479:
997:. They serve as emergency escape points. In the event of a fire or other disaster, the stations provide the equivalent safety of a much shorter tunnel. The effectiveness of the escape shafts at the emergency stations is enhanced by having exhaust fans to extract smoke, television cameras to help route passengers to safety, thermal (infrared) fire alarm systems, and water spray nozzles. Before the construction of the Hokkaido Shinkansen, both stations contained museums detailing the history and function of the tunnel that could be visited on special sightseeing tours. The museums are now closed and the space provides storage for work on the Hokkaido Shinkansen. The two were the first railway stations in the world built under the sea.
921:, submarine boring, observations using a mini-submarine, as well as seismic and magnetic surveys. To establish a greater understanding, a horizontal pilot boring was undertaken along the line of the service and main tunnels. Tunnelling occurred simultaneously from the northern end and the southern. The dry land portions were tackled with traditional mountain tunnelling techniques, with a single main tunnel. However, for the 23.3-kilometre (14.5 mi) undersea portion, three bores were excavated with increasing diameters respectively: an initial pilot tunnel, a service tunnel, and finally the main tunnel. The service tunnel was periodically connected to the main tunnel with a series of connecting
1004:
458:", "useless long things", and "quagmire tunnel". However, after its opening, it has played an important role in freight transportation by JR Freight between Hokkaido and Honshu, and has made 21 round trips (regular trains) a day. Including special trains, there are about 50 freight trains up and down. The effect of being able to achieve stable and safe transportation that is not affected by the weather has been significant, and in particular, the transportation volume of agricultural products, which are a key industry in Hokkaido, has increased dramatically.
40:
840:
524:(JNR) expedited the tunnel feasibility study. Also of concern was the increasing traffic between the two islands. A booming economy saw traffic levels on the JNR-operated Seikan Ferry double to 4,040,000 passengers/year from 1955 to 1965, and cargo levels rose 1.7 times to 6,240,000 tonnes/year. Inter-island traffic forecast projections made in 1971 predicted increasing growth that would eventually outstrip the ability of the ferry pier facility, which was constrained by geographical conditions.
2346:
454:
labor-management relations at the JNR at the time, including the frequent occurrence of strikes and legal compliance struggles, freight transportation continued to stagnate as it lost market share to ferries and coastal shipping. In addition, since the maintenance cost is large, such as the need to pump a large amount of spring water even after completion, even a huge investment is regarded as a sunk cost, and it is said that it is more economical to abandon it, and it was ridiculed as "
2016:
171:
1016:
2356:
864:
2366:
467:
2387:
2030:
487:
614:, connecting Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto stations in 3 hours and 58 minutes, at a maximum speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) within the tunnel and 260 km/h (160 mph) outside it, and 320 km/h (200 mph) to the south of Morioka. It was expected that by 2018 one daily service will be run at 260 km/h (160 mph) through the tunnel. The final stage is proposed to open to
2461:
2333:
2623:
450:(NATM). The construction cost of the tunnel itself was 538.4 billion yen at the planning stage, but it actually cost 745.5 billion yen. The construction cost of the strait line, including the attachment line, was 689 billion yen at the planning stage, but the actual cost is 900 billion yen. The number of fatalities in the construction was 34.
