766:
746:
247:
318:
645:
82:
661:
715:
680:
31:
790:
810:
699:
106:
402:
494:
486:, on which, as tradition relates, the Frankish kings sat to receive the homage of their nobles after they had assumed power. We did so in recognition of its exalted function and because of the value of the work itself." Abbot Suger added bronze upper members with foliated scrolls and a back-piece. The "Throne of Dagobert" was coarsely repaired and used for the coronation of
537:
393:. The ivory curule seat specifically was used as an honorary gift which was sent to foreign kings by the senate of Rome. The presentation of the insignia of royalty which included an ivory curule seat, (along with other insignia such as a scepter, golden crown, horse, armor, and embroidered robe), signified that the foreign king was worthy of this delegated power.
358:, with curved legs forming a wide X; it had no back, and low arms. Although often of luxurious construction, this chair was meant to be uncomfortable to sit on for long periods of time, the double symbolism being that the official was expected to carry out his public function in an efficient and timely manner, and that his office, being an office of the
1172:
765:
350:
recounts that Caesar’s golden curule seat was displayed in his funeral procession along with his golden crown and a golden image of him. Polybus detailed that the representatives of the family would sit in the curule seats of the deceased during public ceremonies. Additionally, the curule seat of a
234:
The curule chairs themselves indicated the authority of the magistrate as he conducted business while sitting in the chair. Therefore, the seats themselves have been symbolically viewed as political pawns for power over Rome itself. However, this powerful symbolism appears to be limited due to
218:
occurred in the Roman republic, the interrex was also granted a sella curulis along with the other symbols of power given to a regular magistrate. The precise name of the curule seat also varied based on the specific type and holder of the seat, such as: "sella regia (royal chair) sella ducis
219:(general's chair), sella consularis (consular chair), sella consulis (chair of a consul), sella eburnea (an ivory seat often used a gift for foreign dignitaries), sella castrensis (the campstool, a military version of the sella curulis), and sella aurea (a gold chair)."
714:
222:
The curule seat was carried by public slaves when being transported from place to place. This custom further symbolized the authority of the magistrate/owner of the sella curulis. Imagery of a slave carrying a curule seat can be seen in archaic
Etruscan art
745:
342:, lituus-bearers, and other emblems of his office. The custom of bearing the curule chair of the magistrate at his funeral was present in Rome as well. The funerary monument from via Labicana itself is shaped like a sella curulis (
337:
art, urns, and tomb reliefs from the 4th century BCE portray a magistrate's funerary procession. The curule seat was one of the many symbols displayed during the procession which indicated his status and prestige, along with the
243:, Dio recounts the event where Glabrio destroyed Lucius Lucullus’ curule seat out of anger towards Lucullus. However, Lucullus and his attending officials still proceeded with business although the sella curulis was destroyed.
235:
incidents where the sella curulis was purposely destroyed. The destruction of the chair as a means to disrupt or attack a magistrate’s rule did not actually prevent the owner of the curule seat from exercising his power. In
505:
of both Italy and Spain was made of numerous shaped cross-framed elements, joined to wooden members that rested on the floor and further made rigid with a wooden back. 19th-century dealers and collectors termed these
644:
362:, was temporary, not perennial. The chair could be folded, and thus was easily transportable; this accords with its original function for magisterial and promagisterial commanders in the field. It developed a
305:
chair and jeweled crown were carried in, putting him on a par with the gods. The curule chair is also used on Roman medals as well as funerary monuments to express a curule magistracy; when traversed by a
58:
and Europe through to the 20th century. Its status in early Rome as a symbol of political or military power carried over to other civilizations, as it was also used in this capacity by kings in Europe,
351:
magistrate was also ceremonially paraded while he was living. An example of this appears when the golden sella curules of
Tiberius and Sejanus were displayed at the ludi scaenici in 30 CE.
679:
809:
660:
366:
significance, expressed in fictive curule seats on funerary monuments, a symbol of power which was never entirely lost in post-Roman
European tradition. 6th-century consular ivory
1181:
816:
789:
227:). As seen on the Tomb of Augurs, a small slave is seen to be bearing a sella curulis on his shoulders in the lower left corner. In the Tomb of the Jugglers from 520 BCE (
231:), the magistrate for whom the tomb is dedicated to is also seen to be seated on his sella curulis on the far right which indicates that he is the owner and magistrate.
