338:, in which women could not participate. In addition to this, the women were allowed to read the annual reports of the mission field only after they had been printed in Helsinki and shipped back to Africa. Rainio began women's missionary meetings, but these came to a halt after only a year. However, during the visit of Rev. Haahti, general meetings of the missionaries were held in Ovamboland, and this then became the practice on the mission field.
735:, and Linda Helenius was sent to Eenhana. Apparently there were so many patients in Engela by this time, that medical work without a doctor had become difficult there. Between 50 and 100 patients came to the Engela Hospital every day, in addition to which there were 50â60 patients in the hospital huts. In addition to this, Rainio taught health and hygiene lessons in the local boysâ school, using books she had prepared herself.
514:. She did not want to return to Africa, because the FMS had made cuts on the budget of Onandjokwe. However, she changed her decision, although she did not appear to be excited about the matter. Her decision was affected by the fact that the missionaries in Ovamboland were tired and there were too few of them for the tasks on hand. Also her own health had become better.
17:
410:
became common in the hospital. In
December 1915 the hospital had to be closed, because the patients began to die one after another. However, the polyclinic continued its operation. The hospital work could only be continued when the infected patient huts had been demolished and new ones had been built
310:
During the inspection trip of Rev. Haahti, Rainio was able to achieve a breakthrough for the medical mission: during the inspection meetings were held about the
Finnish missionary work, and Rainio was allowed to write preliminary thoughts on the medical work, and the decisions were taken on the basis
745:
While in Engela, Rainio fell ill with severe fever in
January 1936. Anni Melander went to Engela to take care of her. She was then transferred to Onandjokwe, and after the fever had subsided, she travelled to Swakopmund, where she slowly began to recuperate. In January 1937 she was able to return to
561:
In March 1923, Rainio's 50th birthday was celebrated in
Ovamboland. At that time she tried to persuade her sisters to come and visit her, but to no avail. During that year, 571 patients were treated in the hospital, and more than 7 000 persons got help from the polyclinic. In 1924 these figures were
344:
The relationship between the missionaries and the board of trustees of the FMS were strained, mainly because the board chose to believe in all kinds of rumours and did not make attempts to find out what was going on in the mission field. Rainio also was perplexed about the fact that the missionaries
757:
In 1937, a new polyclinic building was built in Engela, with funds donated to this particular purpose. The building had five rooms. The following year a measles epidemic broke out in
Ovamboland. More than 1 000 measles patients were treated in Engela, and many children died of this disease. Measles
753:
visited
Ovamboland. However, towards the end of his trip he fell ill, and was not able to travel to Engela and get acquainted with the medical work there. The number of patients in Engela now rivalled those of Onandjokwe. That year there were 683 patients at the Engela Hospital and 19 000 visits to
653:
During the last years of the 1920s Rainio expected that the FMS would send a second doctor to
Ovamboland, either a Finn or a German one, as some Germans had offered to go to Ovamboland. However, the Finns changed their minds and for some reason the FMS would not agree to send a German doctor there.
227:
were helped, which meant 25 patients per day on average. The number became smaller when a small fee began to be charged from the patients. On the other hand, the patients did not continue their treatments long enough. When the worst pains were over, they thought they were well again and hurried for
777:
However, Rainio still returned to Engela and had new huts built for tuberculosis patients. In July she had to give up working. She now wanted to return to
Finland, but in mid-August she was transferred to Onandjokwe to be treated there. On the last day of November she wrote her final letter to her
493:
In
Finland, Rainio spent some time in Helsinki organizing things to do with the medical mission in Ovamboland. After that she spent some time with her mother in SaarijÀrvi, and then returned to Helsinki. In Helsinki, she held lectures in various places, with Africa as her topic. In June 1920, she
707:
Rainio was elected to the board of trustees of the FMS in 1933. Her health was inspected in
Helsinki, and in December that year she was operated on. No details of the operation are known. In early 1934 she began to travel in Finland, speaking about the Finnish medical mission in Ovamboland.
