66:
857:
691:
347:
222:
481:, and would become the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate (although he ordered the White Palace to be restored, it remained in decay). After the foundation of Baghdad, the decline of al-Mada'in became faster, and many of the inhabitants resettled in Baghdad, while the Church of the East patriarch and the exilarch were forced to move to the city. Nevertheless, the patriarch
1524:
453:
1529:
73:
312:, reconquered his domains. During his reign, some of the great fame of al-Mada'in decreased, due to the popularity of Khosrau's new winter residence, Dastagerd. In 628, a deadly plague hit al-Mada'in and the rest of the western part of the Sasanian Empire, which even killed Khosrau's son and successor,
274:'s communistic attempts had plunged Persia and led a successful military revolt that achieved political independence for the Jews of Mahoza. The Jewish state lasted seven years until 502 CE, when Kavad finally defeated Mar-Zutra and punished him with crucifixion on the bridge of Mahoza.
377:
quickly seized
Valashabad and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of Rumiya and Behrasir. Terms of the treaty were that the inhabitants of Rumiya were allowed to leave if they wanted to, but if they did not, they were forced to acknowledge Muslim authority, and also pay tribute
443:
was made the governor of al-Mada'in, and later in 701, Hanzala ibn al-Warrad and Ibn 'Attab ibn Warqa' were appointed as the combined governors of the metropolis. Some time later, the governorship of al-Mada'in was abolished.
232:
According to Perso-Arabic sources, Ctesiphon, the capital of the
Sasanian Empire, was greatly enlarged and flourished during their rule, thus turning into a metropolis, which was known by in Arabic as al-Mada'in, and in
1230:
The
Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and
476:
killed at the same place. In 755, the White Palace of al-Mada'in was destroyed under the orders of al-Mansur, who wanted to create a new city, which would later get completed in 762, and would be known as
829:. But at the same time people also moved to the metropolis from Kufa, Basra, and other places. Prominent figures such as Hilal ibn Khabab (who was from Kufa) and Nasr ibn Hajib al-Qurashi (who was from
392:, nobles, and troops. However, the Muslims had managed to take some of the troops captive, and many riches were seized from the Sasanian treasury and given to the Muslim troops. In 637 Sa`d made
293:
name meaning "better than
Antioch, Khosrow built this". It was known by the locals of the place as Rumagan ("town of the Romans"), while the Arabs knew it as al-Rumiya (also spelled Rumiya).
508:
as their leader. The rebels also managed to capture
Baghdad's surrounding regions, which included al-Mada'in. One year later, al-Mada'in was recaptured by al-Ma'mun's Persian officer
237:
as Mahoza. The oldest inhabited places of al-Mada'in was on its eastern side, which in Arabic sources is called "the Old City", where the residence of the
Sasanians, known as the
1433:
624:
made several incursions into Iraq, and even captured al-Mada'in. In 1002, they defended al-Mada'in from a counter-attack by Sharaf al-Dawla's brother and successor,
804:
was one of these Arab leaders from Kufa, and is known to have had a
Christian or Jewish woman from al-Mada'in as his wife, who, he, however, was forced by the
249:
248:), known as Mahoza by the Jews, Kokhe by the Christians, and Behrasir by the Arabs. Veh-Ardashir was populated by many wealthy Jews, and was the seat of the
1763:
423:
served as the governor of the metropolis in 663, and another person named Ishaq ibn Mas'ud served as its governor in 685. The
Azariqa, a faction of the
1426:
674:. They then openly revolted, and attacked the leader of the mosque and his supporters, with ended in a Muslim defeat. The Muslims then complained to
330:. Al-Mada'in then continued to be involved in constant fighting between two factions of the Sasanian Empire, the Pahlav (Parthian) faction under the
1768:
241:, was located. The southern side of al-Mada'in was known as Aspanbar, which was known by its prominent halls, riches, games, stables, and baths.
