1387:
often the final scavenging process that takes trace chemicals and elements out of the water column. Sediments at this interface are more porous and can hold a larger volume of pore water in the interstitial sites due to high organic matter content and lack of settling. Therefore, chemical compounds in the water can undergo two main processes here: 1) diffusion and 2) biological mixing. Chemical diffusion into and out of the interstitial sites occurs primary through random molecular movement. While diffusion is the primary mode through which chemicals interact with the sediments, there are a number of physical mixing processes which facilitate this process (see
Physical Processes section). Chemical fluxes are dependent on several gradients such as, pH and chemical potential. Based on a specific chemical's partitioning parameters, the chemical may stay suspended in the water column, partition to biota, partition to suspended solids, or partition into the sediment. In addition, Fick's first law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion is a function of distance; as time goes on, the concentration profile becomes linear. The availability of a variety of lake contaminants is determined by which reactions are taking place within the freshwater system.
1251:
1259:
1498:). These constituents, diffused from the overlying water or the underlying sediment, can be used and/or formed during bacterial metabolism by different organisms or be released back into the water column. The steep redox gradients present at/within the sediment-water interface allow for a variety of aerobic and anaerobic organisms to survive and a variety of redox transformations to take place. Here are just a few of the microbial-mediated redox reactions that can take place within the sediment water interface.
1275:
44:
1159:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1266:
1263:
20:
1282:
Physical movement of water and sediments alter the thickness and topography of the sediment-water interface. Sediment resuspension by waves, tides, or other disturbing forces (e.g. human feet at a beach) allows sediment pore water and other dissolved components to diffuse out of the sediments and mix
1287:
that is greater than the bed shear stress. For example, a very consolidated bed would only be resuspended under a high critical shear stress, while a "fluff layer" of very loose particles could be resuspended under a low critical shear stress. Depending on the type of lake, there can be a number of
1386:
Chemical reactions can occur at the sediment-water interface, abiotically. Examples of this would include the oxygenation of lake sediments as a function of free iron content in the sediment (i.e. pyrite formation in sediments), as well as sulfur availability via the sulfur cycle. Sedimentation is
1333:
Interactions between sediments and organisms living within sediments can also alter the fluxes of oxygen and other dissolved components in and out of the sediment-water interface. Animals like worms, mollusks and echinoderms can enhance resuspension and mixing through movement and construction of
1453:
When moving from the overlying waters to the sediment-water interface there is a 3-5 order of magnitude increase in the number of bacteria. While bacteria are present at the interface throughout the lake basin, their distributions and function vary with substrate, vegetation, and sunlight. For
1219:
and the overlying water column. The term usually refers to a thin layer (approximately 1 cm deep, though variable) of water at the very surface of sediments on the seafloor. In the ocean, estuaries, and lakes, this layer interacts with the water above it through physical flow and chemical
1241:
The location of the top of the sediment-water interface in the water column is defined as the break in the vertical gradient of some dissolved component, such as oxygen, where the concentration transitions from higher concentration in the well-mixed water above to a lower concentration at the
1378:) reactions can occur simply through the reactions of elements, or by oxidizing/reducing bacteria. The transformations and turnover of elements between sediments and water occur through abiotic chemical processes and microbiological chemical processes.
1262:
1292:
lakes do not mix. Polymictic lakes undergo frequent mixing and dimictic lakes mix twice a year. This type of lake mixing is a physical process that can be driven by overlaying winds, temperature differences, or shear stress within the lake.
1232:
generating mounds or trenches). Physical, biological, and chemical processes occur at the sediment-water interface as a result of a number of gradients such as chemical potential gradients, pore water gradients, and oxygen gradients.
1477:
Even though basin morphometry plays a role in the partitioning of bacteria within the lake, bacterial populations and functions are primarily driven by the availability of specific oxidants/electron acceptors
1374:
There are several chemical processes that happen abiotically (chemical reactions), as well as biotically (microbial or enzyme mediated reactions). For example, oxidation-reduction (
2015:
571:
23:
The flux of oxygenated water into and out of the sediments is mediated by bioturbation or mixing of the sediments, for example, via the construction of worm tubes.
1254:
Waves and tidal currents can alter the topography of the sediment-water interface by forming sand ripples, like the ones shown here that are exposed at low tide.
1270:
Bioturbation mixes sediments and changes the topography of the sediment-water interface, as shown by time lapse photography of lugworms moving through sediment.
1338:. These microalgal mats' stabilizing effect is in part due to the stickiness of the exopolymeric substances (EPS) or biochemical "glue" that they secrete.
