1970:, but it can be safely stored and handled if well-developed codes and standards are followed. Its advantage is that it needs no further conversion to operate within a SCR and is typically favoured by large industrial SCR operators. Aqueous ammonia must be first vaporized in order to be used, but it is substantially safer to store and transport than anhydrous ammonia. Urea is the safest to store, but requires conversion to ammonia through thermal decomposition. At the end of the process, the purified exhaust gasses are sent to the boiler or condenser or other equipment, or discharged into the atmosphere.
2592:
38:
2035:. In applications that use exhaust gas boilers, ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate can accumulate on the boiler tubes, reducing steam output and increasing exhaust back-pressure. In marine applications, this can increase fresh water requirements as the boiler must be continuously washed to remove the deposits.
2582:
manufacturers developed an aftertreatment system that includes the use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). As the DPF does not function with low-sulfur diesel fuel, diesel engines that conform to 2007 EPA emissions standards require ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) to prevent damage to the DPF.
2149:
catalyst surface area effectively. Another facet of tuning involves determining the proper ammonia flow for all process conditions. Ammonia flow is in general controlled based on NOx measurements taken from the gas stream or preexisting performance curves from an engine manufacturer (in the case of
2163:
is an industry term for ammonia passing through the SCR unreacted. This occurs when ammonia is injected in excess, temperatures are too low for ammonia to react, or the catalyst has been poisoned. In applications using both SCR and an alkaline scrubber, the use of high-sulfur fuels also tend to
2148:
Most SCRs require tuning to properly perform. Part of tuning involves ensuring a proper distribution of ammonia in the gas stream and uniform gas velocity through the catalyst. Without tuning, SCRs can exhibit inefficient NOx reduction along with excessive ammonia slip due to not utilizing the
2042:(a clay planting pot is a good example of what SCR catalyst feels like). This porosity is what gives the catalyst the high surface area needed for reduction of NOx. However, soot, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, silica compounds, and other fine particulates can easily clog the pores.
2583:
After a brief transition period, ULSD fuel became common at fuel pumps in the United States and Canada. The 2007 EPA regulations were meant to be an interim solution to allow manufacturers time to prepare for the more stringent 2010 EPA regulations, which reduced NOx levels even further.
2649:(EPA) standards, but in July 2012 Navistar announced it would be pursuing SCR technology for its engines, except on the MaxxForce 15 which was to be discontinued. Caterpillar ultimately withdrew from the on-highway engine market prior to implementation of these requirements.
2500:
and the air heater, and the ammonia is injected into the catalyst chamber through an ammonia injection grid. As in other SCR applications, the temperature of operation is critical. Ammonia slip (unreacted ammonia) is also an issue with SCR technology used in power plants.
2454:
Temperature is SCR's largest limitation. Engines all have a period during start-up where exhaust temperatures are too low, and the catalyst must be pre-heated for the desired NOx reduction to occur when an engine is first started, especially in cold climates.
2641:(DEF, a urea solution) to enable the process. DEF is available in bottles and jugs from most truck stops, and a more recent development is bulk DEF dispensers near diesel fuel pumps. Caterpillar and Navistar had initially chosen to use enhanced
1409:
2449:
1734:
1579:
243:
in 1957. Development of SCR technology continued in Japan and the US in the early 1960s with research focusing on less expensive and more durable catalyst agents. The first large-scale SCR was installed by the
2304:
1262:
586:
458:
688:
2697:
1037:
1935:
than the honeycomb types, but are much larger and more expensive. Honeycomb configurations are smaller than plate types, but have higher pressure drops and plug much more easily. A third type is
1855:
Zeolite catalysts have the potential to operate at substantially higher temperature than base metal catalysts; they can withstand prolonged operation at temperatures of 900 K (627 °C) and
1128:
1816:
catalysts, such as vanadium and tungsten, lack high thermal durability, but are less expensive and operate very well at the temperature ranges most commonly applied in industrial and utility
843:
924:
768:
2524:
of about 16,000 – 40,000 hours (1.8 – 4.5 years) in coal-fired power plants, depending on the flue gas composition, and up to 80,000 hours (9 years) in cleaner gas-fired power plants.
