist shops or dealers may include various freshwater and terrestrial shells as well. Non-marine items offered may include large and colorful tropical
3603:
Ferraz, Eduardo; Gamelas, José A. F.; Coroado, João; Monteiro, Carlos; Rocha, Fernando (12 July 2019). "Recycling Waste
Seashells to Produce Calcitic Lime: Characterization and Wet Slaking Reactivity".
774:
and sub-tropical areas of the planet, there are far more species of colorful, large, shallow water shelled marine mollusks than there are in the temperate zones and the regions closer to the poles.
351:
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however, shells with little or no collecting data are usually of no value to science, and are likely not to be accepted by a major museum. Apart from any damage to the shell that may have happened
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1893:) are yet to be discovered and named. In other words, they have not yet been differentiated from similar species and assigned scientific (binomial) names in articles in journals recognized by the
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as their media of exchange. The cowry circulated, historically, alongside metal coins and goods, and foreign currencies. Being durable and easy to carry the cowry made a very favorable currency.
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Marine species of gastropods and bivalves are more numerous than land and freshwater species, and the shells are often larger and more robust. The shells of marine species also often have more
2629:, which have been used to decorate walls, furniture and boxes. Large numbers of whole seashells, arranged to form patterns, have been used to decorate mirror frames, furniture and human-made
792:. In addition, not all mollusks have an external shell: some mollusks such as some cephalopods (squid and octopuses) have an internal shell, and many mollusks have no shell, see for example
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There are a number of clubs or societies which consist of people who are united by a shared interest in shells. In the US, these clubs are more common in southerly coastal areas, such as
3048:, secrete a hard tube made of calcium carbonate, adhering to stones or other shells. This tube resembles, and can be confused with, the shell of marine gastropod mollusks in the family
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Seashells, namely from bivalves and gastropods, are fundamentally composed of calcium carbonate. In this sense, they have potential to be used as raw material in the production of
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and thereby provide energy for the coral and aid in calcification, while living in a safe environment and using the carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste produced by the polyp.
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women elders. The shells used include pearly green and blue-green maireener (rainbow kelp) shells, brown and white rice shells, black cats' teeth shells and pink button shells.
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Seashells have been used as a medium of exchange in various places, including many Indian Ocean and
Pacific Ocean islands, also in North America, Africa and the Caribbean.
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Sea shells found in the creek and backwater of the coast of west India are used as an additive to poultry feed. They are crushed and mixed with jowar maize and dry fish.
2613:. The shellwork tradition began as an Aboriginal women's craft which was adapted and tailored to suit the tourist souvenir market, and which is now considered high art.
2278:
Longinus. On the other side of the sand dollar, you will see
Poinsettia. Lastly, if you break open the sand dollar, five doves will come out, the doves of Peace and Joy.
1486:
1897:(ICZN). Large numbers of new species are published in the scientific literature each year. There are currently an estimated 100,000 species of mollusks worldwide.
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350:
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1909:
A group of purchased (mostly marine) shells includes the shell of a large tropical land snail (upper right), and a shiny freshwater apple snail shell (center)
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is also applied loosely to mollusk shells that are not of marine origin, for example by people walking the shores of lakes and rivers using the term for the
2230:. The person who finds a left-handed chank shell (one that coils to the left) is sacred to Vishnu, as well. The chank shell also plays an important role in
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Children in some cultures are often told the myth that you can hear the sound of the ocean by holding a seashell to ones ear. This is due to the effect of
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577:– which creates the shell material and which connects the shell to the mollusc. The specialized cells in the mantle form the shell using different
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sometimes use an empty shell as a sort of cave to hide in, or hold seashells around themselves as a form of protection like a temporary fortress.
3024:, or lamp shells, superficially resemble clams, but the phylum is not closely related to mollusks. Most lines of brachiopods ended during the
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to make "shellcrete" which could form bricks, blocks and platforms. It could also be applied over logs. A notable example is the 19th-century
2490:"tops" (the broken-off spire of the shell, which often has a hole worn at the tip) can function as beads without any further modification. In
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Although there are a number of species of shelled mollusks that are quite large, there are vast numbers of extremely small species too, see
716:. Marine mollusk shells that are familiar to beachcombers and thus most likely to be called "seashells" are the shells of marine species of
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it was collected, shells can also suffer damage when they are stored or displayed. For an example of one rather serious kind of damage see
3335:
3560:
2605:, dating back to the 19th century. Shell work objects include baby shoes, jewelry boxes and replicas of famous landmarks, including the
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A few other categories of marine animals leave remains which might be considered "seashells" in the widest possible sense of the word.