277:, and a room for missionary patients. The Ovambos were cared for in huts, of which there were first eight and more were built later. The hospital was inaugurated in a mission feast held in July 1911. The inauguration was performed by the assistant director of the FMS,
685:
Anni Melander brought with her an invitation to Rainio from the board of the FMS for her to come back to Finland. Rainio would have wanted to remain in Ovamboland, in some more tranquil part of the area, because she knew she had fallen behind the development of
522:
Rainio left for Africa again in July 1922, together with Karin Hirn and Karin Lönnberg. She arrived in Ovamboland in September. While in Widnhoek, she agreed to work for the government as the district physician of Ovamboland. For this, she had to treat all the
174:
Towards the end of 1902, Rainio completed the theory section of her degree in medicine, and early the following year she started her internships in the hospitals of Helsinki. In early 1908, she graduated with a degree in medicine. Elina Ojala, who wrote a
539:, which the Finnish missionaries did not know much. The Onandjokwe Hospital was becoming more and more dependent on the financial aid of the government, for which reason Rainio did not want to turn down the offer to work as the district physician.
364:
manner. On the other hand, when this change had been achieved, the FMS wanted to stop sending clothes to them. Rainio asked her sister Lilli to instruct the sowing societies and friends of the mission to keep on sending clothes to Ovamboland.
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worked in the KivelĂ€ Hospital in Helsinki, and then she travelled to TĂŒbingen to learn the latest developments in tropical diseases. Even there she lectured on her work in Ovamboland, as requested by the head of the institute, Professor
613:
In 1930, Rainio fell ill again with erysipelas in her head, and she also suffered from serious attacks of malaria, but again she recovered from both illnesses. She spent some time early in 1931 recuperating in Swakopmund.
384:, the connections between Finland and Ovamboland were cut off for nearly 18 months. For example, in the beginning of 1916, none the salaries of the previous year had been paid to the Finnish missionaries. Also the
769:
that had been found in her lung the previous year, when she had been ill with fever, had grown bigger. Doctor Schwietering wanted to send Rainio to Finland because of this. He had diagnosed the tumour as being
414:
In 1915 several Finns were also among the patients, and likewise the head of the English government, Major Pritchard. Thanks to the latter, the new government soon began to issue foodstuffs to the hospital.
610:
In 1929 Rainio was able to make a âhealth tripâ again, after many years, to the Cape, and during it she was able to visit the Enjamana leprosy sanatorium and acquaint herself with the work done there.
435:
and a recuperation period of five weeks restored her energies. Even though a heart condition was also diagnosed, which had long been bothering her, she was able to return to Ovamboland in May 1918.
558:
in 1927. The Ovambos usually died if they contracted the latter, especially if they tried to treat the patients themselves. However, when treated by the missionaries, they usually recovered.
140:. Ida Weikkolin told the sisters many a tale from the Ovamboland mission field. It was probably the stories of Mrs. Weikkolin that gave Rainio the incentive to volunteer for missionary work.
318:. She was now able to make a recommendation to the FMS, on the basis of her own experiences, that all missionaries be granted the possibility to make such trips. In addition to the healthy
742:
appeared in Ovamboland. For the medical workers this was depressing, as there was no cure for those who were ill with it, and the patients were in great pains before the finally expired.
1355:
1395:
620:
The relationship between the Finnish missionaries and the government became strained in the 1920s, when the government gave false information on the Finnish medical work to the
326:
activities. The missionaries had wanted to make such trips before, but only now, when a medical doctor recommended them, the board of the FMS could not ignore these wishes.
711:
While in Finland, Rainio put finishing touches on an Oshindonga textbook on health and hygiene, which was intended to be used as the basis of nurse training in Ovamboland.
136:
from the Helsinki Co-educational School in the spring of 1896. While preparing for the matriculation, she lived together with her sister Lilli in the house of the widow of
399:, and it was difficult to find people to work for the hospital among the Ovambos. The food stuffs that Rainio had brought with her the year before had lasted until then.
360:
Rainio also thought that the Finns could have had more beneficial attitudes towards the Ovambos. It had been wrong of the Finns to demand that the Ovambos dress in a
1390:
179:
in church history on the life of Rainio, believes that Rainio felt the calling to become a medical missionary sometime during 1903â1905. Before departing for
581:
in the skin of her head, and she feared she would die, as no treatment was known for the disease at the time. However, she recovered from both illnesses.
