455:, i.e. "the interpretation of the mind and will of him who made the law". In this case, the ecclesiastical laws (e.g. prohibition of consecrations of bishops without papal mandate; prohibition of administration of sacraments without ecclesiastical authorization) are interpreted to cease when to follow them would be impossible, harmful, or unreasonable, or would mean transgressing divine laws (e.g. the church must have bishops and priests; Catholics must attend Mass and receive the sacraments), and because of a historical precedent for consecrating Catholic bishops during a long vacancy of the Holy See.
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There are estimated to be between several tens of thousands and more than two hundred thousand sedevacantists worldwide, mostly concentrated in the United States, Mexico, Canada, France, the United
Kingdom, Italy and Australia, but the actual size of the sedevacantist movement has never been
546:
accurately assessed. It remains extremely difficult to establish the size of the movement for a wide range of reasons, such as the fact that not all sedevacantists identify themselves as such, nor do they necessarily adhere to sedevacantist groups or societies.
306:
of the
Catholic Church could not have decreed the changes made in the name of the Second Vatican Council, and conclude that those who issued these changes could not have been acting with the authority of the Catholic Church. Accordingly, they hold that
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283:, promulgated on 3 April 1969, undermine or conflict with the historical Catholic faith and are deemed blasphemous, while post-Vatican II teachings, particularly those related to ecumenism, are labelled
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Some sedevacantists accept the consecrations and ordinations of sedevacantist bishops and priests, and the offering of Masses and the administration of sacraments by the said bishops and priests, to be
2382:
1824:
Heller, Eberhard. AFFIDAVIT DECLARING THE EPISCOPAL CONSECRATIONS OF THEIR EXCELLENCIES BISHOP M. L. GUERARD DES LAURIERS, BISHOP MOISÉS CARMONA AND BISHOP ADOLFO ZAMORA. 14 February 1992. In
960:
and Adolfo Zamora as bishops. Carmona and Zamora had been sedevacantist leaders and propagators in Mexico for many years, and were among the priests who formed the
Tridentine Catholic Union.
1082:(Institute of the Mother of Good Counsel; IMBC), formed in 1985 when four Italian priests of the Society of Saint Pius X split from the organization. It holds to the position of
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split from the organization over a number of issues including using the liturgical reforms implemented under Pope John XXIII. It operates in North
America, is based in
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191:, which means "the chair being vacant". The phrase is commonly used to refer specifically to a vacancy of the Holy See which takes place from the Pope's death or
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271:, among others, which they see as contradicting the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and as denying the unique mission of Catholicism as the
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The number of sedevacantists is unknown and difficult to measure; estimates range from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. Various fractions of
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870:, provided that, with the intention to do what the church does, he uses a rite of ordination or consecration considered valid by the Catholic Church.
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1640:, vol. 1, p. 168. "Law need not be fulfilled even by a subject, if it has become impossible, or harmful, or unreasonable, or useless in general"
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856:
448:
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1969:
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914:, though not a sedevacantist, at least not a public one, associated himself with sedevacantist priests and consecrated a bishop for them.
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The only known
Catholic bishop consecrated before the Second Vatican Council who publicly became sedevacantist was Vietnamese Archbishop
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863:
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648:(CMRI), from which he was expelled in 1984. He later established a new sect called Traditional Latin Rite Catholic Church (TLRCC).
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is vacant. Sedevacantism owes its origins to the rejection of the theological and disciplinary changes implemented following the
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488:('together with Thy Servant N., our Pope')). Anthony Cekada argues that it is not, under any circumstances, permissible.
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Traditionalist
Catholics other than sedevacantists recognize as legitimate the line of popes leading to and including
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Sedevacantism owes its origins to the rejection of the theological and disciplinary changes implemented following the
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There are two sedevacantist bishops who descend from Bishop Méndez through Bishop Kelly. Both are bishops of the
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938:, future head of the Palmarian Church, and the very numerous episcopal consecrations within this organization.