875:
has eastern and western necks, both approximately 20 km (12 mi) across. Initial surveys undertaken in 1946 indicated that the eastern neck was up to 200 metres (656 feet) deep with volcanic geology. The western neck had a maximum depth of 140 metres (459 feet) and geology consisting mostly
571:
by train takes eight hours (Tokyo station and Shin-Sapporo station), with transfer from
Shinkansen to narrow-gauge express train at Hakodate. By air, the journey is 1 hour and 45 minutes, or 3 hours and 30 minutes including airport access times. Deregulation and competition in Japanese domestic air
546:
The necessity for the project was questioned at times during construction, as the 1971 traffic predictions were overestimates. Instead of the traffic rate increasing as predicted to a peak in 1985, it peaked earlier in 1978 and then proceeded to decrease. The decrease was attributed to the slowdown
937:
A 2002 report by
Michitsugu Ikuma described, for the undersea section, that "the tunnel structure appears to remain in a good condition." The amount of inflow has been decreasing with time, although it "increases right after a large earthquake". In March 2018 at 30 years of age, maintenance costs
453:
Unlike the start of construction during the heyday of the Seikan route, even in eastern Japan, passenger traffic to
Hokkaido was already dominated by aircraft, and the construction of the Hokkaido Shinkansen was frozen when it was completed. On the freight side, due to the deterioration of
891:, which means that the youngest rock is in the centre of the strait and encountered last. Divided roughly into thirds, the Honshū side consists of volcanic rocks (notably andesite and basalt); the Hokkaido side consists of sedimentary rocks (notably
531:-capable cross section was selected, with plans to extend the Shinkansen network. Arduous construction in difficult geological conditions proceeded. Thirty-four workers were killed during construction. On 27 January 1983, Japanese Prime Minister
929:(TBM) was abandoned after less than two kilometres (1.2 miles) owing to the variable nature of the rock and difficulty in accessing the face for advanced grouting. Blasting with dynamite and mechanical picking were then used to excavate.
478:
562:
in 1988. Once the tunnel was completed, all railway transport between Honshu and
Hokkaido used it. However, for passenger transport, 90% of people use air travel due to the speed and cost. For example, to travel between
1003:
591:
services (in August 2015 and March 2016 respectively), with freight trains being the only regular service utilising the narrow gauge line since that time. JR Hokkaido is exploring the use of "
159:
2405:
871:
Surveying started in 1946 and construction began in 1971. By August 1982, less than 700 metres of the tunnel remained to be excavated. First contact between the two sides was in 1983. The
925:, at 600–1,000-metre (1,969–3,281 ft) intervals. The pilot tunnel serves as the service tunnel for the central five-kilometre portion. Beneath the Tsugaru Strait, the use of a
514:
commenced only in 1946, induced by the loss of overseas territory at the end of World War II and the need to accommodate returnees. In 1954, five ferries, including the
1686:
554:
1.1 trillion (US$ 7 billion) to construct, almost 12 times the original budget, much of which was due to inflation over the years. To commemorate the event, a
1996:
2561:
1203:
1120:
359:. The track level is about 100 m (330 ft) below the seabed and 240 m (790 ft) below sea level. The tunnel is part of the standard-gauge
1927:
1015:
1090:
2811:
2754:
73:
662:
26 March 2016: Shinkansen services commence operation through the tunnel, regular narrow gauge passenger services through the tunnel cease.
1907:
938:
amounted to 30 billion Yen or US$ 286 million since 1999. Plans are to increase speed and provide mobile communication at the full track.
603:
track in a tunnel setting. If successful, it will allow the
Hokkaido Shinkansen to travel at full speed inside the tunnel in the future.
2600:
455:
547:
in Japan's economy since the first oil crisis in 1973 and to advances made in air transport facilities and longer-range sea transport.
2796:
2801:
2791:
1891:
1434:
1335:
1989:
1035:
2744:
427:
1596:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2786:
2759:
2689:
447:
422:, while shorter, has a longer undersea segment). It is also the second-deepest transport tunnel below sea level after the
1821:
1394:
1052:
2806:
2694:
2432:
1982:
1175:
607:
555:
66:
2519:
599:
created in front of
Shinkansen trains traveling at full speed poses to freight trains operating on Japanese standard
2734:
1659:
Tsuji, H., Sawada, T. and
Takizawa, M. (1996). "Extraordinary inundation accidents in the Seikan undersea tunnel".
