278:(preventing hydroperoxide formation), a low level of Se can be somewhat (but not wholly) compensated by a high level of vitamin E. (In the animal, localization of peroxidases and vitamin E differs, partly because of the fat-solubility of vitamin E.) Some studies have indicated that about 0.12 or 0.23 mg Se per kg of dry matter intake may be sufficient for avoiding Se deficiency in sheep in some circumstances. However, a somewhat higher Se intake may be required for avoidance of WMD where certain legumes are consumed. The cyanogenic glycosides in some white clover (
262:
of the cases of WMD ("white muscle disease"), evidenced at slaughter or during necropsy by the whitish appearance of striated muscle tissue due to bleaching by peroxides and hydroperoxides. Although this degenerative disease can occur in foals, pigs, and other animal species, ruminants are particularly susceptible. In general, absorption of dietary selenium is lower in ruminants than in non-ruminants and is lower from forages than from grain. Sheep are more susceptible than cattle to WMD, and goats are more susceptible than sheep. Because of selenium's role in certain
55:
29:
79:, a critical nutrient in many species. Deficiency, although relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals, can have significant negative results, affecting the health of the heart and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation.
261:
In some regions (e.g. much of the northeastern and northwestern US and adjacent Canada, and southeastern US), selenium deficiency in some animal species is common unless supplementation is carried out. Selenium deficiency is responsible (either alone or together with vitamin E deficiency) for many
291:
In areas where selenium deficiency in livestock is a concern, selenium (as selenite) may be supplemented in feed. In some countries, e.g. the US and Canada, such supplementation is regulated. Neonate ruminants at risk of WMD may be administered both Se and vitamin E by injection; some of the WMD
1085:
1070:
244:
of China have indicated a reduction in the prevalence of these diseases by taking selenium supplements. In
Finland, selenium salts are added to chemical fertilizers, as a way to increase selenium in soils. Dietary supplements may utilize
184:-deficient soil may be at risk for deficiency. Increased risk for developing various diseases has also been noted, even when certain individuals lack optimal amounts of selenium, but not enough to be classified as deficient.
284:) varieties may influence the Se requirement, presumably because of cyanide from the aglycone released by glucosidase activity in the rumen and inactivation of glutathione peroxidases by the effect of absorbed cyanide on the
947:
Whanger, P. D.; Weswig, P. H.; Oldfield, J. E.; Cheeke, P. R.; Muth, O. H. (1972). "Factors influencing selenium and white muscle disease: forage types, salts, amino acids and dimethyl sulfoxide".
989:
Kraus, Richard J.; Prohaska, Joseph R.; Ganther, Howard E. (September 1980). "Oxidized forms of ovine erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase cyanide inhibition of a 4-glutathione:4-selenoenzyme".
216:
for adults is 55 ÎĽg/day. In the UK it is 75 ÎĽg/day for adult males and 60 ÎĽg/day for adult females. The 55 ÎĽg/day recommendation is based on the full expression of plasma
240:
due to the loss of selenium from croplands. These diseases are most common in certain parts of China where the intake is low because the soil is extremely deficient in selenium. Studies in
801:
Varo, P; Alfthan, G; Ekholm, P; Aro, A; Koivistoinen, P (1 August 1988). "Selenium intake and serum selenium in
Finland: effects of soil fertilization with selenium".
1139:
511:
Ravaglia, Giovanni; Forti, Paola; Maioli, Fabiola; Bastagli, Luciana; Facchini, Andrea; Mariani, Erminia; Savarino, Lucia; Sassi, Simonetta; et al. (2000).
441:
Moreno-Reyes, Rodrigo; Suetens, Carl; Mathieu, Françoise; Begaux, Françoise; Zhu, Dun; Rivera, Maria T.; Boelaert, Marleen; Nève, Jean; et al. (1998).
685:
783:
237:
1035:
931:
899:
874:
849:
126:
tissue. Keshan disease also makes the body more susceptible to illness caused by other nutritional, biochemical, or infectious diseases.
1132:
595:
Moosmann, B; Behl, C (2004). "Selenoproteins, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and the consequences: Revisiting of the mevalonate pathway".
1214:
1156:
1442:
1410:
1125:
209:
1566:
1219:
224:
is a better indicator of selenium nutritional status, and full expression of it would require more than 66 ÎĽg/day.
