336:
felt needs are not the only kind of needs that a person may have. If a need is satisfied it may not be felt as intensely as an unsatisfied need of lesser importance in terms of overall happiness. Thus, the strength with which a need is felt at a certain point in time does not necessarily indicate that it makes a greater contribution to the overall SPQL than other needs, which are felt less intensely or unfelt at all at that point in time because they are satisfied. Hence, the strength of individual preferences and needs was evaluated not only through questions such as “how important is fulfillment of this need to your overall happiness?” but also with questions such as “if this need were unfulfilled, how would it affect your overall happiness?”
305:
theories of SWB, positive affect and negative affect, and mood. The theoretical framework for the third axis was based on theories that conceptually differentiate between different categories of needs. Different categories of needs, in turn, are sorted into four general categories of needs composing the third axis. The measurement of an individual's level of functionality across social, psychological, and health factors was integrated in the third axis. This integration was accomplished through evaluating the strength and fulfillment of an individual's needs for optimal functioning across these factors.
543:), esteem (e.g., recognition, confidence); (b) ego-centered self-conscious needs (underpinned by self-conscious emotions, that is, emotions which require self-conscious awareness and evaluations), such as pride and honor (e.g., from personal accomplishments vs. nurturing), and guilt and embarrassment (with a focus on how one's status has been affected vs. focusing on how others have been affected); and (c) spiritual/religious needs motivated by ego inflation or belonging emotional needs.
347:, (b) constitute major components of self-concept, and (c) correspond to the neural activity in different clusters of anatomical brain regions. Because sometimes the same anatomical brain regions are involved in different ways in neural activity associated with the four categories of needs, implicated brain regions will be distinguished based on their dominance in related processes, and based on the chronological maturation of the dominant regions.
296:
developed theoretical framework discusses the evaluation of all three SPQL axes throughout the major life stages. Thus, the framework can support the development of a next version of the scale that would accomplish this goal. Future research could explore possibilities for reducing the number of the evaluated scale items and include questions that will evaluate all three SPQL axes throughout the major life stages.
22:
170:
promotion at work, becoming a parent) on an individual's life as a whole and trace the course of their development, (e) evaluate an individual's SPQL throughout the lifespan, (f) predict depression, anxiety, and mood, and (g) assess the effectiveness of interventions intended to enhance well-being and improve quality of life on an individual level.
266:
150:(social relations index) and, in turn, performance at work, resulting in an increase in salary (financial index). Hence, in order to detect all implications of a treatment (e.g., for a phobia), a comprehensive measurement across multiple domains of an individual's life is needed. The SPQL scale can provide such a comprehensive measurement.
221:
individuals evaluate their lives and compare these measurements with the average good life of others. The SPQL scale includes well-being, emotions, and physical and mental health indices. The SPQL scale has implications for evaluating the effectiveness of a wide range of interventions intended to improve mental health and well-being.
178:
also could be used in medical settings to assess how medical treatment affects a patient's life overall and in specific aspects over time, as well as allow detecting psychological side effects. The scale could be of use to insurers because it would help in evaluating the effectiveness of mental health interventions.
573:
referred to as motivational units (MU). Motivational units have two dimensions, importance of MU to the SPQL (strength) and the degree of fulfillment. The strength of a motivational unit (MU) was determined by evaluating the capacity for the fulfillment or unfulfillment of the MU to skew the SWB baseline.
