58:
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orgasm, and initiating sex, greater comfort undressing in front of their partner, having sex with the lights on, trying new sexual behaviors (e.g. anal sex), and pleasing their partner sexually than those dissatisfied. Positive body image was inversely related to self-consciousness and importance of physical attractiveness, and directly related to relationships with others and overall satisfaction.
686:
African
American or European American male face for fractions of a second. These experiments found no evidence of automatic stereotype activation when perceivers were cognitively busy and when they had not received negative feedback. When perceivers had received negative feedback, however, evidence of stereotype activation emerged even when perceivers were cognitively busy.
617:
adolescents. It is probable that by promoting physical fitness, increased physical performance, lessening body mass and promoting a more favourable body shape and structure, exercise will provide more positive social feedback and recognition from peer groups, and this will subsequently lead to improvement in an individual's self-image.
426:" stereotyped group. The study began when Fein and Spencer gave participants an ostensible test of intelligence. Some of them received negative feedback, and others, positive and supportive feedback. In the second half of the experiment, the participants were asked to evaluate another person who either belonged to a
513:
Self-image disparity was found to be positively related to chronological age (CA) and intelligence. Two factors thought to increase concomitantly with maturity were capacity for guilt and ability for cognitive differentiation. However, males had larger self-image disparities than females, Caucasians
421:
Fein and
Spencer (1997) conducted a study on Self-image Maintenance and Discriminatory Behavior. This study showed evidence that increased prejudice can result from a person's need to redeem a threatened positive perception of the self. The aim of the study was to test whether a particular threat to
531:
In the earliest stages of development, infants are not aware that images in mirrors are themselves. Research was done on 88 children between 3 and 24 months. Their behaviors were observed before a mirror. The results indicated that children's awareness of self-image followed three major age-related
434:
in a more antagonistic or opposing way, than the participants who were given excellent reports on their intelligence test. They suggested that the negative feedback on the test threatened the participants' self-image and they evaluated the target in a more negative manner, all in efforts to restore
612:
Regular practice of endurance exercise was related to a more favourable body-image. There was a strong association between participation in sports and the type of personality that tends to be resistant to drug and alcohol addiction. Physical exercise was further significantly related to scores for
694:
A magazine survey that included items about body image, self-image, and sexual behaviors was completed by 3,627 women. The study found that overall self-image and body image are significant predictors of sexual activity. Women who were more satisfied with body image reported more sexual activity,
685:
Does self-image threatening feedback make perceivers more likely to activate stereotypes when confronted by members of a minority group? Participants in Study 1 saw an Asian
American or European American woman for several minutes, and participants in Studies 2 and 3 were exposed to drawings of an
616:
It is likely that discussion of recreational or exercise involvement may provide a useful point of entry for facilitating dialogue among adolescents about concerns relating to body image and self-esteem. In terms of psychotherapeutic applications, physical activity has many additional rewards for
522:
A child's self-awareness of who they are differentiates into three categories around the age of five: their social self, academic persona, and physical attributes. Several ways to strengthen a child's self-image include communication, reassurance, support of hobbies, and finding good role models.
438:
A present study extends the studies of Fein and
Spencer in which the principal behavior examined was avoidance behavior. In the study, Macrae et al. (2004) found that participants that had a salient negative stereotype of "skinheads" attached, physically placed themselves further from a skinhead
711:
Men showed significant dissatisfaction with penile size, despite perceiving themselves to be of average size. Importantly, there were significant relationships between penile dissatisfaction and comfort with others seeing their penis, and with likelihood of seeking medical advice with regard to
417:
may be the way individuals maintain their self-image. When individuals evaluate a member of a stereotyped group, they are less likely to evaluate that person negatively if their self-images had been bolstered through a self-affirmation procedure, and they are more likely to evaluate that person
404:
Another factor that contributes to a negative self-image is the beauty values of the society in which a person lives. In the
American society, a popular beauty ideal is a slimness. Oftentimes, girls believe that they do not measure up to society's "thin" standards, which leads to their having a
389:
Poor self-image may be the result of accumulated criticisms that the person collected as a child which have led to damaging their own view of themselves. Children in particular are vulnerable to accepting negative judgments from authority figures because they have yet to develop competency in
329:
is the mental picture, generally of a kind that is quite resistant to change, that depicts not only details that are potentially available to an objective investigation by others (height, weight, hair color, etc.), but also items that have been learned by persons about themselves, either from
712:
penile and/or sexual function. Given the negative consequences of low body satisfaction and the importance of early intervention in sexually related illnesses (e.g., testicular cancer), it is imperative that attention be paid to male body dissatisfaction.
613:
physical and psychological well-being. Adolescents who engaged regularly in physical activity were characterised by lower anxiety-depression scores, and displayed much less social behavioural inhibition than their less active counterparts…
401:" personalities seem to be prone to having negative self-images. This is because such people constantly set the standard for success high above a reasonable, attainable level. Thus, they are constantly disappointed in this "failure."
