Earthquake engineering - Knowledge (XXG)

1721: 2170: 2003: 1008: 2069: 2329: 2044: 2751: 507: 51: 2188: 2946: 2432: 1706: 1317: 996:, or virtual ones. In both cases, to verify a structure's expected seismic performance, some researchers prefer to deal with so called "real time-histories" though the last cannot be "real" for a hypothetical earthquake specified by either a building code or by some particular research requirements. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to engage an earthquake simulation which is the seismic input that possesses only essential features of a real event. 741:

modeling of structural components such as beams, columns, beam-column joints, shear walls etc. Thus, experimental results play an important role in determining the modeling parameters of individual components, especially those that are subject to significant non-linear deformations. The individual components are then assembled to create a full non-linear model of the structure. Thus created models are analyzed to evaluate the performance of buildings.

2604: 2871: 1968: 1559: 1254: 927: 796: 6572: 5683: 2255: 5553: 2558: 530: 5713: 1427:. The main disadvantage being that friction surfaces can wear over time and for this reason they are not recommended for dissipating wind loads. When used in seismic applications wear is not a problem and there is no required maintenance. They have a rectangular hysteretic loop and as long as the building is sufficiently elastic they tend to settle back to their original positions after an earthquake. 2230: 1938: 6564: 2638: 2762: 1908: 2288: 1818: 3070: 5703: 770: 3051:) is a common term used for earthquake loss estimation, but it lacks a precise definition. In 1999, ASTM E2026 'Standard Guide for the Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes' was produced in order to standardize the nomenclature for seismic loss estimation, as well as establish guidelines as to the review process and qualifications of the reviewer. 2359: 5693: 665: 1186: 2510: 2677: 1492: 955:

planning, performance, analysis, and publication of research experiments; and conduct computational and hybrid simulations that may combine the results of multiple distributed experiments and link physical experiments with computer simulations to enable the investigation of overall system performance.

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The capabilities of the structural analysis software are a major consideration in the above process as they restrict the possible component models, the analysis methods available and, most importantly, the numerical robustness. The latter becomes a major consideration for structures that venture into

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underneath the structure: sometimes, heavily shaken ground breaks up which leads to collapse of the structure sitting upon it. The following topics should be of primary concerns: liquefaction; dynamic lateral earth pressures on retaining walls; seismic slope stability; earthquake-induced settlement.

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technologies and, particularly, in base isolation devices, is often considered a valuable source of suppressing vibrations thus enhancing a building's seismic performance. However, for the rather pliant systems such as base isolated structures, with a relatively low bearing stiffness but with a high

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Base isolation seeks to prevent the kinetic energy of the earthquake from being transferred into elastic energy in the building. These technologies do so by isolating the structure from the ground, thus enabling them to move somewhat independently. The degree to which the energy is transferred into

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Viscous Dampers have the benefit of being a supplemental damping system. They have an oval hysteretic loop and the damping is velocity dependent. While some minor maintenance is potentially required, viscous dampers generally do not need to be replaced after an earthquake. While more expensive than

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Research for earthquake engineering means both field and analytical investigation or experimentation intended for discovery and scientific explanation of earthquake engineering related facts, revision of conventional concepts in the light of new findings, and practical application of the developed

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The NSF Hazard Mitigation and Structural Engineering program (HMSE) supports research on new technologies for improving the behaviour and response of structural systems subject to earthquake hazards; fundamental research on safety and reliability of constructed systems; innovative developments in

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Basic concepts of the earthquake engineering, implemented in the major building codes, assume that a building should survive a rare, very severe earthquake by sustaining significant damage but without globally collapsing. On the other hand, it should remain operational for more frequent, but less

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Basically, numerical analysis is conducted in order to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Performance evaluations are generally carried out by using nonlinear static pushover analysis or nonlinear time-history analysis. In such analyses, it is essential to achieve accurate non-linear

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Due to the costly nature of such tests, they tend to be used mainly for understanding the seismic behavior of structures, validating models and verifying analysis methods. Thus, once properly validated, computational models and numerical procedures tend to carry the major burden for the seismic

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This cyberinfrastructure allows researchers to: securely store, organize and share data within a standardized framework in a central location; remotely observe and participate in experiments through the use of synchronized real-time data and video; collaborate with colleagues to facilitate the

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the non-linear range and approach global or local collapse as the numerical solution becomes increasingly unstable and thus difficult to reach. There are several commercially available Finite Element Analysis software's such as CSI-SAP2000 and CSI-PERFORM-3D, MTR/SASSI, Scia Engineer-ECtools,

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Design and construction are intimately related. To achieve a good workmanship, detailing of the members and their connections should be as simple as possible. As any construction in general, earthquake construction is a process that consists of the building, retrofitting or assembling of

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Viscoelastic dampers are useful in that they can be used for both wind and seismic applications, they are usually limited to small displacements. There is some concern as to the reliability of the technology as some brands have been banned from use in buildings in the United States.

1934:. Severely cracked or leaning walls are some of the most common earthquake damage. Also hazardous is the damage that may occur between the walls and roof or floor diaphragms. Separation between the framing and the walls can jeopardize the vertical support of roof and floor systems. 1365:

weighing 660 metric tonnes that serves as a tuned mass damper was designed and installed atop the structure. Suspended from the 92nd to the 88th floor, the pendulum sways to decrease resonant amplifications of lateral displacements in the building caused by earthquakes and strong

792:(NSF) is the main United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all fields of earthquake engineering. In particular, it focuses on experimental, analytical and computational research on design and performance enhancement of structural systems. 1527:

Caltrans-SRMD facility. The bearing is made of rubber with a lead core. It was a uniaxial test in which the bearing was also under a full structure load. Many buildings and bridges, both in New Zealand and elsewhere, are protected with lead dampers and lead and rubber bearings.

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Metallic yielding dampers, as the name implies, yield in order to absorb the earthquake's energy. This type of damper absorbs a large amount of energy however they must be replaced after an earthquake and may prevent the building from settling back to its original position.

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was exhaustively renovated and repaired with an emphasis on preserving historical accuracy in appearance. This was done in concert with a seismic upgrade that placed the weak sandstone structure on base isolation foundation to better protect it from earthquake damage.

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Engineers need to know the quantified level of the actual or anticipated seismic performance associated with the direct damage to an individual building subject to a specified ground shaking. Such an assessment may be performed either experimentally or analytically.

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reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

3058:. The risk assessment process generally involves determining the probability of various ground motions coupled with the vulnerability or damage of the building under those ground motions. The results are defined as a percent of building replacement value. 1771:

Normally, according to building codes, structures are designed to "withstand" the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings.

951:, provides interactive simulation tools, a simulation tool development area, a curated central data repository, animated presentations, user support, telepresence, mechanism for uploading and sharing resources, and statistics about users and usage patterns. 2617:

dates back thousands of years, and has been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, Europe and medieval England in localities where timber was in good supply and building stone and the skills to work it were not.

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is the manner by which an earthquake induced failure is observed. It, generally, describes the way the failure occurs. Though costly and time consuming, learning from each real earthquake failure remains a routine recipe for advancement in

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in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake (or seismic) engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or

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that simulates the earth shaking and observing its behavior. Such kinds of experiments were first performed more than a century ago. Only recently has it become possible to perform 1:1 scale testing on full structures.

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A structure might have all the appearances of stability, yet offer nothing but danger when an earthquake occurs. The crucial fact is that, for safety, earthquake-resistant construction techniques are as important as

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should not jeopardise their safety in case of earthquakes or other hostile external events. Therefore, their seismic design is based on criteria far more stringent than those applying to non-nuclear facilities. The

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experience, the American Institute of Steel Construction has introduced AISC 358 "Pre-Qualified Connections for Special and intermediate Steel Moment Frames." The AISC Seismic Design Provisions require that all

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To build up complex structural systems, seismic design largely uses the same relatively small number of basic structural elements (to say nothing of vibration control devices) as any non-seismic design project.