1489:
232:
Selenium deficiency is uncommon, but regions in China, Europe, Russia, and New
Zealand have low levels of selenium in
187:
For some time now, it has been reported in medical literature that a pattern of side effects possibly associated with
170:
513:"Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged ≥90 y"
724:
1512:
213:
1224:
1302:
217:
174:
1462:
1395:
1263:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1344:
1325:
54:
1479:
1457:
1089:
111:
100:
212:(EFSA) recommends a dietary allowance of 70 ÎĽg per day selenium intake for adults. In the US, the
1530:
1387:
1186:
716:
577:
493:
472:
142:
1571:
1502:
1497:
1452:
1447:
1289:
1276:
1100:
1031:
1006:
927:
895:
870:
845:
818:
764:
708:
666:
658:
612:
569:
534:
464:
391:
340:
154:
96:
43:
741:
Xia, Yiming; Hill, Kristina E; Byrne, Daniel W; Xu, Jiayuan; Burk, Raymond F (1 April 2005).
236:
and diet. The worldwide prevalence of selenium deficiency is however predicted to rise under
1415:
1330:
998:
921:
810:
754:
700:
648:
604:
561:
524:
454:
381:
371:
330:
322:
280:
241:
134:
967:
1437:
1432:
246:
221:
1472:
923:
Nutrient
Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids
443:"Kashin–Beck Osteoarthropathy in Rural Tibet in Relation to Selenium and Iodine Status"
386:
359:
335:
310:
250:
138:
92:
88:
1094:
686:"From Selenium to Selenoproteins: Synthesis, Identity, and Their Role in Human Health"
565:
1560:
1507:
1405:
1002:
635:
Razaghi, Ali; Poorebrahim, Mansour; Sarhan, Dhifaf; Björnstedt, Mikael (2021-09-01).
267:
48:
720:
581:
552:
Moosmann, B; Behl, C (2004). "Selenoprotein synthesis and side-effects of statins".
412:
1425:
1400:
1354:
1148:
476:
1025:
839:
1545:
1535:
1420:
1176:
1166:
459:
442:
285:
271:
188:
1105:
653:
636:
95:, which is potentially fatal. Selenium deficiency also contributes (along with
1237:
1195:
608:
376:
263:
104:
662:
1079:
968:"The metabolism and toxicity of cyanides and cyanogenic glycosides in sheep"
814:
759:
742:
529:
512:
275:
166:
150:
130:
123:
768:
712:
670:
616:
573:
538:
395:
344:
292:
myopathies respond only to Se, some only to vitamin E, and some to either.
28:
1010:
822:
704:
637:"Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research"
468:
1540:
1250:
1209:
1171:
233:
181:
119:
107:
76:
36:
1062:
326:
1349:
743:"Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China"
192:
115:
1338:
1074:
146:
129:
Selenium is also necessary for the conversion of the thyroid hormone
684:
Papp, Laura Vanda; Lu, Jun; Holmgren, Arne; Khanna, Kum Kum (2007).
360:"Selenium–Fascinating Microelement, Properties and Sources in Food"
920:
Committee on the
Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants (2007).
309:
Weeks, Benjamin S.; Hanna, Mirna S.; Cooperstein, Deborah (2012).
1121:
1117:
422:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 2003
865:
Jensen, Rue; Swift, Brinton L.; Kimberling, Cleon V. (1988).
177:, and also in persons of advanced age (i.e., over 90).
195:) may resemble the pathology of selenium deficiency.
137:(T3), and as such a deficiency can cause symptoms of
75:
occurs when an organism lacks the required levels of
1052:
1523:
1488:
1386:
1317:
1194:
1185:
1155:
1056:
165:It can occur in patients with severely compromised
62:
42:
21:
991:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology
844:(6th ed.). National Academies Press. 1985.
420:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
834:
832:
488:
486:
1133:
311:"Dietary selenium and selenoprotein function"
8:
915:
913:
911:
103:. The primary symptom of Keshan disease is
1191:
1140:
1126:
1118:
1053:
803:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
747:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
53:
27:
18:
758:
652:
528:
458:
385:
375:
334:
110:, leading to the weakening of the heart.
87:Selenium deficiency in combination with
301:
517:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
133:(T4) into its more active counterpart
7:
966:Coop, I. E.; Blakely, R. L. (1949).
867:Jensen and Swift's Diseases of Sheep
630:
628:
626:
413:"Toxicological Profile for Selenium"
407:
405:
180:People dependent on food grown from
892:The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock
788:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
693:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
14:
597:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
358:Kieliszek, Marek (3 April 2019).