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for many hundreds if not thousands of years. Most often the shells of large sea snails are used, as trumpets, by cutting a hole in the
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Empty molluscan seashells are a sturdy, and usually readily available, "free" resource which is often easily found on beaches, in the
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1993:
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2467:, or cut into pieces of various shapes. Sometimes shells can be found that are already "drilled" by predatory snails of the family
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was historically primarily a seashell product, although more recently some mother of pearl comes from freshwater mussels. Also see
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Some hermit crab species live on land and may be found quite some distance from the sea, including those in the tropical genus
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1975:
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mollusks, partly because these shells are usually made of calcium carbonate, and endure better than shells made of chitin.
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Dish with beachworn coral pieces, marine gastropod shells, and echinoderm tests, from the
Caribbean and the Mediterranean
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Whole seashells or parts of sea shells have been used as jewelry or in other forms of adornment since prehistoric times.
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jewelry. Since it is hard to obtain large quantities of naturally-occurring beachworn cone tops, almost all modern puka
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Many different species of bivalves have been used as scrapers, blades, clasps, and other such tools, due to their shape.
904:) can sometimes be common, washed up on sandy beaches, and also on beaches that are surrounded by rocky marine habitat.
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women for more than 2,600 years. The necklaces represent a significant cultural tradition which is still practised by
1441:
2947:(crabs, shrimps and lobsters, for instance), the plates of the exoskeleton may be fused to form a more or less rigid
2841:
79:
3028:, and their ecological niche was filled by bivalves. A few of the remaining species of brachiopods occur in the low
1934:
shells. This can be confusing to collectors, as non-marine shells are often not included in their reference books.
760:). These shells are very often the most commonly encountered, both in the wild, and for sale as decorative objects.
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Shells historically have been and still are made into, or incorporated into, necklaces, pendants, beads, earrings,
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FAO Species
Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific
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is a disruption of the balance between polyps and algae, and can lead to the breakdown and death of coral reefs.
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1971:
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create a papery egg case which sometimes washes up on tropical beaches and is referred to as a "paper nautilus".
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2571:. In recent years however, the majority of "pearl buttons" are imitations that are made of pearlescent plastic.
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Spatha shell. From Naqada tomb 1539, Egypt. Naqada I period. The Petrie Museum of
Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Field
Excursion to Milne Bay Province – Papua New Guinea Working Group: Scleractinian Corals (incl. Porifera)
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When the word "seashells" refers only to the shells of marine mollusks, then studying seashells is part of
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have often been considered to be symbols of female fertility. They were often treated as actual fertility
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is the only genus of cephalopod that has a well-developed external shell. Females of the cephalopod genus
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93:
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Because seashells are in some areas a readily available bulk source of calcium carbonate, shells such as
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2155:. The shells are broken or ground into small pieces in order to have the desired effect of raising the
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Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, which is natural detritus deposited along strandlines on
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create shells which are tubes made of calcium carbonate cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of
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Brittle buildings made of "shellcrete," a seashell-cement mix applied over logs, are risky to move.
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uses cheaper imitations, cut from thin shells of other species of mollusk, or even made of plastic.
1943:
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Hogendorn, Jan and
Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49,
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2244:. The dorsum of the shell resembles a pregnant belly, and the underside of the shell resembles a
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Bivalves are often the most common seashells that wash up on large sandy beaches or in sheltered
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549:. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died.
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Not all mollusks are marine. There are numerous land and freshwater mollusks, see for example
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that use them for protection. Molluscs have an outside layer of tissues on their bodies – the
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432:
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Seashells have played a part in religion and spirituality, sometimes even as ritual objects.
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Many of the tribes and nations all across the continent of Africa have historically used the
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2248:. In the South Indian state of Kerala, cowries are used for making astrological predictions.
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Compendium of Seashells, A full color guide to more than 4,200 of the World's Marine shells
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3691:"PART-III Cnidaria (Gk. cnidos, stinging nettle) reproduction and growth of Scleractinia"
2951:. Moulted carapaces of a variety of marine malacostraceans often wash up on beaches. The
1001:, and this often washes up on beaches in parts of the world where cuttlefish are common.
988:
have shells (either internal or external) that are sometimes found washed up on beaches.
2104:(Family Tridacnidae) have been used as bowls, and when big enough, even as bathtubs and
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285:
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these natural beads were traditionally collected from the beach drift in order to make
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1077:, or whether they are intended to help prevent the shell sinking into a soft substrate.
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where the snail itself lives. It is not clear whether these shell attachments serve as
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585:. The proteins are then used to create the framework that supports the growing shell.
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A group of beachworn sea snail shells that vary in size, form and pattern combination.
100:
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of these arachnid relatives are common in beach drift in certain areas of the world.
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Seashells are usually identified by consulting general or regional shell-collecting
3644:. National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States. 1985. p. 94.
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2760:. These decorative arrangements were a popular way to display seashells at the time
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by animals other than humans for various purposes, including for protection (as in
814:
778:
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526:
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362:
3397:. Vol. 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome: FAO. p. 503.
2432:
2020:
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2012:
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3457:, pp. 29–85. United States Government Printing Office, Washington : 1957.
