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the study of the history of the Semna South fort, particularly for the study of its communications with the other forts of the first and second cataract regions”. The dump site was a series of holes which were initially clay quarries and later utilized as a dumping place for discarded fort objects. Some of the holes were deep and some were shallow; the two deepest were K-1 and K-4. Within these holes, the discarded objects and pottery sherds were mixed into a loose mass of debris with no discernible stratigraphic layers.
366:. Excavations of the church, sometimes called the “Sheik’s tomb,” revealed that only a portion of the original structure still remained. As of 1982 when Žabkar and Žabkar published their report, they were not able to date the church due to the paucity of pottery within the church or nearby. However, they did provide a hypothetical estimate: “the church in its final, that is apsidal, form would date to the classic Christian period in Nubia, somewhere between the ninth and the first part of the eleventh century A.D.".
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420:, oblong pits without superstructures, and rectangular pits with mud-brick burial vaults. For those remains found in situ, the heads were oriented to the west and the bodies were extended on their backs with hands over the pelvis. Numerous artifacts were found within the Meroitic graves: black and brown wear pottery; copper and bronze bowls; a finely carved wooden bowl; a glass ointment jar; bronze mirrors; copper, iron, and bronze jewelry; beads and pendants; hunting equipment; leather; and fragments of shrouds.
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482:—on the west bank of the Nile. These excavations revealed the building plan of the fort, a church, a cemetery, and numerous other settlement-related features. Some of the most important discoveries were found within dumps near the fort. In particular, Žabkar recovered pottery seals which provided the Egyptian name of the fort (“Subduer of the Setiu-Nubians” or “Subduer of the Seti-land”) which was unknown until the 1966-1968 field seasons.
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remains found in situ, the bodies were in a flexed position on their sides with the heads facing towards the north, northwest, or south. In most cases a burial shroud was present, although it was often fragmentary. Objects recovered from these graves are as follows: red ware pottery; jewelry; personal grooming tools; hunting equipment; leather sandals; and clothing.
399:. After studying these seals, Dr. Žabkar translated the hieroglyphics as “Subduer of the Setiu-Nubians” or “Subduer of the Seti-land”. This find is important because it officially confirms the Egyptian name of the fort at Semna South and clarifies the fragmentary name written on the Ramesseum papyrus. Additionally it signifies the role of Egypt in Nubia: ruler.
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during the 12th
Dynasty, allusions to which are found in the well-known Semna Stela and Semna Dispatches”. Žabkar and Žabkar (1982) speculate that perhaps there was a complex of fortifications which embraced Semna South and West, and perhaps other forts in the region, but there is no definitive evidence for such a complex.
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441:(DISH). They found that approximately 13% of the individuals from the Meroitic cemetery were afflicted with this condition and that it was more common among males. Alvrus (1999) assessed the skeletal fracture patterns for almost 600 individuals from the Semna South site. She analyzed healed fractures of the skull and
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The artifacts recovered from these excavations, including pottery sherds, textiles, jewelry, an axe, and additional seals, indicate that the fort at Semna South was utilized during the Middle
Kingdom. The adjacent cemetery with burials from the Meroitic, X-Group, and Christian periods suggests a much
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They found little evidence of Middle
Kingdom occupation, but did discover ruins of a Christian settlement at Semna South. The Christian settlement was not fully excavated by the Sudan Antiquities Service expedition, but they did note that the houses had been reconstructed by the Christian inhabitants
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The human remains recovered from Semna South have been studied by numerous anthropologists and other specialists. Hrdy (1978) analyzed hair samples from Semna South mummies. He concluded that the hair color of these individuals was lighter than previously thought in ancient Nubia and the hair of the
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The
Christian period graves were oriented east to west and most were deep, narrow, oblong shaft tombs. Only one grave had a superstructure. Of the remains in situ, the bodies were usually extended and supine with the hands over the pelvis with the heads oriented towards the west. One body was found
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type (indigenous Nubian inhabitants from ca. 2000 – 1500 BC) were found which suggests a peaceful coexistence between the C-Group individuals and the
Egyptians. Third, and most importantly, were seal impressions on numerous pieces of pottery. The most significant seals are those which bore the name
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An area located on the fort’s north-west side previously called a ‘graveyard,’ ‘occupation site,’ or an ‘encampment,’ and covered in pot sherds was also excavated during the 1966–1968 field seasons. Upon excavation, it was revealed to be a 12th
Dynasty dump site, and was “the most significant for
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This expedition unearthed a great wall which connected the forts at Semna South and Semna West. This wall strengthened the view that the military fortifications in the Semna region were built by the
Egyptians in response to the “strong pressures and infiltration attempts on the part of southerners
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Between 1966 and 1968 the
University of Chicago Oriental Institute Expedition to Sudanese Nubia excavated the remainder of the Semna South fort and the adjacent cemetery. Detailed excavations were conducted of the fort walls, a church, a dump site, and the cemetery. To the author’s knowledge, this
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Vercoutter (1966) notes that their work was preliminary and by no means complete. He encouraged further investigation of the site: “it seems of the utmost importance for the history of the site that new excavations are undertaken at Semna South before its flooding under the waters of the new Aswan
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ivory, the pelts, the incense and resin, the ostrich feathers, the black slaves, were as much desired by the kings of the Middle
Kingdom as by their forebears”. Thus, forts were built along the Nile to protect the waterway from nomadic tribes and to facilitate the flow of Nubian goods into Egypt.