1400:
1385:
693:
At the end of Rainio's second term, in 1933, there were 17 proper buildings in Onandjokwe, 49 patient huts and 15 storebuildings or shelters, and a
1425:
1405:
224:
542:
At Onandjokwe she was assisted by nurse Karin Hirn along with Karin Lönnberg. Some new diseases now made their way to Ovamboland. These included
617:
During 1930 the Finns began to train Ovambo women to be nurses. Instruction was given by Karin Hirn. The first Ovambo nurses graduated in 1935.
1410:
913:
828:
to commemorate the 125 years of Finnish missionary work. One of these stamps depicted Rainio. The other Finnish missionaries depicted were
466:
The prejudices of the Ovambos towards the hospital had now lessened. For example, they allowed themselves to be carried to the hospital on
168:
810:
802:
1435:
885:
754:
the polyclinic. The staff of the Engela Hospital were naturally disappointed, when the mission director was not able to visit them.
219:
language, but had to ask other missionaries to interpret for her. When she arrived in Ovamboland, the area suffered from the great
215:
mission station. Even during her first month there, she treated between 40 and 50 patients every day. She had no time to study the
368:
The missionaries were not interested in the customs and thoughts of the Ovambos. This led to some of the old customs falling into
673:. The disease spread even in the hospital, and in the end the Ovambos did not want to be treated there. The government imposed a
603:
mission sent a doctor to Ovamboland in 1927, which eased Rainio's work load. The Anglican doctor probably worked at St Mary's in
199:
144:
463:, however, arrived in Ovamboland only in late 1919, and it had been weakened to the degree that it caused no deaths there.
171:. She also participated in the activities of the Women's Christian Association of Finland, which had been founded in 1897.
624:
388:
from the German Colonial Government to the Onandjokwe Hospital had ended soon after the outbreak of the war, and then the
1302:âSelma Rainio (1873â1939) as the founder of medical mission in Africa and as shaper of the mission work in Ovambolandâ
427:. When they arrived there, it turned out that Rainio was more seriously ill than Santalahti. She was weak because e.g.
1346:
1337:
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for urgent home calls, but the board of trustees of the FMS thought it was too expensive to maintain such an animal.
128:
for the last three years of his life. While taking care of her father, she got the idea that she would study to be a
1430:
570:
400 Ovambos died of this disease. Patients now began to avoid Onandjokwe so that they would not catch the disease.
55:
334:
In the early years, the female missionaries encountered a number of problems. The worst of them was the so-called
152:
260:
59:
231:
In 1910, Rainio travelled to all the Finnish mission stations in the area. She paid particular attention to the
189:
1347:
Medical Missionary Selma Rainio As A Representative of Western Culture and Medicine in Ovamboland in 1908â1938.
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1363:
759:
577:, and now the other ear was infected and she temporarily lost hearing in it as well. Then she fell ill with
423:
In 1917, Rainio fell seriously ill. She left to accompany another Finn taken ill, Miss Selma Santalahti, to
837:
731:, but the Anglican Mission had demanded all of eastern Oukwanyama for itself. Thus Rainio was stationed at
631:
wrote a long report to the League of Nations, after which the government corrected its statements in 1931.
269:
roof, the first of its kind in Ovamboland. The building had living quarters, and a combined polyclinic and
137:
1272:
124:
when she was 17. After finishing the school she returned home, where she took care of her father, who was
587:
In the 1920s, the medical care provided by Finns in Ovamboland expanded to other mission stations. Nurse
503:
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628:
487:
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of Ovamboland were present, as well as a great many Ovambos. A memorial service was also held the
573:
During 1927, Rainio herself fell ill. Her one ear had been deaf from the age of 10 as a result of
341:
It could also be observed that the salaries of the women were quite inferior to those of the men.
281:
719:
Rainio left for her last term in March 1936, when she was already well over 60. Mission director
650:. This conflict had the effect that the number of patients at Onandjokwe decreased considerably.