313:
The subjective well-being (SWB) baseline is maintained by psychological and biological homeostasis. Measurement of overall happiness determined the SWB baseline. A higher SWB baseline indicates a higher SPQL. People who have experienced more positive and less negative intense experiences during their
304:
Participants' responses on the inventories for each of the three SPQL axes (see
Appendixes) provided the data for the psychometric validation of the scale and for the quantitative analyses that allowed measuring the good life. The theoretical framework for the first two axes was based on the existing
546:
Humanistic and spiritual emotional needs include (a) a higher order of self-conscious altruistic needs that are not self-centered, such as pride and honor (e.g., from nurturing vs. from personal accomplishments), and guilt and embarrassment (with a focus on how others have been affected vs. focusing
187:
295:
A curve of SWB throughout the lifespan can reflect the experience of an individual's good life. Ideally, all three SPQL axes should be evaluated for each life stage. However, this would make a questionnaire too long. Although the SPQL scale measures only one SPQL axis (SWB) for each life stage, the
194:
It is safe to postulate that all people want to have a good life. Although the meaning of “a good life” may vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual, this meaning revolves around the same aspects of life across cultures. What actually varies between cultures and individuals is
177:
to evaluate the progress of treatment. This is useful for clients as well because they themselves are able to compare their initial scores with scores after intervention. Because the scale is available online, clients are able to complete the questionnaire outside of the therapy sessions. The scale
134:
is a psychological assessment instrument which is based on a comprehensive theory of the self-perceived quality of life (SPQL) and provides a multi-faceted measurement of health-related and non-health-related aspects of well-being. The scale has become an instrument of choice for monitoring quality
335:
even if their objective life circumstances are alike. Accordingly, their self-perceived QOL may vary. Hence, in order to capture a more accurate measurement of SPQL, the strength and degree of fulfillment of a wide range of human needs and preferences for life circumstances was evaluated. However,
572:
Because according to the SPQL theory an individual's motivations ensue from the idiosyncratic cluster of the four categories of needs, these four categories are proposed to compound an individual's motivational framework (MF). In the following discussion, disparate preferences and needs will be
220:
The comprehensive scale of the good life, the Self-Perceived
Quality of Life (SPQL) scale, overcame the limitations of prior approaches by integrating measurements of SWB, QOL, and functionality on an individual level, and by utilizing innovative quantification methods. The scale focused on how
157:
The scale emerged from synthesis of existing theories including: (a) subjective well-being, (b) developmental life-stages, (c) different categories of human needs, (d) quality of life, and (e) subjective evaluation processes. The scale consists of three axes: Subjective well-being, positive and
153:
The scale is designed in an electronic format. The software calculates scores automatically; this allows for advanced quantification methods. The automatic calculations and quantification methods allowed undertaking a comprehensive approach for assessing SPQL from multiple facets. A multi-facet
198:
Everything we do or do not do, wish or do not wish, and have or do not have has an explicit or an implicit relevance to how good or not good we perceive our lives to be. Because the preference for a good life over a bad life underlies all facets of our lives, understanding what constitutes and
169:
of psychiatric or psychological interventions which could occur in multiple domains of an individual's life, (b) detect the occurrence of relapses, (c) assist in evaluating the progress of recovery, (d) measure the effects of various non-normative positive and negative events (e.g., divorce,
523:
Instinctual needs include (a) sensory stimulation needs that became linked with positive or negative affect without involvement of cognitive evaluations; (b) physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sex; and (c) other physiological needs, such as those related to digestion,
252:
Because fluctuations within SPQL are likely to occur over time, a single-occasion measurement will not provide a comprehensive assessment. In order to capture a more comprehensive picture of SPQL, the SWB variable (axis) was measured retrospectively throughout three major
314:
lives (i.e., transient deviations), have a higher SPQL. Intense experiences were assessed through measuring the frequency and intensity of nonnormative transient subjective experiences of happiness/unhappiness that deviate from the SWB baseline throughout time.
273:
As people approach a life stage in their development, they face developmental tasks that they need to master in order for the transition to the next life stage to be successful. The cycle of transition from one life stage to another is marked by three phases:
322:
People who have experienced more positive and less negative subjective affective experiences (SAE) during their lives (i.e., transient deviations), have a higher SPQL. The average of positive and negative SAE was used to measure overall SAE.
551:
needs, characterized by a desire to fulfill one's potential, which are not ego-centered (e.g., desiring truth over dishonesty); and (c) spiritual/religious needs which are not motivated by ego inflation or belonging emotional
342:
for axis III fulfillment of needs. In order to measure fulfillment of needs, a broad range of human needs was sorted into four conceptually distinct categories that are (a) contingent on corresponding stages of cognitive and
555:
Cognitive needs include needs for harmony, organization, and coherence in (a) aesthetics (e.g., art, architecture, poetry, and music) and (b) intellect (sciences, information, and skills).
236:
Baseline average of overall happiness/unhappiness and transient deviations, which are measures of frequency and intensity of nonnormative transient experiences of happiness/unhappiness.