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masses (Traditional Latin Masses where the name of the person considered by
Catholics as Pope is spoken in the
292:
88:
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1019:. Carlos Duarte Costa was not a sedevacantist, and instead questioned the papacy as an institution: he denied
753:, reportedly sedevacantists in the 1970s, who were expelled, along with several other priests, by Archbishop
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among sedevacantists have proceeded to end the perceived vacancy in the Holy See by electing their own pope.
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bishop who converted to sedevacantism and an associate of
Schuckardt, he later reverted to Old Catholicism.
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263:(1962–1965). Sedevacantists reject this Council, on the basis of their interpretation of its documents on
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777:, an American missionary priest who left the Catholic Church in 1976 and in 1998 was elected pope of the
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996:(SSPV) to the episcopacy. By Méndez's wish, the consecration was kept secret until his death in 1995.
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or from bishops of Thục's lineage. Many bishops in the "Thục line" are part of the non-sedevacantist
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and his successors left the true
Catholic Church and thus lost legitimate authority in the church. A
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1046:(CMRI), formed in 1967. It operates in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia; is based in
1020:
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A considerable number of sedevacantist bishops are thought to derive their holy orders from Bishop
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and of postconciliar church teaching as false, that the popes involved are also false. Among even
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1809:"Notification by the Vatican (L'Osservatore Romano, English Edition, 18 April 1983, Page 12)"
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Francis E. Fenton, an
American priest who was inspired by Sáenz's writings and founded the
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The Pope, the Council, and the Mass: Answers to Questions the "Traditionalists" Have Asked
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1970:"Obituary of The Most Reverend Clarence J. Kelly | Dufresne & Cavanaugh Funeral Home"
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priest who was a sedevacantist by at least 1982, and reportedly some time prior to that.
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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1110:(Priestly Society of Trent; SST), formed in 1993 by the priests of the deceased Bishop
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989:
750:
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463:
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522:', and that the post-Vatican II popes will become pope if they recant their heresies.
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as being a valid position, which states that John XXIII and his successors are popes
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considers that a question among sedevacantists is whether it is permissible to go to
1125:. It consists of Sanborn, his priests, and some of his seminarians, and is based in
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The End of the World As We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America
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17:
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in the 1970s. He was illicitly consecrated a Bishop in 1981 by Ngô Đình Thục.
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1470:
The Rule of Benedict: Pope Benedict XVI and His Battle with the Modern World
1087:
640:
was no longer the Catholic Church. He was illicitly consecrated a Bishop by
264:
1875:
Photographs and documentation of the episcopal consecration of Bishop Kelly
761:(SSPV) in 1983. Dolan and Sanborn were later illicitly consecrated Bishops.
224:
134:
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1027:. In further contrast to most Catholic traditionalism, Duarte Costa was
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956:
On 17 October 1981, Thục consecrated the sedevacantist Mexican priests
768:
672:
priest and theologian who put forward sedevacantist ideas in his books
323:
While sedevacantists' arguments often hinge on their interpretation of
1851:"Tradicionalismo católico postconciliar y ultraderecha en Guadalajara"
2035:
1375:
More Catholic Than the Pope: An Inside Look at Extreme Traditionalism
724:
683:
666:
2367:
Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Still River, Massachusetts)
1840:
M.L. Guérard des Lauriers, Dimensions de la Foi, Paris: Cerf, 1952.
1288:
Catholic Matters: Confusion, Controversy, and the Splendor of Truth
1181:
List of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch
2000:"Die "Lehre" vom leeren Papststuhl: Die Welt des Sedisvakantismus"
1099:
972:
for these consecrations and for his declaration of Sedevacantism.
133:
2705:
Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Richmond, New Hampshire)
1627:
Rev. Henry Davis. "Moral and Pastoral Theology", vol. 1, p. 188.
682:(1973). His writings gave rise to the sedevacantist movement in
161:
2996:
2106:
1135:(MHFM), a traditional Catholic monastery in Fillmore, New York.
757:
for holding this view. Nine of these priests later founded the
236:
about who, when and in what circumstances started the movement.