521:
1128:
1150:
2739:
2729:
2714:
2684:
2336:
2332:
2019:
2015:
623:
368:
261:
174:
170:
2724:
2719:
2704:
2699:
2679:
2573:
2359:
2355:
1956:
1021:
994:
415:
281:
2781:
2709:
2674:
2669:
2349:
2345:
1046:
983:
904:
372:
211:
39:
1746:
1680:
926:
443:
1098:
839:
2499:
2447:
1966:
1772:
990:
955:
600:
572:
travel has brought down prices on the Tokyo-Sapporo route, making rail more expensive in comparison.
491:
431:
271:
1570:
581:
overnight train service began after the completion of the Seikan Tunnel; a later and more luxurious
2749:
2585:
2474:
2033:
2029:
1057:
959:
811:
619:
588:
360:
2567:
2442:
917:
Initial geological investigation occurred from 1946 to 1963, which involved drilling the sea-bed,
587:
overnight train service was often fully booked. Both were withdrawn following the commencement of
2489:
2271:
2128:
2066:
880:
period. The western neck was selected, with its conditions considered favourable for tunnelling.
611:
583:
399:
2299:
2278:
2144:
1327:
863:
2590:
1911:
887:, as well as sedimentary rock of the Neogene period. The area is folded into a nearly vertical
2595:
2469:
2452:
2400:
2225:
2152:
2093:
1949:
1887:
1540:
1331:
532:
466:
348:
310:
1452:
1076:
520:, sank in the Tsugaru Strait during a typhoon, killing 1,430 passengers. The following year,
2604:
2524:
2509:
2494:
2479:
2427:
2313:
2292:
2285:
2218:
2169:
2104:
2074:
1933:
1780:
1742:
1712:
1668:
1263:
884:
507:
2514:
2504:
2484:
2437:
2253:
2211:
2112:
1512:
615:
540:
2369:
2365:
2232:
2136:
1438:
1799:
1776:
2197:
2183:
2176:
2120:
2082:
1320:
1289:
1180:
1040:
967:
911:
872:
592:
471:
423:
419:
364:
344:
254:
59:
1358:
2775:
2204:
2190:
1267:
918:
618:
in 2031 and is expected to shorten the Tokyo-Sapporo rail journey to five hours. The
386:
486:
2579:
2044:
1604:
1043:, an experimental concept for conveying freight at higher speeds through the tunnel
922:
551:
1303:
Galloway, Peter (25 February 1981). "Japan's super tunnel a political nightmare".
914:
and faults caused crushing of the rock and complicated the tunnelling procedures.
640:
516:
2320:
2306:
2052:
221:
2460:
1784:
1254:
Matsuo, S. (1986). "An overview of the Seikan Tunnel
Project Under the Ocean".
1831:
1763:
Ikuma, M. (2005). "Maintenance of the undersea section of the Seikan Tunnel".
1484:
1409:
1363:
971:
963:
596:
559:
528:
442:
The tunnel was constructed using conventional construction methods, including
336:
226:
1672:
1281:
883:
The geology of the undersea portion of the tunnel consists of volcanic rock,
88:
75:
17:
1661:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering
647:
23 March 1964: Japan
Railway Construction Public Corporation is established.
577:
511:
1974:
1716:
527:
In September 1971, the decision was made to commence work on the tunnel. A
1853:
1009:
Entrance to the tunnel from Honshu side. The dual gauge tracks are visible
2246:
2006:
1571:"Passengers on Aomori to Hokkaido bullet train enjoy smooth, speedy ride"
1361:[Seikan Tunnel opening commemoration 500 Yen White Copper Coin].
975:
900:
892:
888:
503:
356:
126:
2622:
1886:] (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 830.