346:). Additionally, on the top beam of the monument, the frieze prominently features a sella curulis beside the presumed magistrate and his attendants. For example,
274:, and it has been used on surviving Etruscan monuments to identify magistrates. However, much earlier stools supported on a cross-frame are known from the
1106:
Me haud paenitet illis auctoribus assentiri, quibus et apparitores hoc genus ab
Etruscis finitimis, unde sella curulis, unde toga praetexta sumpta est...
1186:
598:. With their Imperial Roman connotations, the backless curule seats found their way into furnishings for Napoleon, who moved some of the former royal
514:", with disregard to the centuries intervening between the two figures. Examples of curule seats were redrawn from a 15th-century manuscript of the
698:
412:
Folding chairs of foreign origin were mentioned in China by the 2nd century AD, possibly related to the curule seat. These chairs were called
909:
533:, originally entirely covered with textiles, has rear members extended upwards to form a back, between which a rich textile was stretched.
317:
1381:
The contemporary term "cross-framed" came to be employed in the later 17th century to describe chairs with rigid horizontal cross-framed x-
246:
736:
471:
582:
in the early 19th century. An unusually early example of this revived form is provided by the large sets of richly carved and gilded
1470:
1177:
278:. One of the earliest recorded examples of the curule chair proper was in 494 BC when the honour of a curule chair in the
1426:, (London: Faber and Faber) 1966:fig. 7. Grandjean also illustrates a gilded curule seat from the former Grand Galerie,
752:
1480:
1431:
595:
81:
1419:
1345:
820:
756:
728:
591:
370:
of
Orestes and of Constantinus each depict the consul seated on an elaborate curule seat with crossed animal legs.
607:
1385:, possibly causing confusion for a modern reader; see Adam Bowett, "The English 'Cross-Frame' Chair, 1694-1715"
462:
successors to Roman power employed the curule seat as an emblem of their right to dispense justice, and their
30:
1147:
The
Augustan Succession: An historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14)
1427:
780:
732:
619:
564:'s portrait, and in his portrait by John de Critz. Similar early 17th-century cross-framed seats survive at
286:
35:
1133:
519:
116:
844:
334:
602:
into his state bedchamber at
Fontainebleau. Further examples were ordered, in the newest Empire taste:
629:
With the decline of archaeological neoclassicism, the curule chair disappeared; it is not found among
824:
552:
The cross-framed armchair, no longer actually a folding chair, continued to have regal connotations.
421:
275:
1120:, (Mainz) 1989, fully discusses the representations of curule seats and their evolving significance.
474:. The "throne of Dagobert" is first mentioned in the 12th century, already as a treasured relic, by
865:
578:
The form found its way into stylish but non-royal decoration in the archaeological second phase of
1256:
1222:
1031:
985:
724:
705:
553:
467:
406:
437:
905:
870:
855:
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290:
1214:
1065:
977:
946:
561:
511:
311:
211:
154:
105:
1090:. Translated by Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert B. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
839:
611:
603:
386:
606:'s seats with members in the form of carved and gilded sheathed sabres were delivered to
976:. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The Metropolitan Museum of Art: 183–212.
401:
1475:
1448:
860:
776:
545:
463:
359:
283:
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173:
149:
127:
556:
was portrayed with such a chair, its framing entirely covered with a richly patterned
1464:
875:
800:
579:
572:
541:
307:
298:
214:
of major gods were each granted the honor of the curule chair. Additionally, when an
193:
189:
168:
1282:
Discussed and illustrated in Nancy Netzer, "Redating the
Consular Ivory of Orestes"
1320:
1149:, "Commentary on Book 56", (Oxford 2004) p. 298, noting T. Schäfer 1989, pp 114-22.
1118:
Imperii insignia: Sella
Curulis und Fasces. Zur Repräsentation römischer Magistrate
670:
530:
417:
390:
201:
181:
159:
131:
55:
497:
Medieval folding chairs, folded and unfolded (apparently
Spanish, reconstruction).
196:) were also allowed to sit on a curule seat, though these positions did not hold
796:
630:
507:
475:
459:
347:
294:
236:
215:
575:
poses him in a regal cross-framed chair, considered suitably medieval in 1870.
94:
Publius Furius Crassipes, with a curule seat on the reverse of a tower-crowned
1361:
950:
493:
483:
470:", of cast bronze retaining traces of its former gilding, is conserved in the
17:
1382:
937:
Koptev, Aleksandr (2016). "The Five-Day Interregnum in the Roman Republic".