1899:
Video of the episcopal Consecration of Bp. James Carroll, CSPV
793:
553:
338:
218:
31:
2383:
Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney
922:
The "Thục line" bishops designates bishops who derive their
1927:, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 64–69, 236–44.
1319:(2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 399.
1121:
Roman Catholic Institute (RCI), founded in 1993 by Bishop
2099:(concerning strict sedevacantists as well as conclavists)
1655:"The Grain of Incense: Sedevacantists and Una Cum Masses"
1060:(SSPV), formed in 1983 when nine American priests of the
700:); Carmona was illicitly consecrated a Bishop in 1981 by
636:
was vacant and that the church that had emerged from the
279:. They also say that new disciplinary norms, such as the
3526:
Theology of Pope Benedict XVI § Continuity of Vatican II
2028:"Is That Chair Vacant?: A SSPX Dossier on Sedevacantism"
1949:
A more comprehensive list of objections can be found at
1887:
Video of the episcopal consecration of Bp. Joseph Santay
287:. They conclude, on the basis of their rejection of the
817:
632:, until he publicly took the position in 1967 that the
1734:
Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc,
1541:
Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc,
1400:
Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc,
302:. Sedevacantists, however, claim that the infallible
27:
Belief that the Catholic Church no longer has a pope
3539:
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2221:
2155:
Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council
2147:
2140:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1543:Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 152–53.
887:(consecrated in 1938), former Vicar Apostolic of
1346:Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements
1105:
934:; this is due to Thục having consecrated Bishop
1938:God, Land & Freedom: the True Story of ICAB
1925:God, Land & Freedom: the True Story of ICAB
1912:God, Land & Freedom: the True Story of ICAB
1803:
1801:
1799:
1776:Likoudis, James; Whitehead, Kenneth D. (2006).
1586:"The Consecration of Bishops During Interregna"
1402:Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 8–10.
1331:from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands
1952:"Letter of 'the Nine' to Abp. Marcel Lefebvre"
1940:, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p. 64.
1211:Being Right: Conservative Catholics in America
3008:
2342:Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest
2165:List of communities using the Tridentine Mass
2118:
1580:
1578:
1551:
1549:
1349:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 99.
712:
691:
149:movement which holds that since the death of
8:
1820:
1818:
1557:"Episcopal Consecration During Interregnums"
1007:Whose lineages derive from earlier movements
3531:Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965
1736:Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p. 9.
1590:CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
1561:CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
1496:, University of Chicago Press, p. 66,
1492:Marty, Martin E; Appleby, R. Scott (1991),
1075:
677:
620:Early proponents of sedevacantism include:
588:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
526:
513:
483:
477:
467:
184:
3206:
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3015:
3001:
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2636:
2443:
2314:
2144:
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1068:, United States, and was headed by Bishop
690:and Adolfo Zamora, priests who formed the
3485:History of the Catholic Church since 1962
1520:, New York University Press, p. 86,
1050:, United States; and is headed by Bishop
1015:, who in 1945 set up his own independent
840:Learn how and when to remove this message
608:Learn how and when to remove this message
429:Learn how and when to remove this message
315:, they say, cannot be the Catholic pope.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2943:Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church
906:(consecrated in 1960), former Bishop of
730:priest and theologian who developed the
168:and that, for lack of a valid pope, the
2411:Latin Mass Society of England and Wales
1782:. Emmaus Road Publishing. p. 148.
1192:
949:as a bishop. Des Lauriers was a French
811:not related to the topic of the article
711:as an American parallel to the Mexican
2658:Operating with partial papal faculties
2546:Princess Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis
1914:, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018
365:Please improve this section by adding
277:outside of which there is no salvation
2824:Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1102:. Its bishop is Bishop Geert Stuyver.
1044:Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
646:Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
295:, this is a quite divisive question.
164:due to their espousal of one or more
7:
3606:
2332:Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius
1445:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism
1317:Historical dictionary of Catholicism
941:On 7 May 1981, Thục consecrated the
586:adding citations to reliable sources
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3636:
2551:Gloria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
2401:Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem
2026:Boulet, Dominique (December 2004).
1998:Altmann, Matthias (25 April 2024).