2239:
979:
907:
877:
568:
1049:, AC freight locomotives used to haul trains through the Seikan Tunnel
2636:
2631:
1184:(graphical animation) (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. 14 April 2016
536:
499:
352:
343:, with a 23.3 km (14.5 mi) portion under the seabed of the
116:
2663:
1521:(in Japanese). Japan: The Hokkaido Shimbun Press. 20 December 2008
862:
838:
606:
As of March 2019, Shinkansen trains operate through the tunnel to
564:
485:
477:
465:
381:
340:
896:
1978:
550:
The tunnel was opened on 13 March 1988, having cost a total of
398:, the nearest major city on the Honshu side of the strait, and
426:, a road tunnel in Norway that opened in 2019, and the second
1932:, Aomori Prefecture Government, version of 3 May 2006 at the
1800:"At 30, undersea tunnel requires maintenance, need for speed"
1465:(in Japanese). Japan: Neko Publishing Co. Ltd. 24 August 2015
1204:"Switzerland Is Opening the World's Longest-Ever Rail Tunnel"
978:
commenced in March 2016, and are proposed to be extended to
160:
Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency
1437:[Hokutosei] (in Japanese). JR East. Archived from
1288:. Associated Press. 14 March 1988. p. 6B – via
1121:"Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel"
650:
28 September 1971: Construction on the main tunnel begins.
1733:
Kitamura, A. & Takeuchi, Y. (1983). "Seikan Tunnel".
535:
pressed a switch that set off a blast that completed the
1629:
Morse, D. (May 1988). "Japan Tunnels Under the Ocean".
1151:"Project data – raw construction Gotthard Base Tunnel"
1493:(in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 21 March 2016
1601:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation
539:. Similarly on 10 March 1985, Minister of Transport
297:
260 km/h (160 mph) (during major holidays)
2614:
2554:
2415:
2378:
2330:
2263:
2161:
2013:
1322:
Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
982:by 2031. The tunnel has 52 km (32 mi) of
974:network through the tunnel. Shinkansen services to
962:project started construction which included laying
867:
Profile diagram of the underwater section of tunnel
290:
280:
220:
206:
193:
188:
180:
165:
155:
137:
132:
122:
112:
104:
65:
54:
49:
1735:Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
1517:[Own R&D leading to increased speed].
1319:
1908:"World's first undersea station ends operation"
828:This may be a typographical error in the source
411:, the nearest major city on the Hokkaido side.
330:
318:
1703:Paulson, B. (1981). "Seikan Undersea Tunnel".
1395:"Railway Operators in Japan 2: Hokkaido (pdf)"
1156:. Lucerne, Switzerland: AlpTransit Gotthard AG
910:(Tertiary period sand-like mudstone). Igneous
506:by a fixed link had been considered since the
404:
391:
324:
1990:
1489:["Cassiopeia" sleeper services end].
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1318:Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001).
958:was laid through the tunnel, but in 2005 the
8:
1685:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
543:symbolically bored through the main tunnel.
32:
1765:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
1728:
1726:
1256:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
653:27 January 1983: Pilot tunnel breakthrough.
635:24 April 1946: Geological surveying begins.
595:" technology to remove the threat that the
1997:
1983:
1975:
1938:
1878:Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998).
1698:
1696:
38:
31:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1758:
1756:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1624:
1622:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
670:
656:10 March 1985: Main tunnel breakthrough.
1068:
999:
821:
558:depicting the tunnel was issued by the
200:23.3 kilometres (14.5 mi) undersea
1747:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1983)109:1(25)
1678:
903:); and the centre portion consists of
1884:Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR
1178:[Who has the longest tube?].
335:) is a 53.85 km (33.46 mi)
7:
1705:Journal of the Construction Division
970:track capability) and extending the
385:readings of the first characters of
1798:Abe, Hiroaki c.s. (27 March 2018).
1461:sleeping car limited express].
989:Two stations are within the tunnel—
667:Surveying, construction and geology
638:26 September 1954: The train ferry
1402:Japan Railway and Transport Review
1077:"北海道新幹線、青函トンネル内初の260キロ走行 大型連休の5日間"
25:
2087:
414:The Seikan Tunnel is the world's
197:53.85 kilometres (33.46 mi)
2621:
2459:
2385:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2331:
2028:
2014:
1282:"Japan Opens Undersea Rail Line"
1014:
1002:
659:13 March 1988: The tunnel opens.
434:in Switzerland, opened in 2016.