1297:
1273:
393:
1419:
632:
between a combined Asadis-Uqaylids army and a Buyid army under Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj, who had received reinforcements by
Bedouins and the
1405:
833:) also moved to al-Mada'in. A very small minority of Zoroastrians also seems to have lived in the metropolis, such as the father of the
616:, who conquered Fars and Kerman. In 987, Sharaf al-Dawla captured al-Mada'in and then conquered the rest of Iraq. Between 999-1002, the
1783:
116:
1358:
1326:
1068:
796:, and figures of prominent Muslim families, who were, unlike the rest of population, not tribal. A companion of the Islamic prophet
1691:
868:
Al-Mada'in has received considerable interest from archaeologists since the 18th century; the most famous landmark there is the
516:
950:
482:
1180:
1653:
209:(r. 309–379 CE). According to another folklore, the names of five (or seven) cities that al-Mada'in comprised were Aspanbur,
86:
973:
65:
1241:
270:. After the king denied Jews the right to organize their own militia, Mar-Zutra took advantage of the confusion into which
1673:
1663:
524:
436:
32:
777:. However, a portion of Persians remained there, and some important figures of these people are known to have provided
420:
1442:
432:
366:, who had since 633 invaded the territories of the Sasanian Empire, defeated them during a great battle known as the
844:
and married a local woman, who bore him Babak. During the 13th century, the majority of al-Mada'in's population was
1350:
1318:
1259:
367:
1058:
428:
1648:
1250:
363:
171:
585:, however by 975 the rebels were defeated. However, one year later, after the death of the Buyid supreme leader
472:
briefly held his court at Rumiya (which was included in al-Mada'in). He also had his prominent military officer
1788:
1668:
1224:
774:
238:
504:, who then marched towards Baghdad. In 817, the people of Baghdad revolted, and proclaimed the Abbasid prince
440:
1696:
1658:
1643:
1220:
540:
1773:
1638:
1633:
1210:
914:
801:
639:. The battle ended in a Buyid victory, and resulted in the reconquest of al-Mada'in and the rest of Iraq.
385:
814:
to divorce because of the population of marriageable Muslim women in the metropolis was enough to marry.
1706:
1618:
1488:
577:
seized al-Mada'in including the rest of Iraq, and made the Caliph his vassal. In 974, the
Turkish rebel
397:
1580:
505:
389:
331:
788:
During the early Islamic period, the population of al-Mada'in consisted of tribal Arab leaders from
1595:
1478:
1458:
520:
199:
194:, who named it Kardbandad. The city was then later rebuilt by the legendary Iranian king Zab, the
1793:
1778:
1734:
1565:
1555:
1508:
1289:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
409:
384:). When the Muslim military officer (and one of the companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad)
286:
845:
574:
535:(r. 902–908) further ruined al-Mada'in by digging it up for building materials to construct the
1585:
1483:
1354:
1322:
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461:
416:
374:
195:
183:
898:
552:
427:, attacked al-Mada'in in 687/8, and massacred its inhabitants. The city was then governed by
1701:
1613:
1575:
1550:
1463:
1185:
837:
830:
817:
However, during this period much of the population of al-Mada'in resettled in the cities of
782:
544:
501:
309:
678:
secretary and requested for aid. Al-Nasir agreed to help, and had the synagogue destroyed.
1623:
1570:
1545:
1340:
1308:
1283:
750:
621:
613:
609:
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323:, but the latter was shortly assassinated by the supporters of Khosrau II's daughter, the
297:
203:
159:
102:
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1228:
1724:
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1336:
1254:
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742:
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401:
290:
245:
856:
690:
346:
1757:
1503:
651:
594:
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335:
301:
737:
During the Sasanian period, population of al-Mada'in was heavily mixed, it included
1628:
1513:
1450:
1307:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". In
945:
904:
754:
725:
The tomb of Salman the Persian was restored during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan
605:. 'Adud al-Dawla eventually managed to emerge victorious, and conquer all of Iraq.
582:
489:
308:
from Iraq, and conquered the region. One year later, Khosrau II, with aid from the
267:
244:
The western side was known as Veh-Ardashir (meaning "the good city of Ardashir" in
210:
1369:
497:
17:
1344:
1312:
1287:
1473:
869:
263:, Mahoza (as the Jews called the city) was the scene of a Jewish revolt led by
221:
1468:
1411:
1346:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1314:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
978:
Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Yerushalmi, and Midrashic Literature
933:
910:
834:
766:
617:
578:
536:
532:
473:
424:
320:
305:
253:
1201:
464:
captured al-Mada'in and the rest of Iraq, and declared themselves as the new
47:
34:
1523:
884:
861:
671:
581:
seized al-Mada'in and much of Iraq from Mu'izz al-Dawla's son and successor
512:, and by the next year, Iraq was once again under the control of al-Ma'mun.
469:
465:
313:
278:
226:
206:
167:
151:
1528:
753:. Several religions were also practiced in the metropolis, which included
527:, was put charge in the defense of al-Mada'in in 865. The Abbasid caliphs
370:. The Arabs then attacked Ctesiphon, and seized some parts of al-Mada'in.