270:to alcohols) and because of the
447:New England Journal of Medicine
175:gastrointestinal bypass surgery
66:compromised intestinal function
1024:Kahn, Cynthia M., ed. (2005).
841:Nutrient Requirements of Sheep
782:Johnson, Larry E. (May 2020).
210:European Food Safety Authority
1:
890:Underwood, Eric John (1999).
566:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15739-5
498:Office of Dietary Supplements
1003:10.1016/0005-2744(80)90004-2
926:. National Academies Press.
1215:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1027:The Merck Veterinary Manual
460:10.1056/NEJM199810153391604
228:Epidemiology and prevention
169:function, those undergoing
1588:
654:10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.013
641:European Journal of Cancer
171:total parenteral nutrition
1220:Wernicke's encephalopathy
609:10.1016/j.tcm.2004.08.003
377:10.3390/molecules24071298
249:, L-selenomethionine, or
35:
26:
214:Dietary Reference Intake
1030:(9th ed.). Wiley.
315:Medical Science Monitor
251:selenium-enriched yeast
191:-lowering drugs (e.g.,
218:glutathione peroxidase
91:infection can lead to
1396:Electrolyte imbalance
1264:Pyridoxine deficiency
1238:Riboflavin deficiency
972:N. Z. J. Sci. Technol
869:. Lea & Febiger.
815:10.1093/ajcn/48.2.324
784:"Selenium Deficiency"
760:10.1093/ajcn/81.4.829
705:10.1089/ars.2007.1528
530:10.1093/ajcn/71.2.590
173:, those who have had
155:recurrent miscarriage
1567:Mineral deficiencies
1374:Vitamin K deficiency
1368:Vitamin E deficiency
1345:Vitamin D deficiency
1326:Vitamin A deficiency
1225:Korsakoff's syndrome
257:In non-human animals
141:, including extreme
118:, degeneration, and
327:10.12659/msm.883258
112:Kashin-Beck disease
101:Kashin-Beck disease
73:Selenium deficiency
22:Selenium deficiency
1388:Mineral deficiency
1187:Vitamin deficiency
321:(8): RA127–RA132.
145:, mental slowing,
83:Signs and symptoms
1554:
1553:
1503:Failure to thrive
1498:Delayed milestone
1382:
1381:
1360:Harrison's groove
1290:Folate deficiency
1277:Biotin deficiency
1115:
1114:
1037:978-0-911910-50-6
933:978-0-309-10213-1
901:978-0-85199-128-3
876:978-0-8121-1099-9
851:978-0-309-03596-5
97:iodine deficiency
70:
69:
16:Medical condition
1579:
1192:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1015:
1014:
986:
980:
979:
963:
957:
956:
944:
938:
937:
917:
906:
905:
887:
881:
880:
862:
856:
855:
836:
827:
826:
798:
792:
791:
779:
773:
772:
762:
738:
732:
731:
729:
723:. Archived from
690:
681:
675:
674:
656:
632:
621:
620:
592:
586:
585:
549:
543:
542:
532:
508:
502:
501:
490:
481:
480:
462:
438:
432:
431:
429:
427:
417:
409:
400:
399:
389:
379:
355:
349:
348:
338:
306:
281:Trifolium repens
242:Jiangsu Province
204:Reference ranges
135:triiodothyronine
58:
57:
31:
19:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1519:
1484:
1378:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1206:
1181:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1065:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1018:
988:
987:
983:
965:
964:
960:
946:
945:
941:
934:
919:
918:
909:
902:
889:
888:
884:
877:
864:
863:
859:
852:
838:
837:
830:
800:
799:
795:
781:
780:
776:
740:
739:
735:
727:
688:
683:
682:
678:
634:
633:
624:
594:
593:
589:
560:(9412): 892–4.
551:
550:
546:
510:
509:
505:
492:
491:
484:
453:(16): 1112–20.
440:
439:
435:
425:
423:
415:
411:
410:
403:
357:
356:
352:
308:
307:
303:
298:
259:
247:sodium selenite
230:
222:Selenoprotein P
206:
201:
163:
85:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:Keshan disease
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:Protein-energy
1153:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1082:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:Classification
1050:
1049:External links
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1016:
981:
958:
949:Nutr. Rep. Int
939:
932:
907:
900:
882:
875:
857:
850:
828:
809:(2): 324–329.
793:
774:
753:(4): 829–834.
733:
730:on 2019-02-28.
699:(7): 775–806.