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While the fort at Semna South was described by
Reisner (1929), it was not formally excavated until 1956–1957 by the Sudan Antiquities Service under the direction of Jean Vercoutter and Sayed Thabit Hassan Thabit. This excavation explored the majority (four-fifths) of the fort and “made a limited
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As a 12th Dynasty fort, Semna South is one of 17 Middle Kingdom Egyptian forts in Nubia built for the purpose of controlling trade traffic along the Nile. The Egyptian state placed great importance on control of Nubia and its goods. As Reisner (1929) notes, “the southern products, the ebony, the
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The graves of the X-Group were oriented north to south and most were deep pits with a lateral chamber. Most of the graves, according to Žabkar and Žabkar (1982), “had a shelf, composed of earth, mud-brick, or stones, running alongside the chamber, which supported the blocking material”. For the
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The fort had several advanced features – the mudbrick walls were reinforced with logs, there were doubly fortified gates, there was a fortified corridor down to the Nile allowing ready access to water supplies. The logs increased the vulnerability to fire, and traces of fires can be seen on the
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and found that almost 21% of adults had at least one healed fracture and that the skull was the most frequently injured region of the body. She attributes much of the trauma to the rocky physical environment, but also notes that craniofacial trauma may be the result of interpersonal violence.
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period (4th – 6th century AD), and 16 from the Christian period (550 – 1500 AD). The Meroitic period through the Christian period is a span of approximately 2,000 years, which indicates that the fort was used for an extended period of time during Egyptian and Nubian history.
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The Oriental Institute Expedition also excavated the large cemetery to the north of the fort. This cemetery contained approximately 560 graves—representing over 800 individuals—of which about 494 were from the Meroitic period (4th century BC – 4th century AD), 50 from the
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Dissertations and theses which used the Semna South remains are numerous. They include topics such as the sexual dimorphism of dental pathology, the presence of schistosomiasis in ancient Nubia, non-metric biological distance analysis, and a craniometric analysis.
325:, outer girdle wall, an inner ditch, a main wall, and an open inner space. They concluded that the fort was never inhabited permanently; rather, it was occupied for limited periods of time by men of the garrison coming from the fort at Semna West.
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The Semna gorge, at the southern edge of ancient Egypt, was the narrowest part of the Nile valley. It was here, at this strategic location, that the 12th Dynasty pharaohs built a cluster of four mud-brick fortresses: Semna, Kumma, Semna South and
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and Sayed Thabit Hassan Thabit with the Sudan Antiquities Service in 1956-1957. Further excavations of the fort and an adjacent cemetery were conducted by the Oriental Institute Expedition to Sudanese Nubia, under the direction of Dr.
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The finds within these holes are of great significance. The first is a well-preserved 12th Dynasty axe, which according to Žabkar and Žabkar (1982), is a rare occurrence in Sudanese and Egyptian Nubia. Second, pottery sherds of the
151:), and Semna South (Semna Gubli). The forts to the east and west of the Semna Cataract are Semna East and West, respectively; Semna South is approximately one kilometer south of Semna West on the west bank of the Nile.
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ridges and gullies’, a narrowed Nile run, and heavy deposits of wind-blown sand". Semna is situated above a geological formation known as the Basement Complex; this complex is a deposit of
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The rectangular Kumma fortress, the L-shaped Semna fortress (on the opposite bank) and the smaller square fortress of Semna South were each investigated by the American archaeologist
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The 1966–1968 excavations at Semna South determined, contrary to Vercoutter, that the fort was permanently occupied from the reign of Senusret I to the first few years of reign of
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Prior to this seal being found, the Egyptian name of the fort at Semna South was written in hieratic as “Repressing the…” on a fragmentary piece of papyrus discovered in 1896 by
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1339:Žabkar, L.V.; Žabkar, J.J. (1982). "Semna South: A preliminary report on the 1966-68 excavations of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute Expedition to Sudanese Nubia".