295:
arrived there, Karin Hirn in August and Ida Ă
lander in August. The latter had spent some time in
704:, where the FMS had begun work in 1926. She investigated the need for medical care in the area.
176:
40:
750:
720:
1311:
Sata vuotta suomalaista lĂ€hetystyötĂ€ 1859â1959. II: Suomen LĂ€hetysseuran Afrikan työn historia
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621:
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44:
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670:
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During 1928â31 there was a great drought in Ovamboland. This resulted in the Ovambos eating
536:
524:
483:
105:
Raino was one of 10 children. The total number of children was 14, but four of them died in
829:
723:
had wanted to send her to Kavango, but possibly Rainio's views convinced him that eastern
490:. He had arrived on the field in 1917 and had received some medical training in TĂŒbingen.
443:
Now some diseases appeared in Ovamboland that had not been known there before. These were
319:
285:
99:
1298:
Selma Rainio (1873â1939) Afrikan lÀÀkĂ€rilĂ€hetyksen perustajana ja vaikuttajana Ambomaalla
117:
669:, as they were accustomed to do during famines. However, this led to an epidemic of the
806:
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588:
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In 1928, the government increased its annual aid to Onandjokwe to 300 pounds per year.
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825:
782:
574:
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236:
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32:
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had become more and more hostile towards each other during the years leading up to
346:
87:
531:, which she did not consider an adequate compensation. The job entailed a lot of
395:
In March 1915, the hospital had to be closed for some time, as it had run out of
814:
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in South West Africa and South Africa wrote articles about her after her death.
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381:
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In early 1938 Rainio made a health trip to Swakopmund. Now it was found that a
1315:âA Hundred Years of Finnish Missionary Work. 1859â1959. II: The FMS in Africaâ
724:
674:
578:
452:
444:
424:
300:
244:
211:
Rainio arrived in Ovamboland on 14 December 1908. She started her work at the
67:
51:
790:
762:, such as eye conditions, which increased the number of patients in Engela.
694:
563:
467:
432:
407:
265:
In January 1911, a hospital building was completed next to Oniipa. It had a
129:
125:
1304:] (in Finnish). Masterâs thesis in church history. Helsinki University.
498:. In early 1921 Rainio worked for three months as the municipal doctor of
16:
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687:
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403:
372:, including some that in Rainio's opinion would have been worth keeping.
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270:
110:
91:
109:. One of the sisters was Lilli Rainio, who became known as collector of
1273:"Namibia 1995 The 125th Anniversary of Finnish Missionaries in Namibia"
728:
700:
Rainio left from Ondonga in May 1933, but at first she travelled round
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Anton Lilius and Amanda Sofia Perden. Her father Anton represented the
63:
36:
132:, even though there were no women doctors in Finland at the time. She
739:
732:
592:
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work, mainly a lot of writing of reports, which had to be written in
507:
361:
350:
345:
were not allowed to write in public about the tightening grip of the
304:
278:
220:
216:
212:
180:
164:
148:
95:
71:
28:
322:, the benefits of the Cape included a possibility to participate in
727:
would be a better place for her. She could have been stationed at
643:
634:
In 1932, the South West African government was waging war against
604:
471:
456:
248:
48:
15:
813:. The League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission gave her a
288:. The hospital was called Onandjokwe, âthe place of wild geeseâ.
818:
778:
relatives in Finland. On 5 January 1939 she died in Onandjokwe.
474:. Neither did they leave the hospital when someone died there.
385:
1330:
Selma Rainio (1873â1939) â A Finnish Medical Missionary.
874:
Rainio, Selma (1873â1939). Suomen Kansallisbiografia. Osa 8
299:
getting familiar in the work of a midwife. Also two Ovambo
284:
together with the head of the mission in Ovamboland, Rev.
1186:
1184:
880:]. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 45â46.
781:
Rainio was buried at the Onandjokwe cemetery. All of the
470:. Earlier they had taken this as a sign of an inevitable
349:
on Ovamboland. This was due to the fact that Germany and
58:, the first Finnish medical missionary, who founded the
774:, but it seems he did not communicate this to Rainio.