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3122:. Typically a coral polyp will harbor particular species of algae, which will
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traditionally wear clothing covered in patterns made up of hundreds of "pearl
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Seashells are often used whole and drilled, so that they can be threaded like
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1878:, and specific scientific books on different taxa of shell-bearing mollusks (
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2552:, and various pearly bivalves, has often been used in jewelry, buttons, etc.
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which is used as a trumpet in Melanesian and Polynesian culture and also in
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The study of the entire molluscan animal (as well as the shell) is known as
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to protect their soft insides. Empty seashells are often found washed up on
318:
3698:
2935:, or hardened body parts, which form a stiff exoskeleton made up mostly of
416:. The shells are empty because the animal has died and the soft parts have
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3200:
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3072:
2948:
2932:
2901:
2682:, is often traditionally depicted rising from the sea on a seashell. In
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Shell necklaces have been found in Stone Age graves as far inland as the
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3533:"Some Basics on Shell Trumpets and some very Basics on how to make them"
16:
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
3469:"The venerable scallop's versatility makes it a rare culinary blessing"
3162:
3154:
3110:
The construction of the shell-like structures of corals are aided by a
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2733:
2713:
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worshipped animals and the sea, and often depicted shells in their art.
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1978: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1481:
1402:
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1177:
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957:
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819:
757:
713:
680:
631: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Small pieces of colored and iridescent shell have been used to create
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The shell of the large "bullmouth helmet" sea snail, scientific name
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1047:, and in the shallow subtidal zone. As such they are sometimes used
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179:
1905:
1031:, are extinct, but their shells are very common in certain areas as
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The most common species of shells to be used as currency have been
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or chitin. Most shells that are found on beaches are the shells of
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of a gastropod seashell is a reference to the sacred chank shell
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1358:
793:
721:
546:
542:
475:
401:
846:. They can sometimes be extremely numerous. Very often the two
3084:
2824:
2772:
Portrait of the Shell Collector Jan Govertsen van der Aer, by
1947:
943:
sometimes known as "butterfly shells" because of their shape.
767:
and more color, although this is by no means always the case.
600:
392:
or organism that lives in the sea. Most seashells are made by
333:
A group of seashells, mostly bivalves in the family Pholadidae
36:
2134:, the oil being poured in the aperture of the shell, and the
2097:, because of their strength and the variety of their shapes.
1085:
An ocellated (spotted) octopus using a clamshell as a shelter
557:, and sometimes can significantly reduce the distribution of
431:(an animal without a backbone), and is typically composed of
860:, is a beach which is entirely made up of the shells of the
3746:
Seashells of the World: a guide to the better-known species
2156:
388:, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an
3798:
Hohlman Shell Collection, Florida Institute of Technology
3087:. Infrequently a turtle "shell" will wash up on a beach.
2666:
designed a striking 13 ft (4 m) high sculpture of a
2368:
and Japan. In Japan this kind of trumpet is known as the
2051:, used in North Western North America for many centuries.
446:, other shells that can be found on beaches are those of
3107:
commonly wash up on beaches in areas where corals grow.
2530:, was historically, and still is, used to make valuable
1889:
Numerous smaller and more obscure mollusk species (see
3328:"Seashell Souvenirs Are Killing Protected Marine Life"
900:
Certain species of gastropod seashells (the shells of
2120:", is so named because Native Australians used it to
361:
inhabiting marine gastropod shells that lived in the
3778:, Second edition, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York,
2593:
The making of shell work artifacts is a practice of
2540:
from many seashells including species in the family
1895:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
997:, the cuttlefish, have a large internal shell, the
589:is the main compound of shell structure, aiding in
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2756:Illustration from an 18th-century book, edited by
2151:shells are sometimes used as soil conditioners in
3016:from Australia with the shell showing on the left
2320:Seashells have been used as musical instruments,
2297:Hindu priest sounding a ritual trumpet made from
3499:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the
3365:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2022.
2392:, has been used as a trumpet in the Caribbean.
1027:The largest group of shelled cephalopods, the
928:from the beachdrift on the southeast coast of
525:; a person who studies mollusks is known as a
3729:Abbott R. Tucker & S. Peter Dance, 1982,
2376:. In some Polynesian islands it is known as "
1851:, where the marine fauna is rich in species.
1749:
266:
8:
3032:and thus can be found live by beachcombers.
1774:too large for the one it is currently using.
2859:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2024:1742 drawing of shells of the money cowry,
3664:. Texas A&M U. Press. pp. 17–19.