850:
654:(lower right corner), Etruscan wall painting, Tomb of the Jugglers (520 BCE)
536:
1020:"Funera Tusca: Reality and Representation in Archaic Tarquinian Painting"
689:
487:
363:
144:
87:
60:
1260:
1244:
1069:
1054:"Breaking Chairs : Sella Curulis in Roman Law, Identity and Memory"
1035:
1019:
333:
The curule seat was also used in funeral processions. Several pieces of
1435:
989:
965:
880:
502:
367:
302:
271:
163:
1226:
1202:
904:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. p. 416.
692:, with the emperor and his son sitting on curule chairs on the reverse
1312:
1053:
772:
685:
557:
429:
425:
374:
354:
In Rome, the curule chair was traditionally made of or veneered with
339:
251:
206:
185:
112:
95:
91:
39:
1249:
The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society
1005:
Sella Curulis: The Folding Stool : an Ancient Symbol of Dignity
981:
1218:
381:
might be given as an honor to foreign kings recognized formally as
254:
fragment (latter 1st century AD, Museo nazionale di Villa Guinigi,
1409:(Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1966:vol. I, cat. no. 51ab, pp76-78.
1316:
565:
535:
492:
433:
400:
382:
355:
316:
255:
245:
51:
616:
The Cabinet-Maker, Upholsterer and General Artist's Encyclopaedia
1129:
610:
about 1805. Cross-framed drawing-room chairs are illustrated in
267:
263:
529:
The 15th or early 16th-century curule seat that survives at
301:
the curule seat everywhere except in the theatre, where his
1298:
Stefan Weinstock, "The Image and the Chair of Germanicus,"
1434:(fig. 31), and a walnut curule seat in Empire style, from
900:
Livius (Livy), Titus (1974). Robert Maxwell Ogilvy (ed.).
482:, "We also restored the noble throne of the glorious King
586:(folding stools) forming part of long sets with matching
142:, "chariot") was the seat upon which magistrates holding
1325:
The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia
966:"The Campeche Chair in the Metropolitan Museum of Art"
50:
is a design of a (usually) foldable and transportable
42:, later restored and reupholstered by a private dealer
444:
By the name handed down you are from a foreign region
1203:"Processional Imagery in Late Etruscan Funerary Art"
1007:. Denmark: Rosenkilde and Bagger. pp. 121–190.
727:adorned unusually with dogs' heads, founding the
454:With limbs slanting your body levels by itself...
321:Drawing of two pairs of bronze legs belonging to
1289:No. 962 (May 1983): 265-271 p. 267, figs. 11-13.
1245:"The Symbolism of a Unique Aes Coin of Tiberius"
450:With legs leaning your frame adjusts by itself
751:French folding stool in the curule style, by
633:and other Late Classical furnishing schemes.
38:, made in carved wood and gilded ca. 1810 in
8:
540:James I of England (c. 1605), attributed to
771:Napoleon on a curule seat with the goddess
590:delivered in 1786 to the royal châteaux of
225:see in Gallery "Tomb of the Augurs" 530 BCE
180:holders of such offices. Additionally, the
466:successors retained the iconic seat: the "
448:coming into and being used in the capital
325:, preserved in the museum at Naples and a
1187:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
945:(1). The Classical Association: 205–221.
297:, early in 44 BC a senate decree granted
1430:, ca 1804 (fig. 5b); a painted one from
29:
892:
640:
1088:Roman History, Volume III: Books 36-40
501:In the 15th century, a characteristic
1238:
1236:
560:textile, with decorative nailing, in
229:see in Gallery "Tomb of the Jugglers"
111:Denarius (AD 112–115) of the emperor
7:
1081:
1079:
1047:
1045:
548:, with a royal cross-framed armchair
329:, copied from the Vatican collection
148:were entitled to sit. This includes
1422:is illustrated in Serge Grandjean,
803:, seated in a curule chair, c. 1870
34:A curule seat probably designed by
571:The photo of actor Edwin Booth as
568:, perquisites from a royal event.
25:
1453:Iconographie des sceaux et bulles
902:Ab Urbe Condita: Volume I: Book I
1170:
1058:Arctos: Acts Philologica Fennica
808:
788:
764:
744:
713:
697:
678:
669:on a funerary monument from the
659:
643:
472:Bibliothèque nationale de France
104:
80:
27:Foldable and transportable chair
1366:A Short Dictionary of Furniture
1207:American Journal of Archaeology
440:, written about 552 AD, reads:
420:argues that they came from the
1311:Further east, the cultures of
1302:47 (1957), p. 148 and note 38.