377:, self-schemas store information and influence the way we think and remember. For example, research indicates that information which refers to the self is preferentially encoded and recalled in memory tests, a phenomenon known as "
663:
by editing this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attributing free content correctly, or flagging the content for deletion. Please be sure that the supposed source of the copyright violation is not itself a
590:
by editing this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attributing free content correctly, or flagging the content for deletion. Please be sure that the supposed source of the copyright violation is not itself a
539:
In the second year of life, wariness and withdrawal appeared; self-admiring and embarrassed behavior accompanied those avoidance behaviors starting at 14 months, and was shown by 75% of the subjects after 20 months of
707:, analyzed how (perceived) penile size affected body satisfaction in males. Based on the responses received from 110 heterosexual individuals (67 men; 43 women) to questions on the matter, the article concluded:
390:
evaluating such comments. Also, adolescents are highly targeted to suffer from poor body-image issues. Individuals who already exhibit a low sense of self-worth may be vulnerable to develop social disorders.
439:
target compared to those in which the stereotype was not as apparent. Therefore, greater salience of a negative stereotype led participants to show more stereotype-consistent behavior towards the target.
413:
When people are in the position of evaluating others, self-image maintenance processes can lead to a more negative evaluation depending on the self-image of the evaluator. That is to say
1249:
Barnett, Marjorie C. (1968). "'I Can't' Versus 'He Won't'; Further
Considerations of the Psychical Consequences of the Anatomic and Physiological Differences Between the Sexes".
430:, or one who did not. The results of the experiment showed that the participants who had previously received unfavorable comments on their test, evaluated the target of the
514:
had larger disparities and higher ideal self-images than
African Americans, and socioeconomic status (SES) affected self-images differentially for the 2nd and 5th graders.
418:
stereotypically if their self-images have been threatened by negative feedback. Individuals may restore their self-esteem by derogating the member of a stereotyped group.
1021:
Flett, Gordon L.; Panico, Teresa; Hewitt, Paul L. (June 2011). "Perfectionism, Type A Behavior, and Self-Efficacy in
Depression and Health Symptoms among Adolescents".
1497:
Kirkcaldy, B. D.; Shephard, R. J.; Siefen, R. G. (2002). "The relationship between physical activity and self-image and problem behaviour among adolescents".
465:, where persons who existed in a digitally created world would subconsciously maintain the physical appearance that they had become accustomed to projecting.
641:
568:
660:
587:
536:
From about 6 through 12 months of age, the first prolonged and repeated reaction of an infant to their mirror image is that of a sociable “playmate”.
543:
During the last part of the second year of life, from 20 to 24 months of age, 65% of the subjects demonstrated recognition of their mirror images.
458:, or certain position of social entitlement, or lack thereof. The term was used at least as early as 1968, but was popularized in fiction by the
313:
1540:
Spencer, S. J.; Fein, S.; Wolfe, C. T.; Fong, C.; Duinn, M. A. (1998). "Automatic
Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat".
1333:
1304:
1233:
1204:
957:
880:
381:". Self-schemas are also considered the traits people use to define themselves, they draw information about the self into a coherent scheme.
1620:
Johnston, Lucy; McLellan, Tracey; McKinlay, Audrey (2014). "(Perceived) Size Really Does Matter: Male
Dissatisfaction With Penis Size".
1384:
Phillips, D. A.; Zigler, E. F. (1980). "Children's self-image disparity: Effects of age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender".
990:
1436:
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the self would instigate increased stereotyping and lead to actual discriminatory behavior or tendencies towards a member of a "
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Ackard, D. M.; Kearney-Cooke, A.; Peterson, C. B. (2000). "Effect of body image and self-image on women's sexual behaviors".
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665:
592:
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Florack, A.; Scarabis, M.; Gosejohann, S. (2005). "The Effects of Self-Image Threat on the Judgment of Out-Group Targets".
1653:
331:
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Fein, S.; Spencer, S. J. (1997). "Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others".
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91:
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These six types may or may not be an accurate representation of the person. All, some, or none of them may be true.
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394:
306:
127:
743:
455:
378:
242:
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Women remain 'depriving competitors,' and the residual self image is 'I don't have the equipment to attract men.
909:
Rogers, T. B.; Kuiper, N. A.; Kirker, W. S. (1977). "Self-Reference and the Encoding of Personal Information".
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Negative self-images can arise from a variety of factors. A prominent factor, however, is personality type.
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485:. The psychological profile of victimisation includes a pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity,
367:
A more technical term for self-image that is commonly used by social and cognitive psychologists is
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1412:"Empowering Self-Esteem in Young Kids: Proven Strategies for Parents | Kids Bedtime Stories"
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Self-image resulting from how the individual perceives how others see the individual.
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Self-image resulting from how the individual perceives the individual seeing oneself.
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Katz, P.; Zigler, E. (1967). "Self-image Disparity: A Developmental Approach".
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Self-image resulting from how others perceive how the individual sees oneself.
51:
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1437:"Tips to Build Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence in Your Child (and Yourself)"
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Self-image resulting from how others perceive how others see the individual.
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Shifting Identities, Shifting Racisms: A Feminism & Psychology Reader
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Macrae (1994). "Self-image Maintenance and Discriminatory Behavior".
