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influential because it was issued by the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, whose jurisdiction included all states in the western United States where the majority of U.S.-based software development occurred, including California and Washington. The case also helped establish guidelines for permissible reverse engineering; for example, American computer programmer Andrew Schulman cited the decision with approval in his 1994 book "Undocumented Dos," which explored and revealed undocumented functionality in Microsoft operating systems that he had uncovered using disassembly and reverse engineering. The process that Accolade undertook to reverse engineer the Sega code was perceived as fairly typical to the way other companies had been conducting reverse engineering, which made the court's decision even more influential. The Ninth Circuit's decision confirmed that the console's functional principles were not protected by copyright, and also established that reverse engineering can constitute "fair use" when no other means were available to access information about the console's functional principles. One such example of the
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for financial gain, and because their works competed directly with Sega's licensed games, likely resulting in a sales decrease for Sega's games. Accolade's case was further hurt by a presentation by a Sega engineer named
Takeshi Nagashima, who showed two Sega game cartridges that were able to run on the Genesis III without the trademark-displaying TMSS, and offered them to Accolade's defense team but would not reveal how that was possible. Ultimately, this would result in Accolade's defeat on April 3, 1992, when Judge Caulfield ruled in favor of Sega and issued an injunction prohibiting future sales by Accolade of Genesis-compatible games incorporating the Sega message or using the results of the reverse engineering. Almost a week later, Accolade was also required by the court to recall all of their Genesis-compatible games.
474:. According to Accolade employees, the header file is the only portion of Sega's code that Accolade copied into its own game programs." This made the games overwhelmingly original content, and according to Judge Reinhardt, to the benefit of the public to be able to compete with Sega's licensed games, especially if the games were dissimilar as contended in the appeal. The court did not accept the argument that Accolade's games competed directly with Sega's, noting that there was no proof that any of Accolade's published games had diminished the market for any of Sega's games. Despite claims from Sega's attorneys that the company had invested much time and effort into developing the Genesis, and that Accolade was capitalizing on this time and energy, the court rejected these claims by noting that U.S. Supreme Court in
233:, which ruled in favor of Sega and issued an injunction against Accolade preventing them from publishing any more games for the Genesis and requiring them to recall all the existing Genesis games they had for sale. Accolade appealed the decision to the Ninth Circuit on the grounds that their reverse engineering of the Genesis was protected under fair use. The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's order and ruled that Accolade's use of reverse engineering to publish Genesis titles was protected under fair use, and that its alleged violation of Sega trademarks was the fault of Sega. The case is frequently cited in matters involving reverse engineering and fair use under copyright law.
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484:," i.e., that a work was entitled to copyright because of the amount of effort it took to create it. The court also noted that the Sega code contained some functional elements that were not protected under the Copyright Act of 1976. On the matter of reverse engineering as a process, the court concluded that "where disassembly is the only way to gain access to the ideas and functional elements embodied in a copyrighted computer program and where there is a legitimate reason for seeking such access, disassembly is a fair use of the copyrighted work, as a matter of law."
343:"SEGA" at a particular point in the memory contained in the cartridge. If and only if the string was present, the console would run the game, and would briefly display the message: "Produced by or under license from Sega Enterprises LTD." This system had a twofold effect: it added extra protection against unlicensed developers and software piracy, and it forced the Sega trademark to display when the game was powered up, making a lawsuit for trademark infringement possible if unlicensed software were to be developed. Accolade learned of this development at the
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association with
Accolade and now look forward to a healthy and mutually beneficial relationship in the future." Accolade's Alan Miller expressed more excitement with the settlement and the opportunities it presented for the company, saying in his statement, "We are very pleased with the settlement, and we're excited about the new markets it opens to Accolade. Accolade currently experiences strong demand for its Sega Genesis products in North America and Europe. We will now be able to publish our products on the Sega Genesis and
316:, "One pays them between $ 10 and $ 15 per cartridge on top of the real hardware manufacturing costs, so it about doubles the cost of goods to the independent publisher." In addition to this, Sega required that it would be the exclusive publisher of Accolade's games if Accolade were to be licensed, preventing Accolade from releasing its games to other systems. To get around licensing, Accolade chose to seek an alternative way to bring their games to the Genesis by purchasing a console in order to decompile the
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the fact that
Accolade had done so in order to create their own compatible software. Likewise, the nature of the work was also given less weight, essentially establishing a two-factor approach to evaluating fair use in the purpose of use and impact on the market. It was also the first time that the Lanham Act was interpreted to mean that confusion resulting from the placement of one's trademark on another work by means of a security program is the fault of the original registrant of the trademark.