428:longest main-line railway tunnel
169:
27:Undersea railway tunnel in Japan
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2101:
2098:
2049:
2041:
2038:
482:1988 Seikan Tunnel 500 yen coin
456:Showa's Three Idiots Assessment
351:on the main Japanese island of
2391:South Hokkaido Railway Company
2063:
1036:Seikan Tunnel Tappi Shakō Line
843:Typical tunnel cross section.
207:
1:
1830:(in Japanese). Archived from
1603:(in Japanese). Archived from
1491:Japan Railfan Magazine Online
1305:Special to The Globe and Mail
1024:platform in the Seikan Tunnel
448:New Austrian tunneling method
294:160 km/h (100 mph)
2812:1988 establishments in Japan
2264:Discontinued JR named trains
2109:
2090:
2079:
2071:
2060:
1551:(in Japanese). 16 April 2014
1268:10.1016/0886-7798(86)90015-5
1176:"Wer hat die grösste Röhre?"
876:of sedimentary rocks of the
672:Tsugaru Strait traffic data
644:sinks in the Tsugaru Strait.
608:Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station
355:from the northern island of
2057:
331:
319:
2828:
1785:10.1016/j.tust.2003.10.001
1543:東京―新函館４時間10分 北海道新幹線、16年春開業
556:commemorative 500 yen coin
522:Japanese National Railways
2797:Tunnels completed in 1988
2657:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1826:
1542:
818:
405:
392:
379:comes from combining the
325:
314:
37:
2802:Undersea tunnels in Asia
2792:Railway tunnels in Japan
2337:Sapporo Municipal Subway
1879:
1827:記念館案内 青函トンネル記念館 公式ホームページ
1673:10.1680/igeng.1996.28131
1513:
1485:
1453:
1053:Sakhalin–Hokkaido Tunnel
952:3 ft 6 in
369:Hokkaido Railway Company
268:3 ft 6 in
216:Double track rail tunnel
44:Map of the Seikan Tunnel
2601:Haboro-Enkai Ferry (ja)
1597:"国土交通省鉄道輸送統計年報（平成19年度）"
1408:: 58–67. Archived from
1286:St. Louis Post Dispatch
1022:Yoshioka-Kaitei Station
995:Yoshioka-Kaitei Station
510:(1912–25), but serious
498:Connecting the islands
418:by overall length (the
416:longest undersea tunnel
1822:"Seikan Tunnel Museum"
1717:10.1061/JCCEAZ.0000983
1393:Takashima, S. (2001).
1091:"Seikan Tunnel Trivia"
1047:JR Freight Class EH800
984:continuous welded rail
868:
860:
495:
483:
475:
143:; 36 years ago
2570:(Tomakomai—Hachinohe)
2564:(Wakkanai—N. Islands)
2562:Heart Land Ferry (ja)
1910:. NHK. Archived from
927:tunnel boring machine
866:
842:
630:Construction timeline
489:
481:
469:
444:tunnel boring machine
363:and the narrow-gauge
184:Passenger and freight
2787:Coastal construction
2574:Tsugaru Kaikyō Ferry
2433:Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto
1967:Gotthard Base Tunnel
1914:on 11 November 2013.
1549:Nihon Keizai Shimbun
1441:on 21 December 2014.
1359:"青函トンネル開通記念500円白銅貨幣"
1326:. ABC-CLIO. p.
991:Tappi-Kaitei Station
622:will be operated by
492:Tappi-Kaitei Station
432:Gotthard Base Tunnel
89:41.3157°N 140.3351°E
2807:Hokkaido Shinkansen
2760:aerial lifts (list)
2586:Shin Nihonkai Ferry
2034:Hokkaido Shinkansen
1802:. The Asahi Shimbun
1777:2005TUSTI..20..143I
1575:Mainichi Daily News
1514:独自の研究開発 人と物流 高速化に活路
1058:Bohai Strait tunnel
960:Hokkaido Shinkansen
812:Hokkaido Shinkansen
673:
620:Hokkaido Shinkansen
589:Hokkaido Shinkansen
373:Tsugaru-Kaikyō Line
361:Hokkaido Shinkansen
141:March 13, 1988
85: /
34:
2396:Hakodate Streetcar
1101:on 18 October 2016
1079:. 19 January 2024.