1927:
throughout the carrier or coated on the substrate. Like the various types of catalysts, their configuration also has advantages and disadvantages. Plate-type catalysts have lower
3085:
3054:
2977:
2571:
2050:
can remove most of these contaminants while the unit is online. The unit can also be cleaned by being washed with water or by raising the exhaust temperature.
2520:, ultrasonic horns, and careful design of the ductwork and catalyst materials to avoid plugging by the fly ash. SCR catalysts have a typical operational
3116:
2881:"Modeling of Urea Decomposition in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for Systems of Diesel Exhaust Gases Aftertreatment by Finite Volume Method"
3126:
1810:
was also developed which is applicable for the removal of NOx at low temperatures. Each catalyst component has advantages and disadvantages.
1747:. The minimum effective temperature depends on the various fuels, gas constituents, and catalyst geometry. Other possible reductants include
1268:
2310:
1585:
1420:
2546:, though in most power plants and marine engines, scrubbers are installed after the system to maximize the SCR system's effectiveness.
2187:
1139:
464:
348:
2784:
2768:
2707:
3089:
1889:
zeolite urea SCRs have been developed with approximately equal performance to that of vanadium-urea SCRs if the fraction of the
592:
2952:
2646:
3061:
2981:
2827:
2797:
1990:
from sulfur and sulfur compounds when high-sulfur fuels are used, as well as the undesirable catalyst-induced oxidation of
2599:
930:
1820:
applications. Thermal durability is particularly important for automotive SCR applications that incorporate the use of a
3121:
2057:, which will chemically degrade the catalyst itself or block the catalyst's active sites and render it ineffective at
1744:
1043:
301:
774:
2157:). Typically, all future operating conditions must be known beforehand to properly design and tune an SCR system.
849:
699:
2719:
2702:
2642:
1821:
1817:
2606:
Diesel engines manufactured after
January 1, 2010 are required to meet lowered NOx standards for the US market.
304:
diesel emissions standards for heavy trucks, cars and light commercial vehicles. As a result, emissions of NOx,
2602:
system with regeneration process that uses late fuel injection to control exhaust temperature to burn off soot.
3028:
1982:
due to known amounts of contaminants in the untreated gas. The most notable complication is the formation of
2464:
1924:
252:
1966:
Anhydrous ammonia can be stored as a liquid at approximately 10 bar in steel tanks. It is classified as an
2610:
2598:
and its
Standardized SCR Unit which combines SCR with Diesel Particulate Active Reduction (DPR). DPR is a
2574:(EPA) enacted requirements to significantly reduce harmful exhaust emissions. To achieve this standard,
2039:
1936:
3131:
2912:
2691:
2638:
2154:
2098:
2038:
Most catalysts on the market have porous structures and a geometries optimized for increasing their
2746:
2681:
1967:
342:
reaction using either anhydrous or aqueous ammonia for a selective catalytic reduction process is:
28:
3136:
2527:
2494:
2054:
2047:
1987:
1956:
308:, and hydrocarbons have been reduced by as much as 95% when compared with pre-emissions engines.
286:
130:
2813:
2764:
2169:
2134:
1952:
1856:
2839:
Gieshoff, J; M. Pfeifer; A. Schafer-Sindlinger; P. Spurk; G. Garr; T. Leprince (March 2001).