1190:
1250:
888:
472:
1462:, due to higher organic matter content in the former. And, a functional artifact of heavy vegetation at the interface might be a greater number of
1334:
burrows. Microorganisms such as benthic algae can stabilize sediments and keep the sediment-water interface in a more stable condition by building
1278:
The sulfur cycle is a great example of lake nutrient cycling that occurs via biologically mediated processes as well as chemical redox reactions.
1919:
Tolhurst, T.J.; Gust, G.; Paterson, D.M. (2002). "The influence of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on cohesive sediment stability".
2109:
2074:
1722:
Gundersen, Jens K.; Jorgensen, Bo Barker (June 1990). "Microstructure of diffusive boundary layers and the oxygen uptake of the sea floor".
1773:
Phillips, Matthew C.; Solo-Gabriele, Helena M.; Reniers, Adrianus J. H. M.; Wang, John D.; Kiger, Russell T.; Abdel-Mottaleb, Noha (2011).
462:
1088:
2143:
1936:
1855:
1698:
1600:; Höhener, Patrick; Benoit, Gaboury; Brink, Marilyn Buchholtz-ten (1990). "Chemical processes at the sediment-water interface".
1220:
reactions mediated by the micro-organisms, animals, and plants living at the bottom of the water body. The topography of this
1083:
1898:
1015:
1283:
with the water above. For resuspension to occur the movement of water has to be powerful enough to have a strong critical
758:
566:
1288:
mixing events each year that can influence the sediment interface. Amictic lakes are permanently stratified, similarly,
1078:
1053:
1010:
627:
440:
2161:"The Modulating Role of Dissolved Organic Matter on Spatial Patterns of Microbial Metabolism in Lake Erie Sediments"
1183:
652:
265:
1176:
1130:
763:
2229:
1063:
1058:
657:
1553:
956:
608:
378:
370:
219:
2219:
2009:
1313:
1274:
1221:
507:
1965:
1838:
Mehta, Ashish J.; Partheniades, Emmanuel (1982). "Resuspension of
Deposited Cohesive Sediment Beds".
1786:
1731:
1655:
1609:
1558:
1502:
1303:
1095:
710:
684:
305:
59:
43:
840:
94:
1953:
2224:
2196:
1755:
1578:
1309:
1163:
1048:
810:
789:
745:
502:
356:
330:
260:
251:
99:
64:
1874:
1642:
Santschi, Peter; Höhener, Patrick; Benoit, Gaboury; Buchholtz-ten Brink, Marilyn (1990-01-01).
1341:
Biological processes that affect the sediment-water interface include, but are not limited to:
2188:
2180:
2139:
2105:
2070:
1932:
1851:
1820:
1802:
1747:
1704:
1694:
1671:
1507:
1319:
850:
726:
679:
457:
320:
291:
286:
210:
134:
2029:
1296:
Physical processes that affect the sediment-water interface include, but are not limited to:
2172:
2131:
2062:
1924:
1843:
1810:
1794:
1739:
1663:
1617:
1362:
917:
695:
672:
637:
118:
1990:
1568:
1563:
1512:
1289:
1242:
sediment surface. This can include less than 1 mm to several mm of the water column.
1100:
1070:
940:
864:
779:
753:
585:
514:
420:
1969:
1790:
1735:
1659:
1613:
1815:
1774:
1597:
1526:
1459:
1137:
1025:
930:
830:
784:
774:
721:
425:
415:
398:
315:
1928:
1643:
2213:
1667:
1621:
1538:
1455:
1335:
1225:
1120:
1105:
845:
647:
632:
603:
561:
556:
536:
435:
388:
346:
246:
238:
2200:
1798:
1759:
1548:
1345:
1284:
1229:
1204:
1142:
1125:
1110:
951:
835:
731:
541:
519:
467:
430:
410:
403:
325:
296:
2066:
1454:
example, the bacterial population at the sediment-water interface in a vegetative
2099:
2054:
1463:
1020:
893:
880:
859:
805:
794:
667:
620:
593:
497:
447:
335:
2176:
2098:
Schwarzenbach, René P.; Gschwend, Philip M.; Imboden, Dieter M. (2016-10-12).
1847:
1115:
705:
529:
524:
310:
276:
108:
2184:
1806:
1751:
1675:
2160:
2135:
1708:
1208:
1005:
990:
974:
935:
700:
662:
598:
351:
2192:
1824:
2125:
1390:
Chemical reactions at the sediment water interface are listed here below:
1216:
925:
383:
224:
35:
1543:
1350:
979:
969:
642:
615:
281:
164:
113:
1743:
1573:
178:
129:
124:
19:
1375:
1356:
1273:
1257:
1249:
1000:
995:
551:
546:
393:
183:
18:
1897:
Gingras, Murray K.; Pemberton, S. George; Smith, Michael (2015).