879:
805:
797:
738:
726:
675:
636:
557:
405:
388:
arrived to al-Mada'in, it was completely desolated, due to flight of the
324:
264:
213:, Hanbu Shapur, Darzanidan, Veh Jondiu-Khosrow, Nawinabad and Kardakadh.
187:
155:
452:
1742:
1716:
826:
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355:
351:
282:
260:
234:
191:
608:
After the death of 'Adud al-Dawla in 983, he was succeeded by his son
808:
746:
667:
629:
319:
In 629, al-Mada'in was briefly under the control of Mihranid usurper
271:
143:
500:(r. 813–833), al-Mada'in was captured in 812 by al-Ma'mun's general
1683:
1493:
855:
822:
818:
570:
451:
380:
345:
327:
220:
163:
1605:
1537:
888:
811:
789:
663:
598:
147:
91:
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793:
778:
685:
682:
Mongol, Jalairid, Kara Koyunlu, Timurid, and Aq Qoyunlu period
456:
Map of Iraq and surrounding regions in the early ninth century
781:
with presents, which he, however, refused to take. After the
1060:
A Prince Without a Kingdom: The Exilarch in the Sasanian Era
419:, which had put an end to the Rashidun Caliphate. A certain
186:, al-Mada'in was constructed by the legendary Iranian kings
589:, a civil war ensured between Izz al-Dawla and his cousin,
350:
Map of the Muslim expansion and the Muslim world under the
1146:
1144:
773:
rule. Much of the population fled from al-Mada'in after
285:
to the south of Aspanbur, a place which became known as
984:
The Martyrdom and History of Blessed Simeon Bar Sabba'e
701:
658:, invaded Iraq and made the Buyid ruler of the region,
150:. It was located between the ancient royal centers of
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
769:, who continued to be mentioned in al-Mada'in during
666:
of al-Mada'in complained about the construction of a
561:
rule over Iraq. The battle ended in a Baridi defeat.
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
932:
The site partially overlaps with the modern town of
785:, the Persian population of al-Mada'in disappeared.
729:(r. 1623-40) and was further restored in 1904-1905.
110:
1733:
1715:
1682:
1604:
1536:
1449:
1240:
1179:
1135:
1090:
1063:. Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, German. p. 295.
396:responsible for the defense of al-Mada'in, and
875:Excavation sites and ancient suburbs include:
612:, who, however, met resistance by his brother
259:In 495, during the turbulent reign of Emperor
1427:
8:
415:In 661, al-Mada'in was under control of the
142:) was an ancient metropolis situated on the
628:(r. 988–1012). A battle shortly ensured at
304:repelled the newly ascended Sasanian ruler
127:
1434:
1420:
1412:
1260:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
170:, in a tradition that continued after the
1268:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 331–339.
485:founded a hospital at al-Mada'in in 790.
166:as a synonym for the Sasanian capital of
891:, whose exact location is not confirmed)
1408:(extract from the Encyclopedia of Iran)
1371:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4
1162:
1150:
961:
334:and the Parsig (Persian) faction under
1114:
1102:
1044:
995:
1385:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
439:briefly occupied al-Mada'in. In 697,
281:(r. 531–579) resettled captives from
27:Ancient metropolis in modern-day Iraq
7:
1339:(1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In
1292:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
643:Seljuq period and Abbasid insurgency
120:
1209:Morony, Michael (2009). "MADĀʾEN".
523:, a relative of the Iranian prince
412:was buried in al-Mada'in in 656/7.
400:as the governor of al-Mada'in. The
252:. To the south of Veh-Ardashir was
106:
1368:Kröger, Jens (1993). "CTESIPHON".
775:the Arab capture of the metropolis
72:
25:
1764:Ancient cities of the Middle East
1406:The Shahr (province) of Asuristan
887:(previously thought to have been
404:companion of the Islamic prophet
1527:
1522:
1188:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
689:
71:
64:
1769:Former populated places in Iraq
951:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
907:(Also Bahurasir, Coche, Choche)
765:. The population also included
433:Yazid ibn al-Harith al-Shaybani
1654:Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz
1196:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1136:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
901:, Asbanabr, Aspanbar, Asfanur)
496:(r. 809–813), and his brother
435:. In 696, the Kharjite leader
162:. The city's name was used by
1:
1664:Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn
541:battle occurred at al-Mada'in
539:in Baghdad. In August 942, a
468:. In 754, the Abbasid caliph
1379:Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005).
525:Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
437:Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
429:Kardam ibn Martad ibn Najaba
394:al-Qa'qa' ibn 'Amr al-Tamimi
373:The Muslim military officer
250:Church of the East patriarch
1443:Holiest sites in Shia Islam
662:, his vassal. In 1199, the
517:Abbasid civil war (865–866)
342:Rashidun and Umayyad period
178:Foundation and constitution
111:
90:Location within modern-day
1810:
1674:Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd
1351:Cambridge University Press
1319:Cambridge University Press
1234:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
721:Safavid and Ottoman period
647:In 1055, the ruler of the
555:, who both fought for the
1784:Jewish Babylonian history
1649:Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar
1520:
913:(Balashkert), founded by
492:(809–813) between Caliph
431:, and some time later by
421:Simak ibn 'Ubayd al-'Absi
202:(r. 356–323 BCE) and the
158:, and was founded by the
117:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1669:Imamzade Hossein, Qazvin
1178:Neggaz, Nassima (2021).
1057:Geoffrey Herman (2012).
670:that was close to their
296:In 590, a member of the
1697:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque
1659:Tomb of Hassan Modarres
1644:Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza
840:, who had resettled in
733:Population and religion
441:Mutarrif ibn al-Mughira
368:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
1692:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque
1639:Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine
1634:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
1194:Encyclopaedia of Islam
865:
802:Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
698:This section is empty.
457:
359:
229:
1707:Uwais al-Qarni Mosque
1619:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
1489:Great Mosque of Mecca
1225:Margoliouth, David S.
1212:Encyclopaedia Iranica
859:
455:
398:Shurahbil ibn al-Simt
390:Sasanian royal family
349:
224:
172:Arab conquest of Iran
1581:Great Mosque of Kufa
1353:. pp. 250–305.
1126:Madelung, "Banu Saj"
1091:Shapur Shahbazi 2005
569:In 945, the Iranian
506:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
332:House of Ispahbudhan
87:class=notpageimage|
1596:Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
1479:Masjid al-Qiblatayn
1459:al-Masjid al-Nabawi
1374:. pp. 446–448.
1239:Rekaya, M. (1991).
1117:, pp. 335–336.
998:, pp. 446–448.
846:Twelver Shia Muslim
543:between a combined
386:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
200:Alexander the Great
44: /
1566:Imam Husayn Shrine
1556:Al-Hannanah Mosque
1509:Mina, Saudi Arabia
1381:"SASANIAN DYNASTY"
1184:. In Fleet, Kate;
866:
458:
410:Salman the Persian
375:Khalid ibn 'Urfuta
360:
287:Weh Antiok Khosrow
230:
18:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1751:
1750:
1586:Maytham al-Tammar
1484:The Seven Mosques
1464:al-Baqi' Cemetery
1321:. pp. 1–57.
1299:978-0-582-40525-7
1275:978-90-04-08112-3
1221:Amedroz, Henry F.
1138:, pp. 31–32.
792:, leaders of the
718:
717:
660:Al-Malik al-Rahim
531:(r. 892–902) and
510:al-Hasan ibn Sahl
417:Umayyad Caliphate
48:33.100°N 44.583°E
16:(Redirected from
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1702:Al-Nuqtah Mosque
1614:Imam Reza shrine
1576:Al-Askari Shrine
1551:Al-Sahlah Mosque
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700:You can help by
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521:Abu'l-Saj Devdad
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310:Byzantine Empire
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1274:
1251:van Donzel, E.
1236:
1217:
1206:
1186:Krämer, Gudrun
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1165:, p. 293.
1155:
1153:, p. 224.
1140:
1128:
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986:, col. 810-811
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897:(Also written
892:
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860:Great arch of
853:
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763:Zoroastrianism
734:
731:
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719:
716:
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683:
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626:Baha' al-Dawla
591:'Adud al-Dawla
575:Ahmad ibn Buya
566:
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462:Abbasid family
449:
448:Abbasid period
446:
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291:Middle Persian
246:Middle Persian
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53:33.100; 44.583
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652:Seljuk Empire
650:
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638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
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587:Rukn al-Dawla
584:
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564:
562:
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551:army and the
550:
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341:
339:
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336:Piruz Khosrow
333:
329:
326:
322:
317:
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311:
307:
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302:Bahram Chobin
299:
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182:According to
177:
175:
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118:
113:
104:
100:
93:
88:
67:
60:
57:
19:
1629:Shah Cheragh
1590:
1514:Mount Arafat
1451:Saudi Arabia
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1370:
1345:
1313:
1288:
1265:
1258:
1229:
1211:
1193:
1181:"al-Madāʾin"
1163:Kennedy 2004
1158:
1151:Kennedy 2004
1131:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1059:
1052:
991:
983:
977:
964:
946:Firuz Shapur
931:
905:Veh Ardashir
874:
867:
816:
787:
755:Christianity
736:
724:
706:
702:adding to it
697:
646:
607:
593:, who ruled
583:Izz al-Dawla
568:
565:Buyid period
556:
514:
490:Fourth Fitna
487:
460:In 750, the
459:
414:
379:
372:
364:Muslim Arabs
362:In 636, the
361:
318:
295:
276:
268:Mar-Zutra II
258:
243:
239:White Palace
231:
211:Veh-Ardashir
181:
123:
98:
97:
29:
1474:Quba Mosque
1255:Pellat, Ch.