1377:, Our Sunday Visitor, p. 169,
1017:Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church
2700:Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat
2352:Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter
2337:Fraternity of Saint Vincent Ferrer
628:, an American who was part of the
485:"una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro N"
25:
1072:until his death in December 2023.
947:Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers
721:Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers
525:Such position is endorsed by the
510:Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers
183:is derived from the Latin phrase
3635:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3587:
3575:
2769:Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement
2093:. Catholic. 2000. Archived from
2068:. Catholic Int'l. Archived from
2055:. Catholic int'l. Archived from
953:theologian and a papal advisor.
798:
737:Several American priests of the
709:Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement
558:
535:Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement
492:Relationship to sedeprivationism
343:
223:
36:
3182:(Relations with non-Christians)
2077:Harrison, Father Brian (2001).
1766:. In The Catholic Encyclopedia.
1472:, Harper Collins, p. 355,
785:" with the name of "Pius XIII".
630:Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima
515:materialiter sed non formaliter
496:In contrast to sedevacantists,
47:needs additional citations for
3433:Central Preparatory Commission
2362:Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer
2347:Institute of the Good Shepherd
1343:Chryssides, George D. (2012).
1039:Sedevacantist groups include:
988:consecrated the sedevacantist
482:prayer, where the priest says
335:Positions within sedevacantism
1:
3490:Catholic Church and ecumenism
3472:Coetus Internationalis Patrum
1831:. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
1315:Collinge, William J. (2012).
1025:pope's universal jurisdiction
879:Consecrated before Vatican II
820:or discuss this issue on the
378:"Sedevacantism" ideology
367:secondary or tertiary sources
3428:Catholic ecumenical councils
2974:Rogelio del Rosario Martinez
2841:Society of Saint Pius V
2764:Istituto Mater Boni Consilii
2665:Society of Saint Pius X
2609:Bernard Tissier de Mallerais
1958:, Traditional mass, May 1983
1856:. Universidad de Guadalajara
1667:Istituto Mater Boni Consilii
1616:"Canon Law and Common Sense"
1442:Collinge, William J (2012),
1086:. It operates in Europe and
1078:Istituto Mater Boni Consilii
1001:Congregation of Saint Pius V
529:Istituto Mater Boni Consilii
442:Clergy, Mass, and sacraments
3279:Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni
3123:(Renewal of Religious Life)
2670:Affiliated religious orders
2426:Tradition, Family, Property
2357:Servants of the Holy Family
2251:Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
1723:. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
1690:. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
1673:. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
1638:Moral and Pastoral Theology
1415:Encyclopedia of Catholicism
1260:University of Chicago Press
520:materially but not formally
138:The symbol of Sedevacantism
3680:
3557:Palmarian Christian Church
3547:Traditionalist Catholicism
3367:Arcadio Larraona Saralegui
3362:Gregorio Pietro Agagianian
3314:Bernardus Johannes Alfrink
3243:Gregorio Pietro Agagianian
3072:(The Church and the World)
2938:Palmarian Christian Church
2829:Most Holy Family Monastery
2134:Traditionalist Catholicism
2081:. Catholic. Archived from
1448:, Scarecrow, p. 566,
1171:Traditionalist Catholicism
1166:Palmarian Christian Church
1133:Most Holy Family Monastery
1107:Sociedad Sacerdotal Trento
963:The Vatican declared Thục
936:Clemente Domínguez y Gómez
855:holds that any bishop can
3570:
3342:Amleto Giovanni Cicognani
2948:Apostles of Infinite Love
2690:
2461:Louis-Marie de Blignières
2446:
1418:, Facts on File, p.
1066:Oyster Bay Cove, New York
932:Palmarian Catholic Church
895:and former Archbishop of
862:any baptized male to the
698:Tridentine Catholic Union
197:election of his successor
3347:Benedetto Aloisi Masella
3137:Apostolicam actuositatem
2421:Notre-Dame de Chrétienté
2235:Pascendi Dominici gregis
1974:dufresneandcavanaugh.com
1494:Fundamentalisms Observed
1255:Fundamentalisms Observed
1216:Indiana University Press
866:, and any priest to the
674:The New Montinian Church
331:, this is also debated.