964:Gontar, Cybèle Trione (2003).
524:Specimens of Ancient Furniture
1:
1392:No. 1167 (June 2000:344-352).
1243:Sutherland, C. H. V. (1950).
1024:Studies in the History of Art
516:Roman de Renaude de Montauban
1348:The Treasures of Saint Denis
266:, the curule seat, like the
1201:Holliday, Peter J. (1990).
970:Metropolitan Museum Journal
757:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1497:
1420:Victoria and Albert Museum
821:governor-general of Canada
115:, with his deified father
1407:The Wrightsman Collection
951:10.1017/S000983881600032X
753:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
1360:Some are illustrated in
1315:employed the cushioned
1300:Journal of Roman Studies
424:, since the cultures of
291:victory over the Sabines
1471:Ancient Roman furniture
1405:p. 75f; F.J.B. Watson,
1387:The Burlington Magazine
1336:Quoted in Wood 2002:86.
1284:The Burlington Magazine
1018:Torelli, Mario (1999).
939:The Classical Quarterly
781:Romain-Vincent Jeuffroy
733:manuscript illumination
432:preferred cushions and
416:("barbarian bed"), and
287:Manius Valerius Maximus
210:or high priests of the
36:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
1403:French Royal Furniture
1346:Sir W. Martin Conway,
1190:. London: John Murray.
1003:Wanscher, Ole (1980).
737:Bibliothèque nationale
549:
498:
456:
409:
330:
310:, it is the symbol of
259:
204:writes that the three
117:Marcus Ulpius Traianus
54:noted for its uses in
43:
1052:Tuori, Kaius (2020).
845:Daensen folding chair
704:Drawing of a seal of
539:
496:
442:
404:
320:
249:
33:
1145:Peter Michael Swan,
1086:Dio Cassius (1914).
825:William James Topley
614:'s last production,
478:, who claims in his
422:Eastern Roman Empire
344:see in Gallery below
276:New Kingdom of Egypt
134:, the curule chair (
1161:, vol. vi. tav. 28)
866:Magistratus Curulis
795:The American actor
624:Household Furniture
436:instead. A poem by
289:as a result of his
282:was awarded to the
1481:Portable furniture
1255:(39/40): 290–297.
823:, photographed by
783:(Musée Carnavalet)
725:Throne of Dagobert
706:Peter II of Aragon
650:Magistrate on his
554:James I of England
550:
499:
468:Throne of Dagobert
410:
407:throne of Dagobert
331:
260:
138:, supposedly from
44:
1368:, rev. ed. 1969:
911:978-0-19-814661-2
856:Glastonbury chair
817:4th Earl of Minto
729:Order of the Star
721:John II of France
518:and published in
512:Savonarola Chairs
250:Curule seat on a
16:(Redirected from
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1456:
1445:
1439:
1424:Empire Furniture
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775:, 1804 medal by
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647:
293:. According to
270:, originated in
207:flamines maiores
155:magistri equitum
119:on a curule seat
108:
84:
21:
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1401:Pierre Verlet,
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1159:Museo Borbonico
1157:
1153:
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1134:Ab urbe condita
1128:
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1115:
1111:
1102:Ab urbe condita
1099:
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982:10.2307/1513107
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925:Ab urbe condita
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840:Barcelona chair
835:
828:
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784:
769:
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749:
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709:
708:, ca. 1196—1213
702:
693:
683:
674:
664:
655:
648:
639:
618:(1806), and in
612:Thomas Sheraton
604:Jacob-Desmalter
480:Administratione
451:
449:
445:
399:
176:, temporary or
124:
123:
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109:
100:
99:
98:
90:(84 BC) of the
85:
74:
69:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1458:
1457:
1449:Louis Blancard
1440:
1411:
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1353:
1338:
1329:
1327:, 2002:85-87).
1304:
1291:
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1266:
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1219:10.2307/505526
1193:
1180:, ed. (1870).
1178:Smith, William
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871:Porter's chair
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861:List of chairs
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562:Paul van Somer
546:Paul van Somer
398:
395:
323:sellae curules
284:Roman dictator
280:circus maximus
174:promagistrates
169:curule aediles
128:Roman Republic
110:
103:
102:
101:
86:
79:
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77:
76:
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70:
68:
65:
63:, and others.
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1432:Fontainebleau
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1273:Schäfer 1989.