1242:"al-Maʾmūn"
1115:Rekaya 1991
1103:Rekaya 1991
1045:Morony 2009
996:Kröger 1993
925:Tell Dhahab
919:al-Ma’aridh
915:Vologases I
870:Taq-i Kisra
862:Taq-i Kisra
529:al-Mu'tadid
515:During the
488:During the
51: /
1758:Categories
1591:Al-Mada'in
1469:Mount Uhud
1264:Volume VI:
1076:15 January
974:"מָחוֹזָא"
957:References
934:Salman Pak
911:Valashabad
852:Archeology
842:Azerbaijan
835:Khurramite
821:and Kufa,
767:Manicheans
676:al-Nasir's
579:Sabuktakin
537:Taj Palace
533:al-Muqtafi
474:Abu Muslim
425:Kharijites
358:caliphates
354:and early
321:Shahrbaraz
306:Khosrow II
254:Valashabad
196:Macedonian
137:the cities
112:al-Madāʾin
99:Al-Mada'in
79:al-Madāʾin
1794:Ctesiphon
1779:Babylonia
1735:Palestine
1202:1873-9830
885:Ctesiphon
848:farmers.
751:Assyrians
709:July 2014
672:synagogue
498:al-Ma'mun
483:Timothy I
470:al-Mansur
466:caliphate
314:Kavadh II
279:Khosrow I
227:Ctesiphon
207:Shapur II
168:Ctesiphon
152:Ctesiphon
1390:30 March
1286:(2004).
1266:Mahk–Mid
1257:(eds.).
1192:(eds.).
940:See also
895:Aspanbur
880:Seleucia
831:Khorasan
806:Rashidun
798:Muhammad
794:Banu Azd
743:Persians
739:Arameans
727:Murad IV
637:Annazids
622:Uqaylids
620:and the
558:de facto
545:Hamdanid
406:Muhammad
325:banbishn
277:In 540,
265:Exilarch
188:Tahmuras
156:Seleucia
1743:Al-Aqsa
1717:Lebanon
1343:(ed.).
1311:(ed.).
1172:Sources
899:Isbanir
827:Baghdad
771:Umayyad
759:Judaism
656:Tughril
634:Kurdish
573:prince
553:Baridis
549:Turkish
494:al-Amin
479:Baghdad
402:Persian
356:Abbasid
352:Umayyad
283:Antioch
261:Kavad I
235:Aramaic
225:Map of
192:Hushang
131:
107:المدائن
39:44°35′E
36:33°06′N
1357:
1325:
1296:
1272:
1253:&
1200:
1067:
864:, 1921
825:, and
809:Caliph
761:, and
749:, and
747:Greeks
668:mosque
649:Turkic
630:Hillah
618:Asadis
603:Kerman
601:, and
272:Mazdak
144:Tigris
124:Māḥozā
103:Arabic
1684:Syria
1494:Kaaba
1245:. In
823:Wasit
819:Basra
571:Buyid
381:jizya
328:Boran
198:king
164:Arabs
121:מחוזא
1606:Iran
1538:Iraq
1392:2014
1355:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1231:Ta'i
1198:ISSN
1078:2014
1065:ISBN
982:Cf.
889:Opis
812:Umar
790:Kufa
664:Jews
599:Oman
595:Fars
289:, a
184:myth
154:and
148:Iraq
128:lit.
92:Iraq
779:Ali
704:.
190:or
1760::
1383:.
1262:.
1249:;
1223:;
1143:^
1003:^
976:.
972:.
936:.
872:.
800:,
757:,
745:,
741:,
654:,
597:,
519:,
408:,
338:.
316:.
300:,
256:.
174:.
126:;
119::
115:;
109:,
105::
1435:e
1428:t
1421:v
1394:.
1363:.
1331:.
1302:.
1278:.
1215:.
1204:.
1093:.
1080:.
1047:.
980:.
711:)
707:(
547:-
378:(
140:'
134:'
101:(
20:)
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