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is not always true, however, both because of the importance of other factors and the invalidation of this generalization. For example, in species reproducing at high latitudes, food availability before breeding is more important than availability during reproduction itself. Other factors can also be responsible. For example, species that are preyed upon frequently may time reproduction to occur out of sync with the peak in density of predators.
180:. "Short day" breeders cycle when the length of daylight shortens (fall) and are in anestrus in spring and summer. The decreased light during the fall decreases the firing of the retinal nerves, in turn decreasing the excitation of the superior cervical ganglion, which then decreases the inhibition of the pineal gland, finally resulting in an increase in
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The breeding season is when seasonal breeders reproduce. Various variables can affect when it occurs. A primary influence on the timing of reproduction is food availability. Organisms generally time especially stressing events of reproduction to occur in sync with increases in food availability. This
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is considered to be the central control for reproduction due to its role in hormone regulation. Hence, factors that determine when a seasonal breeder will be ready for mating affect this tissue. This is achieved specifically through changes in the production of the hormone
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only during certain times of the year. These times of year allow for the optimization of survival of young due to factors such as ambient temperature, food and water availability, and changes in the predation behaviors of other species. Related
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Hence, seasonal breeders can be divided into groups based on fertility period. "Long day" breeders cycle when days get longer (spring) and are in anestrus in fall and winter. Some animals that are long day breeders include
68:, or have a dearth of their sexual cycle. Unlike reproductive cyclicity, seasonality is described in both males and females. Male seasonal breeders may exhibit changes in
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M. N. Lehman; R. L. Goodman; F. J. Karsch; G. L. Jackson; S. J. Berriman; H. T. Jansen (1997). "The GnRH System of
Seasonal Breeders: Anatomy and Plasticity".
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Williams, Cory T.; Klaassen, Marcel; Barnes, Brian M.; Buck, C. Loren; Arnold, Walter; Giroud, Sylvain; Vetter, Sebastian G.; Ruf, Thomas (2017).
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and behavior, into the bloodstream. Changes in gonadotropin secretion initiate the end of anestrus in females.
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are expressed and accepted only during this period. Female seasonal breeders will have one or more
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Seasonal breeding readiness is strongly regulated by length of day (
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Animal species that successfully mate during certain times of year
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Prendergast BJ (2005). "Internalization of seasonal time".
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that ultimately alter GnRH release by the hypothalamus.
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weight, and fertility depending on the time of year.
30:"mating season" redirects here. For other uses, see
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410:"An Overview of the Hypothalamus"
441:(2nd Revised ed.). p.
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275:Johnson, A.D. (1970).
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219:References
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140:Day length
100:Physiology
473:Fertility
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186:melatonin
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115:pituitary
468:Ethology
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