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was not moved by this, deciding that
Nagashima's cartridges showed what one could do with knowledge of the TMSS, which Accolade did not possess. According to the court, because knowledge of how to avoid displaying the trademark on the Genesis III was not information that was public to the industry, Sega's attempt to prove that the display of their trademark was not required for games to be played on the console was insufficient. Writing for the opinion of the court, Judge
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rehearing on
January 26. As Accolade's counterclaim for false labeling under the Lanham Act was declined by the Ninth Circuit, this essentially left "each party as free to act as it was before the issuance of preliminary injunctive relief" while the district court considered the counterclaim. Sega and Accolade ultimately settled on April 30, 1993. As a part of this settlement, Accolade became an official licensee of Sega, and later developed and released
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injunction pending appeal, but when the court did not rule by April 21, Accolade appealed the injunction to the Ninth
Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals. A stay was granted on the mandate to recall all of Accolade's Genesis games, but the injunction preventing further reverse engineering and development of Genesis software was maintained until August 28, when the Ninth Circuit ordered it dissolved pending the appeal review.
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commercial, and that the trademark infringement, being required by the TMSS for a
Genesis game to run on the system, was inadvertently triggered by a fair use act and the fault of Sega for causing false labeling. As a result of the verdict being overturned, the costs of the appeal were assessed to Sega. The injunction remained in force, however, because Sega petitioned the appeals court to rehear the case.
466:, which states in reference to the Lanham Act, "The trademark is misused if it serves to limit competition in the manufacture and sales of a product. That is the special province of the limited monopolies provided pursuant to the patent laws." The judges in the case had decided that Sega had violated this provision of the act by utilizing its trademark to limit competition for software for its console.
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judges in reviewing Sega's copyright claim was the difference in size between the TMSS file and the sizes of
Accolade's games. As noted by Judge Reinhardt in writing the opinion of the court, the TMSS file "contains approximately twenty to twenty-five bytes of data. Each of Accolade's games contains a total of 500,000 to 1,500,000
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stated, "Sega knowingly risked two significant consequences: the false labeling of some competitors' products and the discouraging of other competitors from manufacturing
Genesis-compatible games. Under the Lanham Act, the former conduct, at least, is clearly unlawful." The court then went on to cite
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Sega argued that Accolade had infringed upon its copyrights because Accolade's games contained Sega's material. Accolade insisted that their use of Sega's material constituted fair use. However, Judge Caulfield did not accept this explanation since Accolade was a game manufacturer, their works were
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On August 28, 1992, the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's preliminary injunction and ruled that Accolade's decompilation of the Sega software constituted fair use. The court's written opinion followed on October 20 and noted that the use of the software was non-exploitative, despite being
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or by trade secret. This aspect of the decision has received criticism as well, citing that although the functional principles are not protectable under copyright law, the TMSS code was protectable and by allowing reverse engineering of the TMSS as fair use, the decision had encouraged the copying
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In an official statement, Sega of America chairman David Rosen expressed satisfaction with the settlement. According to Rosen, "This settlement is a satisfactory ending to what was a very complex set of issues. Not only are we pleased to settle this case amicably, we've also turned a corner in our
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In reviewing the case, the court considered several factors in its own analysis, examining trademark and copyright issues separately. As in the district court proceedings, Nagashima showed the court a game cartridge that ran on the Genesis that did not display the trademark logo. However, the court
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s effect on the criteria for fair use and the responsibilities of trademark holders in legal examinations. Although Accolade had copied entire Genesis games in order to identify the TMSS, the court gave little weight to the criterion on the amount of the copyrighted work being copied, in light of
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On January 8, 1993, with Sega's petition for a rehearing still pending, the court took the unusual step of amending its October 20, 1992 opinion and lifted the injunction preventing Accolade from developing or selling Genesis software. This was followed by a formal denial of Sega's petition for a
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As a result of the piracy and unlicensed development issues, Sega incorporated a technical protection mechanism into a new edition of the Genesis released in 1990, referred to as the Genesis III. This new variation of the Genesis included code known as the Trademark Security System (TMSS), which,
1158:
Ely, Wayne A. (1993). "Copyright and Trademark Protection of Computer Software - Reverse Engineering of Competitor's Computer Game Software, Required to Comprehend Work, and Resulting in Display of False Trademark, Not Violative of Copyright Act or Lanham Act - Sega Enterprises, Ltd. v. Accolade,
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has been an influential case in matters involving reverse engineering of software and copyright infringement, and has been cited in numerous cases since 1993. The case redefined how reverse engineering with unlicensed products is seen in legal issues involving copyright. The decision was also as
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To determine the status of Accolade's claim of fair use of Sega's copyrighted game code, the court reviewed four criteria of fair use: the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount of the copyrighted work used, the purpose of use, and the effects of use on the market for the work. Of note to the
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Accolade's acts of reverse engineering Sega Genesis software to learn about its security systems and subsequent publishing of unlicensed Sega Genesis games are protected under the fair use doctrine of copyright law. Sega is held responsible for using its security system to place its trademark on
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The decision in the district court ruling had been very costly to Accolade. According to Accolade co-founder Alan Miller, "Just to fight the injunction, we had to pay at least half a million dollars in legal fees." On April 14, 1992, Accolade asked the district court to stay the preliminary
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while under license. The terms of the licensing, including whether or not any special arrangements or discounts were made to Accolade, were not released to the public. The financial terms of the settlement were also not disclosed, although both companies agreed to pay their own legal costs.