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is a powerful tool of earthquake engineering which utilizes detailed modelling of the structure together with methods of structural analysis to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and

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The equipment sites (labs) and a central data repository are connected to the global earthquake engineering community via the NEEShub website. The NEES website is powered by HUBzero software developed at

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means application of an earthquake-generated excitation on a structure (or geo-structure). It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, with adjacent structures, or with

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of the floor above combined with the support on the two hidden sides by continuous walls, not penetrated with large doors as on the street sides, is preventing full collapse of the structure.

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This metallic bearing support may be adapted, with certain precautions, as a seismic isolator to skyscrapers and buildings on soft ground. Recently, it has been employed under the name of

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is very common in some of the world's most hazard-prone regions, traditionally across Latin America, Africa, Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia, Middle East and Southern Europe.

1987:. In the cases where the soil consists of loose granular deposited materials with the tendency to develop excessive hydrostatic pore water pressure of sufficient magnitude and compact, 2575:

is very common in architecture, especially in North America and Europe. Many landmarks across the world are made of limestone. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of

6060: 1881: 931: 3123: 1291:. The Incas were among the best stonemasons the world has ever seen and many junctions in their masonry were so perfect that even blades of grass could not fit between the stones. 545: 6054: 404:

does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage.

1956:. Absence of adequate stiffness on the ground level caused damage to this structure. A close examination of the image reveals that the rough board siding, once covered by a 5658: 4287: 2836:

joints. Depending upon the methods used and the imposed seismic forces, such buildings may be immediately usable, require extensive repair, or may have to be demolished.

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These resources jointly provide the means for collaboration and discovery to improve the seismic design and performance of civil and mechanical infrastructure systems.

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Earthquake engineering is a scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and the man-made environment from earthquakes by limiting the

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around the world may be found in Experimental Facilities for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Worldwide. The most prominent of them is now E-Defense Shake Table in

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Adobe buildings are considered very vulnerable at strong quakes. However, multiple ways of seismic strengthening of new and existing adobe buildings are available.

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The NEES network features 14 geographically-distributed, shared-use laboratories that support several types of experimental work: geotechnical centrifuge research,

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Application of modern technology to seismic retrofitting can enhance the survivability of unreinforced masonry structures. As an example, from 1973 to 1989, the

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in buildings provides their complete skeletal framing which offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, if properly engineered, lends itself to better

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to enable building and non-building structures to live through the anticipated earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with the applicable

831: 1245:, a city in ancient Persia, now Iran, and dates back to the 6th century BCE. Below, there are some samples of seismic vibration control technologies of today. 1523:

damping, the so-called "damping force" may turn out the main pushing force at a strong earthquake. The video shows a Lead Rubber Bearing being tested at the

444:, etc. However, the tremendous costs experienced in recent earthquakes have led to an expansion of its scope to encompass disciplines from the wider field of 6026: 4878: 4572: 1806:

depend on the type of the structure, locality of the project and its authorities which stipulate applicable seismic design codes and criteria. For instance,

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Friction dampers tend to be available in two major types, linear and rotational and dissipate energy by heat. The damper operates on the principle of a

6066: 6032: 3419: 3088: 2975:(FEMA) initiated development of repair techniques and new design approaches to minimize damage to steel moment frame buildings in future earthquakes. 804: 3303: 6473: 6147: 4663: 1145:, there are a number of ways to control them in order to soothe their damaging effect and improve the building's seismic performance, for instance: 908: 2867:

means the intentional creation of permanent stresses in a structure for the purpose of improving its performance under various service conditions.

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For this, some pads are inserted into or under all major load-carrying elements in the base of the building which should substantially decouple a

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when, in the case of earthquake engineering, time-histories of each story lateral displacements of the model and its prototype would be the same.

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To prevent catastrophic collapse in response earth shaking (in the interest of life safety), a traditional reinforced concrete frame should have

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capacity of the primary structural components while ensuring a minimum level of inelastic capacity at all potential plastic hinge locations.

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is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur though in this case there was another contributing factor which affected the original

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is intended to provide better and more reliable seismic performance than that of a conventional structure by increasing the dissipation of

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However, such methods are good only for linear elastic systems, being largely unable to model the structural behavior when damage (i.e.,

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acceptable levels. Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study of the behavior of structures and geo-structures subject to

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requires a qualified team of professionals who understand the basic features of seismic performance of different structures as well as

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employ either connections contained in AISC 358, or the use of connections that have been subjected to pre-qualifying cyclic testing.

2661: 2587: 2490:, construction process should be organized with keeping in mind that earthquake may strike any time prior to the end of construction. 2169: 1007: 888: 6468: 5815: 5648: 4793: 4747: 4722: 4673: 4646: 4621: 4530: 4131: 4106: 4011: 3697: 3622: 3452: 3427: 3398: 3244: 2983: 1688: 863:

tests, large-scale structural testing, tsunami wave basin experiments, and field site research. Participating universities include:

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and model based simulation of structural behaviour and response including soil-structure interaction; design concepts that improve

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in Santa Cruz Mountains area: prominent northwest-trending extensional cracks up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide in the concrete

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structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are only consistent with the contemporary state of the knowledge about

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masonry. They are the long-lasting materials but their rather heavy weight is not beneficial for adequate seismic performance.

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other damping technologies they can be used for both seismic and wind loads and are the most commonly used hysteretic damper.

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The stones of the dry-stone walls built by the Incas could move slightly and resettle without the walls collapsing, a passive

6536: 6367: 6185: 6175: 5735: 5176: 4996: 2986:(LRFD) approach, it is very important to assess ability of a structure to develop and maintain its bearing resistance in the 1885: 107: 2727:. The effectiveness of both vertical and horizontal reinforcements depends on the type and quality of the masonry units and 288: 6304: 6180: 5901: 5653: 5378: 5257: 5222: 4240: 3128: 2653: 1912: 1865: 1728: 1713: 1814:(SDC) and aimed at the design of new bridges in California incorporate an innovative seismic performance-based approach. 6420: 6403: 6357: 6249: 6153: 6049: 4908: 3143: 3015: 2967:

buildings, which looked earthquake-proof, surprisingly experienced brittle behavior and were hazardously damaged in the

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One of two three-story town-houses like this, which was well instrumented for recording of both vertical and horizontal

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incorporate real-time recording instrumentation on the ground integrated with earthquake input processing equipment and

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specifically to help the scientific community share resources and collaborate. The cyberinfrastructure, connected via

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Experimental evaluations are expensive tests that are typically done by placing a (scaled) model of the structure on a

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device which is intended for protection of various building and non-building structures against potentially damaging

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loss reduction of the nation's civil infrastructure and new experimental simulation techniques and instrumentation.

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values. In addition, collectors, or drag struts, to distribute shear along a diaphragm length are required.

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and tilting of structures. This caused major damage to thousands of buildings in Niigata, Japan during the

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Sometimes earthquake simulation is understood as a re-creation of local effects of a strong earth shaking.

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between two or more objects. The notion of similarity rests either on exact or approximate repetitions of

688: 449: 433: 425: 380: 265: 4839: 4679: 2813:, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete. Prestressing 6575: 6517: 6362: 6273: 5777: 5561: 5498: 5468: 5441: 5295: 5285: 5247: 5237: 5151: 5119: 5051: 4986: 3163: 3153: 3043: 3010: 2903: 2844: 2207: 2196: 2080: 2073: 2058: 1780: 1590: 1571: 1420: 880: 730: 321: 249: 122: 102: 97: 92: 4147: 2607: 1298:

technique employing both the principle of energy dissipation (coulomb damping) and that of suppressing

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The first evidence of earthquake protection by using the principle of base isolation was discovered in

3538:"CMMI – Funding – Hazard Mitigation and Structural Engineering – US National Science Foundation (NSF)" 3537: 2750: 2122:(lack of concrete confinement in the columns and at the beam-column joints, inadequate splice length). 569:. The loading that is expected at a given location on the Earth's surface is estimated by engineering 6410: 6100: 6072: 5948: 5686: 5594: 5589: 5523: 5518: 5493: 5483: 5436: 5356: 5310: 5186: 5124: 5001: 4969: 3961: 3827: 3098: 3038: 2963:

are considered mostly earthquake resistant but some failures have occurred. A great number of welded

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structures requires consideration of diaphragm ratios, horizontal and vertical diaphragm shears, and

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exists when the paths and velocities of moving particles of a model and its prototype are similar.