1693:. Gruber, Nicolas, 1968-. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1228:
causing rippling or resuspension) and biological processes (e.g.
1923:. Proceedings in Marine Science. Vol. 5. pp. 409–425.
1224:
is often dynamic, as it is affected by physical processes (e.g.
903:
898:
492:
188:
159:
154:
149:
16:
The boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column
1775:"Pore Water Transport of Enterococci out of Beach Sediments"
1899:"Bioturbation: Reworking Sediments for Better or Worse"
2059:
1458:
tends to be larger than the population of the deeper
1644:"Chemical processes at the sediment-water interface"
2159:Hoostal, Matthew J.; Bouzat, Juan L. (2008-02-01).
1998:International Journal of Air and Water Pollution
1921:Fine Sediment Dynamics in the Marine Environment
1355:Bacterial use of different chemical "food" (see
2053:Thibodeaux, Louis J.; Germano, Joseph (2012),
2055:"Sediment–Water Interfaces, Chemical Flux at"
1184:
8:
2014:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1191:
1177:
26:
2030:"NetLogo Models Library: Solid Diffusion"
1814:
1589:
34:
2007:
2093:
2091:
1989:Gardner, Wayne, Lee, G. Fred (1965).
7:
1869:
1867:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1466:, a genus of bacteria that can fix N
1908:. Oilfield Review. pp. 46–58.
14:
1415:Manganese reduction- Mn --> Mn
2061:, Springer, pp. 9128–9145,
1158:
1157:
42:
2101:Environmental Organic Chemistry
1991:"Oxygenation of Lake Sediments"
1799:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.049
1689:Sarmiento, Jorge Louis (2006).
572:Microbial calcite precipitation
2057:, in Meyers, Robert A. (ed.),
1365:of organic carbon and detritus
1:
2067:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_645
1929:10.1016/s1568-2692(02)80030-4
1691:Ocean biogeochemical dynamics
287:Aeolian (windborne) transport
1668:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90076-O
1622:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90076-o
1418:Iron reduction- Fe --> Fe
1215:is the boundary between bed
1079:cross-cutting relationships
628:Amorphous calcium carbonate
2246:
1958:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
653:Coastal sediment transport
2177:10.1007/s00248-007-9281-7
2104:. John Wiley & Sons.
1848:10.1061/9780872623736.095
1779:Marine Pollution Bulletin
463:Soft-sediment deformation
60:Terrigenous (lithogenous)
1840:Coastal Engineering 1982
1213:sediment–water interface
764:calcareous nannoplankton
453:Sediment–water interface
2136:10.1016/c2009-0-02112-6
1308:Rippling (either small
658:Coastal sediment supply
431:Paleocurrent indicators
1554:Benthic boundary layer
1279:
1271:
1255:
1089:original horizontality
759:biogenic calcification
609:oolitic aragonite sand
379:Sedimentary structures
220:Oolitic aragonite sand
24:
1470:to ionic ammonium (NH
1444:Biologically mediated
1428:Methane formation- CH
1421:Sulfate reduction- SO
1394:Oxygen consumption- O
1314:giant current ripples
1277:
1269:
1253:
22:
2034:ccl.northwestern.edu
1952:Bada, J. L. (2001).
1559:Biogeochemical cycle
1329:Biological processes
1970:2001AGUFM.U51A..11B
1791:2011MarPB..62.2293P
1736:1990Natur.345..604G
1660:1990MarCh..30..269S
1614:1990MarCh..30..269S
1517:Manganese reduction
1503:Aerobic respiration
1405:Denitrification- NO
889:Soil carbon storage
824:Sedimentary ecology
746:Biogenous sediments
30:Part of a series on
1579:Sediment transport
1370:Chemical processes
1320:Turbidity currents
1280:
1272:
1256:
1246:Physical processes
1131:carbonate-silicate
1101:Sedimentary record
1084:lateral continuity
881:Sedimentary carbon
811:Reverse weathering
790:diatomaceous earth
473:Vegetation-induced
357:Turbidity currents
331:ice-sheet dynamics
261:Sediment transport
252:Sedimentary budget
25:
2165:Microbial Ecology
2111:978-1-118-76704-7
2076:978-1-4419-0851-3
1785:(11): 2293–2298.
1730:(6276): 604–607.