393:, was added a month later to the list of charges. In response, Accolade filed a counterclaim for falsifying the source of its games by displaying the Sega trademark when the game was powered up. The case was heard by Judge
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code of three Genesis games and use it to program their new cartridges in a way that would allow them to disable the security lockouts that prevented playing of unlicensed games. This was done successfully to bring
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439:, and failing to consider whether Accolade's games were substantially similar to Sega's copyrighted material. Amicus briefs were also submitted by the American Committee for Interoperable Systems, the
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also served to help establish that the functional principles of computer software cannot be protected by copyright law. Rather, the only legal protection to such principles can be through holding a
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to the Genesis in 1990. In doing so, Accolade had also copied Sega's copyrighted game code multiple times in order to reverse engineer the software of Sega's licensed Genesis games.
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systems throughout the world." Despite the settlement, however, Accolade had lost somewhere between $ 15 million and $ 25 million during the injunction period, according to Miller.
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On October 31, 1991, Sega filed suit against Accolade in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, on charges of trademark infringement and
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281:. Though Sega had created security systems in their consoles to keep their software from being pirated and to keep unlicensed publishers out, much like its competitor
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brief claiming that the district court had made errors in concluding that Accolade had infringed upon Sega's copyright by reverse engineering its software, extending
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game cartridge. With more games planned for the following year, Accolade successfully identified the TMSS code. They later added this code to the games
257:, one of these backers, was named the new CEO of Sega. Following the crash of the arcade industry, Nakayama decided to focus development efforts on the
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1297:"Intellectual Property - Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.: Setting the Standard on Software Copying in the Computer Software Industry"
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285:, counterfeiters had discovered ways to prevent the Sega trademark from appearing on their games, bypassing the trademark altogether.
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The Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals Building, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Pasadena, California
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891:"Reverse Engineering and the Rise of Electronic Vigilantism: Intellectual Property Implications of "Lock-Out" Programs"
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The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World
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in January 1991, at which Sega showed the new Genesis III and demonstrated it screening and rejecting an
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1100:"Court: Copying Sega's Code Ok an Appeals Court Ruling Protects The Practice of 'Reverse Engineering.'"
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on copyright, limiting Sega's legal options in that region. However, Taiwan did allow prosecution for
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1351:"The Bit and the Pendulum: Balancing the Interests of Stakeholders in Digital Publishing"
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when a game cartridge was inserted into the console, would check for the presence of the
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had unequivocally rejected the notion that copyright protection could be based on the "
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titles onto the console. At the time, however, Sega had a licensing deal in place for
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969:"Sega Enterprises LTD. vs Accolade, Inc.: What's so Fair about Reverse Engineering?"
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that increased the costs to the developer. According to Accolade co-founder
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was created from a revision of this article dated 29 November 2014
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Intellectual Property and Open Source: A Practical Guide to Protecting Code
999:"Brief Amicus Curiae of Computer & Communications Industry Association"
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The third version of the model 1 Genesis was the model at the center of
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214:, the case involved several overlapping issues, including the scope of
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1947:
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747:(3rd ed.). Aspen Law & Business. pp. 126–141, 248–254.