17:
2892:
2855:
2591:
2490:
2165:
1983:
1807:
1771:
1752:
2761:
Advanced
Automotive Fault Diagnosis: Automotive Technology: Vehicle Maintenance and Repair
2614:
2043:
1840:
1803:
245:
2617:
continuing to manufacture engines after this date have chosen to use SCR. This includes
2618:
2178:
1948:
1826:
1775:
339:
200:
53:
1743:(357 and 447 °C), but can operate as low as 500 K (227 °C) with longer
3110:
2579:
1928:
1748:
278:
3003:
2840:
2713:
2630:
2521:
2094:
1979:
1886:
1859:
conditions of up to 1120 K (847 °C). Zeolites also have a lower potential for
1414:
As with ammonia, several secondary reactions also occur in the presence of sulfur:
305:
260:
2801:
2634:
2595:
2517:
2150:
1824:
with forced regeneration. They also have a high catalysing potential to oxidize
294:
290:
176:
2664:
2656:
2513:
2497:
2106:
1813:
1791:
1783:
251:
Commercial selective catalytic reduction systems are typically found on large
1739:
The ideal reaction has an optimal temperature range between 630 and 720
334:. Before entering the catalyst chamber, ammonia, or other reductant (such as
239:
using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the
2676:
2560:
2543:
2071:
reduction, and in severe cases this can result in the ammonia or urea being
1920:
1916:
1872:
331:
240:
219:
110:
2925:
2897:
2880:
2859:
2609:
All of the heavy-duty engine (Class 7-8 trucks) manufacturers except for
2539:
2482:
2138:
2122:
2118:
1919:
catalysts and plate catalysts. The honeycomb form usually consists of an
1795:
1787:
1764:
184:
180:
172:
77:
73:
37:
2660:
2622:
2575:
2564:
2535:
2509:
2130:
2114:
2102:
1963:. All those three reductants are widely available in large quantities.
1939:, comprising only about 10% of the market in power plant applications.
1932:
1799:
1767:
1404:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 NO2 + 2 CO(NH2)2 -> 7/2 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2}}}
114:
2444:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 OH- + (NH4)2SO4 -> 2 NH3 + SO4^2- + 2 H2O}}}
1729:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO(NH2)2 + 2 H2SO4 + H2O -> 2 NH4HSO4 + CO2}}}
300:
SCR systems are now the preferred method for meeting Tier 4 Final and
2879:
Kuternowski, Filip; Staszak, Maciej; Staszak, Katarzyna (July 2020).
2626:
2531:
2486:
2126:
2110:
1882:
1740:
338:), is injected and mixed with the gases. The chemical equation for a
256:
1574:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO(NH2)2 + H2SO4 + H2O -> (NH4)2SO4 + CO2}}}
2590:
2299:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 OH- + NH4HSO4 -> NH3 + SO4^2- + 2 H2O}}}
2072:
1779:
1257:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 NO + CO(NH2)2 -> 5/2 N2 + 2 H2O + CO2}}}
222:
93:
36:
2667:
have used SCR technology in some of their passenger diesel cars.
581:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + 2 NH3 + 1/2 O2 -> 3/2 N2 + 3 H2O}}}
2505:
2142:
1960:
1878:
1852:, which can be extremely damaging due to its acidic properties.
453:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NO + 2 NH3 + 1/2 O2 -> 2 N2 + 3 H2O}}}
335:
282:
147:
2698:
Exhaust gas recirculation versus selective catalytic reduction
2652:
2493:
and industry. In general, the SCR unit is located between the
58:
2164:
significantly increase ammonia slip, since compounds such as
2145:), and many heavy metal compounds (e.g. oxides and halides).
330:
reduction reaction takes place as the gases pass through the
2181:
ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate back into ammonia:
683:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO + NO2 + 2 NH3 -> 2 N2 + 3 H2O}}}
2841:"Advanced Urea Scr Catalysts for Automotive Applications"
2434:
2393:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2289:
2248:
2232:
2219:
1915:. The two most common catalyst geometries used today are
1722:
1706:
1693:
1670:
1654:
1641:
1621:
1608:
1567:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1501:
1485:
1472:
1456:
1443:
1397:
1374:
1354:
1328:
1315:
1287:
1250:
1231:
1211:
1185:
1172:
1116:
1103:
1087:
1074:
1058:
1025:
1012:
999:
978:
965:
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912:
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740:
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653:
633:
613:
571:
551:
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499:
479:
443:
423:
403:
377:
2953:"2010 EPA Emissions Standards And Diesel Exhaust Fluid"
2467:, the same basic technology is employed for removal of
1334:
1191:
795:
704:
531:
505:
383:
2313:
2190:
1778:, and active catalytic components are usually either
1588:
1423:
1271:
1142:
1046:
1032:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + H2SO4 -> (NH4)2SO4}}}
933:
852:
777:
702:
595:
467:
351:
2542:before the SCR system to increase the life of the
2443:
2298:
1728:
1573:
1403:
1256:
1122:
1031:
918:
837:
762:
682:
580:
452:
2637:. These engines require the periodic addition of
2508:-fired boilers is the binding of the catalyst by
1951:are currently used in SCR applications including
1123:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3 + H2SO4 -> NH4HSO4}}}
3029:"Caterpillar exits on-highway engine business"
2823:
2821:
838:{\displaystyle {\ce {SO2 + 1/2 O2 -> SO3}}}
2572:United States Environmental Protection Agency
919:{\displaystyle {\ce {SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4}}}
763:{\displaystyle {\ce {1/8 S8 + O2 -> SO2}}}
8:
2783:"Environmental Effects of Nitrogen Oxides".