142:
may have an effect on multiple domains of an individual's life which could be captured only through a comprehensive measurement. For example, the treatment of a phobia may reduce fear (
910:
Hagerty, M.; Cummins, R.; Ferriss, A.; Land, K.; Michalos, A.; Peterson, M.; et al. (2001). "Quality of life indexes for national policy: Review and agenda for research".
195:
the availability of certain aspects of a good life, the subjective significance people assign to these aspects, and the way people evaluate these aspects of a good life.
1707:
1678:
1122:
254:
539:
Self-centered emotional needs include (a) needs for safety and security (e.g., financial stability, home), love and belonging (e.g., affectionate relationships,
1682:
1794:
1263:
758:
Corey, L.M.; Keyes, C.L.M.; Magyar-Moe, J.L. (2004). "The measurement and utility of adult subjective well-being". In Lopez, S.J.; Snyder, C.R. (eds.).
344:
1402:
1237:
98:
1827:
70:
1594:
46:
of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be
1290:
655:
77:
1315:
154:
approach, in turn, provided a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of mental health interventions (through pre- and post tests).
1735:
1674:
605:
84:
117:
1649:
66:
43:
1776:
1693:
1108:
382:
361:
202:
During the past several decades researchers investigated the concept of “the good life” based on three theoretical approaches:
1798:
1582:
1576:
135:
of life in some clinical populations, for example, it was adopted by the
Positively Sound network for women living with HIV.
565:
548:
213:
Focusing on subjective well-being (SWB) by considering an individual's level of overall happiness and life satisfaction; and
1700:
1537:
1506:
1115:
626:
39:
1433:
292:
To a lesser degree, cycles of transitions occur continually within major life stages on annual and even on daily bases.
55:
1750:
1745:
1740:
582:
675:
1771:
1755:
1716:
1610:
1599:
1448:
1428:
1310:
174:
711:"World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization"
91:
1177:
864:
Ryff, C.D. (1989). "Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being".
706:
1822:
1527:
1454:
1438:
1633:
1570:
776:
Diener, E.; Suh, E.M.; Lucas, R.E.; Smith, H.E. (1999). "Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress".
206:
Focusing on quality of life (QOL) on a population and on individual levels by considering objective and/or
32:
1817:
1486:
1242:
650:
Trakhtenberg, E. C. (2008). Self-perceived quality of life scale: Theoretical framework and development (
257:
of adult human development: Early-adulthood, mid-adulthood, and late-adulthood (see SPQL model diagram).
641:
Presentation at the annual meeting of the
American Psychological Association, San Francisco, California.
609:
623:
What constitutes happiness? Self-perceived quality of life scale: Theoretical framework and development
51:
1295:
1232:
1207:
1182:
1131:
207:
710:
216:
Focusing on an individual's level of functionality across social, psychological, and health factors.
47:
1655:
1604:
1564:
1532:
1511:
1300:
1172:
972:
1543:
1347:
1217:
1192:
927:
846:
838:
540:
332:
1588:
1459:
1397:
1382:
1372:
968:
740:
398:
393:
365:
1443:
1222:
919:
881:
873:
830:
785:
730:
722:
529:
339:
1730:
1501:
1392:
1362:
679:
147:
536:, which could elicit positive or negative affect depending on whether the needs are met.
1496:
1412:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1202:
627:
https://www.amazon.com/constitutes-happiness-Self-perceived-quality-scale/dp/3639207165
533:
139:
199:
influences a good life on an individual level has a significant value for all people.
1811:
1491:
1342:
1247:
1227:
1167:
1100:
931:
850:
726:
525:
435:
159:
143:
1407:
1352:
1305:
463:
377:
357:
282:
229:
The SPQL construct consists of three axes, each compounded from several variables:
1187:
1162:
877:
789:
387:
166:
923:
248:
A product of strength and fulfillment of a wide range of needs and preferences.
1212:
1197:
1157:
1387:
691:
Power, M.J. (2004). "Quality of life". In Lopez, S.J.; Snyder, C.R. (eds.).
429:
602:
Self-perceived quality of life scale: Theoretical framework and development
744:
331:
Individuals with the same score on SWB can differ in their evaluations of
265:
1685:
671:
439:
1135:
886:
842:
762:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 411–425.
735:
695:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 427–439.