956:narrow-gauge track
869:
861:
859:connecting gallery
671:
496:
490:Train approaching
484:
476:
347:, which separates
339:railway tunnel in
2769:
2768:
2582:(Hakodate—Aomori)
2576:(Hakodate—Aomori)
2401:Sapporo Streetcar
2307:Super White Arrow
1973:
1972:
1964:Succeeded by
1950:Daishimizu Tunnel
1929:The Seikan Tunnel
1631:Civil Engineering
1457:[Last run of
1415:on 8 January 2006
1125:Popular Mechanics
966:track (providing
837:
836:
533:Yasuhiro Nakasone
349:Aomori Prefecture
303:
302:
94:41.3157; 140.3351
16:(Redirected from
2819:
2625:
2605:Yagishiri Island
2463:
2389:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2335:
2314:Twilight Express
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2032:
2018:
2005:Mass transit in
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1947:Preceded by
1939:
1934:Internet Archive
1916:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1656:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1519:Hokkaido Shimbun
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1399:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1325:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1262:(3–4): 323–331.
1251:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:on 8 August 2009
1127:. Archived from
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1097:. Archived from
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1018:
1006:
953:
949:
946:Initially, only
885:pyroclastic rock
851:service tunnel,
829:
826:
674:
470:Location of the
410:
408:
407:
397:
395:
394:
371:(JR Hokkaido)'s
334:
328:
327:
322:
316:
269:
264:
257:
251:
249:
248:
244:
241:
233:
209:
173:
151:
149:
144:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
42:
35:
21:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2690:Hakone Fuji Izu
2653:
2610:
2550:
2520:Tokachi–Obihiro
2411:
2374:
2326:
2259:
2162:JR named trains
2157:
2009:
2003:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1924:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1881:
1880:停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1677:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1577:. 26 March 2016
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1486:寝台特急“カシオペア”運転終了
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1253:
1252:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1007:
951:
947:
944:
935:
833:
832:
827:
823:
809:
681:
669:
632:
616:Sapporo Station
541:Tokuo Yamashita
464:
440:
402:
389:
291:Operating speed
286:25 kV AC, 50 Hz
267:
262:
253:
246:
242:
239:
237:
236:4 ft
235:
231:
147:
145:
142:
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
74:
72:
71:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2596:Taiheiyō Ferry
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2555:Public Ferries
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:(freight only)
2403:
2398:
2393:
2382:
2380:
2379:Other railways
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2096:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2025:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1957:Longest tunnel
1953:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1923:
1922:External links
1920:
1918:
1917:
1899:
1892:
1870:
1845:
1813:
1790:
1771:(2): 143–149.
1752:
1722:
1711:(3): 509–525.
1692:
1640:
1618:
1607:on 14 May 2011
1588:
1562:
1532:
1504:
1476:
1454:寝台特急〈北斗星〉ラストラン
1444:
1426:
1378:
1350:
1336:
1310:
1295:
1290:Newspapers.com
1273:
1221:
1195:
1181:Tages-Anzeiger
1167:
1142:
1112:
1082:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1041:Train on Train
1038:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1001:
968:standard gauge
943:
940:
934:
931:
873:Tsugaru Strait
855:pilot tunnel,
835:
834:
831:
830:
820:
819:
816:
815:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
794:Seikan Tunnel
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:
780:Seikan Tunnel
778:
775:
772:
768:
767:
766:Seikan Tunnel
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
685:Freight (t/yr)
683:
678:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
636:
631:
628:
593:Train on Train
494:, in July 2008
472:Tsugaru Strait
463:
460:
439:
436:
424:Ryfylke Tunnel
420:Channel Tunnel
345:Tsugaru Strait
320:Seikan Tonneru
301:
300:
299:
298:
292:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
276:
275:
259:
255:standard gauge
224:
218:
217:
214:
204:
203:
202:
201:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
69:
63:
62:
60:Tsugaru Strait
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2824:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Seikan Tunnel
2780:
2779:
2777:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Metro systems
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2647:Seikan Tunnel
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:Miscellaneous
2613:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2406:Taiheiyō Coal
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:Super Hakuchō
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1893:4-533-02980-9
1889:
1885:
1874:
1871:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1834:on 1 May 2006
1833:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1367:(in Japanese)
1366:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1337:9781576071120
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1307:. p. 15.