293:traditionalist Catholics
3594:Vatican City portal
3172:Gravissimum educationis
3097:Orientalium Ecclesiarum
2902:Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga
2730:Antônio de Castro Mayer
2208:Liturgical use of Latin
1516:Wójcik, Daniel (1997),
1412:Flinn, Frank K (2007),
1156:Independent Catholicism
1114:. Its bishop is Bishop
1062:Society of Saint Pius X
1058:Society of Saint Pius V
994:Society of Saint Pius V
980:On 19 October 1993, in
904:Alfredo Méndez-Gonzalez
790:Bishops and holy orders
759:Society of Saint Pius V
739:Society of Saint Pius X
663:Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga
147:traditionalist Catholic
3582:Catholicism portal
3131:(Formation of Priests)
3105:Unitatis redintegratio
3046:Sacrosanctum concilium
3024:Second Vatican Council
2282:Second Vatican Council
2184:Pontifical Commission
1468:Gibson, David (2007),
1373:; Vere, Peter (2004),
1106:
1076:
986:Bishop Méndez-Gonzalez
713:
692:
678:
638:Second Vatican Council
527:
514:
484:
478:
476:, specifically in the
468:
354:relies excessively on
261:Second Vatican Council
234:is missing information
185:
174:Second Vatican Council
139:
3521:Pact of the catacombs
3451:Gaudet Mater Ecclesia
3386:Other council leaders
3262:Council of Presidents
3174:(Christian Education)
3153:Presbyterorum ordinis
2877:Martín Dávila Gandara
2695:Fraternité Notre-Dame
2599:Ginés Jesús Hernández
2171:Quattuor abhinc annos
2040:Society of St. Pius X
1688:"The material Papacy"
1283:Neuhaus, Richard John
1116:Martín Dávila Gandara
874:Sedevacantist bishops
809:may contain material
732:Thesis of Cassiciacum
714:Unión Católica Trento
693:Unión Católica Trento
655:, an American former
502:Thesis of Cassiciacum
153:the occupiers of the
137:
3516:Spirit of Vatican II
3294:Enrique Pla y Deniel
2785:Guérard des Lauriers
2594:Alfonso de Galarreta
2577:but later reconciled
2541:Alexander Tschugguel
2536:Athanasius Schneider
2491:Maria-Anna Galitzine
2213:Mass of Paul VI
2200:Traditionis custodes
1127:Brooksville, Florida
982:Carlsbad, California
818:improve this section
783:True Catholic Church
582:improve this section
56:improve this article
3323:Cardinal Presidents
3190:(Religious Liberty)
3139:(Role of the Laity)
3099:(Eastern Catholics)
3064:(Divine Revelation)
2969:Lucian Pulvermacher
2675:Canonical situation
2644:of papal legitimacy
2642:public renunciation
2640:Independent, but no
2476:Charles A. Coulombe
2287:Écône consecrations
2193:Summorum Pontificum
1751:"Apostolicae curae"
1705:De Papatu Materiali
1592:. 22 September 2016
1563:. 22 September 2016
1021:papal Infallibility
1013:Carlos Duarte Costa
976:Méndez-line bishops
775:Lucian Pulvermacher
3465:Nouvelle théologie
3238:Leo Joseph Suenens
3188:Dignitatis humanae
3121:Perfectae cartatis
2907:Francis Schuckardt
2735:Richard Williamson
2556:Carlo Maria Viganò
2501:Peter Joseph Jugis
2258:Dignitatis humanae
2242:Syllabus of Errors
2064:Sungenis, Robert.
2051:Sungenis, Robert.
1956:The Roman Catholic
1762:Ahaus, H. (1911).
1636:Rev. Henry Davis.