651:
834:
760:
Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures
693:
Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures
564:
563:
264:
185:
38:
Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing
1689:
1104:
568:
Two dimensions of motivational units: strength and fulfillment.
186:
281:
Consequential reevaluation of life circumstances, values, and
15:
639:
the quality rather than intensity of subjective well-being.
288:
Adjustment and adaptation to new values and circumstances.
547:
on how one's status has been affected); (b) humanistic,
162:, and fulfillment of needs. See a model diagram below.
354:
479:
1764:
1723:
1668:
1642:
1626:
1619:
1557:
1520:
1479:
1472:
1421:
1335:
1328:
1283:
1276:
1256:
1150:
1143:
771:
769:
503:Formal operational through Postformal Operational
476:Humanistic & spiritual emotional self-concept
947:Quality of life research: A critical introduction
242:Average of overall positive and negative affect.
269:Example lifespan curve of a 69-year-old person.
146:index), which could lead to the improvement of
1019:
1017:
801:
799:
637:Trakhtenberg, E. C. (2007, August). Enhancing
452:Sensorimotor through Early Formal Operational
1701:
1116:
8:
866:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
604:. Presentation at the annual meeting of the
821:Keyes, C.L.M. (1998). "Social well-being".
473:Humanistic & spiritual emotional needs
1708:
1694:
1686:
1623:
1476:
1332:
1280:
1147:
1123:
1109:
1101:
403:
885:
734:
318:Axis II: subjective affective experiences
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1403:Social determinants of health in poverty
1238:Social determinants of health in poverty
660:Dissertation Abstracts International, 69
1765:National (subject specific deprivation)
1679:Measurements and definitions of poverty
709:Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Group (1995).
593:
560:Measuring axis III fulfillment of needs
404:Corresponding anatomical brain regions
173:This scale could be used by individual
1595:Scottish index of multiple deprivation
672:http://positivelysound.org/aboutus.htm
482:Conventional through Postconventional
239:Subjective affective experiences (SAE)
67:"Self-perceived quality-of-life scale"
1291:Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
656:Institute of Transpersonal Psychology
455:Preconventional through Conventional
449:Self-centered emotional self-concept
392:
381:
375:
372:
7:
1316:Social determinants of mental health
1059:Kohlberg, Levine, & Hewer, 1983.
912:Bulletin of Sociological Methodology
600:Trakhtenberg, E. C. (2008, August).
351:Four categories of needs on axis III
210:present or absent in people's lives;
165:The scale can (a) identify possible
132:self-perceived quality-of-life scale
1736:Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)
1683:Social responsibility organizations
1795:Information graphics about poverty
606:American Psychological Association
368:, and corresponding brain regions
14:
1650:Gender-related Development Index
20:
261:Transitions between life stages
31:may not meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1828:Psychological tests and scales
1724:National (general deprivation)
1583:Physical Quality of Life Index
1577:Multidimensional Poverty Index
1041:Brickman & Campbell, 1971.
446:Self-centered emotional needs
423:Prenatal through Sensorimotor
327:Axis III: fulfillment of needs
1:
1611:Progress out of Poverty Index
1538:Disability-adjusted life year
1507:Social determinants of health
625:. SaarbrĂĽcken, Germany: VDM.
309:Axis I: subjective well-being
1434:Homeless Vulnerability Index
900:Ware & Sherbourne, 1992.
727:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-k
621:Trakhtenberg, E. C. (2009).
278:Mastering or failing a task;
33:general notability guideline
1777:Department of Environment's
878:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
823:Social Psychology Quarterly
810:. New York: Guilford Press.
790:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
715:Social Science and Medicine
583:Quality of well-being scale
512:Cortical association zones;
487:Cortical association zones
468:Cortical association zones
233:Subjective well-being (SWB)
175:mental health professionals
1844:
1772:Underprivileged area score
1600:Townsend deprivation index
1449:Genuine progress indicator
1429:Below Poverty Line (India)
924:10.1177/075910630107100104
40:reliable secondary sources
29:The topic of this article
1791:
1751:Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)
1746:Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)
1741:Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)
1675:Income inequality metrics
1311:Poverty and mental health
1178:Environmental degradation
1011:Watson & Clark, 1994.