277:by 70-95%. More recent applications include
183:. As the reaction drives toward completion,
2688:conversion but does not use urea or ammonia
2798:"CarbonCatalysts | CarboTech AC GMBH"
215:), in the case of urea use, are produced.
2896:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2408:
2403:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2263:
2258:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2189:
1931:and are less susceptible to plugging and
1721:
1716:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1669:
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1653:
1648:
1640:
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1602:
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1511:
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1437:
1429:
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1422:
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1249:
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1230:
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1220:
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1205:
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1179:
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1158:
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1115:
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993:
985:
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366:
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352:
350:
2930:Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan
2504:A significant operational difficulty in
2172:
1871:oxidation and thus decrease the related
2731:
2053:Of more concern to SCR performance are
7:
1763:SCR catalysts are made from various
171:) solution, is added to a stream of
2567:" was introduced in 2004 in Japan.
2563:, and the first practical product "
1978:Most catalysts are given a finite
693:With several secondary reactions:
25:
2785:Electric Power Research Institute
2708:Selective non-catalytic reduction
2538:can all be removed by installing
2745:Steam: Its Generation and Uses.
2928:[CSR System "FLENDS"].
2848:Society of Automotive Engineers
2647:Environmental Protection Agency
2621:(DD13, DD15, and DD16 models),
281:, such as those found on large
3117:Pollution control technologies
3055:"BMW BluePerformance – AdBlue"
2850:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
2376:
2350:
2334:
2235:
1676:
1611:
1595:
1528:
1512:
1507:
1446:
1430:
1331:
1318:
1302:
1188:
1175:
1159:
1133:With urea, the reactions are:
1090:
1002:
986:
981:
886:
818:
743:
636:
528:
406:
263:and have been shown to reduce
1:
3127:Air pollution control systems
2980:. Hino Motors. Archived from
2763:. Routledge. pp. 49–50.
2600:diesel particulate filtration
2559:SCR was applied to trucks by
2516:. This requires the usage of
2093:emissions. These poisons are
261:municipal solid waste boilers
46:Selective catalytic reduction
18:Selective Catalytic Reduction
2978:"Hino Standardized SCR Unit"
1806:. Another catalyst based on
2951:Mark Quasius (1 May 2013).
1901:is 20% to 50% of the total
3153:
2645:(EEGR) to comply with the
26:
3086:"BMW maintenance: AdBlue"
2720:Vehicle emissions control
2703:Environmental engineering
2684:, which also catalyzes NO
2643:exhaust gas recirculation
2625:(ISX, ISL9, and ISB6.7),
2561:Nissan Diesel Corporation
1947:Several nitrogen-bearing
1822:diesel particulate filter
27:Not to be confused with
2611:Navistar International
2603:
2445:
2300:
1730:
1575:
1405:
1258:
1124:
1033:
920:
839:
764:
684:
582:
454:
179:and is reacted onto a
56:, also referred to as
52:) means of converting
42:
2898:10.3390/catal10070749
2594:
2446:
2301:
2155:reciprocating engines
2099:alkaline earth metals
2040:specific surface area
1731:
1576:
1406:
1259:
1125:
1034:
921:
840:
765:
685:
583:
455:
241:Engelhard Corporation
40:
2860:10.4271/2001-01-0514
2759:Denton, Tom (2021).