2471:. Fine whole shell necklaces were made by
2130:Some marine gastropods have been used for
1756:
1742:
1124:
709:is often used to mean only the shell of a
663:Seashells hand-picked from beach drift in
486:. While most seashells are external, some
273:
259:
140:
3455:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 164
2879:Learn how and when to remove this message
2226:) are considered to be sacred to the god
1994:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:Molluscan seashells used by other animals
893:gastropod shells washed up on a beach at
647:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3586:National Museum of Australia Collections
3526:
3524:
2199:shell is considered to be the symbol of
970:
956:
336:
3501:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera
3286:
2910:Long Beach, Long Island, New York State
2702:
2648:, 1st century BC, 13 cm, 5 in
1132:
223:
197:
164:
148:
3697:. biophysics.sbg.ac.at. Archived from
3497:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.
3388:Poutiers, J. M. (1998). "Gastropods".
3357:
3355:
3353:
3592:from the original on 30 January 2019.
3444:Hair Pipes in Plains Indian Adornment
3149:The skeletons of soft corals such as
3044:, marine annelid worms in the family
1800:There are numerous popular books and
7:
3558:Tasmanian Aboriginal shell necklaces
3539:from the original on 21 October 2013
3467:Raichlen, Steven (4 November 1990).
3404:from the original on 31 January 2019
3302:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3292:
3290:
2857:adding citations to reliable sources
2821:Shells of other marine invertebrates
2175:A sacred chank shell on the flag of
1976:adding citations to reliable sources
629:adding citations to reliable sources
341:Mixed shells on a beach in Venezuela
289:Seashells washed up on the beach in
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2674:, in England. The goddess of love,
2670:shell which stands on the beach at
2563:", in other words, buttons made of
420:or been eaten by another organism.
3369:from the original on 20 March 2022
3308:from the original on 22 March 2022
2652:A very large outdoor sculpture at
2093:Seashells have often been used as
2063:indigenous peoples of the Americas
293:; nearly all are single valves of
14:
3748:, 1985, Golden Press, New York,
3582:"Shellwork Sydney Harbour Bridge"
3026:Permian-Triassic extinction event
3010:A whole animal of the brachiopod
2358:also known as "Triton's trumpet"
2138:serving as a holder for the wick.
1116:, using a shell of the dog whelk
313:Hand-picked molluscan seashells (
3763:, St. Martin's Press, New York,
2943:, especially those of the class
2829:
2765:
2749:
2725:
2705:
2310:Korean military procession with
2273:In Christianity, the top of the
1952:
1723:
1722:
1140:
605:
553:strong negative impact on local
156:
41:
3689:Madl, P. & Yip, M. (2000).
3661:Encyclopedia of Texas Seashells
3479:from the original on 8 May 2021
3103:Pieces of the hard skeleton of
2803:Gulf Coast of the United States
2712:Enormous seashell sculpture at
1963:needs additional citations for
1487:microbial calcite precipitation
616:needs additional citations for
52:needs additional citations for
3733:, E.P. Dutton, Inc, New York,
3606:Waste and Biomass Valorization
3334:. 16 July 2018. Archived from
3161:, commonly wash ashore in the
3083:which is developed from their
2955:is an arthropod of the family
2521:, belt buckles and other uses.
2420:, in traditional dress of the
2372:. In Korea it is known as the
2255:religion, shells are used for
2080:were made of the shell of the
1930:shells, and pearly freshwater
858:Shell Beach, Western Australia
1:
3658:Tunnell, John Wesley (2010).
3518:The Legend of the Sand Dollar
3234:Marine biogenic calcification
3114:relationship with a class of
1447:marine biogenic calcification
1064:Carrier shells in the family
569:Seashells are created by the
474:", and the moulted shells of
3569:National Museum of Australia
3229:Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum
1869:used as a musical instrument
1069:available on the particular
922:Loose valves or plates from
831:, washed up on the beach at
2696:rising from the ocean on a
2351:it is known as "dung-dkar".
1676:Biomineralising polychaetes
1442:amorphous calcium carbonate
1128:Part of a series related to
3855:
3761:Seashells of North America
3424:Cambridge University Press
3256:, a mathematical construct
3172:
2817:in Louisiana, near Texas.
2579:
2289:Conch (musical instrument)
2286:
2010:
1941:
1793:
1708:Burgess Shale preservation
950:
911:
876:
807:
690:
423:A seashell is usually the
26:For the coaster ship, see
25:
18:
3774:Abbott, R. Tucker, 1974,
3759:Abbott, R. Tucker, 1986,
3618:10.1007/s12649-018-0232-y
3363:"How are seashells made?"
3298:"How are seashells made?"
3260:Shell growth in estuaries
3187:form hard silicate shells
3142:An x-ray photograph of a
2167:Religion and spirituality
1670:Cupriavidus metallidurans
991:Some cephalopods such as
384:, also known simply as a
3744:Abbott R. Tucker, 1985,
3531:Clark, Mitchell (1996).
3215:create shells known as "
2617:Architectural decoration
2343:, known in India as the
2216:, left-handed shells of
1391:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
1055:) and for construction.