1090:, and is based in
676:(August 1971) and
626:Francis Schuckardt
508:theologian Bishop
140:
3651:
3650:
3445:Sign of the times
3416:
3415:
3372:Giuseppe Pizzardo
3332:Alfredo Ottaviani
3198:
3197:
3155:(Role of Priests)
3115:(Role of Bishops)
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2915:
2914:
2803:
2802:
2743:
2742:
2713:
2712:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2526:Roberto de Mattei
2511:Philippe Laguérie
2466:Raymond Leo Burke
2300:
2299:
2004:www.katholisch.de
1291:, Basic, p.
1250:Appleby, R. Scott
1206:Appleby, R. Scott
1023:and rejected the
984:, United States,
918:Thục line bishops
853:Catholic theology
850:
849:
842:
618:
617:
610:
498:sedeprivationists
439:
438:
431:
413:
313:notorious heretic
289:revised Mass rite
273:one true religion
269:religious liberty
257:
256:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3671:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3403:Alberto di Jorio
3309:Antonio Caggiano
3289:Francis Spellman
3269:Eugène Tisserant
3207:
3113:Christus Dominus
3048:(Sacred Liturgy)
3035:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2928:
2814:
2754:
2749:Sedeprivationist
2655:
2648:
2637:
2444:
2315:
2145:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:on 28 June 2011.
2086:
2085:on 28 June 2011.
2073:
2060:
2047:
2042:. Archived from
2015:
2013:
2011:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1657:. November 2007.
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1246:Marty, Martin E.
1242:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1146:Sedeprivationism
1129:, United States.
1109:
1084:sedeprivationism
1081:
966:latae sententiae
943:sedeprivationist
926:from Archbishop
845:
838:
834:
831:
825:
802:
801:
794:
716:
695:
686:, led by Sáenz,
681:
644:and founded the
613:
606:
602:
599:
593:
562:
554:
550:Early proponents
532:
517:
487:
481:
471:
434:
427:
423:
420:
414:
412:
371:
347:
339:
252:
249:
243:
227:
219:
190:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3588:
3586:
3574:
3566:
3535:
3499:
3495:Mass of Paul VI
3412:
3381:
3324:
3318:
3304:Ernesto Ruffini
3274:Achille Liénart
3257:
3253:Giacomo Lercaro
3226:
3194:
3159:
3076:
3070:Gaudium et spes
3026:
3021:
2991:
2978:
2964:Joseph Odermatt
2952:
2922:
2911:
2862:Daniel Q. Brown
2845:
2799:
2773:
2739:
2725:Marcel Lefebvre
2709:
2686:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2618:
2576:
2570:
2516:Taylor Marshall
2451:Mother Angelica
2435:
2387:
2371:
2322:
2310:Catholic Church
2308:
2306:
2296:
2270:
2217:
2160:Tridentine Mass
2136:
2131:
2089:
2076:
2072:on 19 May 2011.
2063:
2059:on 19 May 2011.
2050:
2046:on 2 June 2007.
2025:
2022:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1994:
1992:Further reading
1989:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1829:, February 1992
1823:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1371:Madrid, Patrick
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1218:, p. 257,
1204:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1142:
1048:Omaha, Nebraska
1037:
1009:
978:
920:
881:
876:
846:
835:
829:
826:
815:
803:
799:
792:
755:Marcel Lefebvre
653:Daniel Q. Brown
642:Daniel Q. Brown
614:
603:
597:
594:
579:
563:
552:
543:
494:
461:
444:
435:
424:
418:
415:
372:
370:
364:
360:primary sources
348:
337:
321:
309:Pope John XXIII
281:Mass of Paul VI
253:
247:
244:
237:
228:
217:
212:
128:
117:
111:
108:
71:"Sedevacantism"
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Bologna School
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3408:Pericle Felici
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3377:Fernando Cento
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Valerio Valeri
3354:
3352:Pietro Ciriaci
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3325:of commissions
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:Julius Döpfner
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3129:Optatam totius
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3089:Inter mirifica
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2923:or Mysticalist
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Mark Pivarunas
2894:
2892:Clarence Kelly
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Anthony Cekada
2869:
2867:Moisés Carmona
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2795:Donald Sanborn
2792:
2790:Robert McKenna
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Licínio Rangel
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Bernard Fellay
2586:
2584:Leonard Feeney
2580:
2578:
2575:Excommunicated
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2566:John Zuhlsdorf
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Chad Ripperger
2528:
2523:
2521:Malachi Martin
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:Wilhelm Imkamp
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Michael Davies
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Paul Aulagnier
2453:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Militia Templi
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1961:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1842:
1833:
1814:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1755:
1738:
1725:
1701:Donald Sanborn
1692:
1684:Donald Sanborn
1675:
1659:
1651:Anthony Cekada
1642:
1629:
1620:
1612:Anthony Cekada
1603:
1574:
1545:
1532:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1484:
1479:978-0061161223
1478:
1460:
1455:978-0810879799
1454:
1434:
1429:978-0816054558
1428:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1362:
1356:978-0810879676
1355:
1335:
1326:978-0810857551
1325:
1307:
1302:978-0465049356
1301:
1274:
1269:978-0226508788
1268:
1262:, p. 88,
1230:
1225:978-0253329226
1224:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1123:Donald Sanborn
1119:
1112:Moisés Carmona
1103:
1073:
1070:Clarence Kelly
1055:
1052:Mark Pivarunas
1036:
1033:
1008:
1005:
990:Clarence Kelly
977:
974:
970:excommunicated
958:Moisés Carmona
945:French priest
919:
916:
880:
877:
875:
872:
848:
847:
806:
804:
797:
791:
788:
787:
786:
772:
762:
751:Donald Sanborn
747:Anthony Cekada
735:
718:
705:
688:Moisés Carmona
660:
649:
616:
615:
566:
564:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
493:
490:
464:Anthony Cekada
460:
457:
443:
440:
437:
436:
351:
349:
342:
336:
333:
320:
317:
255:
254:
231:
229:
222:
216:
213:
211:
208:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
18:Sedevacantists
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3676:
3665:
3664:Sedevacantism
3662:
3661:
3659:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Sedevacantism
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:Aggiornamento
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Gustavo Testa
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Paolo Marella
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Norman Gilroy
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3180:Nostra aetate
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:Lumen gentium
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:Constitutions
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
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885:Ngô Đình Thục
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873:
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813:
812:
807:This section
805:
796:
795:
789:
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780:
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773:
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567:This section
565:
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511:
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419:December 2021
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387:
383:
380: –
379:
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350:
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341:
340:
334:
332:
330:
326:
319:Justification
318:
316:
314:
310:
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296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
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248:December 2023
241:
235:
232:This section
230:
226:
221:
220:
214:
209:
207:
205:
200:
198:
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182:
181:sedevacantism
177:
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175:
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143:Sedevacantism
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3112:
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3096:
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3056:(The Church)
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2882:Daniel Dolan
2857:Oswald Baker
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816:Please help
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765:Oswald Baker
743:Daniel Dolan
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193:renunciation
187:sede vacante
180:
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3641:WikiProject
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2561:Gilles Wach
2506:Blaise Kurz
2292:Siri thesis
2091:"This rock"
2079:"This rock"
2006:(in German)
1979:11 December
1936:Jarvis, E.
1923:Jarvis, E.
1910:Jarvis, E.
1764:Holy Orders
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1161:Integralism
912:Puerto Rico
899:, Vietnam.
500:affirm the
479:"Te igitur"
474:Roman Canon
451:because of
327:as being a
304:Magisterium
204:conclavists
170:See of Rome
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3217:John XXIII
3147:(Missions)
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2921:Conclavist
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2307:within the
2034:, no. 21.
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1682:Most Rev.
1596:2 December
1567:2 December
1527:0814792839
1503:0226508781
1397:Jarvis, E.
1384:1931709262
1187:References
1151:Conclavism
924:episcopacy
868:episcopacy
864:priesthood
779:conclavist
541:Demography
389:newspapers
356:references
82:newspapers
3631:Templates
3540:Criticism
3145:Ad gentes
3031:Documents
2834:Feeneyism
2680:Faculties
2633:movements
2324:societies
2305:Movements
2264:Ecumenism
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2020:Criticism
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830:July 2023
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179:The term
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857:validly
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