726:
568:
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542:, which was issued in 2000 by the Ninth Circuit, specifically cited
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After the release of the Sega Genesis in 1988, video game publisher
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1242:"This Day in History: Sega and Accolade Settle Their Differences"
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Atari, Inc. v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp.
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1265:"Accolade, Sega Settle 'Reverse Engineering' Case Out of Court"
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for its incorporation of the Trademark Security System (TMSS).
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The screen displayed by the Trademark Security System (TMSS)
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U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases
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Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation
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Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
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Inc., 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 78 (9th Cir. Jan. 6, 1993)".
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market. During this time, Sega became concerned about
1037:
Anti-Monopoly, Inc., v. General Mills Fun Group, et al
2231:
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.
2247:
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.
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was protected by fair use and was non-exploitative.
185:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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2305:Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.
423:Computer & Communications Industry Association
304:began exploring options to release some of their
1010:. United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.
1161:Temple Environmental Law and Technology Journal
853:Legal Battles That Shaped the Computer Industry
924:Reverse Engineering: An Industrial Perspective
623:
389:. Copyright infringement, a violation of the
2366:Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc.
2184:
1822:
1393:
927:. Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing.
665:Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc.
556:Among the influences of the decision include
8:
2329:Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc.
1269:San Jose Mercury News – via
1210:San Jose Mercury News – via
1206:"Accolade Can Continue Making Genesis Games"
1186:San Jose Mercury News – via
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1151:
1149:
1104:San Jose Mercury News – via
881:
879:
877:
845:
843:
841:
733:from the original on September 21, 2013.
1349:Stefik, Mark & Silverman, Alex (1997).
199:. Stemming from the publishing of several
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1815:
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1400:
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1182:"Accolade Gets Boost In Case Against Sega"
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1174:
921:Raja, Vinesh; Fernandes, Kiran J. (2007).
725: (977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992)),
31:
1040: (611 F.2d 296 (9th Cir. 1979)),
546:in deciding that reverse engineering the
992:
990:
640:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
463:Anti-Monopoly v. General Mills Fun Group
1338:from the original on December 21, 2013.
1123:
1121:
1119:
983:from the original on September 3, 2014.
856:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
722:Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
676:
168:Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
61:Sega Enterprises Ltd. vs Accolade, Inc.
18:Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
1371:from the original on January 12, 2016.
1328:Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts
1311:from the original on October 13, 2014.
1235:
1233:
1112:. Associated Press. September 1, 1992.
905:from the original on November 2, 2013.
2321:Capcom U.S.A. Inc. v. Data East Corp.
1094:
1092:
1017:from the original on December 4, 2014
962:
960:
929:Springer Science & Business Media
743:Lemley, Mark A.; et al. (2006).
7:
1048:from the original on 2013-10-29.
273:. Taiwan was not a signatory of the
156:); 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 106, 107, 117 (
2109:Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection
1132:. Law Journal Press. p. 6.37.
1085:from the original on March 4, 2018.
953:from the original on March 4, 2018.
834:from the original on June 24, 2016.
2297:Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman
2223:Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman
658:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.
253:, along with a group of backers.
25:
2313:Data East USA, Inc. v. Epyx, Inc.
1301:Golden Gate University Law Review
1240:Cifaldi, Frank (April 30, 2010).
973:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Journal
2407:United States copyright case law
2345:Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche
2145:
2144:
1791:
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812:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
622:
582:
345:Winter Consumer Electronics Show
40:
572:of legally protected programs.
2397:1992 in United States case law
2337:Spry Fox, LLC v. Lolapps, Inc.
1263:Langberg, Mike (May 1, 1993).
967:MacCullouch, David C. (1994).
895:Southern California Law Review
443:, and copyright law professor
421:In support of the appeal, the
1:
2417:Video game copyright case law
850:Graham, Lawrence D. (1999).
263:software and hardware piracy
245:was purchased by its former
226:doctrine for computer code.
1739:Gulf and Western Industries
1364:Palo Alto Research Center.
1061:Lindberg, Van (July 2008).
477:Feist v. Rural Publications
2443:
2255:Micro Star v. FormGen Inc.
2074:Mega Drive Advanced Gaming
2033:Best-selling Genesis games
229:The case was filed in the
2239:Atari Games Corp. v. Oman
2207:Eligibility and ownership
2132:
1838:Sega Genesis / Mega Drive
1786:
1128:Stuckey, Kent D. (1996).
997:Chapman, John H. (1992).