895:Playa Grande, Costa Rica
19:Not to be confused with
3449:1 December 2007 at the
2809:shells were mixed into
2557:Pearly Kings and Queens
1452:calcareous nannofossils
1248:Choanoflagellate lorica
975:Shells of 3 species of
3188:
3146:
3100:
3017:
2979:
2924:
2912:
2908:found on the beach at
2815:Sabine Pass Lighthouse
2649:
2441:
2429:
2317:
2303:
2188:
2180:
2073:. The Native American
2030:
1910:
1901:Non-marine "seashells"
1871:
1641:Magnetotactic bacteria
1466:oolitic aragonite sand
1324:scaly-foot snail shell
1122:
1086:
984:Only a few species of
981:
968:
936:
897:
839:
702:
701:Shells on the seashore
688:
490:have internal shells.
373:
365:
342:
334:
326:
306:
3182:
3173:Further information:
3169:Plankton and protists
3141:
3098:
3009:
2974:
2918:
2899:
2732:Large sculpture of a
2692:depicted the goddess
2644:
2607:Sydney Harbour Bridge
2482:Naturally-occurring,
2438:Pearly King and Queen
2435:
2411:
2309:
2296:
2201:Saint James the Great
2195:In Christianity, the
2186:
2174:
2163:content in the soil.
2023:
1942:Further information:
1938:Cultural significance
1908:
1862:
1769:Almost all genera of
1119:Nassarius reticulatus
1106:
1084:
974:
960:
921:
886:
818:Single valves of the
817:
700:
662:
371:
357:
340:
332:
312:
288:
30:. For the color, see
3563:12 June 2011 at the
2853:improve this section
2473:Tasmanian Aboriginal
1972:improve this article
625:improve this article
462:worms in the family
321:) from the beach at
198:About mollusc shells
61:improve this article
3244:Ocean acidification
3052:, the worm snails.
2662:of India. In 2003,
2588:Sailor's Valentines
2582:Sailor's Valentines
2283:Musical instruments
2266:culture of ancient
2159:and increasing the
2061:Some tribes of the
1944:Molluscs in culture
1926:shells, freshwater
1884:Identification keys
1368:Vertebrate skeleton
1158:Mineralized tissues
925:Chiton tuberculatus
790:freshwater bivalves
597:Molluscan seashells
144:Part of a series on
3776:American Seashells
3701:on 28 January 2012
3270:Small shelly fauna
3249:Seashell resonance
3189:
3147:
3101:
3018:
2980:
2925:
2913:
2718:Thiruvananthapuram
2685:The Birth of Venus
2650:
2611:Sydney Opera House
2442:
2430:
2404:Personal adornment
2398:seashell resonance
2337:The sacred chank,
2318:
2304:
2189:
2181:
2031:
1919:freshwater mollusk
1911:
1872:
1532:diatomaceous earth
1498:Great Calcite Belt
1415:Scale microfossils
1408:otolithic membrane
1319:small shelly fauna
1292:echinoderm stereom
1168:Biocrystallization
1123:
1113:Diogenes pugilator
1087:
982:
969:
961:Cuttlebone from a
937:
898:
850:become separated.
840:
703:
689:
687:, March/April 1985
496:freshwater mussels
374:
366:
343:
335:
327:
307:
3671:978-1-60344-337-1
3641:Preservation News
3507:Thames and Hudson
3199:are two forms of
2889:
2888:
2881:
2774:Hendrick Goltzius
2527:Cypraecassis rufa
2460:Valley in France.
2361:Charonia tritonis
2004:
2003:
1996:
1766:
1765:
1696:permineralization
1681:Mineral nutrients
1606:Mineral evolution
1275:foraminifera test
1134:Biomineralization
657:
656:
649:
587:Calcium carbonate
500:freshwater snails
433:calcium carbonate
355:
283:
282:
237:Crustacean shells
232:Brachiopod shells
137:
136:
129:
111:
3846:
3834:Mollusc products
3804:Beautiful Shells
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3612:(8): 2397–2414.
3600:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3528:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3473:baltimoresun.com
3464:
3458:
3437:
3431:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3359:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3294:
3254:Seashell surface
3213:coccolithophores
3203:which form hard
3195:and animal-like
3153:, also known as
2959:. The shells or
2884:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2833:
2825:
2769:
2753:
2736:on the beach at
2729:
2709:
2659:Turbinella pyrum
2595:Aboriginal women
2414:gastropod shells
2340:Turbinella pyrum
2333:" trumpets are:
2322:wind instruments
2300:Turbinella pyrum
2219:Turbinella pyrum
2206:Pecten jacobaeus
2065:used shells for
2037:Monetaria moneta
2027:Monetaria moneta
1999:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1956:
1948:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1646:Magnetoreception
1626:Ballast minerals
1221:Cephalopod shell
1216:Brachiopod shell
1163:Remineralisation
1144:
1125:
908:Polyplacophorans
742:polyplacophorans
652:
645:
641:
638:
632:
609:
601:
502:, and shells of
356:
303:Mactra corallina
275:
268:
261:
247:Sea urchin tests
160:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
32:Seashell (color)
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3814:
3813:
3794:
3789:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3672:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:Wayback Machine
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3535:. furious.com.