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to a mathematical model of a building. With the further development of computational technologies,

842: 695: 673: 495: 453: 376: 183: 60: 5712: 3563: 2187: 2083:, the Kaiser Permanente concrete frame office building had joints completely shattered, revealing 1219:

However, there is quite another approach: partial suppression of the seismic energy flow into the

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The price of poor seismic design may be enormous. Nevertheless, seismic design has always been a

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of demand and capacity. Thus, the newly adopted displacement approach is based on comparing the

50: 3773: 2910:, underground structures, TV towers, power stations, floating storage and offshore facilities, 2431: 1705: 1316: 6495: 6393: 6309: 5943: 5886: 5846: 5772: 5361: 5267: 5242: 5171: 5161: 5006: 4931: 4789: 4743: 4718: 4669: 4642: 4617: 4526: 4388: 4220: 4127: 4102: 4077: 4007: 3977: 3843: 3693: 3618: 3448: 3423: 3394: 3240: 3191: 2724: 2603: 2456: 2436: 2302: 2108: 1983: 1972: 1529: 1519: 1335: 1320: 1311: 1295: 1280: 1042:

In general, a building model is said to have similarity with the real object if the two share

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of those in or around it by partially or completely collapsing. A structure may be considered

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Infrastructure Risk Research Project at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Theoretical or experimental evaluation of anticipated seismic performance mostly requires a

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Around thirty percent of the world's population lives or works in earth-made construction.

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the structure and how the energy is dissipated will vary depending on the technology used.

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Blondet, Marcial; Villa Garcia M., Gladys; Brzev, Svetlana; Rubiños, Álvaro (April 2011).

3873:"4. Building for earthquake resistance – Earthquakes – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 3799: 3598: 2911: 2657: 2487: 2464: 2144: 2087:, which resulted in the second story collapse. In the transverse direction, composite end 2033: 1695: 1612: 1416: 1383: 926: 553: 457: 441: 421: 150: 112: 5696: 698:. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake 3965: 3831: 2475:

in the state/province/country of the project location (depending on local regulations),

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In addition to the designed structure itself, seismic design requirements may include a

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energy. There are five major groups of hysteretic dampers used for the purpose, namely:

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is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, including

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Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering

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was, apparently, familiar to the ancient Roman architects; look, e.g., at the tall

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methods. Below, some typical modes of earthquake-generated failures are presented.

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testing of FPB system supporting a rigid building model is presented at the right.

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and flexibility; and application of new control techniques for structural systems.

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Dynamic experiments on building and non-building structures may be physical, like

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used for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It can be applied to

2057:. This is a photograph of the collapsed five-story tower, St. Joseph's Seminary, 6490: 6480: 5993: 5958: 5928: 5275: 4887: 2637: 1679:

is based on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to

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method which also contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.

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process whether it was based on physical laws or on empirical knowledge of the

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is a set of technical means aimed to mitigate seismic impacts in building and

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if it is able to fulfill its operational functions for which it was designed.

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proved to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom

6512: 5978: 5938: 5841: 5584: 5101: 4717:. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction. 2006. pp. 6.1–30. 3187: 2991: 2987: 2930: 2875: 2848: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2538:

Key factors for the improved seismic performance of adobe construction are:

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The most significant feature in the SDC design philosophy is a shift from a

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Springs-with-damper base isolator installed under a three-story town-house,

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Devices of the last kind, abbreviated correspondingly as TMD for the tuned (

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oscillations of the structures by means of some sort of spring mechanism.

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Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE)

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is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. The use of

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Severely damaged building of Agriculture Development Bank of China after

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of the two-level Cypress viaduct of Interstate Highway 880, Oakland, CA.

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defines a structure's ability to sustain its main functions, such as its

384: 303: 3774:"Clark, Liesl; "First Inhabitants"; PBS online, Nova; updated Nov. 2000" 3069: 2787:

have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be

1930:

and inadequate roof-to-wall ties can result in substantial damage to an

691:. The technique as a formal concept is a relatively recent development. 664: 5983: 5963: 3592: 3515: 2833: 2788: 2716: 2693: 2649: 2480: 2396: 2366: 2362: 2309:, producing differential lateral and vertical movement in an overlying 2029: 1589:

on its floors and the ground, has survived a severe shaking during the

1354: 1272: 1185: 1175:

portions of the whole wave frequencies band with the help of so-called

1088:

structures. All seismic vibration control devices may be classified as

1028: 982: 944: 853: 566: 473: 3973: 3924:"Building Technology + Seismic Isolation System – Okumura Corporation" 2738:

revealed that masonry is prone to earthquake damage, which led to the

2676: 6226: 5998: 5988: 4819: 4693: 3839: 3285: 3103: 2915: 2814: 2796: 2780: 2755: 2754:

Stressed Ribbon pedestrian bridge over the Rogue River, Grants Pass,

2215: 2192: 1680: 1358: 1287:, where blocks of stone were cut to fit together tightly without any 1284: 1279:

proved to be more earthquake-resistant than using mortar. People of

746: 614:

a particular earthquake exposure. A structure is normally considered

599: 498:

at earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with

388: 208: 203: 4433: 3608: 3606: 1023:

which is based on the concept of structural likeness or similarity.

1491: 694:

In general, seismic structural analysis is based on the methods of

6089: 4523:

Timber Design & Construction Sourcebook=Gotz, Karl-Heinz et al

4477:"Earthquake-Resistant Construction of Adobe Buildings: A Tutorial" 3378:. Publ. Earthquake Invest. Comm. In Foreign Languages, N.4, Tokyo. 2944: 2926: 2869: 2784: 2760: 2749: 2701: 2675: 2636: 2602: 2556: 2529: 2521: 2508: 2447:

The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be

2430: 2357: 2327: 2325:, is a principal cause of liquefaction-related earthquake damage. 2286: 2253: 2228: 2219: 2186: 2168: 2143: 2119: 2092: 2067: 2042: 2001: 1966: 1936: 1923: 1906: 1816: 1719: 1704: 1557: 1490: 1315: 1252: 1184: 1006: 925: 819: 794: 768: 750: 663: 528: 505: 4840:

Earthquakes and Earthquake Engineering in The Library of Congress

4834: 1164:

to disperse the wave energy between a wider range of frequencies;

6453: 3376:

Seismic Experiments on the Fracturing and Overturning of Columns

3114:

International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology

2934: 2656:. Special provisions for seismic load-resisting systems for all 2591: 2566: 2314: 2306: 1524: 1496: 1367: 1268: 1262: 518: 5731: 5727: 4860: 3037:) which is a ratio of the earthquake damage repair cost to the 1361:

common in this area of Asia/Pacific. For this purpose, a steel

4856: 733:

is one of the most common approaches for analyzing non-linear

4455:"simulacion terremoto peru-huaraz – casas de adobe – YouTube" 3212:"Earthquake Engineering - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 2641:

A two-story wooden-frame for a residential building structure

1960:, has been completely dismantled from the studwall. Only the 1129:

have combined features of active and passive control systems.