707:World Health Organization
420:Instinctual self-concept
411:
408:
1528:India State Hunger Index
1455:Legatum Prosperity Index
1439:Misery index (economics)
1050:Cummins & Lau, 2004.
1634:Feminization of poverty
1571:Human Development Index
500:Cognitive self-concept
356:Categories of needs by
1717:Indices of Deprivation
1487:Disability and poverty
1243:Violence against women
778:Psychological Bulletin
569:
270:
191:
1306:psychological poverty
1264:Social Progress Index
652:Doctoral dissertation
610:Boston, Massachusetts
567:
383:Cognitive development
362:cognitive development
268:
189:
1799:Poverty-related maps
1793:Commons categories:
1512:Poverty and violence
1296:Learned helplessness
1233:Social vulnerability
1208:Relative deprivation
1183:Environmental racism
808:Mood and temperament
373:Categories of needs
245:Fulfillment of needs
1656:Gender Parity Index
1605:Living Planet Index
1565:Human Poverty Index
1533:Global Hunger Index
1301:Psychological abuse
1173:Diseases of poverty
993:Harter, 1998, 1999.
945:Rapley, M. (2003).
806:Watson, D. (2000).
369:
333:standards of living
138:The improvement of
1544:Global Peace Index
1348:Culture of poverty
1218:Social deprivation
1193:Governance failure
1002:Fredrickson, 1998.
678:2011-07-27 at the
658:, Palo Alto, CA).
570:
549:self-actualization
541:sense of community
432:: Lower functions
417:Instinctual needs
376:Components of the
355:
271:
208:subjective factors
192:
35:
1805:
1804:
1785:
1784:
1664:
1663:
1589:Laeken indicators
1553:
1552:
1468:
1467:
1460:Poverty gap index
1398:Secondary poverty
1383:Poverty threshold
1373:Human trafficking
1324:
1323:
1272:
1271:
971:, Sheldon, &
721:(10): 1403–1409.
520:
519:
506:Postconventional
394:Moral development
366:moral development
345:moral development
128:
127:
120:
102:
30:
1835:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1624:
1558:Complex measures
1477:
1444:Gini coefficient
1333:
1281:
1223:Social exclusion
1148:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
966:
960:
957:
951:
950:
942:
936:
935:
907:
901:
898:
892:
891:
889:
872:(6): 1069–1081.
861:
855:
854:
818:
812:
811:
803:
794:
793:
773:
764:
763:
755:
749:
748:
738:
703:
697:
696:
688:
682:
669:
663:
648:
642:
635:
629:
619:
613:
598:
530:body temperature
497:Cognitive needs
426:Preconventional
370:
340:Conceptual model
225:Conceptual model
148:social relations
140:mental disorders
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
24:
23:
16:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1823:Quality of life
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1760:
1719:
1714:
1660:
1638:
1615:
1549:
1516:
1502:Sex trafficking
1492:Food insecurity
1464:
1417:
1393:Precarious work
1363:Extreme poverty
1320:
1268:
1252:
1139:
1129:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:Berridge, 2004.
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:Panksepp, 2000.
1031:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:. London: Sage.
944:
943:
939:
909:
908:
904:
899:
895:
863:
862:
858:
835:10.2307/2787065
820:
819:
815:
805:
804:
797:
775:
774:
767:
757:
756:
752:
705:
704:
700:
690:
689:
685:
680:Wayback Machine
670:
666:
649:
645:
636:
632:
620:
616:
599:
595:
591:
579:
562:
515:
513:
491:
486:
467:
459:
438:
396:
385:
353:
329:
320:
311:
302:
263:
227:
184:
160:negative affect
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:Physical abuse
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1413:Water scarcity
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:Income deficit
1375:
1370:
1368:Housing stress
1365:
1360:
1358:Energy poverty
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:Mental illness
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
984:Erikson, 1968.
977:
961:
952:
937:
902:
893:
856:
829:(2): 121–140.
813:
795:
784:(2): 276–302.