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Amsterdam, B. (1972). "Mirror self-image reactions before age two".
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the judgments of others. In some formulations, it is a component of
1599:
10.1002/1098-108X(200012)28:4<422::AID-EAT10>3.0.CO;2-1
1324:
Who's Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation
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494:
474:
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Schacter, Daniel L.; Daniel T. Gilbert; Daniel M. Wegner (2011).
77:
1297:
Like a Splinter in Your Mind: The Philosophy Behind the Matrix
1006:
Adler, Ronald B.; Rosenfeld, Lawrence B.; Proctor, Russell F.
624:
551:
505:. This way of thinking can lead to hopelessness and despair.
584:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-002-0554-7
657:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672982411001
981:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. pp.
345:
Self-image resulting from how an individual sees oneself.
348:
Self-image resulting from how others see the individual.
27:
Mental picture of self that comes from different sources
1008:
Interplay: The Process of Interpersonal Communication
1060:
1058:
493:, negative thinking, strong feelings of self-guilt,
1321:
1251:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
974:
945:
861:"Negative Political Ads and American Self Images"
450:is the concept that individuals tend to think of
1189:Lankton, Stephen R.; Lankton, Carol H. (1986).
865:Presidential Campaigns and American Self Images
1499:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
1192:Enchantment and Intervention in Family Therapy
621:Automatic activation of stereotypes and threat
307:
8:
1386:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1351:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1067:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
911:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
61:A cartoon representation of one's self-image
1129:Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale
1542:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
314:
300:
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1587:International Journal of Eating Disorders
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1228:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 31.
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481:often get trapped into a self-image of
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703:An article published in the journal,
341:Self-image may consist of six types:
7:
1622:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
1195:. New York: Brunner/Mazel. p.
705:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
1299:. Malden: Blackwell. p. 212.
952:(2nd ed.). Worth Publishers.
650:Knowledge (XXG)'s copyright policy
577:Knowledge (XXG)'s copyright policy
25:
859:Gronbeck, Bruce E. (2019-06-26),
397:, high achievers and those with "
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698:
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238:Personal identity (philosophy)
1:
1441:Center for Children and Youth
867:, Routledge, pp. 60–81,
1320:Braiker, Harriet B. (2004).
432:negatively stereotyped group
428:negatively stereotyped group
1464:Developmental Psychobiology
1102:Swiss Journal of Psychology
759:Fear of negative evaluation
527:Evolved awareness in mirror
330:personal experiences or by
92:Self-knowledge (psychology)
1680:
1398:10.1037/0022-3514.39.4.689
1263:10.1177/000306516801600312
923:10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.677
415:stereotyping and prejudice
128:Self-categorization theory
29:
1554:10.1177/01461672982411001
1511:10.1007/s00127-002-0554-7
1328:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1143:Literature and Psychology
1114:10.1024/1421-0185.64.2.87
1079:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31
1035:10.1007/s12144-011-9103-4
508:
379:self-referential encoding
243:Identity (social science)
799:Psychological projection
794:Positive mental attitude
454:as projecting a certain
188:As applied to activities
180:True self and false self
30:Not to be confused with
1295:Lawrence, Matt (2004).
944:Schacter (2010-12-10).
873:10.4324/9780429302947-5
789:The Honest Body Project
749:End-of-history illusion
690:Women's sexual behavior
644:from another location,
571:from another location,
435:their own self-esteem.
283:Respectability politics
1664:Psychological theories
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666:Knowledge (XXG) mirror
593:Knowledge (XXG) mirror
263:Social identity threat
258:In-group and out-group
253:Social identity theory
144:Self-perception theory
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44:Self-perception theory
1476:10.1002/dev.420050403
744:Dunning–Kruger effect
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699:Men's sexual behavior
405:negative self-image.
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779:Identity performance
509:Children's disparity
123:Neural basis of self
1654:Conceptions of self
1220:Bhavnani, Kum-Kum;
784:Inferiority complex
764:Figure rating scale
456:physical appearance
448:Residual self-image
248:Collective identity
1443:. 11 December 2013
1023:Current Psychology
774:Identity formation
739:Culture of poverty
288:Political identity
159:Self-consciousness
63:
40:Self-consciousness
1548:(11): 1139–1152.
1335:978-0-07-140278-1
1306:978-1-4051-2523-9
1257:(3–4): 588–600 .
1235:978-0-8039-7787-7
1206:978-0-87630-428-0
1170:Missing or empty
959:978-1-4292-3719-2
882:978-0-429-30294-7
824:Self (psychology)
769:Ideas of fairness
754:Face (self image)
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548:Physical activity
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409:Maintenance
373:. Like any
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175:Self-esteem
107:Self-schema
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1659:Perception
1648:Categories
1131:: 153–171.
977:Psychology
948:Psychology
896:2024-01-22
846:References
729:Body image
503:depression
499:self-blame
452:themselves
424:negatively
327:Self-image
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84:Constructs
18:Self image
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136:Processes
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717:See also
646:possibly
573:possibly
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271:Politics
115:Theories
78:The Self
70:a series
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495:shame
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