3530:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:Wayback Machine
3438:
3434:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3338:on 16 July 2018
3326:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3225:
3177:
3171:
3136:
3128:Coral bleaching
3124:photosynthesise
3093:
3066:
3058:
3056:Atypical shells
3038:
3030:intertidal zone
3013:Lingula anatina
3004:
2969:
2894:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2850:
2834:
2823:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2730:
2721:
2710:
2639:
2619:
2584:
2578:
2576:Creating Crafts
2565:mother-of-pearl
2538:Mother of pearl
2446:Mother of pearl
2416:, specifically
2406:
2291:
2285:
2169:
2145:
2091:
2044:", and certain
2015:
2009:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1969:
1957:
1946:
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1903:
1857:
1841:
1798:
1792:
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1721:
1714:
1713:
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1600:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1522:biogenic silica
1516:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1489:
1477:
1456:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1312:gastropod shell
1280:testate amoebae
1270:diatom frustule
1195:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1152:
1101:
1061:
1045:intertidal zone
1041:
1006:Spirula spirula
999:cuttlefish bone
955:
949:
916:
910:
881:
879:Gastropod shell
875:
866:Fragum erugatum
824:Senilia senilis
812:
806:
695:
653:
642:
636:
633:
622:
610:
599:
567:
565:Shell synthesis
535:
512:
452:horseshoe crabs
345:
291:Valencia, Spain
279:
242:Horseshoe crabs
224:Other seashells
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3852:
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3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Mollusc shells
3826:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3793:
3792:External links
3790:
3788:
3787:
3772:
3757:
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3716:
3713:
3712:
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3573:
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3490:
3459:
3440:Ewers, John C.
3432:
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3221:
3175:Protist shells
3170:
3167:
3165:after storms.
3135:
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3089:
3065:
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3000:
2968:
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2953:horseshoe crab
2921:horseshoe crab
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2742:Maggi Hambling
2731:
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2704:
2664:Maggi Hambling
2638:
2635:
2618:
2615:
2580:Main article:
2577:
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2287:Main article:
2284:
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2210:
2168:
2165:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:siphonal canal
2128:
2125:
2116:, the "bailer
2109:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2059:
2052:
2011:Main article:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1939:
1936:
1932:unionid mussel
1902:
1899:
1856:
1855:Identification
1853:
1840:
1837:
1833:Byne's disease
1794:Main article:
1791:
1788:
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1619:immobilization
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1614:mineralization
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1527:siliceous ooze
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1514:Silicification
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1338:
1336:Sponge spicule
1333:
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1331:
1329:estuary shells
1326:
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951:Main article:
948:
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912:Main article:
909:
906:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
808:Main article:
805:
802:
691:Main article:
673:Harlech Castle
655:
654:
637:September 2011
613:
611:
604:
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531:
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444:mollusk shells
323:Clacton on Sea
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166:Mollusc shells
162:
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145:
135:
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49:
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40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3851:
3840:
3837:
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3832:
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3827:
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3822:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3784:0-442-20228-8
3781:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:1-58238-125-9
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:0-307-24410-5
3751:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:0-525-93269-0
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3700:
3696:
3692:
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3393:
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3384:
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3368:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Mollusk shell
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:zooxanthellae
3117:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:heart urchins
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2880:
2872:
2869:December 2017
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2838:This section
2836:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2787:
2782:Poultry feeds
2781:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2758:Albertus Seba
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:shell grottos
2628:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:shell jewelry
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2422:Kikuyu people
2419:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2389:Lobatus gigas
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:their canoes.