765:
750:
698:
683:
664:
643:
630:
614:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
578:
575:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
544:
537:
534:blood pressure
518:
517:
510:
509:Frontal lobes
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
493:
488:
485:Frontal lobes;
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
461:
458:Limbic system,
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
442:
433:
427:
424:
421:
418:
414:
413:
412:Supplementary
410:
406:
405:
402:
391:
380:
374:
352:
349:
328:
325:
319:
316:
310:
307:
301:
298:
290:
289:
286:
279:
262:
259:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
226:
223:
218:
217:
214:
211:
183:
180:
126:
125:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Mental health
1816:
1815:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Asset poverty
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:Psychological
1275:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1248:Vulnerability
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Social stigma
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:Disadvantaged
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1095:Lewis, 2000a.
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1077:Marcia, 1980.
1074:
1071:
1068:Piaget, 1952.
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1023:Maslow, 1970.
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
959:Diener, 2000.
956:
953:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
903:
897:
894:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
814:
809:
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
770:
766:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
699:
694:
687:
684:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
644:
640:
634:
631:
628:
624:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
594:
588:
584:
581:
580:
576:
574:
566:
559:
554:
550:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
526:fluid balance
522:
521:
514:Limbic system
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:Limbic system
489:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:Frontal lobes
462:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
437:
436:Limbic system
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
415:
407:
400:
395:
389:
384:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
350:
348:
346:
341:
337:
334:
326:
324:
317:
315:
308:
306:
299:
297:
293:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
267:
260:
258:
256:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
230:
224:
222:
215:
212:
209:
205:
204:
203:
200:
196:
188:
181:
179:
176:
171:
168:
163:
161:
155:
151:
149:
145:
144:mental health
141:
136:
133:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
27:
18:
17:
1673:Categories:
1408:Survival sex
1353:Debt bondage
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
964:
955:
946:
940:
915:
911:
905:
896:
869:
865:
859:
826:
822:
816:
807:
781:
777:
759:
753:
718:
714:
701:
692:
686:
667:
659:
646:
638:
633:
622:
617:
601:
596:
571:
378:self-concept
358:self-concept
338:
330:
321:
312:
303:
294:
291:
283:self-concept
272:
251:
228:
219:
201:
197:
193:
172:
167:side effects
164:
156:
152:
137:
131:
129:
114:
108:January 2014
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
1163:Child abuse
1132:Deprivation
969:Lyubomirsky
887:11323/11028
736:11323/10248
255:life stages
190:SPQL model.
44:independent
1812:Categories
1213:Self-image
1198:Hikikomori
1158:Acting out
1138:indicators
589:References
78:newspapers
52:redirected
1731:Carstairs
1643:Measures:
1521:Measures:
1422:Measures:
1388:Precariat
1257:Measures:
1188:Fushūgaku
932:147171373
918:: 58–78.
851:147675062
516:amygdala
492:amygdala
460:amygdala
430:Brainstem
409:Dominant
42:that are
1756:Townsend
1473:Physical
1329:Economic
676:Archived
577:See also
440:amygdala
399:Kohlberg
1627:Topics:
1540:(DALYs)
1480:Topics:
1336:Topics:
1284:Topics:
1151:Topics:
1136:poverty
975:, 2005.
973:Schkade
843:2787065
745:8560308
92:scholar
56:deleted
1620:Gender
1585:(PQLI)
1144:Social
930:
849:
841:
743:
552:needs.
532:, and
388:Piaget
182:Theory
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
48:merged
1669:Other
1652:(GDI)
1607:(LPI)
1579:(MPI)
1573:(HDI)
1567:(HPI)
1546:(GPI)
1451:(GPI)
928:S2CID
847:S2CID
839:JSTOR
285:; and
99:JSTOR
85:books
54:, or
1591:(EU)
1134:and
741:PMID
662:(3).
300:Axes
130:The
71:news
920:doi
882:hdl
874:doi
831:doi
786:doi
782:125
731:hdl
723:doi
1814::
1797:·
1681:·
1677:·
1016:^
926:.
916:71
914:.
880:.
870:57
868:.
845:.
837:.
827:61
825:.
798:^
780:.
768:^
739:.
729:.
719:41
717:.
713:.
674:.
654:,
608:,
528:,
401:)
390:)
364:,
360:,
50:,
1709:e
1702:t
1695:v
1124:e
1117:t
1110:v
934:.
922::
890:.
884::
876::
853:.
833::
792:.
788::
747:.
733::
725::
612:.
466:;
397:(
386:(
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
58:.
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