314:
In 1913 Rainio made a so-called âhealth tripâ to the
595:, and Aatu JĂ€rvinen had founded a small hospital in
562:
somewhat lower and mortality was higher, because an
1356:Vantaa City Museum: Kuku Selma Rainio (1873â1939).
599:soon after Rainio had returned to Onandjokwe. The
402:Among the Ovambos, various illnesses, such as the
155:of the university, where she strove to get women
486:in Finland. She left Onandjokwe in the hands of
303:were hired, and they took care of preaching the
167:'s attempts to prevent Finland from gaining her
159:. She also was active in delivering lectures on
116:Rainio studied in a private school for girls in
855:Peltola 1958, p. 263. â Ojala 1990, p. 21, 117.
392:troops soon seized the control of the country.
1396:Missionaries of the Finnish Missionary Society
566:arrived from the south, where in the mines of
357:, but this was not known to the missionaries.
291:During the same dry season, the first trained
151:. During her studies Rainio was active in the
1317:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Agricola-seura.
899:
897:
801:In 1932 the State of Finland awarded her the
8:
273:in one room, another room for the necessary
803:Cross of Merit of the White Rose of Finland
207:Rainioâs first term in Ovamboland 1908â1919
228:work in the fields, especially the women.
74:Hospital. In Ovamboland, she was known as
1338:Helsinki University Museum: Selma Rainio.
527:of the territory. She was to be paid 100
223:of 1907â08. During the first year, 7 525
200:Deutsches Institut fĂŒr Ărztliche Mission
848:
654:Only in 1932, freshly graduated doctor
478:The first furlough in Finland 1919â1922
145:Helsinki University School of Medicine
867:
865:
863:
861:
681:Second furlough in Finland in 1933â36
591:started small-scale hospital work in
7:
1391:Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission
255:Founding of the Onandjokwe Hospital
811:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
607:, which had been founded in 1924.
143:Rainio started her studies in the
14:
1345:Halmetoja, Henriikka Suvi-Tuulia:
642:, and in the end forced him into
102:for four terms during 1872â1885.
1401:Lutheran missionaries in Namibia
482:In July 1919, Rainio left for a
86:Rainio was born in a SaarijÀrvi
1386:20th-century Finnish physicians
1426:Finnish expatriates in Namibia
1406:Christian medical missionaries
1364:When Selma Founded A Hospital.
1:
1411:Female Christian missionaries
817:award. in 1995, the Namibian
749:In 1937 FMS Mission Director
658:, who was also familiar with
625:Permanent Mandates Commission
376:Consequences of the Great War
330:Problems on the mission field
243:would be needed to help with
1217:Ojala 1990, p. 106, 108â110.
1079:Ojala 1990, p. 55â57, 89â90.
1007:Ojala 1990, p. 35â36, 44â45.
878:âFinnish National Biographyâ
904:Ilmari Heikinheimo (1955).
1452:
662:, was sent to Ovamboland.
554:which arrived in 1926 and
518:The Second term in 1922â33
439:New diseases in Ovamboland
258:
247:. She would have wanted a
190:Institut fĂŒr Tropenhygiene
56:Finnish Missionary Society
1115:Ojala 1990, p. 80â81, 83.
1070:Ojala 1990, p. 48, 51â55.
1025:Ojala 1990, p. 37â40, 42.
715:Third term during 1936â39
261:Onandjokwe State Hospital
70:. She also worked in the
1436:Finnish women physicians
39: â 5 January 1939,
1309:Peltola, Matti (1958).
1262:Ojala 1990, p. 116â118.
1253:Ojala 1990, p. 115â116.
1244:Ojala 1990, p. 113â114.
1190:Ojala 1990, p. 102â103.
1178:Ojala 1990, p. 101â102.
1133:Ojala 1990, p. 98, 100.
336:meeting of the brethren
1043:Ojala 1990, p. 45â50â.
953:Ojala 1990, p. 25, 28.
944:Ojala 1990, p. 24, 26.
82:Early life and studies
21:
1169:Ojala 1990, p. 83â85.