814:

A definitive list of earthquake engineering research related

4844: 4835:

NHERI: A natural hazards engineering research infrastructure

2886:

Pre-compression (mostly, with the own weight of a structure)

2158:

of a relatively rigid residential building structure during

1991:

of those loose saturated deposits may result in non-uniform

1779:

of a structure and providing the structure with appropriate

1775:

Seismic design is carried out by understanding the possible

1111:

capability between them, structural elements and the ground;

848:(NEES) that advances knowledge discovery and innovation for 4498:"Shake table testing of adobe house (4A-S7 East) – YouTube" 2444:

infrastructure given the construction materials available.

2439:

X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds

2351:

of the right end of the building should be attributed to a

1944:

collapse due to inadequate shear strength at ground level,

1570:, California is shown on the photo taken prior to the 1994 1419:. Depending on the design, friction dampers can experience 6130:

National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association

3119:

List of international earthquake acceleration coefficients

2742:

making masonry reinforcement mandatory across California.

2401:

inundating surrounding coastal communities with huge waves

2184:

system, its shifting on the basement should be prevented.

2072:

Effects of completely shattered joints of concrete frame,

1593:

and left valuable recorded information for further study.

1532:, the national museum of New Zealand, and the New Zealand 1011:

Concurrent experiments with two building models which are

3664:"Passive and active vibration isolation systems – Theory" 3332: 3330: 1054:. The most vivid and effective type of similarity is the 4829: 4601:. Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada. 2222:

and failed in shear. As a result, the La Cienega-Venice

1876:

have, however, drawn attention to ongoing concerns over

6061:

Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering

4824: 4785:

Acceptable Risk Processes: Lifeline and Natural Hazards

3571: 3304:"Seismic Pounding between Adjacent Building Structures" 2099:

that carried the lateral load, peeled apart because of

1283:

were masters of the polished 'dry-stone walls', called

513:

crash testing of a regular building model (left) and a

3124:

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering

1660:

enclosing cylinder for lateral displacement restraint.

1216:, predominantly in Japan, for a quarter of a century. 3354:"Shaking Table Test on Conventional Wooden House (1)" 3339:

Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary

2882:

There are the following basic types of prestressing:

6055:

Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors

3054:

Earthquake loss estimations are also referred to as

2829:

would, otherwise, experience due to a bending load.

2355:

which may be hazardous even without any earthquake.

2166:

about 10 inches to the east on its foundation.

6386: 6350: 6292: 6235: 6204: 6168: 6007: 5910: 5834: 5798: 5765: 5624: 5608: 5560: 5324: 5266: 5185: 5110: 5037: 4930: 4917: 4665:

Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History

2513:Partially collapsed adobe building in Westmorland, 1646:Friction pendulum bearing (FPB) is another name of 811:related information both in the U.S. and globally. 479:The main objectives of earthquake engineering are: 1763:Seismic Detailing and Construction Quality Control 1342:or other structures and move in opposition to the 3811:Pollini, Nicolò; Lavan, Oren; Amir, Oded (2018). 3690:Active, Hybrid and Semi-Active Structural Control 3341:. Structural Engineers Association of California. 3261:"Earthquake Protector: Shake Table Crash Testing" 4122:Arnold, Christopher; Reitherman, Robert (1982). 3926:(in Japanese). Okumuragumi.co.jp. Archived from 3867: 3865: 3820:Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 1536:have been fitted with the bearings. Both are in 379:branch of engineering that designs and analyzes 6039:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors 3688:Chu, S.Y.; Soong, T.T.; Reinhorn, A.M. (2005). 3564:"Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation" 3182:Bozorgnia, Yousef; Bertero, Vitelmo V. (2004). 2779:is concrete in which steel reinforcement bars ( 2047:Effects of pounding against adjacent building, 6078:Construction Management Association of America 4002:Housner, George W.; Jennings, Paul C. (1982). 3613:Lindeburg, Michael R.; Baradar, Majid (2001). 3518:. Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center 3516:"The NIED 'E-Defence' Laboratory in Miki City" 2719:behavior in masonry, it is necessary that the 777: 6112:National Association of Women in Construction 5743: 4872: 2933:working as a stabilizing device for the wall 2898:with high-strength bonded or unbonded tendons 1754:Seismic Characteristics of Engineered Systems 832:Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation 494:Design, construct and maintain structures to 483:Foresee the potential consequences of strong 353: 8: 6027:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association 4668:. Reston, VA: ASCE Press. pp. 394–395. 4599:Seismic Design of Masonry Using the 1997 UBC 4217:Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook 2696:or placed in holes and that are filled with 1747:which, in the State of California, include: 4782:Craig Taylor; Erik VanMarcke, eds. (2002). 4597:Ekwueme, Chukwuma G.; Uzarski, Joe (2003). 4385:Bridge Design, Construction and Maintenance 4124:Building Configuration & Seismic Design 3875:. Teara.govt.nz. 2009-03-02. Archived from 3639:"Base isolation for earthquake engineering" 3496:. Nuclear Energy Agency. September 30, 2021 2648:usually gain seismic resistance from rigid 2249:the upper deck collapse onto the lower deck 970:were performed by statically applying some 830:NSF also supports the George E. Brown, Jr. 672:of a 6-story non-ductile concrete building 5750: 5736: 5728: 4927: 4879: 4865: 4857: 2874:Naturally pre-compressed exterior wall of 2332:Beams and pier columns diagonal cracking, 2191:Insufficient shear reinforcement led main 1664:Snapshot with the link to video clip of a 360: 346: 29: 6067:Civil Engineering Contractors Association 6033:Associated General Contractors of America 4825:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute 4434:"Earth Architecture – the Book, Synopsis" 4288:"Soil Liquefaction with Dr. Ellen Rathje" 4171:. Asbarez.com. 1995-10-26. Archived from 3089:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute 1878:Japanese nuclear seismic design standards 805:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute 6474:List of tallest buildings and structures 6148:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors 4738:EERI Endowment Subcommittee (May 2000). 3666:. Physics-animations.com. Archived from 3443:Clough, Ray W.; Penzien, Joseph (1993). 2561:Base-isolated City and County Building, 2233:Support-columns and upper deck failure, 2180:If a superstructure is not mounted on a 1751:Seismic Data and Seismic Design Criteria 1518:Heavy damping mechanism incorporated in 1503:Lead rubber bearing or LRB is a type of 909:University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 27:Study of earthquake-resistant structures 6124:National Kitchen & Bath Association 4740:Financial Management of Earthquake Risk 3558: 3556: 3554: 3174: 2061:which resulted in one fatality. During 1808:California Department of Transportation 905:University of California, Santa Barbara 807:(EERI) is a leader in dissemination of 41: 5659:Electrical and electronics engineering 4241:"Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes" 4148:"Template for External Caltrans Pages" 4082:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4075: 2652:shear walls and wood structural panel 2403:up to 30 meters (100 feet) high. 1743:should, normally, pass examination on 1624:for a housing complex (17 stories) in 656:performance assessment of structures. 618:if it does not endanger the lives and 6136:National Tile Contractors Association 6106:National Association of Home Builders 6084:Construction Specifications Institute 4338:"Tsunami disaster (Sri Lanka Resort)" 3615:Seismic Design of Building Structures 3286:"Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering" 2226:section of the 10 Freeway collapsed. 2212:insufficient shear reinforcement mode 1880:and caused many other governments to 1650:(FPS). It is based on three pillars: 1212:, have been studied and installed in 897:University of California, Los Angeles 7: 6118:National Fire Protection Association 5692: 4126:. A Wiley-Interscience Publication. 4030:. Nisee.berkeley.edu. Archived from 2990:range. A measure of this ability is 1795:to ensure those modes cannot occur. 1338:are huge concrete blocks mounted in 6160:Society of Construction Arbitrators 6021:American Society of Civil Engineers 5702: 4243:. World-nuclear.org. Archived from 4195:"Niigita Earthquake 1964 – YouTube" 4028:"Earthquake-Resistant Construction" 3948:Zayas, Victor A.; Low, Stanley S.; 3237:Seismic Design Codes and Procedures 2973:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2892:with high-strength embedded tendons 2243:: side view of reinforced concrete 2218:outwards. The deck unseated at the 2214:which allows main reinforcement to 1702:of different shapes and materials. 1464:Straddling pendulum dampers (swing) 901:University of California, San Diego 765:Research for earthquake engineering 6015:American Institute of Constructors 4575:. Staff.city.ac.uk. Archived from 4549:. Nees.buffalo.edu. Archived from 3414:Newmark, N.M.; Hall, W.J. (1982). 2588:Salt Lake City and County Building 2553:Limestone and sandstone structures 2451:(seismic motion of the ground) or 2345:beams and pier columns are sheared 2055:Pounding against adjacent building 1882:re-evaluate their nuclear programs 1874:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 1870:damage to other nuclear facilities 1657:spherical concave sliding surface; 1275:land; for centuries the dry-stone 889:University of California, Berkeley 757:, MASTODON, which is based on the 424:; it is considered as a subset of 25: 6469:Lists of buildings and structures 2984:Load and Resistance Factor Design 2407:Earthquake-resistant construction 1689:earthquake engineering structures 1551:Springs-with-damper base isolator 6571: 6570: 6562: 5711: 5701: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5551: 3068: 2951:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 2723:of the wall is greater than the 2455:(earthquake-induced landslides, 2160:1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake 1434:Metallic yielding dampers (MYDs) 1141:After the seismic waves enter a 985:approaches began to give way to 877:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 49: 6563: 4504:from the original on 2021-12-21 4344:from the original on 2021-12-21 4319:from the original on 2021-12-21 4294:from the original on 2021-12-21 3905:from the original on 2021-12-21 3645:from the original on 2021-12-21 3475:from the original on 2021-12-21 3267:from the original on 2021-12-21 3094:Earthquake resistant structures 3022:Prediction of earthquake losses 2914:vessels, and numerous kinds of 2906:is widely engaged in design of 2413:Earthquake-resistant structures 2391:of December 26, 2004, with the 1578:device conceptually similar to 893:University of California, Davis 809:earthquake engineering research 660:Analytical/Numerical assessment 546:world's third tallest structure 6537:Sustainability in construction 6368:Modern methods of construction 4614:Design of Prestressed Concrete 4500:. Nz.youtube.com. 2007-01-12. 2746:Reinforced concrete structures 2680:Reinforced hollow masonry wall 2156:Sliding off foundations effect 1913:unreinforced masonry buildings 1886:Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant 1353:skyscraper needs to withstand 680:Seismic performance assessment 634:Seismic performance assessment 1: 6305:Building services engineering 3617:. Professional Publications. 3416:Earthquake Spectra and Design 3337:Seismology Committee (1999). 3129:Probabilistic risk assessment 3016:Steel Moment Resisting Frames 2994:, which may be observed in a 2672:Reinforced masonry structures 2467:and using correct materials. 1932:unreinforced masonry building 1866:Fukushima I nuclear accidents 1839:displacement-based assessment 1238:resting on a shaking ground. 