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1210:. 13 May 2016
1209:
1208:Bloomberg.com
1205:
1199:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
948:1,067 mm
941:
939:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
919:sonic surveys
915:
913:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
874:
865:
858:
854:
850:
847:Main tunnel,
846:
841:
825:
822:
817:
813:
808:Seikan Tunnel
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:>5,000,000
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:1971 Forecast
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:Seikan Ferry
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:Seikan Ferry
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
702:Seikan Ferry
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
679:
676:
675:
666:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
637:
634:
633:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
579:
573:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
508:Taishō period
505:
501:
493:
488:
480:
473:
468:
461:
459:
457:
451:
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
401:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
321:
312:
308:
307:Seikan Tunnel
296:
295:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
273:
265:
263:1,067 mm
260:
256:
232:1,435 mm
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
219:
215:
213:
205:
199:
198:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
140:
136:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
33:Seikan Tunnel
30:
19:
18:Seikan tunnel
2755:trams (list)
2662:
2646:
2626:
2580:Seikan Ferry
2568:Silver Ferry
2531:
2500:Nakashibetsu
2464:
2448:Shin-Sapporo
2422:
2350:Namboku Line
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
1955:
1928:
1912:the original
1902:
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1854:"March 2006"
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1825:
1816:
1806:29 September
1804:. Retrieved
1793:
1768:
1764:
1741:(1): 25–38.
1738:
1734:
1708:
1704:
1681:cite journal
1664:
1660:
1634:
1630:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1600:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1574:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1548:
1535:
1525:30 September
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1490:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
1458:
1447:
1439:the original
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1405:
1401:
1369:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1321:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1285:
1276:
1259:
1255:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1124:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:the original
1094:
1085:
1071:
988:
945:
936:
916:
905:Kuromatsunai
882:
870:
856:
852:
848:
844:
824:
750:
745:
740:
735:
682:(persons/yr)
639:
605:
601:narrow-gauge
582:
576:
574:
549:
545:
537:pilot tunnel
526:
515:
497:
452:
441:
413:
380:
376:
332:Seikan Zuidō
306:
304:
272:narrow gauge
258:(Shinkansen)
194:Track length
58:Beneath the
29:
2475:New Chitose
2321:White Arrow
2020:JR Hokkaido
1667:(1): 1–14.
1637:(5): 50–53.