1160:Ojala 1990, p. 63â64.
1151:Ojala 1990, p. 67â68.
1088:Ojala 1990, p. 57â59.
1061:Ojala 1990, p. 49â50.
1052:Ojala 1990, p. 48â49.
1034:Ojala 1990, p. 40â41.
998:Ojala 1990, p. 42â43.
989:Ojala 1990, p. 35â36.
980:Ojala 1990, p. 33â34.
962:Ojala 1990, p. 29â31.
935:Ojala 1990, p. 21â23.
910:âFinnish Biographiesâ
838:Karl August Weikkolin
789:in Helsinki. Several
506:. She also worked in
78:âgrandmother Selmaâ.
19:
1296:Elina Ojala (1990).
906:Suomen elÀmÀkerrasto
872:Kirsti Kena (2006).
408:bacterial infections
406:became common. Also
380:As a consequence of
138:missionary Weikkolin
1235:Ojala 1990, p. 112.
1226:Ojala 1990, p. 111.
1208:Ojala 1990, p. 106.
1199:Ojala 1990, p. 104.
627:. Mission director
161:Finnish Nationalism
90:. Her parents were
60:Onandjokwe Hospital
1369:, 15 January 2009.
1275:. Stampworld. 2015
1142:Ojala 1990, p. 99.
1124:Ojala 1990, p. 94.
1106:Ojala 1990, p. 66.
1097:Ojala 1990, p. 91.
1016:Ojala 1990, p. 42.
971:Ojala 1990, p. 33.
926:Ojala 1990, p. 21.
805:, and in 1935 the
239:and observed that
113:and as an author.
22:
1431:Health in Namibia
912:]. Helsinki:
622:League of Nations
525:venereal diseases
411:to replace them.
311:of her thoughts.
307:to the patients.
183:, she studied in
120:and was issued a
45:South West Africa
31:, 21 March 1873,
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797:Acknowledgements
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419:Rainio falls ill
267:corrugated metal
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1421:1939 deaths
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548:Malta fever
461:Spanish flu
382:World War I
355:World War I
301:evangelists
245:childbirths
153:HĂ€me Nation
1380:Categories
1279:2015-05-08
844:References
815:posthumous
791:newspapers
725:Oukwanyama
675:quarantine
638:, king of
579:erysipelas
468:stretchers
453:meningitis
445:chickenpox
433:sustenance
425:Swakopmund
275:operations
217:Oshindonga
76:Kuku Selma
68:Ovamboland
52:missionary
41:Onandjokwe
33:SaarijÀrvi
751:Uno Paunu
721:Uno Paunu
564:influenza
397:groceries
197:, in the
193:, and in
187:, in the
147:the same
126:paralyzed
118:JyvÀskylÀ
54:with the
738:In 1936
688:medicine
667:rat meat
640:Uukwambi
601:Anglican
568:LĂŒderitz
500:Ăvermark
484:furlough
404:beriberi
386:food aid
370:oblivion
362:European
324:cultural
297:Windhoek
271:pharmacy
241:midwives
225:patients
195:TĂŒbingen
111:folklore
92:Chaplain
47:) was a
1290:Sources
822:Nampost
729:Eenhana
702:Kavango
660:surgery
648:Kavango
636:Iipumbu
556:anthrax
552:leprosy
537:English
512:Sulkava
449:measles
429:malaria
237:Ovambos
235:of the
185:Hamburg
122:diploma
107:infancy
98:in the
64:Ondonga
62:in the
49:Finnish
37:Finland
1349:2008.
884:
826:stamps
767:tumour
740:rabies
733:Engela
671:plague
593:Engela
529:pounds
508:Keuruu
459:. The
455:, and
351:Russia
305:Gospel
293:nurses
221:famine
213:Oniipa
181:Africa
165:Russia
149:autumn
130:doctor
96:clergy
72:Engela
29:Lilius
1313:[
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644:exile
605:Odibo
472:death
457:mumps
249:horse
914:WSOY
882:ISBN
695:mill
546:and
510:and
316:Cape
279:Rev.
163:and
646:in
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