745:Software and Internet Law
365:Mike Ditka Power Football
324:Ishido: The Way of Stones
147:
98:
39:
2281:Atari v. Amusement World
2215:Atari v. Amusement World
2200:Video game copyright law
1744:Sega Technical Institute
500:Barkley Shut Up and Jam!
449:Arizona State University
206:by video game publisher
152:§§ 1114(1)(a), 1125(a) (
27:1992 American court case
2102:Sega Genesis Collection
2014:Cancelled Sega CD games
2004:Cancelled Genesis games
1322:Liu, Joseph P. (2008).
1295:Aguilar, Julie (1993).
1274:(subscription required)
1215:(subscription required)
1191:(subscription required)
1130:Internet and Online Law
1109:(subscription required)
222:, and the scope of the
218:, permissible uses for
1577:Online gaming services
1324:"Two-Factor Fair Use?"
618:
598:Listen to this article
525:
414:
335:
310:third-party developers
297:
279:trademark infringement
269:, and particularly in
1771:Video game franchises
617:
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412:
391:Copyright Act of 1976
333:
291:
243:Sega Enterprises Ltd.
189:intellectual property
158:Copyright Act of 1976
118:William C. Canby, Jr.
1468:Mega Drive / Genesis
1071:. pp. 242–243.
931:. pp. 199–201.
649:More spoken articles
536:set by this case is
395:Barbara A. Caulfield
385:in violation of the
2422:Reverse engineering
2357:Reverse engineering
2026:Cancelled 32X games
1754:Sega Sammy Holdings
1729:Development studios
1450:Video game consoles
437:method of operation
193:reverse engineering
2139:Sega Master System
1734:Gremlin Industries
1599:Dreamcast services
1218:. January 26, 1993
1194:. January 8, 1993.
619:
590:Video games portal
526:
415:
383:unfair competition
336:
298:
2427:Fair use case law
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1908:
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1701:Sega World Sydney
1561:Licensed consoles
1252:on June 15, 2013.
938:978-1-84628-856-2
819:978-0-307-56087-2
615:
558:Sega v. Accolade'
482:sweat of the brow
457:Stephen Reinhardt
445:Dennis S. Karjala
197:computer software
187:applied American
164:
163:
137:Stephen Reinhardt
114:Stephen Reinhardt
100:Accolade's games.
16:(Redirected from
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2374:Sega v. Accolade
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1808:
1794:
1793:
1765:Sega v. Accolade
1759:SCSK Corporation
1706:SegaWorld London
1684:Amusement venues
1509:Portable devices
1430:Pinball machines
1402:
1395:
1388:
1379:
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1248:. Archived from
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565:Sega v. Accolade
548:Sony PlayStation
544:Sega v. Accolade
529:Sega v. Accolade
294:Sega v. Accolade
275:Berne Convention
105:Court membership
78:October 20, 1992
44:
35:Sega v. Accolade
32:
21:
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1990:
1964:Online services
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1953:Turbo Touch 360
1904:
1880:Amstrad Mega PC
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1552:Amstrad Mega PC
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887:Cohen, Julie E.
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804:Kent, Steven L.
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630:This audio file
627:
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241:In March 1984,
239:
89:(9th Cir. 1992)
28:
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1417:Arcade systems
1413:
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1397:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1358:MarkStefik.com
1341:
1314:
1307:(1): 269–278.
1287:
1255:
1229:
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1170:
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1115:
1088:
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1069:O'Reilly Media
1050:
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435:protection to
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378:
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267:Southeast Asia
255:Hayao Nakayama
238:
235:
162:
161:
145:
144:
140:
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110:Judges sitting
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96:
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84:
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68:
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57:Full case name
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26:
24:
14:
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2136:Predecessor:
2135:
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2027:
2024:
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2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:Sega CD games
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1996:Genesis games
1993:
1985:
1982:
1981:
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1974:
1972:
1969:
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1777:
1776:List of games
1774:
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1665:Sega Net Link
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Dreamcast VGA
1633:
1631:
1630:Dreamcast Gun
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
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1594:Sega Net Link
1592:
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1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
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1463:Master System
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
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1447:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
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1139:1-58852-074-9
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1078:9781449391102
1074:
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1066:
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1057:
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1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1029:
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982:
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952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
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926:
925:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
901:: 1091–1202.