402:properly engineered structure 6421:Construction equipment theft 6154:Scottish Building Federation 6050:Construction History Society 4909:List of engineering branches 4694:"SAC Steel Project: Welcome" 4457:. Nz.youtube.com. 2006-06-24 3144:Seismic response of landfill 2965:steel moment-resisting frame 2791:. It can be used to produce 2684:A construction system where 2085:inadequate confinement steel 2036:: the landslide required an 1823:Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant 1654:articulated friction slider; 1562:Springs-with-damper close-up 1393:Fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) 1327:, the world's third tallest 885:State University of New York 826:Major U.S. research programs 5862:Chartered Building Surveyor 5826:Water supply and sanitation 4788:. Reston, VA: ASCE, TCLEE. 4662:Reitherman, Robert (2012). 2389:the Indian Ocean earthquake 2280:to Austrian Dam, the north 2028:. Typically, the action of 1812:The Seismic Design Criteria 1804:Seismic design requirements 1799:Seismic design requirements 1760:Seismic Analysis Procedures 1607:Simple roller bearing is a 1449:Viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) 921:University of Texas, Austin 790:National Science Foundation 684:seismic structural analysis 6636: 6399:List of building materials 4612:Nilson, Arthur H. (1987). 4573:"Reinforced Brick Masonry" 4484:World Housing Encyclopedia 4097:Farzad Naeim, ed. (1989). 4004:Earthquake Design Criteria 3540:. nsf.gov. 19 October 2004 3290:earthquake.geoengineer.org 3159:Soil structure interaction 3027:Earthquake loss estimation 2969:1994 Northridge earthquake 2736:1933 Long Beach earthquake 2410: 2148:Shifting from foundation, 1309: 917:University of Nevada, Reno 778:Friction Pendulum Bearings 735:soil structure interaction 584: 551: 517:building model (right) at 400:in a major earthquake. A 258:Coordinating Committee for 6610:Seismic vibration control 6560: 6337:Environmental engineering 6300:Architectural engineering 5677: 5549: 4894: 4616:. John Wiley & Sons. 4383:Robert Lark, ed. (2007). 4340:. YouTube. 7 March 2006. 4315:. YouTube. 3 March 2007. 4267:"Niigita Earthquake 1964" 3692:. John Wiley & Sons. 3263:. YouTube. 27 June 2007. 2949:Collapsed section of the 2847:is the one whose overall 2545:Compact, box-type layout. 2305:in a subsurface layer of 2301:Ground shaking triggered 1637:Friction pendulum bearing 1157:with properly engineered 1153:the wave energy inside a 1082:Seismic vibration control 1077:Seismic vibration control 979:peak ground accelerations 972:horizontal inertia forces 491:and civil infrastructure. 289:Adams–Williamson equation 6342:Geotechnical engineering 6320:Construction engineering 6095:Home Builders Federation 5821:Timeline of architecture 5783:Underground construction 4637:Nawy, Edward G. (1989). 4290:. YouTube. 18 May 2007. 4265:neesit (27 April 2007). 4193:neesit (27 April 2007). 3389:Chopra, Anil K. (1995). 3139:Seismic magnitude scales 3134:Seismic intensity scales 3109:Geotechnical engineering 3056:Seismic Risk Assessments 3029:is usually defined as a 2982:seismic design based on 2859:depend, primarily, on a 2542:Quality of construction. 2420:means implementation of 2313:of unliquefied sand and 2294:mode of ground failure, 2262:due to ground movement, 2095:of brick and a layer of 1827:1988 Armenian earthquake 1648:friction pendulum system 1495:LRB being tested at the 1013:kinematically equivalent 711:step-by-step integration 430:geotechnical engineering 237:Seismic intensity scales 232:Seismic magnitude scales 6615:Engineering disciplines 6527:Real estate development 6429:Construction management 6284:Vernacular architecture 6269:Indigenous architecture 6257:Industrial architecture 6142:Railway Tie Association 5570:Bachelor of Engineering 5412:Engineering mathematics 4763:Eugene Trahern (1999). 4099:Seismic Design Handbook 3641:. YouTube. 2007-06-27. 3471:. YouTube. 2007-07-02. 2599:Timber frame structures 2499:construction management 2459:and waves of tsunami). 2418:Earthquake construction 2341:2008 Sichuan earthquake 2334:2008 Sichuan earthquake 2245:support-columns failure 2101:inadequate through-ties 2040:before being released. 2012:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1977:1964 Niigata earthquake 1837:of seismic demand to a 1810:'s requirements called 1710:San Francisco City Hall 1621:metallic roller bearing 1615:of strong earthquakes. 1249:Dry-stone walls in Peru 1105:passive control devices 1039:in the compared items. 913:University of Minnesota 873:Oregon State University 729:excitation. Use of the 689:non-building structures 643:Experimental assessment 630:severe seismic events. 573:. It is related to the 6605:Structural engineering 6595:Earthquake engineering 6373:Monocrete construction 6332:Earthquake engineering 6325:Structural engineering 6279:Landscape architecture 5816:Structural engineering 5669:Structural engineering 5664:Mechanical engineering 5407:Engineering management 4816:Earthquake engineering 4215:Robert W. Day (2007). 3735:"想いをかたちに未来へつなぐ竹中工務店" 3716:. Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu 3445:Dynamics of Structures 3391:Dynamics of Structures 3235:Berg, Glen V. (1983). 2957: 2955:Loma Prieta earthquake 2902:Today, the concept of 2879: 2840:Prestressed structures 2773: 2758: 2681: 2646:Light-frame structures 2642: 2633:Light-frame structures 2611: 2569: 2548:Seismic reinforcement. 2517: 2440: 2395:off the west coast of 2373:Twofold tsunami impact 2369: 2336: 2319:mode of ground failure 2298: 2274:Loma Prieta earthquake 2270:Retaining wall failure 2266: 2241:Loma Prieta earthquake 2237: 2235:Loma Prieta earthquake 2200: 2177: 2152: 2118:Poor detailing of the 2076: 2063:Loma Prieta earthquake 2051: 2014: 1979: 1948: 1946:Loma Prieta earthquake 1919: 1847:inelastic displacement 1835:force-based assessment 1830: 1732: 1717: 1700:structural performance 1563: 1511:. It was invented by 1500: 1499:Caltrans-SRMD facility 1408:Friction dampers (FDs) 1331: 1265: 1197: 1196:structure in the world 1127:hybrid control devices 1116:active control devices 1065:The ultimate level of 1016: 968:earthquake simulations 935: 800: 781: 676: 549: 521: 450:mechanical engineering 434:mechanical engineering 426:structural engineering 373:Earthquake engineering 299:Earthquake engineering 6363:Earthbag construction 6274:Interior architecture 5778:Offshore construction 5649:Aerospace engineering 5562:Engineering education 4715:Seismic Design Manual 4525:. McGraw-Hall. 1989. 3897:neesit (2007-07-10). 3798:May 14, 2014, at the 3753:"Live Event Q&As" 3597:May 12, 2008, at the 3574:on September 28, 2018 3352:neesit (2007-11-17). 3216:www.sciencedirect.com 3164:Spectral acceleration 3154:Seismic site response 3044:Probable Maximum Loss 3011:Northridge earthquake 2948: 2921:A beneficial idea of 2904:prestressed structure 2873: 2845:Prestressed structure 2799:, floors or bridges. 2765:Prestressed concrete 2764: 2753: 2740:California State Code 2679: 2640: 2627:seismic survivability 2606: 2560: 2512: 2486:To minimize possible 2469:Earthquake contractor 2434: 2411:Further information: 2361: 2331: 2290: 2257: 2232: 2208:Northridge earthquake 2190: 2173:Earthquake damage in 2172: 2147: 2081:Northridge earthquake 2071: 2059:Los Altos, California 2046: 2005: 1970: 1940: 1910: 1825:was closed after the 1820: 1723: 1708: 1600:Simple roller bearing 1591:Northridge earthquake 1572:Northridge earthquake 1561: 1494: 1421:stick-slip phenomenon 1357:winds and earthquake 1319: 1256: 1208:, and as HMD for the 1188: 1123:within the structure; 1071:kinematic equivalence 1010: 962:Earthquake simulation 929: 881:University at Buffalo 843:structure performance 799:E-Defense Shake Table 798: 772: 731:finite element method 709:) appears. Numerical 667: 542:world's tallest tower 532: 509: 322:Earth Sciences Portal 294:Flinn–Engdahl regions 260:Earthquake Prediction 6411:Construction bidding 6101:Lighting Association 6073:The Concrete Society 5949:Construction foreman 5590:Graduate certificate 4742:. EERI Publication. 4639:Prestressed Concrete 3099:Emergency management 3009:As a consequence of 2803:Prestressed concrete 2495:construction project 2091:, consisting of two 1854:ground stabilization 1843:elastic displacement 1534:Parliament Buildings 1223:known as seismic or 1067:kinematic similarity 1060:Kinematic similarity 1048:kinematic similarity 1044:geometric similarity 1021:structure simulation 1003:Structure simulation 438:chemical engineering 284:Shear wave splitting 18:Seismic architecture 6542:Unfinished building 6315:Coastal engineering 5954:Construction worker 5897:Structural engineer 5788:Tunnel construction 5575:Bachelor of Science 5417:Engineering physics 5401:Engineering drawing 4923:Interdisciplinarity 4313:"Building Collapse" 3966:1990EarSp...6..317Z 3832:2018EESD...47.2985P 3076:Architecture portal 2807:reinforced concrete 2777:Reinforced concrete 2767:cable-stayed bridge 2710:hollow unit masonry 2688:is embedded in the 2686:steel reinforcement 2204:Reinforced concrete 2129:at the first floor. 2018:Landslide rock fall 1580:Lead Rubber Bearing 1515:, a New Zealander. 1484:Lead rubber bearing 1344:resonance frequency 1261:Temple of the Sun, 1257:Dry-stone walls of 1214:high-rise buildings 1210:hybrid mass dampers 1015:to a real prototype 994:shake-table testing 696:structural dynamics 674:destructive testing 596:seismic performance 581:Seismic performance 454:nuclear engineering 184:Epicentral distance 6434:Construction waste 6416:Construction delay 5857:Building officials 5852:Building estimator 5177:Telecommunications 5082:Naval architecture 4850:2019-12-18 at the 4387:. Thomas Telford. 3954:Earthquake Spectra 3739:www.takenaka.co.jp 3374:Omori, F. (1900). 