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and that they had built a new stone girdle wall around the west side of the fort. They concluded that the Christian settlement had been inhabited by a fairly poor community.
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X-Group males was curlier than the Meroitic males. In 1993, Arriaza, Merbs, and Rothschild published a study evaluating the prevalence of a pathological condition known as
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During the 1956–1957 field season, Vercoutter and colleagues were able to interpret the building plan of the fort. The building is composed of the following features: a
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256:(“Belly of the Rock”) region of Nubia between the second and third cataracts. As its name implies, the Batn-El-Hajar is “characterized by ‘bare
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Arriaza, B.T.; Merbs, C.F.; Rothschild, B.M. (1993). "Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan".
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on its side in a flexed position facing north. Most of the bodies were wrapped in a linen or wool shroud which had been secured by a chord.
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Dam”. Beginning in 1966 the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago continued excavating where Vercoutter and colleagues had ended.
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in the 1920s, but Semna South was not formally excavated until the late 1950s. The initial excavation of the fort was directed by
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The Meroitic graves were oriented east to west and were of several styles: rectangular pit graves with superstructures resembling
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Beckett, S.; Lowell, N.C. (1994). "Dental disease evidence for agricultural intensification in the Nubian C-Group".
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in 1924 and 1928. Semna and Kumma also included the remains of temples, houses and cemeteries dating to the
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147:. There are three forts at Semna: Semna West (Semna Gharb), Semna East (Semna Sherq, also called Kummeh or
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Archaeological excavations of Semna South have contributed to the overall understanding of the
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and the Nile river transport of commodities, and were integral parts of the Egyptian empire.
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Hrdy, D.B. (1978). "Analysis of hair samples of mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)".
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187:(1550–1069 BC), which would have been roughly contemporary with such lower Nubian towns as
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Alvrus, A. (1999). "Fracture patterns among the Nubians of Semna South, Sudanese Nubia".
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Excavated between 1956–57 and 1966–68, Semna South is a 12th Dynasty fort located in
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The medieval kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile
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and is situated where rocks cross the Nile narrowing its flow—the Semna Cataract.
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Forts surrounding Semna South were excavated by the Joint Egyptian Expedition of
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longer habitation of the region: from the Middle Kingdom until the Middle Ages.
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Counterweight for a necklace with three images of Hathor, Semna (1390-1352 BC).
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10.1002/(sici)1099-1212(199911/12)9:6<417::aid-oa509>3.0.co;2-4
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Perspectives on the Nubians of Semna South, Sudan: A craniometric analysis
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236:, in 1966-1968. Today, the human remains from Semna South are curated at
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A study of sexual dimorphism in the dental pathology of ancient peoples
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fort system. These forts established military control over Upper and
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overlying this complex which results in poor agricultural potential.
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1241:(1966). "Semna South fort and the records of Nile levels at Kumma".
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of the fort, which until this discovery was only partially known.
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was the final archaeological excavation conducted at Semna South.
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Reisner, G.A. (1929). "Egyptian forts at Semna and Uronarti".
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in 1971. Many of its monuments were relocated as part of the
1279:(1972). "The Egyptian name of the fortress of Semna South".
1310:Žabkar, L.V. (1975). "Semna South: The southern fortress".
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Wright, G.R.H. (1968). "Tell el-Yehūdīyah and the glacis".
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Perspective view of a reconstruction of the Semna West Fort
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Semna South, Sudan: A nonmetric biological distance study
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Semna was a fortified area established in the reign of
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International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia
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The conqueror worm: Schistosomiasis in ancient Nubia
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and the archaeological artifacts are curated at the
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An introduction to the archaeology of ancient Egypt
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1190:(1925). "Excavation in Egypt and Ethiopia".
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1265:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
432:Additional analysis of Semna South material
354:Semna stela dated to Senusret III's year 16
312:Results and significance of the excavations
1168:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1116:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1062:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
1024:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
993:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
279:Archaeological excavations of Semna South
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1150:Ancient Egypt: anatomy of a civilization
439:diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
271:. There is only a thin layer of fertile
242:University of Chicago Oriental Institute
40:This article includes a list of general
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127:(1965–1920 BC) on the west bank of the
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202:Semna & Kumma forts view from west
1093:Second cataract forts I: Senna, Kumma
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1091:Dunham, D.; Janssen, J.M.A. (1960).
915:Arriaza, Merbs & Rothschild 1993
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539:Arriaza, Merbs & Rothschild 1993
1312:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1282:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1258:. London: The British Museum Press.
1205:Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts
1192:Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts
131:at the southern end of a series of
1220:(M.Sc.). Arizona State University.
1181:(M.Sc.). Arizona State University.