676:
622:
587:
544:
503:
482:
433:
401:
350:
300:
299:
297:
294:
268:hydroperoxides
258:
255:
238:climate change
229:
226:
205:
202:
200:
197:
162:
159:
139:hypothyroidism
93:Keshan disease
89:Coxsackievirus
84:
81:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
46:
40:
39:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:Short stature
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:Bitot's spots
1329:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
969:
962:
959:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
929:
925:
924:
916:
914:
912:
908:
903:
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
872:
868:
861:
858:
853:
847:
843:
842:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
794:
789:
785:
778:
775:
770:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
734:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
680:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:(7): 273–81.
602:
598:
591:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
545:
540:
536:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
504:
499:
495:
489:
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:
434:
421:
414:
408:
406:
402:
397:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
351:
346:
342:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
305:
302:
295:
293:
289:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
256:
254:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
198:
196:
194:
190:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
80:
78:
74:
65:
61:
56:
50:
49:Endocrinology
47:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1467:
1355:Osteomalacia
1159:malnutrition
1149:Malnutrition
1099:
1084:
1069:
1026:
1019:
997:(1): 19–26.
994:
990:
984:
975:
971:
961:
952:
948:
942:
922:
891:
885:
866:
860:
840:
806:
802:
796:
787:
777:
750:
746:
736:
725:the original
696:
692:
679:
644:
640:
600:
596:
590:
557:
553:
547:
523:(2): 590–8.
520:
516:
506:
497:
450:
446:
436:
424:. Retrieved
419:
367:
363:
353:
318:
314:
304:
290:
279:
266:(converting
260:
231:
207:
186:
179:
164:
128:
86:
72:
71:
1546:Underweight
1536:Weight loss
1177:Catabolysis
1167:Kwashiorkor
647:: 256–267.
370:(7): 1298.
286:glutathione
272:antioxidant
264:peroxidases
189:cholesterol
114:results in
1561:Categories
1513:Idiopathic
1463:Molybdenum
1307:deficiency
1196:B vitamins
1101:DiseasesDB
978:: 277–291.
494:"Selenium"
296:References
167:intestinal
105:myocardial
1443:Manganese
1421:Potassium
1416:Phosphate
1411:Magnesium
1303:Vitamin B
663:0959-8049
364:Molecules
276:vitamin E
234:croplands
199:Diagnosis
151:cretinism
131:thyroxine
124:cartilage
44:Specialty
1572:Selenium
1541:Cachexia
1531:Anorexia
1480:Fluorine
1468:Selenium
1458:Chromium
1406:Chloride
1251:Pellagra
1210:Beriberi
1172:Marasmus
955:: 21–37.
894:. CABI.
769:15817859
721:38176932
713:17508906
671:34392068
617:15542379
582:43675310
574:15031036
539:10648276
396:30987088
345:22847213
288:moiety.
274:role of
182:selenium
120:necrosis
108:necrosis
77:selenium
37:Selenium
1524:General
1401:Calcium
1350:Rickets
1011:7426660
823:2841842
477:2485235
469:9770558
387:6480557
336:3560698
193:statins
143:fatigue
116:atrophy
1490:Growth
1453:Iodine
1448:Copper
1426:Sodium
1339:Scurvy
1034:
1009:
930:
898:
873:
848:
821:
767:
719:
711:
669:
661:
615:
580:
572:
554:Lancet
537:
475:
467:
394:
384:
343:
333:
161:Causes
153:, and
147:goiter
63:Causes
51:
1318:Other
1106:11941
1095:269.3
728:(PDF)
717:S2CID
689:(PDF)
578:S2CID
473:S2CID
426:7 Sep
416:(PDF)
99:) to
1438:Zinc
1433:Iron
1090:9-CM
1032:ISBN
1007:PMID
928:ISBN
896:ISBN
871:ISBN
846:ISBN
819:PMID
765:PMID
709:PMID
667:PMID
659:ISSN
613:PMID
570:PMID
535:PMID
465:PMID
428:2015
392:PMID
341:PMID
208:The
1372:K:
1366:E:
1343:D:
1337:C:
1324:A:
1086:ICD
1080:E59
1071:ICD
999:doi
995:615
811:doi
755:doi
701:doi
649:doi
645:155
605:doi
562:doi
558:363
525:doi
455:doi
451:339
382:PMC
372:doi
331:PMC
323:doi
122:of
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1298:12
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1296:B
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1283:B
1272:7
1270:B
1259:6
1257:B
1246:3
1244:B
1233:2
1231:B
1205:1
1203:B
1141:e
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1127:v
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