2747:Babcock & Wilcox
2692:Diesel exhaust fluid
2639:diesel exhaust fluid
2587:2010 EPA regulations
2311:
2188:
1770:materials used as a
1586:
1421:
1269:
1140:
1044:
931:
850:
775:
700:
593:
465:
349:
2926:"尿素CSRシステム（FLENDS）"
2682:Catalytic converter
2436:
2416:
2395:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2291:
2271:
2250:
2234:
2221:
1724:
1708:
1695:
1672:
1656:
1643:
1623:
1610:
1569:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1503:
1487:
1474:
1458:
1445:
1399:
1376:
1356:
1330:
1317:
1289:
1252:
1233:
1213:
1187:
1174:
1118:
1105:
1089:
1076:
1060:
1027:
1014:
1001:
980:
967:
951:
914:
901:
882:
866:
833:
817:
791:
758:
742:
726:
675:
655:
635:
615:
573:
553:
527:
501:
481:
445:
425:
405:
379:
41:CATALYTIC REDUCTION
29:Selective reduction
3122:Chemical processes
2604:
2565:Nissan Diesel Quon
2441:
2424:
2399:
2383:
2363:
2337:
2332:
2296:
2279:
2254:
2238:
2222:
2209:
1988:ammonium bisulfate
1726:
1712:
1696:
1683:
1660:
1644:
1631:
1598:
1593:
1571:
1557:
1541:
1515:
1510:
1491:
1475:
1462:
1433:
1428:
1401:
1387:
1364:
1344:
1343:
1305:
1300:
1277:
1254:
1240:
1221:
1201:
1200:
1162:
1157:
1120:
1106:
1093:
1077:
1064:
1048:
1029:
1015:
989:
984:
968:
955:
939:
916:
902:
889:
870:
854:
835:
821:
805:
804:
779:
760:
746:
730:
714:
713:
680:
663:
643:
623:
603:
578:
561:
541:
540:
515:
514:
489:
469:
450:
433:
413:
393:
392:
367:
287:diesel locomotives
257:industrial boilers
72:with the aid of a
43:
2915:; SCR technology:
2814:CarboTech AC GmbH
2439:
2427:
2402:
2386:
2366:
2340:
2322:
2294:
2282:
2257:
2241:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2075:and a subsequent
1968:inhalation hazard
1953:anhydrous ammonia
1715:
1699:
1686:
1675:
1663:
1647:
1634:
1601:
1592:
1560:
1544:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1478:
1465:
1436:
1427:
1390:
1379:
1367:
1347:
1342:
1308:
1299:
1280:
1243:
1236:
1224:
1204:
1199:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1109:
1096:
1080:
1067:
1051:
1018:
992:
971:
958:
942:
905:
892:
885:
873:
857:
824:
808:
803:
782:
749:
733:
717:
712:
678:
666:
646:
626:
606:
599:
576:
564:
544:
539:
518:
513:
492:
472:
448:
436:
416:
396:
391:
370:
359:
115:anhydrous ammonia
78:diatomic nitrogen
16:(Redirected from
3144:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3088:. Archived from
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3060:. Archived from
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3033:Today's Trucking
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3004:"The DPR Future"
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2984:on 5 August 2014
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2828:DOE presentation
2825:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2800:. Archived from
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2532:sulfur compounds
2491:power generation
2480:
2479:
2478:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2175:
2125:, heavy metals (
2092:
2091:
2090:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2044:Ultrasonic horns
2034:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1984:ammonium sulfate
1923:ceramic applied
1914:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1808:activated carbon
1753:ammonium sulfate
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1000:
997:
990:
979:
976:
969:
966:
963:
956:
950:
947:
940:
925:
923:
922:
917:
915:
913:
910:
903:
900:
897:
890:
883:
881:
878:
871:
865:
862:
855:
844:
842:
841:
836:
834:
832:
829:
822:
816:
813:
806:
796:
790:
787:
780:
769:
767:
766:
761:
759:
757:
754:
747:
741:
738:
731:
725:
722:
715:
705:
689:
687:
686:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
664:
654:
651:
644:
634:
631:
624:
614:
611:
604:
597:
587:
585:
584:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
562:
552:
549:
542:
532:
526:
523:
516:
506:
500:
497:
490:
480:
477:
470:
459:
457:
456:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