900:
896:
892:
888:
882:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:1-56720-178-4
863:
859:
855:
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846:
844:
842:
838:
833:
829:
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821:
815:
811:
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789:
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783:
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773:
771:
769:
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765:
761:
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754:0-7355-1312-0
750:
746:
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728:
723:
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631:
591:
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541:
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491:
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479:
478:
473:
467:
465:
464:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
428:amicus curiae
425:submitted an
424:
419:
411:
404:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
371:
366:
362:
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209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:in which the
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
159:
155:
151:
146:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:Case opinions
126:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
97:
92:
88:
87:977 F.2d 1510
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:July 20, 1992
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2155:
2137:
2123:Console Wars
2121:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2054:Genesis Mini
1980:Third-party
1976:Sega Meganet
1971:Sega Channel
1939:Third-party
1764:
1763:
1609:Sega Forever
1589:Sega Channel
1584:Sega Meganet
1535:Dual systems
1425:Arcade games
1357:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1268:
1258:
1250:the original
1220:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1185:
1164:
1160:
1129:
1103:
1063:
1036:
1031:
1021:November 28,
1019:. Retrieved
1005:
976:
972:
923:
898:
894:
852:
808:
744:
738:
721:
663:
656:
564:
563:
557:
555:
543:
537:
528:
527:
506:
498:
495:
486:
475:
468:
461:
453:
426:
420:
416:
399:
380:
368:
364:
360:Star Control
358:
352:
348:
337:
322:
299:
293:
259:home console
240:
228:
201:Sega Genesis
179:1992), is a
167:
166:
165:
143:Laws applied
122:Edward Leavy
60:
29:
2157:Sega Saturn
2154:Successor:
1913:Accessories
1900:Sega Gopher
1885:LaserActive
1873:Third-party
1618:Accessories
1542:LaserActive
1334:: 571–585.
979:: 465–485.
524:Sega's logo
314:Alan Miller
251:David Rosen
191:law to the
2391:Categories
2267:Plagiarism
2081:Mega Power
1749:Sonic Team
1696:Sega World
1625:Atomiswave
672:References
645:Audio help
636:2014-11-29
492:Settlement
387:Lanham Act
318:executable
237:Background
220:trademarks
154:Lanham Act
2049:Sega Pico
2021:32X games
1895:Sega Zone
1864:TeraDrive
1713:GameWorks
1660:Sega Card
1568:Sega Zone
1547:TeraDrive
1516:Game Gear
1500:Dreamcast
1167:(4): 137.
947:1860-5168
828:842903312
534:precedent
510:Game Gear
433:copyright
354:HardBall!
216:copyright
2150:Category
2095:Sega Pro
2088:MegaTech
1943:BatterUP
1796:Category
1691:Joypolis
1640:Dreameye
1366:Archived
1336:Archived
1309:Archived
1280:June 20,
1271:NewsBank
1222:June 20,
1212:NewsBank
1188:NewsBank
1106:NewsBank
1083:Archived
1046:archived
1012:Archived
981:Archived
951:Archived
903:Archived
889:(1995).
832:Archived
806:(2010).
731:archived
647: ·
576:See also
370:Turrican
302:Accolade
283:Nintendo
224:fair use
208:Accolade
177:9th Cir.
133:Majority
83:Citation
2042:Related
1930:Menacer
1925:Sega VR
1920:Sega CD
1890:Mega Sg
1722:Related
1670:Sega VR
1655:Menacer
1650:Lock-On
1604:ALL.Net
1458:SG-1000
1246:1UP.com
858:112–118
634: (
605:minutes
377:Lawsuit
306:PC game
94:Holding
75:Decided
2377:(1992)
2369:(1992)
2348:(2018)
2340:(2012)
2332:(2012)
2324:(1994)
2316:(1988)
2308:(1984)
2300:(1982)
2292:(1982)
2284:(1981)
2272:clones
2258:(1998)
2250:(1992)
2242:(1992)
2234:(1983)
2226:(1982)
2218:(1981)
2060:Gemaga
1948:J-Cart
1845:Models
1645:GD-ROM
1526:Gopher
1495:Saturn
1136:
1075:
1044:,
945:
935:
864:
826:
816:
751:
729:,
569:patent
516:Impact
405:Appeal
367:, and
349:Ishido
341:string
271:Taiwan
175:1510 (
171:, 977
150:U.S.C.
67:Argued
1984:XBAND
1859:Nomad
1521:Nomad
1369:(PDF)
1362:Xerox
1354:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
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