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:, the "money
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1961:This section
1959:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:are known as
1803:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1752:
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1740:
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1730:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:Fossilization
1689:
1687:
1686:Microbial mat
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Magnetofossil
1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1587:
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1575:
1572:
1568:
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1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:aragonite sea
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:Calcification
1430:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:Endoskeletons
1351:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:mollusc shell
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:Protist shell
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:cirrate shell
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1179:
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1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1099:Invertebrates
1098:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
987:
980:
979:
973:
966:
965:
959:
954:
946:
944:
941:
935:
931:
927:
926:
920:
915:
907:
905:
903:
896:
892:
891:
885:
880:
872:
870:
868:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
821:
816:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
779:micromollusks
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
708:
699:
694:
693:Mollusc shell
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
651:
648:
640:
630:
626:
620:
619:
614:This section
612:
608:
603:
602:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
550:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
519:
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501:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
370:
364:
360:
339:
331:
324:
320:
316:
311:
305:
304:
299:
296:
292:
287:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Chiton shells
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
29:
22:
3802:
3775:
3760:
3745:
3730:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:the original
3694:
3684:
3675:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3585:
3576:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3514:
3498:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3472:
3462:
3454:
3435:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3390:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3331:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3301:
3209:Foraminifera
3197:radiolarians
3190:
3148:
3109:
3102:
3079:of bone and
3067:
3059:
3039:
3019:
3011:
2996:sand dollars
2990:, including
2981:
2945:Malacostraca
2926:
2900:The moulted
2875:
2866:
2851:Please help
2839:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2683:
2657:
2651:
2620:
2592:
2585:
2525:
2443:
2395:
2387:
2377:
2359:
2356:Triton shell
2338:
2319:
2311:
2298:
2222:(the sacred
2217:
2204:
2190:
2153:horticulture
2146:
2143:Horticulture
2111:
2092:
2074:
2035:
2025:
2016:
1990:
1981:
1970:Please help
1965:verification
1962:
1914:
1912:
1891:micromollusk
1888:
1876:field guides
1873:
1842:
1828:
1802:field guides
1799:
1780:
1771:hermit crabs
1701:petrifaction
1668:
1656:
1651:Microfossils
1398:Limpet teeth
1378:Ossification
1373:Bone mineral
1307:chiton shell
1286:
1192:Exoskeletons
1173:Biointerface
1117:
1111:
1066:Xenophoridae
1053:hermit crabs
1042:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
992:
990:
983:
976:
962:
938:
923:
899:
888:
864:
856:
852:
841:
822:
783:
776:
769:
762:
706:
704:
669:Shell Island
643:
634:
623:Please help
618:verification
615:
568:
559:rare species
551:
536:
527:malacologist
520:
513:
492:
470:are called "
441:
429:invertebrate
422:
414:beachcombers
385:
381:
377:
375:
363:Persian Gulf
359:Hermit crabs
301:
300:, mostly of
185:Snail shells
149:
138:
123:
117:January 2009
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3809:H. G. Adams
3483:12 November
3265:Shell purse
3191:Plant-like
3134:Soft corals
3091:Hard corals
3069:Sea turtles
3042:polychaetes
3022:brachiopods
3002:Brachiopods
2988:sea urchins
2984:echinoderms
2967:Echinoderms
2941:crustaceans
2555:In London,
2385:Queen Conch
2275:sand dollar
2102:Giant clams
2049:tusk shells
2013:shell money
1928:apple snail
1865:Conch shell
1839:Shell clubs
1636:Magnetosome
1579:phosphorite
1545:Other forms
1493:calcite sea
1260:coccosphere
1204:exoskeleton
1109:hermit crab
1049:second-hand
986:cephalopods
947:Cephalopods
934:West Indies
827:, plus two
750:cephalopods
738:tusk shells
665:North Wales
510:Terminology
504:land snails
488:cephalopods
468:sea urchins
456:brachiopods
442:Apart from
425:exoskeleton
190:Tusk shells
175:Clam shells
28:MV Seashell
3839:Collecting
3818:Categories
3807:(1856) by
3505:New York:
3408:30 January
3276:References
3151:gorgonians
3064:Chelonians
3050:Vermetidae
3046:Serpulidae
2976:Sea urchin
2929:arthropods
2923:on a beach
2892:Arthropods
2801:Along the
2690:Botticelli
2599:La Perouse
2550:Haliotidae
2546:Turbinidae
2519:hair combs
2496:puka shell
2488:cone shell
2257:divination
2177:Travancore
2071:hair pipes
1924:land snail
1880:monographs
1849:California
1815:intertidal
1811:malacology
1807:conchology
1796:Conchology
1790:Conchology
1231:cuttlebone
1200:Arthropod
1075:camouflage
953:Cephalopod
902:sea snails
890:Turritella
873:Gastropods
829:gastropods
798:nudibranch
734:scaphopods
726:gastropods
685:gastropods
555:ecosystems
533:Occurrence
523:malacology
516:conchology
464:Serpulidae
418:decomposed
396:, such as
325:in England
319:gastropods
206:Conchology
87:newspapers
76:"Seashell"
21:Seychelles
3626:1877-2641
3428:Cambridge
3281:Citations
3159:sea whips
3144:gorgonian
3112:symbiotic
3081:cartilage
2957:Limulidae
2933:sclerites
2919:Shell of
2906:lady crab
2840:does not
2738:Aldeburgh
2680:Aphrodite
2672:Aldeburgh
2646:Aphrodite
2542:Trochidae
2484:beachworn
2469:Naticidae
2440:in London
2132:oil lamps
2113:Melo melo
2106:baptismal
2046:dentalium
1984:July 2016
1913:The term
1782:Coenobita
1657:engrailed
1574:Phosphate
1567:oil shale
1461:Aragonite
1265:coccolith
1092:octopuses
1071:substrate
1029:ammonites
1021:Argonauta
887:Numerous
765:sculpture
752:(such as
705:The word
458:. Marine
448:barnacles
382:sea shell
150:Seashells
3705:31 March
3590:Archived
3561:Archived
3537:Archived
3477:Archived
3447:Archived
3399:Archived
3373:21 March
3367:Archived
3342:19 March
3306:Archived
3223:See also
3207:shells.