1087:Retrieved from ProQuest. (8216427)
1018:Retrieved from ProQuest. (3210094)
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1421:Former populated places in Egypt
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1231:The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
296:trial digging” in the adjacent
159:— all covered by the waters of
1216:Sandy-Karkoutli, M.L. (1989).
462:Reconstructed Semna temple of
252:Semna South is located in the
135:fortresses founded during the
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1416:Archaeological sites in Sudan
163:since the completion of the
101:Location of Semna along the
289:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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403:Bioarchaeological findings
248:Site geology and geography
225:Boston Museum of Fine Arts
1095:. Boston. pp. 5–112.
818:Beckett & Lowell 1994
516:prior to the flooding of
891:Žabkar & Žabkar 1982
872:Žabkar & Žabkar 1982
857:Žabkar & Žabkar 1982
833:Žabkar & Žabkar 1982
806:Žabkar & Žabkar 1982
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510:National Museum of Sudan
468:National Museum of Sudan
238:Arizona State University
137:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
1128:10.1002/ajpa.1330490217
1036:10.1002/ajpa.1330920302
491:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
61:more precise citations.
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346:Architectural findings
341:Results from the 1960s
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317:Results from the 1950s
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139:(1985–1795 BC) in the
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1254:Welsby, D.A. (2002).
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443:appendicular skeleton
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116:is 15 miles south of
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1177:Moore, C.M. (1996).
1081:Burns, P.E. (1982).
1055:. Malden: Blackwell.
975:Sandy-Karkoutli 1989
374:Artefactual findings
175:Archaeology of Semna
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1154:. London. pp.
1051:Bard, K.A. (2008).
1012:Alvrus, A. (2006).
332:Example of a glacis
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1189:
1188:Reisner, G.A.
1185:
1180:
1175:
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1165:
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935:
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916:
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893:, p. 23.
892:
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873:
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846:
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835:, p. 21.
834:
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808:, p. 16.
807:
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790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
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776:
773:, p. 83.
772:
767:
764:
761:, p. 13.
760:
755:
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749:, p. 12.
748:
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734:, p. 42.
733:
728:
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722:, p. 15.
721:
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506:Sesostris III
503:
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483:
481:
478:—the present
477:
469:
466:, now in the
465:
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393:James Quibell
389:
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360:Amenemhat III
352:
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273:alluvial soil
270:
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254:Batn-El-Hajar
247:
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19:
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1277:Žabkar, L.V.
1268:
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604:Reisner 1929
599:
577:Reisner 1929
499:
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464:Senusret III
448:
435:
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415:
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390:
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368:
364:12th Dynasty
357:
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320:
306:
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294:
269:igneous rock
251:
218:
214:
205:
178:
153:
122:
113:
111:
73:
64:
45:
1390: /
951:Alvrus 2006
927:Alvrus 1999
845:Welsby 2002
794:Žabkar 1972
771:Žabkar 1972
672:Žabkar 1975
655:Alvrus 1999
518:Lake Nasser
495:Lower Nubia
454:Conclusions
262:Precambrian
193:Sesebisudla
185:New Kingdom
161:Lake Nasser
145:Lower Nubia
67:August 2016
59:introducing
1405:Categories
1378:30°58′01″E
1375:21°30′00″N
1249:: 125–164.
1144:Kemp, B.J.
963:Moore 1996
939:Burns 1982
524:References
300:cemetery.
267:and later
125:Senusret I
118:Wadi Halfa
42:references
1318:: 42–44.
1289:: 83–90.
1164:cite book
1101:cite book
903:Hrdy 1978
732:Bard 2008
619:Bard 2008
397:Ramesseum
395:near the
191:West and
165:Aswan Dam
1361:40000432
1347:: 7–50.
1227:Shaw, I.
1211:: 64–75.
1198:: 18–28.
1146:(1989).
1085:(Ph.D.).
1016:(Ph.D.).
514:Khartoum
418:mastabas
298:Meroitic
223:and the
157:Uronarti
143:area of
1332:3856488
1303:3856238
1271:: 1–17.
1044:8291616
410:X-Group
385:C-Group
362:of the
258:granite
207:walls.
55:improve
1359:
1330:
1301:
1136:717558
1134:
1042:
502:Dedwen
323:glacis
44:, but
1357:JSTOR
1328:JSTOR
1299:JSTOR
1156:174–6
476:Nubia
189:Amara
149:Kumma
114:Semna
107:Nubia
18:Semna
1243:Kush
1170:link
1132:PMID
1107:link
1040:PMID
504:and
129:Nile
103:Nile
1349:doi
1320:doi
1291:doi
1124:doi
1070:doi
1032:doi
1001:doi
512:in
105:in
1407::
1355:.
1345:19
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1166:}}
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879:^
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20:)
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