3000:structural element 2971:. After that, the 2958: 2880: 2827:compression member 2825:that the concrete 2819:compressive stress 2774: 2759: 2706:reinforced masonry 2682: 2643: 2612: 2608:Anne Hvide's House 2570: 2518: 2441: 2370: 2337: 2299: 2267: 2238: 2201: 2178: 2153: 2077: 2052: 2038:earthquake trigger 2015: 1980: 1949: 1926:coupled with poor 1920: 1911:Typical damage to 1872:that followed the 1861:Nuclear facilities 1831: 1745:Seismic Principles 1733: 1718: 1574:exposure. It is a 1564: 1507:employing a heavy 1501: 1374:Hysteretic dampers 1336:tuned mass dampers 1332: 1296:structural control 1266: 1204:), as AMD for the 1198: 1190:Mausoleum of Cyrus 1052:dynamic similarity 1027:is some degree of 1017: 936: 865:Cornell University 801: 782: 715:structural systems 677: 550: 536:, equipped with a 522: 418:socio-economically 161:Induced seismicity 108:Remotely triggered 6600:Civil engineering 6582: 6581: 6425:Construction loan 6394:Building material 6310:Civil engineering 5944:Concrete finisher 5887:Quantity surveyor 5847:Building engineer 5773:Home construction 5725: 5724: 5654:Civil engineering 5600:Licensed engineer 5595:Engineer's degree 5547: 5546: 5379:Building services 5362:Health technology 5223:Chemical reaction 5172:Signal processing 4765:"Loss Estimation" 4641:. Prentice Hall. 4571:Rossen Rashkoff. 4394:978-0-7277-3593-5 4226:978-0-07-137782-9 4197:. www.youtube.com 3974:10.1193/1.1585573 3950:Mahin, Stephen A. 3826:(15): 2985–3005. 3568:Official web site 3469:"Miki_house_test" 3393:. Prentice Hall. 3197:978-0-8493-1439-1 2821:that offsets the 2725:flexural strength 2457:soil liquefaction 2437:Pearl River Tower 2323:lateral spreading 2303:soil liquefaction 2292:Lateral spreading 2125:Seismically weak 2109:construction site 1984:Soil liquefaction 1973:soil liquefaction 1953:Soft story effect 1540:which sits on an 1530:Te Papa Tongarewa 1520:vibration control 1380:hysteretic damper 1321:Tuned mass damper 1312:Tuned mass damper 1306:Tuned mass damper 1281:Inca civilization 941:Purdue University 869:Lehigh University 737:computer models. 717:with significant 700:response spectrum 670:shake-table video 577:of the location. 538:tuned mass damper 466:political science 446:civil engineering 377:interdisciplinary 370: 369: 16:(Redirected from 6627: 6574: 6573: 6566: 6565: 6449:Design–bid–build 6217:Construction law 5752: 5745: 5738: 5729: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5555: 5142:Electromechanics 4928: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4804: 4803: 4798:. Archived from 4779: 4773: 4772: 4767:. Archived from 4760: 4754: 4753: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4678:. Archived from 4659: 4653: 4652: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4058:. Archived from 4057: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3840:10.1002/eqe.3118 3817: 3808: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3610: 3601: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3570:. Archived from 3560: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3309:. Archived from 3308: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3179: 3149:Seismic retrofit 3078: 3073: 3072: 3041:of a building. 2980:structural steel 2961:Steel structures 2941:Steel structures 2734:The devastating 2610:, Denmark (1560) 2505:Adobe structures 2435:Construction of 2247:which triggered 2206:column burst at 1915:at earthquakes, 1639: 1638: 1302:amplifications. 934:testing facility 587:Seismic analysis 362: 355: 348: 133:Earthquake swarm 53: 30: 21: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6556: 6464:Interior design 6459:Heavy equipment 6382: 6346: 6288: 6231: 6200: 6164: 6003: 5912: 5906: 5882:Project manager 5872:Civil estimator 5830: 5794: 5761: 5756: 5726: 5721: 5673: 5620: 5604: 5580:Master's degree 5556: 5543: 5457:Instrumentation 5320: 5262: 5228:Electrochemical 5181: 5167:Radio frequency 5106: 5033: 4997:Municipal/Urban 4921: 4919: 4913: 4890: 4885: 4852:Wayback Machine 4812: 4807: 4796: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4676: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219:. McGraw Hill. 4214: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4053:"Archived copy" 4051: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3800:Wayback Machine 3792: 3788: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3599:Wayback Machine 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3447:. McGraw-Hill. 3442: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3024: 3004:whole structure 2996:material itself 2953:in response to 2943: 2912:nuclear reactor 2896:Post-tensioning 2842: 2748: 2674: 2658:engineered wood 2635: 2601: 2555: 2507: 2465:quality control 2415: 2409: 2034:slope stability 2006:Car smashed by 1997:1964 earthquake 1894: 1801: 1729:1906 earthquake 1714:1906 earthquake 1696:trial and error 1674: 1636: 1635: 1613:lateral impacts 1474: 1376: 1314: 1308: 1251: 1079: 1005: 966:The very first 964: 828: 767: 759:MOOSE Framework 662: 645: 636: 589: 583: 559:Seismic loading 556: 554:Seismic loading 527: 525:Seismic loading 458:social sciences 456:, and from the 442:applied physics 422:seismic loading 410: 366: 314: 313: 279: 271: 270: 262: 259: 252: 242: 241: 222: 214: 213: 174: 173:Characteristics 166: 165: 146: 138: 137: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6552:Urban planning 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6196:United Kingdom 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5911:Trades workers 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5902:Superintendent 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5877:Clerk of works 5874: 5869: 5867:Civil engineer 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5699: 5689: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5609:Related topics 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Sustainability 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5393: 5391:Geoengineering 5388: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5372:Rehabilitation 5369: 5367:Pharmaceutical 5364: 5359: 5354: 5352:Bioinformatics 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5311:Semiconductors 5308: 5303: 5301:Nanotechnology 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5017:Transportation 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4811: 4810:External links 4808: 4806: 4805: 4802:on 2013-01-13. 4794: 4774: 4771:on 2009-04-10. 4755: 4748: 4730: 4723: 4706: 4696:. Sacsteel.org 4685: 4682:on 2012-07-26. 4674: 4654: 4647: 4629: 4622: 4604: 4589: 4563: 4538: 4531: 4514: 4489: 4467: 4446: 4425: 4400: 4393: 4375: 4354: 4329: 4304: 4279: 4257: 4232: 4225: 4207: 4185: 4160: 4139: 4132: 4114: 4107: 4089: 4044: 4019: 4012: 3994: 3960:(2): 317–333, 3940: 3915: 3889: 3861: 3803: 3786: 3765: 3744: 3726: 3705: 3698: 3680: 3655: 3630: 3623: 3602: 3585: 3550: 3529: 3507: 3485: 3460: 3453: 3435: 3428: 3406: 3399: 3381: 3366: 3344: 3326: 3295: 3277: 3252: 3245: 3227: 3203: 3196: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3063: 3060: 3023: 3020: 2942: 2939: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2841: 2838: 2823:tensile stress 2747: 2744: 2721:shear strength 2673: 2670: 2634: 2631: 2623:timber framing 2615:Timber framing 2600: 2597: 2563:Salt Lake City 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2506: 2503: 2426:building codes 2422:seismic design 2408: 2405: 2343:: most of the 2260:retaining wall 2182:base isolation 2164:superstructure 2142: 2141: 2130: 2123: 2116: 1902:seismic design 1893: 1890: 1845:demand to the 1800: 1797: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757:Seismic Forces 1755: 1752: 1737:seismic design 1677:Seismic design 1673: 1672:Seismic design 1670: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1609:base isolation 1605: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1576:base isolation 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1505:base isolation 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1473: 1472:Base isolation 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1417:coulomb damper 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1375: 1372: 1334:Typically the 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1250: 1247: 1232:superstructure 1225:base isolation 1221:superstructure 1183: 1182: 1165: 1162: 1155:superstructure 1143:superstructure 1131: 1130: 1124: 1112: 1078: 1075: 1004: 1001: 963: 960: 827: 824: 816:shaking tables 766: 763: 668:Snapshot from 661: 658: 644: 641: 635: 632: 604:serviceability 585:Main article: 582: 579: 575:seismic hazard 552:Main article: 526: 523: 504: 503: 500:building codes 492: 409: 406: 368: 367: 365: 364: 357: 350: 342: 339: 338: 337: 336: 334:Related topics 331: 325: 324: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 256: 253: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 234: 229: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 158: 153: 151:Fault movement 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 64: 59: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6632: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6577: 6569: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486:Megastructure 6484: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Building code 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008:Organizations 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 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5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Manufacturing 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062:Biomechanical 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4960:Environmental 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Architectural 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4795:9780784406236 4791: 4787: 4786: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4749:0-943198-21-6 4745: 4741: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4724:1-56424-056-8 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4675:9780784410714 4671: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4648:0-13-698375-8 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4623:0-471-83072-0 4619: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4579:on 2013-08-19 4578: 4574: 4567: 4564: 4553:on 2013-05-22 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4532:0-07-023851-0 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4468: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4415:. 