434:
424:
421:
414:
404:
401:
394:
384:
378:
375:
368:
357:
332:catalyst chamber
329:
328:
327:
276:
275:
274:
238:
237:
236:
214:
213:
212:
198:
197:
196:
170:
169:
168:
160:
159:
145:
143:
142:
128:
127:
126:
108:
106:
105:
91:
90:
89:
71:
69:
68:
34:Chemical process
21:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2733:
2728:
2694:(DEF) or AdBlue
2687:
2673:
2589:
2557:
2552:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1957:aqueous ammonia
1945:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1804:precious metals
1761:
1745:residence times
1584:
1583:
1419:
1418:
1267:
1266:
1138:
1137:
1042:
1041:
929:
928:
848:
847:
773:
772:
698:
697:
591:
590:
463:
462:
347:
346:
326:
321:
320:
319:
317:
314:
273:
268:
267:
266:
264:
253:utility boilers
246:IHI Corporation
235:
230:
229:
228:
226:
211:
208:
207:
206:
204:
195:
192:
191:
190:
188:
167:
164:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
153:
151:
141:
138:
137:
136:
134:
131:aqueous ammonia
125:
122:
121:
120:
118:
104:
101:
100:
99:
97:
88:
85:
84:
83:
81:
67:
62:
61:
60:
57:
54:nitrogen oxides
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3077:
3046:
3035:. Jun 13, 2008
3020:
2995:
2969:
2943:
2917:
2904:
2871:
2831:
2817:
2789:
2776:
2769:
2751:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2619:Detroit Diesel
2588:
2585:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2512:from the fuel
2473:
2465:power stations
2460:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2370:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2317:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2085:
2063:
2029:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1975:
1972:
1944:
1941:
1929:pressure drops
1907:
1895:
1865:
1845:
1831:
1776:titanium oxide
1760:
1757:
1737:
1736:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1690:
1681:
1678:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1581:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1412:
1411:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1275:
1264:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1113:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1039:
1022:
1009:
1004:
996:
988:
983:
975:
962:
954:
946:
937:
926:
909:
896:
888:
877:
869:
861:
845:
828:
820:
812:
802:
799:
794:
786:
770:
753:
745:
737:
729:
721:
711:
708:
691:
690:
670:
661:
658:
650:
641:
638:
630:
621:
618:
610:
602:
588:
568:
559:
556:
548:
538:
535:
530:
522:
512:
509:
504:
496:
487:
484:
476:
460:
440:
431:
428:
420:
411:
408:
400:
390:
387:
382:
374:
365:
362:
355:
340:stoichiometric
322:
313:
310:
279:diesel engines
269:
231:
209:
201:carbon dioxide
193:
165:
156:
139:
123:
102:
86:
63:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3149:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3092:on 2017-01-04
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3067:on 2017-01-08
3063:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3009:. Hino Motors
3005:
2999:
2996:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2932:(in Japanese)
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:Nox Reduction
2908:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2804:on 2015-12-08
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2770:9781000178388
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:diesel engine
2577:
2573:
2570:In 2007, the
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2307:
2284:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2227:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:alkali metals
2088:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1959:or dissolved
1958:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:homogeneously
1922:
1918:
1910:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:, or various
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:cyanuric acid
1746:
1742:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1688:
1679:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1603:
1582:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1438:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1293:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1245:
1237:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1111:
1098:
1082:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1040:
1020:
1007:
994:
973:
960:
952:
944:
935:
927:
907:
894:
875:
867:
859:
846:
826:
810:
800:
797:
792:
784:
771:
751:
735:
727:
719:
709:
706:
696:
695:
694:
668:
659:
656:
648:
639:
628:
619:
616:
608:
600:
589:
566:
557:
554:
546:
536:
533:
520:
510:
507:
502:
494:
485:
482:
474:
461:
438:
429:
426:
418:
409:
398:
388:
385:
380:
372:
363:
360:
353:
345:
344:
343:
341:
337:
333:
325:
311:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
242:
234:
224:
221:
216:
202:
186:
182:
178:
174:
149:
132:
116:
112:
95:
79:
75:
70:
66:
55:
51:
47:
39:
30:
19:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3080:
3069:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:the original
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2929:
2920:
2907:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2851:
2847:
2834:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2792:
2779:
2760:
2754:
2714:NOx adsorber
2651:
2608:
2605:
2569:
2558:
2526:
2503:
2474:
2462:
2459:Power plants
2453:
2161:Ammonia slip
2160:
2159:
2151:gas turbines
2147:
2086:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2048:soot blowers
2037:
1980:service life
1977:
1965:
1946:
1908:
1877:
1854:
1812:
1762:
1738:
1413:
1132:
692:
323:
315:
306:particulates
299:
291:gas turbines
270:
250:
232:
217:
113:, typically
64:
49:
45:
44:
3132:NOx control
3039:29 December
2957:FamilyRVing
2936:28 November
2615:Caterpillar
2550:Automobiles
2518:sootblowers
1974:Limitations
1784:base metals
295:automobiles
177:exhaust gas
3111:Categories
3096:2017-01-15
3071:2017-01-15
2962:3 December
2911:Emigreen;
2891:(7): 749.
2865:2009-05-18
2808:2015-11-27
2726:References
2665:Volkswagen
2657:Daimler AG
2596:Hino truck
2578:and other
2514:combustion
2498:economizer
2107:phosphorus
1949:reductants
1943:Reductants
1937:corrugated
1814:Base metal
1792:molybdenum
1774:, such as
218:Selective
3137:Catalysis
2885:Catalysts
2677:Acid rain
2540:scrubbers
2481:from the
2413:−
2377:⟶
2325:−
2268:−
2236:⟶
2202:−
1917:honeycomb
1887:exchanged
1873:corrosion
1857:transient
1786:(such as
1759:Catalysts
1677:⟶
1508:⟶
1332:⟶
1189:⟶
1091:⟶
982:⟶
887:⟶
819:⟶
744:⟶
637:⟶
529:⟶
407:⟶
312:Chemistry
248:in 1978.
223:reduction
220:catalytic
111:reductant
2671:See also
2544:catalyst
2522:lifetime
2489:used in
2483:flue gas
2139:thallium
2123:chromium
2119:antimony
2103:halogens
2077:increase
2073:oxidized
1921:extruded
1800:zeolites
1796:tungsten
1788:vanadium
185:nitrogen
181:catalyst
146:), or a
74:catalyst
3013:30 July
2988:30 July
2663:), and
2661:BlueTEC
2623:Cummins
2576:Cummins
2555:History
2536:fly ash
2528:Poisons
2510:fly ash
2495:furnace
2487:boilers
2135:mercury
2131:cadmium
2115:arsenic
2055:poisons
1933:fouling
1875:risks.
1772:support
1768:ceramic
199:), and
92:), and
2787:, 1989
2767:
2710:(SNCR)
2629:, and
2627:Paccar
2534:, and
2179:reduce
2171:Ca(OH)
2141:, and
2127:copper
2111:sulfur
1883:copper
1881:- and
1818:boiler
1780:oxides
1765:porous
302:EURO 6
293:, and
259:, and
3065:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
3007:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2716:(LNT)
2631:Volvo
2177:will
1838:into
283:ships
152:CO(NH
109:). A
94:water
76:into
3041:2017
3015:2014
2990:2014
2964:2021
2938:2021
2765:ISBN
2659:(as
2635:Mack
2613:and
2506:coal
2168:and
2166:NaOH
2153:and
2143:lead
2046:and
2014:and
1986:and
1961:urea
1879:Iron
1794:and
1751:and
336:urea
316:The
173:flue
148:urea
2893:doi
2856:doi
2653:BMW
2485:of
2463:In
2224:HSO
2079:in
2002:to
1798:),
1782:of
1698:HSO
1108:HSO
225:of
175:or
129:),
50:SCR
3113::
3031:.
2955:.
2889:10
2887:.
2883:.
2854:.
2846:.