1523:Sulfate reduction
1508:Nitrogen fixation
1324:Bed consolidation
1267:
1201:
1200:
851:Soil biodiversity
727:Sedimentary basin
680:Marine regression
458:Sedimentary basin
321:Fluvial processes
292:Biomineralization
211:Manganese nodules
2237:
2205:
2204:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1744:10.1038/345604a0
1719:
1713:
1712:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1648:Marine Chemistry
1639:
1626:
1625:
1602:Marine Chemistry
1594:
1363:Remineralization
1268:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1166:
1161:
1160:
918:Sedimentary rock
673:pelagic red clay
638:Continental rise
46:
27:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2006:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1879:Knowledge (XXG)
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1598:Santschi, Peter
1596:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1569:Nepheloid layer
1564:Marine sediment
1535:
1513:Denitrification
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1372:
1331:
1258:
1248:
1239:
1197:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1071:Legacy sediment
1040:
1032:
1031:
1030:
986:
963:
947:
920:
910:
909:
908:
883:
873:
872:
871:
865:root microbiome
855:
825:
817:
816:
815:
801:
780:biogenic silica
770:
754:Calcareous ooze
748:
738:
737:
736:
717:
691:
588:
586:Marine sediment
578:
577:
576:
487:
479:
478:
477:
373:
363:
362:
361:
342:
301:
272:
256:
241:
231:
230:
229:
215:
205:
197:
196:
195:
171:
143:
121:
104:
89:
81:
80:
79:
69:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2230:Marine geology
2227:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2171:(2): 358–368.
2151:
2144:
2117:
2110:
2087:
2075:
2045:
2021:
1981:
1944:
1937:
1911:
1889:
1875:"Book sources"
1863:
1856:
1830:
1765:
1714:
1699:
1681:
1627:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:Methanogenesis
1524:
1521:
1520:Iron reduction
1518:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1460:profundal zone
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1306:
1301:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:Paleolimnology
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
984:
983:
982:
977:
972:
964:
962:
961:
960:
959:
948:
946:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
922:
921:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
885:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
870:
869:
868:
867:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
841:soil pathogens
838:
833:
831:Soil biomantle
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
808:
802:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
785:silicification
782:
775:Siliceous ooze
771:
769:
768:
767:
766:
761:
750:
749:
744:
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
729:
724:
722:Salt tectonics
718:
716:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
692:
690:
689:
688:
687:
677:
676:
675:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
624:
623:
613:
612:
611:
606:
596:
590:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
569:
567:Mineralization
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
438:
428:
423:
418:
416:Alluvial river
413:
408:
407:
406:
401:
399:graded bedding
396:
391:
381:
375:
374:
369:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
354:
349:
343:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
323:
318:
316:Exner equation
313:
308:
302:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
271:
270:
269:
268:
257:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
228:
227:
222:
216:
214:
213:
207:
206:
204:By composition
203:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
172:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
144:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
116:
105:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2242:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2145:9780127447605
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1938:9780444511362
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:9780872623736
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:: 1569–1588.
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:9780691017075
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Anoxic waters
1537:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1481:
1475:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:littoral zone
1448:
1443:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Sedimentology
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
949:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
914:
913:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
882:
877:
876:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
849:
847:
846:Pedodiversity
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
821:
820:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
742:
741:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
694:
693:
686:
685:transgression
683:
682:
681:
678:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Bioirrigation
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Calcification
631:
629:
626:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
610:
607:
605:
604:aragonite sea
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
582:
581:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Hydropedology
560:
558:
557:Soil salinity
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
490:
486:Soil sediment
483:
482:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
436:sole markings
434:
433:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:cross-bedding
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
367:
366:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Lithification
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
250:
248:
247:Sedimentation
245:
244:
240:
235:
234:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
212:
209:
208:
201:
200:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
174:
173:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
85:
84:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
29:
28:
21:
2220:Oceanography
2168:
2164:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2100:
2080:, retrieved
2058:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2010:cite journal
2001:
1997:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1961:
1957:
1947:
1920:
1914:
1906:Schlumberger
1905:
1892:
1882:, retrieved
1878:
1839:
1833:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1690:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1549:Benthic zone
1479:
1476:
1452:
1389:
1385:
1373:
1346:Bioturbation
1340:
1332:
1310:wave ripples
1300:Resuspension
1295:
1285:shear stress
1281:
1240:
1230:bioturbation
1212:
1205:oceanography
1202:
1143:Biosignature
1111:Stratigraphy
1064:soil science
1059:paleontology
1016:Organic-rich
957:conglomerate
836:Soil zoology
732:Tidal bundle
711:hemipelagite
542:Soil horizon
508:permeability
468:Unconformity
452:
411:Alluvial fan
404:ripple marks
371:By structure
326:Glacier flow
297:Bioturbation
1654:: 269–315.