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876:Seat of honor
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667:Sella curulis
662:
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652:sella curulis
646:
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632:
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621:
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580:neoclassicism
576:
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542:John de Critz
538:
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503:folding-chair
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373:As a form of
371:
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365:
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352:
349:
345:
341:
336:
328:
327:sella curulis
324:
319:
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313:
309:
304:
300:
299:Julius Caesar
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:According to
257:
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248:
244:
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241:Roman History
238:
232:
230:
226:
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217:
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212:Archaic Triad
209:
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194:Flamen Dialis
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137:
136:sella curulis
133:
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107:
97:
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92:curule aedile
89:
83:
71:
66:
64:
62:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
18:Sella Curulis
1452:
1443:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1321:Frances Wood
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
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1278:
1269:
1252:
1248:
1213:(1): 73–93.
1210:
1206:
1196:
1185:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1070:10138/344429
1061:
1057:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1004:
998:
973:
969:
959:
942:
938:
932:
924:
920:
901:
895:
847:(Bronze Age)
671:Via Labicana
666:
651:
628:
623:
615:
599:
587:
583:
577:
570:
551:
531:York Minster
528:
523:
515:
508:Dante Chairs
500:
479:
458:In Gaul the
457:
453:
447:
443:
418:Frances Wood
413:
411:
387:Roman people
378:
372:
353:
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135:
132:Roman Empire
125:
72:Ancient Rome
56:Ancient Rome
47:
45:
1418:One at the
1372:"X-chairs".
1064:: 254–284.
1030:: 146–161.
797:Edwin Booth
777:André Galle
631:Biedermeier
620:Thomas Hope
608:Saint-Cloud
558:silk damask
476:Abbot Suger
460:Merovingian
295:Cassius Dio
237:Cassius Dio
216:interregnum
48:curule seat
1465:Categories
1383:stretchers
1362:John Gloag
888:References
520:Henry Shaw
397:Other uses
268:Roman toga
172:, and the
1438:(fig. 6).
1428:Malmaison
1319:instead (
851:Faldstool
731:in 1351 (
592:Compiègne
588:tabourets
438:Yu Jianwu
414:hu chuang
150:dictators
1261:42661468
1036:42622237
833:See also
827:c. 1900.
755:, 1786 (
690:Macrinus
626:(1807).
526:(1836).
488:Napoleon
484:Dagobert
464:Capetian
368:diptychs
364:hieratic
360:republic
335:Etruscan
198:imperium
184:and the
178:de facto
164:praetors
145:imperium
130:and the
88:Denarius
61:Napoleon
1455:, 1860.
1436:Romagna
1182:"Sella"
1104:, I.8:
990:1513107
881:X-chair
723:on the
637:Gallery
600:pliants
584:pliants
385:by the
272:Etruria
190:Jupiter
182:censors
160:consuls
126:In the
67:History
1350:, 1915
1313:Persia
1259:
1227:505526
1225:
1175:
1136:, 2:31
1100:Livy,
1034:
988:
908:
801:Hamlet
773:Tutela
686:Aureus
673:, Rome
573:Hamlet
510:" or "
434:divans
430:Arabia
426:Persia
391:Senate
383:allies
377:, the
375:throne
340:fasces
303:gilded
252:relief
186:flamen
140:currus
113:Trajan
96:Cybele
40:Berlin
1476:Seats
1447:From
1317:divan
1257:JSTOR
1223:JSTOR
1032:JSTOR
986:JSTOR
566:Knole
379:sella
356:ivory
308:hasta
256:Lucca
52:chair
1370:s.v.
1130:Livy
927:1:20
906:ISBN
815:The
779:and
594:and
428:and
405:The
312:Juno
264:Livy
202:Livy
1390:142
1287:125
1215:doi
1066:hdl
978:doi
947:doi
799:as
688:of
622:'s
544:or
522:'s
389:or
348:Dio
239:’s
188:of
1467::
1451:,
1364:,
1323:,
1253:10
1251:.
1247:.
1235:^
1221:.
1211:94
1209:.
1205:.
1184:.
1132:,
1078:^
1062:54
1060:.
1056:.
1044:^
1028:56
1026:.
1022:.
984:.
974:38
972:.
968:.
943:66
941:.
819:,
735:,
490:.
314:.
200:.
166:,
162:,
158:,
152:,
46:A
1263:.
1229:.
1217::
1072:.
1068::
1038:.
992:.
980::
953:.
949::
914:.
759:)
739:)
506:"
258:)
223:(
192:(
20:)
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