2820:^
2734:^
2655:,
2530:,
2469:NO
2401:SO
2385:NH
2365:SO
2339:NH
2321:OH
2256:SO
2240:NH
2211:NH
2198:OH
2137:,
2133:,
2129:,
2121:,
2117:,
2113:,
2109:,
2105:,
2101:,
2097:,
2081:NO
2059:NO
2025:SO
2004:SO
1992:SO
1955:,
1903:NO
1891:NO
1861:SO
1841:SO
1827:SO
1790:,
1755:.
1714:CO
1685:NH
1646:SO
1600:NH
1591:CO
1559:CO
1543:SO
1517:NH
1477:SO
1435:NH
1426:CO
1389:CO
1307:NH
1298:CO
1279:NO
1242:CO
1164:NH
1155:CO
1149:NO
1095:NH
1079:SO
1050:NH
1017:SO
991:NH
970:SO
941:NH
904:SO
856:SO
823:SO
781:SO
748:SO
625:NH
605:NO
598:NO
491:NH
471:NO
369:NH
358:NO
318:NO
297:.
289:,
285:,
265:NO
255:,
227:NO
205:CO
144:OH
135:NH
119:NH
59:NO
3099:.
3074:.
3043:.
3017:.
2992:.
2966:.
2940:.
2901:.
2895::
2868:.
2858::
2852:1
2811:.
2773:.
2749:.
2686:x
2633:/
2475:x
2438:O
2430:2
2426:H
2421:2
2418:+
2410:2
2405:4
2397:+
2389:3
2380:2
2369:4
2356:2
2351:)
2343:4
2335:(
2330:+
2316:2
2293:O
2285:2
2281:H
2276:2
2273:+
2265:2
2260:4
2252:+
2244:3
2228:4
2215:4
2207:+
2193:2
2173:2
2087:x
2065:x
2030:4
2021:2
2016:H
2009:3
1997:2
1909:x
1896:2
1885:-
1866:2
1846:3
1832:2
1741:K
1718:2
1710:+
1702:4
1689:4
1680:2
1674:O
1666:2
1662:H
1658:+
1650:4
1637:2
1633:H
1628:2
1625:+
1617:2
1612:)
1604:2
1596:(
1563:2
1555:+
1547:4
1534:2
1529:)
1521:4
1513:(
1505:O
1497:2
1493:H
1489:+
1481:4
1468:2
1464:H
1460:+
1452:2
1447:)
1439:2
1431:(
1393:2
1384:2
1381:+
1378:O
1370:2
1366:H
1361:4
1358:+
1350:2
1346:N
1340:2
1337:7
1324:2
1319:)
1311:2
1303:(
1294:2
1291:+
1283:2
1274:3
1246:2
1238:+
1235:O
1227:2
1223:H
1218:2
1215:+
1207:2
1203:N
1197:2
1194:5
1181:2
1176:)
1168:2
1160:(
1152:+
1145:3
1112:4
1099:4
1083:4
1070:2
1066:H
1062:+
1054:3
1021:4
1008:2
1003:)
995:4
987:(
974:4
961:2
957:H
953:+
945:3
936:2
908:4
895:2
891:H
884:O
876:2
872:H
868:+
860:3
827:3
811:2
807:O
801:2
798:1
793:+
785:2
752:2
736:2
732:O
728:+
720:8
716:S
710:8
707:1
677:O
669:2
665:H
660:3
657:+
649:2
645:N
640:2
629:3
620:2
617:+
609:2
601:+
575:O
567:2
563:H
558:3
555:+
547:2
543:N
537:2
534:3
521:2
517:O
511:2
508:1
503:+
495:3
486:2
483:+
475:2
447:O
439:2
435:H
430:3
427:+
419:2
415:N
410:2
399:2
395:O
389:2
386:1
381:+
373:3
364:2
361:+
354:2
324:x
271:x
233:x
210:2
203:(
194:2
189:N
187:(
166:2
161:)
157:2
150:(
140:4
133:(
124:3
117:(
107:O
103:2
98:H
96:(
87:2
82:N
80:(
65:x
48:(
31:.
20:)
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