1608:: 269–315.
1464:Azotobacter
1432:O --> CO
1075:Principles
1021:Phosphorite
894:Soil carbon
860:Rhizosphere
806:Microfossil
795:radiolarite
668:Marine clay
621:calcite sea
594:Abyssal fan
448:River delta
441:imbrication
336:ice rafting
76:Hydrogenous
73:Cosmogenous
2214:Categories
2082:2020-05-15
2039:2020-05-15
2004:: 553–564.
1975:2020-05-15
1954:"NASA/ADS"
1884:2020-05-15
1585:References
1359:reactions)
1304:Deposition
1290:meromictic
1237:Definition
1116:Rock cycle
1096:Provenance
1054:geological
931:Carbonates
706:contourite
663:Evaporites
515:morphology
503:pore space
311:Concretion
306:Compaction
277:Weathering
239:By process
109:Grain size
88:By texture
2225:Sediments
2185:1432-184X
2127:Limnology
1807:0025-326X
1752:1476-4687
1676:0304-4203
1425:--> HS
1222:interface
1209:limnology
1026:Siliceous
1011:Iron-rich
1006:Greywacke
991:Evaporite
975:sandstone
936:limestone
701:turbidite
599:Aragonite
352:Siltation
95:Roundness
65:Biogenous
53:By origin
36:Sediments
2201:25154731
2193:17607503
2130:. 2001.
1825:21945015
1709:60651167
1533:See also
1409:--> N
1398:--> H
1351:Biofilms
1226:currents
1217:sediment
1164:Category
1045:History
941:dolomite
926:Badlands
384:Bedforms
225:Tektites
1966:Bibcode
1816:3202074
1787:Bibcode
1760:4324203
1732:Bibcode
1656:Bibcode
1610:Bibcode
1544:Benthos
1382:Abiotic
1121:calcium
1049:geology
1039:Related
980:mudrock
970:breccia
952:Clastic
696:Pelagic
643:Bay mud
616:Calcite
520:texture
282:Erosion
266:coastal
165:colloid
135:granule
114:boulder
100:Sorting
2199:
2191:
2183:
2142:
2108:
2073:
1935:
1854:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1758:
1750:
1724:Nature
1707:
1697:
1674:
1574:Seabed
1211:, the
1162:
1126:silica
537:Catena
498:matrix
394:duness
179:oolite
175:Other
130:pebble
125:gravel
119:cobble
2197:S2CID
1994:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1756:S2CID
1449:Lakes
1376:redox
1357:Redox
1001:Chert
996:Chalk
552:Humin
547:Humus
530:color
525:value
421:Fault
184:scree
2189:PMID
2181:ISSN
2140:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2016:link
1962:2001
1933:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1821:PMID
1803:ISSN
1748:ISSN
1705:OCLC
1695:ISBN
1672:ISSN
1494:, CO
1490:, SO
1486:, NO
1480:e.g.
1436:, CH
1336:mats
1207:and
904:Peat
899:Coal
493:Soil
426:Fold
189:till
160:clay
155:silt
150:sand
2173:doi
2132:doi
2063:doi
1925:doi
1844:doi
1811:PMC
1795:doi
1740:doi
1728:345
1664:doi
1618:doi
1482:, O
1474:).
1312:or
1203:In
2216::
2195:.
2187:.
2179:.
2169:55
2167:.
2163:.
2138:.
2090:^
2069:,
2032:.
2012:}}
2008:{{
2000:.
1996:.
1964:.
1960:.
1956:.
1931:.
1904:.
1877:,
1866:^
1850:.
1819:.
1809:.
1801:.
1793:.
1783:62
1781:.
1777:.
1754:.
1746:.
1738:.
1726:.
1703:.
1670:.
1662:.
1652:30
1650:.
1646:.
1630:^
1616:.
1606:30
1604:.
2203:.
2175::
2148:.
2134::
2114:.
2065::
2042:.
2018:)
2002:9
1978:.
1968::
1941:.
1927::
1860:.
1846::
1827:.
1797::
1789::
1762:.
1742::
1734::
1711:.
1678:.
1666::
1658::
1624:.
1620::
1612::
1496:2
1492:4
1488:3
1484:2
1478:(
1472:4
1468:2
1438:4
1434:2
1430:2
1423:4
1411:2
1407:3
1402:O
1400:2
1396:2
1316:)
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
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