3205:silicate
3201:plankton
3155:sea fans
3077:plastron
3073:carapace
3036:Annelids
2986:such as
2949:carapace
2902:carapace
2609:and the
2511:brooches
2458:Dordogne
2428:, Africa
2316:trumpets
2313:Charonia
2253:Santería
2232:Buddhism
2214:Hinduism
2122:bail out
2007:Currency
1915:seashell
1867:, often
1729:Category
1610:In soil
1562:alginite
1552:Bone bed
1287:Seashell
1194:(shells)
1059:Mollusks
1015:Nautilus
978:Nautilus
833:Fadiouth
810:Bivalvia
804:Bivalves
772:tropical
754:nautilus
718:bivalves
707:seashell
681:bivalves
591:adhesion
583:proteins
579:minerals
571:molluscs
545:and the
480:lobsters
394:mollusks
378:seashell
315:bivalves
298:mollusks
3824:Zoology
3718:Sources
3543:24 July
3509:, 1997.
3430:, 1986.
3332:Animals
3193:diatoms
3185:diatoms
3183:Marine
3163:tropics
3071:have a
2961:exuviae
2861:removed
2846:sources
2734:scallop
2720:, India
2714:Akkulam
2700:shell.
2698:scallop
2668:scallop
2654:Akkulam
2623:mosaics
2561:buttons
2507:buttons
2418:cowries
2412:Use of
2370:horagai
2345:shankha
2251:In the
2238:Cowries
2224:shankha
2197:scallop
2179:, India
2161:calcium
1845:Florida
1599:Related
1557:Kerogen
1482:Calcite
1403:Otolith
1236:gladius
1209:cuticle
1178:Biofilm
1151:General
1107:Marine
1033:fossils
844:lagoons
837:Senegal
820:bivalve
770:In the
758:spirula
748:), and
746:chitons
714:mollusk
541:by the
539:beaches
484:exuviae
460:annelid
410:beaches
406:oysters
295:bivalve
101:scholar
3782:
3767:
3752:
3737:
3677:today.
3668:
3624:
3312:14 May
3105:corals
2939:. In
2937:chitin
2811:cement
2807:oyster
2776:(1603)
2744:, 2003
2627:inlays
2603:Sydney
2532:cameos
2492:Hawaii
2477:Palawa
2242:charms
2228:Vishnu
2203:, see
2149:oyster
2118:volute
2108:fonts.
2082:quahog
2076:wampum
2067:wampum
1829:before
1824:museum
1727:
1586:Pyrena
1243:Lorica
1090:Small
940:Chiton
914:Chiton
862:cockle
848:valves
730:snails
711:marine
575:mantle
437:marine
427:of an
404:, and
398:snails
390:animal
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3724:Books
3402:(PDF)
3395:(PDF)
3217:tests
3116:algae
3040:Some
2982:Some
2931:have
2927:Many
2904:of a
2740:, by
2694:Venus
2676:Venus
2597:from
2569:nacre
2515:rings
2465:beads
2450:pearl
2426:Kenya
2374:nagak
2366:Korea
2349:Tibet
2347:. In
2331:conch
2326:spire
2264:Moche
2246:vulva
2095:tools
2089:Tools
2084:clam.
2078:belts
2056:cowry
2042:cowry
1664:Druse
1359:bones
1302:nacre
994:Sepia
964:Sepia
930:Nevis
786:snail
722:clams
677:Wales
671:near
547:tides
543:waves
476:crabs
472:tests
402:clams
386:shell
216:Valve
211:Nacre
108:JSTOR
94:books
3780:ISBN
3765:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3707:2006
3666:ISBN
3622:ISSN
3545:2016
3485:2020
3410:2019
3375:2022
3344:2019
3314:2024
3211:and
3157:and
3085:ribs
3075:and
3020:The
2994:and
2978:test
2844:any
2842:cite
2796:lime
2625:and
2383:The
2354:The
2268:Peru
2262:The
2069:and
1847:and
1820:data
1659:gene
1420:Tusk
1341:Test
796:and
794:slug
788:and
756:and
744:(or
736:(or
728:(or
720:(or
683:and
581:and
498:and
482:are
478:and
454:and
317:and
80:news
3614:doi
3453:",
2855:by
2790:Use
2678:or
2637:Art
2601:in
2567:or
2424:of
2212:In
1974:by
967:sp.
740:),
732:),
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667:at
627:by
412:by
380:or
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3608:.
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2378:pu
2157:pH
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