5 June 2008 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4268: 4261: 4258: 4247:on 2009-07-22 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4175:on 2009-06-10 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4133:0-471-86138-3 4129: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4108:0-442-26922-6 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4065:on 2008-10-26 4061: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4034:on 2012-09-15 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4013:1-888577-52-5 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3941: 3930:on 2012-08-25 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3879:on 2012-10-17 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3699:0-470-01352-4 3695: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3670:on 2007-02-04 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3624:1-888577-52-5 3620: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3578:September 21, 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3454:0-07-011394-7 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3429:0-943198-22-4 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3400:0-13-855214-2 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3316:on 2008-10-30 3312: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3248: 3246:0-943198-25-9 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2890:Pretensioning 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805:is a kind of 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2771:Yangtze river 2768: 2763: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715:To achieve a 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690:mortar joints 2687: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120:reinforcement 2117: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:reinforcement 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1892:Failure modes 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1793:configuration 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:failure modes 1773: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1725:San Francisco 1722: 1715: 1712:destroyed by 1711: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1587:accelerations 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1513:Bill Robinson 1510: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1384:seismic input 1381: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1194:base-isolated 1192:, the oldest 1191: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1135:seismic waves 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1009: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 977: 973: 969: 961: 959: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 933: 928: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 834: 833: 825: 823: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 797: 793: 791: 786: 779: 775: 771: 764: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 742: 738: 736: 732: 728: 727:ground motion 724: 720: 719:non-linearity 716: 712: 708: 707:non-linearity 703: 701: 697: 692: 690: 685: 681: 675: 671: 666: 659: 657: 653: 650: 642: 640: 633: 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:gravity waves 560: 555: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:Tokyo Skytree 531: 524: 520: 516: 515:base-isolated 512: 508: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 481: 480: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 460:, especially 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 407: 405: 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 363: 358: 356: 351: 349: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 261: 255: 254: 251: 246: 245: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 218: 217: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:Seismic waves 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 170: 169: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 62: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 6547:Urban design 6532:Stonemasonry 6444:Design–build 6387:Other topics 6378:Slip forming 6331: 6237:Architecture 5892:Site manager 5811:Construction 5806:Architecture 5759:Construction 5633:Engineering 5479:Mechatronics 5332:Agricultural 4982:Geotechnical 4954: 4950:Construction 4800:the original 4784: 4777: 4769:the original 4758: 4739: 4733: 4714: 4709: 4698:. 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YouTube. 3039:total value 2621:The use of 2296:Loma Prieta 2264:Loma Prieta 2258:Failure of 2195:to buckle, 2136:with heavy 2134:cantilevers 2089:shear walls 2049:Loma Prieta 1993:settlements 1975:during the 1971:Effects of 1917:Loma Prieta 1888:in France. 1666:shake-table 1340:skyscrapers 1033:resemblance 861:shake-table 850:earthquakes 776:testing of 774:Shake-table 725:process of 649:shake-table 624:serviceable 544:and is the 511:Shake-table 489:urban areas 485:earthquakes 393:earthquakes 266:Forecasting 227:Seismometer 221:Measurement 194:Shadow zone 43:Earthquakes 6620:Seismology 6589:Categories 6508:Parge coat 6439:Demolition 6205:Regulation 6169:By country 5974:Millwright 5969:Ironworker 5934:Bricklayer 5626:Glossaries 5447:Industrial 5427:Facilities 5422:Explosives 5347:Biomedical 5342:Automation 5291:Metallurgy 5201:Biological 5152:Microwaves 5112:Electrical 5057:Automotive 5039:Mechanical 5012:Structural 4977:Geological 4965:Ecological 4955:Earthquake 4700:2013-07-28 4583:2013-07-28 4557:2013-07-28 4508:2013-07-28 4461:2013-07-28 4439:21 January 4419:2013-07-28 4369:2013-07-28 4348:2013-07-28 4323:2013-07-28 4298:2013-07-28 4273:2012-07-31 4251:2013-07-28 4201:2012-07-31 4179:2012-07-31 4154:2012-07-31 4069:2008-06-19 4038:2012-07-31 3934:2012-07-31 3909:2012-07-31 3883:2012-07-31 3780:2013-07-28 3759:2013-07-28 3720:2012-07-31 3674:2012-07-31 3649:2012-07-31 3544:2012-07-31 3479:2012-07-31 3360:2012-07-31 3320:2008-07-17 3271:2012-07-31 3221:2020-10-14 3170:References 3002:, or to a 2704:is called 2654:diaphragms 2526:mud bricks 2515:California 2473:registered 2471:should be 2385:inundation 2379:hydraulic 2349:settlement 2197:Northridge 2127:soft story 2074:Northridge 2026:rock falls 1942:Soft story 1727:after the 1538:Wellington 1351:Taipei 101 1329:skyscraper 1325:Taipei 101 1243:Pasargadae 1025:Similarity 919:; and the 785:theories. 620:well-being 592:Earthquake 571:seismology 408:Definition 383:, such as 381:structures 309:Seismology 250:Prediction 189:Hypocenter 123:Supershear 103:Megathrust 98:Intraplate 93:Interplate 78:Aftershock 6513:Roughcast 5979:Plasterer 5939:Carpenter 5842:Architect 5585:Doctorate 5499:Packaging 5469:Logistics 5442:Geomatics 5403:/graphics 5296:Molecular 5286:Corrosion 5268:Materials 5248:Petroleum 5238:Molecular 5120:Broadcast 5102:Tribology 5052:Aerospace 4987:Hydraulic 4365:. YouTube 4363:"YouTube" 4269:. YouTube 3990:109137786 3982:8755-2930 3899:"LBRtest" 3856:117556131 3848:1096-9845 3776:. Pbs.org 3755:. Pbs.org 3714:"Slide 2" 3356:. YouTube 3188:CRC Press 2992:ductility 2988:inelastic 2937:beneath. 2931:Colosseum 2918:systems. 2908:buildings 2876:Colosseum 2853:stability 2849:integrity 2662:connector 2581:sandstone 2577:limestone 2573:Limestone 2393:epicenter 2377:sea waves 2321:, termed 2224:underpass 2175:Pichilemu 2138:dead load 2107:Improper 2097:shotcrete 2022:landslide 2008:landslide 1789:ductility 1785:stiffness 1234:from its 1151:dissipate 1121:actuators 1056:kinematic 974:based on 949:Internet2 723:transient 540:, is the 470:economics 462:sociology 385:buildings 179:Epicenter 156:Volcanism 118:Submarine 73:Foreshock 68:Mainshock 6576:Category 6501:Proofing 6404:Millwork 6045:Build UK 5924:Banksman 5687:Category 5616:Engineer 5524:Software 5519:Security 5494:Ontology 5484:Military 5474:Robotics 5437:Forensic 5357:Clinical 5316:Surfaces 5306:Polymers 5281:Ceramics 5258:Reaction 5187:Chemical 5125:Computer 5047:Acoustic 5002:Offshore 4970:Sanitary 4848:Archived 4502:Archived 4413:NBC News 4342:Archived 4317:Archived 4292:Archived 4078:cite web 4006:. EERI. 3903:Archived 3796:Archived 3643:Archived 3595:Archived 3522:March 3, 3473:Archived 3265:Archived 3239:. EERI. 3062:See also 2929:wall of 2857:security 2698:concrete 2666:fastener 2524:type of 2453:indirect 2387:. Thus, 2381:pressure 2365:strikes 2353:landfill 2311:carapace 2282:abutment 2278:spillway 2150:Whittier 2113:foothill 1962:rigidity 1781:strength 1741:engineer 1731:and fire 1716:and fire 1685:retrofit 1363:pendulum 1300:resonant 1173:resonant 1109:feedback 1107:have no 1037:patterns 930:NEES at 839:analysis 755:OpenSees 721:under a 398:collapse 329:Category 304:Seismite 35:a series 33:Part of 6568:Outline 6518:Harling 6351:Methods 6262:British 6191:Romania 6114:(NAWIC) 6063:(CIPHE) 6057:(CICES) 5984:Plumber 5964:Glazier 5799:History 5697:Commons 5539:Textile 5534:Systems 5504:Privacy 5489:Nuclear 5253:Process 5211:Genetic 5157:Optical 5137:Control 5130:outline 5097:Thermal 5087:Railway 5027:Railway 5022:Traffic 4945:Coastal 4904:Outline 4899:History 4547:"SEESL" 4101:. 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