1469:2 September
1095:JR Hokkaido
933:Maintenance
624:JR Hokkaido
375:. The name
365:Kaikyō Line
282:Electrified
222:Track gauge
175:JR Hokkaido
92: /
80:140°20′06″E
67:Coordinates
2776:Categories
2750:Shinkansen
2675:Keihanshin
2490:Memanbetsu
2360:Tōzai Line
2272:Cassiopeia
1961:1988–2016
1364:Japan Mint
1064:References
972:Shinkansen
964:dual gauge
912:intrusions
774:~1,700,000
760:~3,100,000
746:17,000,000
680:Passengers
597:shock wave
584:Cassiopeia
560:Japan Mint
529:Shinkansen
446:(TBM) and
430:after the
337:dual-gauge
227:Dual gauge
148:1988-03-13
77:41°18′57″N
2735:Hiroshima
2591:MOL Ferry
2542:Tomakomai
2470:Asahikawa
2453:Asahikawa
2416:Terminals
2370:Tōhō Line
2226:Sarobetsu
1459:Hokutosei
942:Structure
802:2,110,000
741:9,000,000
727:8,470,000
724:9,360,000
713:6,240,000
710:4,040,000
699:3,700,000
696:2,020,000
641:Tōya Maru
578:Hokutosei
517:Tōya Maru
512:surveying
274:(freight)
189:Technical
181:Character
133:Operation
2695:Hokkaido
2643:Tunnels
2603:(Haboro—
2536:Hakodate
2525:Wakkanai
2510:Okushiri
2495:Monbetsu
2480:Hakodate
2465:Airports
2428:Hakodate
2293:Ishikari
2286:Hamanasu
2247:Taisetsu
2170:Hayabusa
2129:Sekihoku
2067:Hakodate
2007:Hokkaido
1942:Records
1858:jrtr.net
1611:12 March
1581:11 March
1555:16 April
1497:22 March
1371:29 April
1343:11 March
1105:17 March
1030:See also
976:Hakodate
901:mudstone
893:Tertiary
889:syncline
612:Hakodate
504:Hokkaido
474:in Japan
438:Overview
400:Hakodate
357:Hokkaido
311:Japanese
250: in
166:Operator
127:Hokkaido
55:Location
50:Overview
2740:Shikoku
2730:Okayama
2715:Niigata
2685:Fukuoka
2666:transit
2545:Kushiro
2515:Rishiri
2505:Okadama
2485:Kushiro
2438:Sapporo
2279:Hakuchō
2254:Tokachi
2240:Suzuran
2212:Okhotsk
2137:Sekishō
2094:Muroran
2045:Chitose
1773:Bibcode
1463:RM News
1135:19 July
980:Sapporo
895:period
878:Neogene
569:Sapporo
462:History
382:on'yomi
367:of the
245:⁄
146: (
2725:Nagano
2720:Toyama
2705:Sendai
2700:Aomori
2680:Nagoya
2637:SAPICA
2632:Kitaca
2198:Kitami
2184:Hokuto
2177:Hayate
2121:Sasshō
2105:Nemuro
2083:Kaikyō
2075:Hidaka
2053:Furano
1890:
1863:24 May
1419:24 May
1334:
1214:13 May
1188:11 May
1160:12 May
923:drifts
908:strata
500:Honshu
387:Aomori
377:Seikan
353:Honshu
315:青函トンネル
212:tracks
138:Opened
117:Honshu
108:Active
105:Status
2710:Akita
2670:Tokyo
2664:Japan
2627:Cards
2539:Otaru
2532:Ports
2443:Ōdōri
2219:Ōzora
2205:Lilac
2191:Kamui
2145:Senmō
2113:Rumoi
2022:lines
1882:[
1838:8 May
1435:"北斗星"
1413:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
688:Mode
565:Tokyo
341:Japan
156:Owner
113:Start
2423:Rail
2233:Sōya
2153:Sōya
1888:ISBN
1865:2006
1840:2006
1808:2018
1687:link
1613:2018
1583:2018
1557:2014
1527:2009
1499:2016
1471:2015
1421:2006
1373:2020
1345:2018
1332:ISBN
1216:2016
1190:2016
1162:2016
1137:2009
1107:2012
993:and
899:and
897:tuff
799:2016
785:2001
771:1999
757:1988
736:1985
721:1970
707:1965
693:1955
677:Year
575:The
567:and
502:and
326:青函隧道
305:The
1781:doi
1743:doi
1739:109
1713:doi
1709:107
1669:doi
1665:119
1328:301
1264:doi
857:(4)
853:(3)
849:(2)
845:(1)
610:in
323:or
210:of
208:No.
123:End
2778::
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1779:.
1769:20
1767:.
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626:.
406:函館
393:青森
329:,
317:,
313::
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1998:e
1991:t
1984:v
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552:¥
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243:1
240:+
238:8
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