Aswan Dam - Knowledge (XXG)

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families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year.

825:(IBRD) withdrew their support in 1956. The first Soviet loan of $ 100 million to cover construction of coffer dams for diversion of the Nile was extended in 1958. An additional $ 225 million was extended in 1960 to complete the dam and construct power-generating facilities, and subsequently about $ 100 million was made available for land reclamation. These credits of some $ 425 million covered only the foreign exchange costs of the project, including salaries of Soviet engineers who supervised the project and were responsible for the installation and testing of Soviet equipment. Actual construction, which began in 1960, was done by Egyptian companies on contract to the High Dam Authority, and all domestic costs were borne by the Egyptians. Egyptian participation in the venture has raised the construction industry's capacity and reputation significantly. 984: 790: 1384: 754: 1433: 691: 1415:

500-kilovolt trunk lines to Cairo have been completed, and initial transmission problems, stemming mainly from poor insulators, were solved. Also, the damage inflicted on a main transformer station in 1968 by Israeli commandos has been repaired, and the Aswan plant is fully integrated with the power network in Lower Egypt. By 1971 estimation, power output at Aswan won't reach much more than half of the plant's theoretical capacity, because of limited water supplies and the differing seasonal water-use patterns for

1755:. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields. 52: 1329:, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and 500,000 hectares (1,900 sq mi) of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. 1364: 1822: 1776: 4606: 1888: 776:. The three Soviet credits covered virtually all of the project's foreign exchange requirements, including the cost of technical services, imported power generating and transmission equipment and some imported equipment for land reclamation. Egypt was not seriously burdened by payments on the credits, most of which were extended for 12 years with interest at the very low rate of 2-1/2%. Repayments to the 1842:(46 sq mi) annually, with an estimated 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) destroyed by 1984 when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. According to one source, bricks are now being made from new techniques which use a sand-clay mixture and it has been argued that the mud-based brick industry would have suffered even if the dam had not been built. 36: 4616: 1337:

mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships. A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.

1452: 1015: 868: 1860: 1874: 4626: 1285:, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems. 4636: 1704: 1120: 59: 1128: 1411:

1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows. At the time of completion, it was the largest power station in Africa and the 6th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.

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of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is 2.7 kilograms per cubic metre (4.6 lb/cu yd). At an annual discharge of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) (not counting the 2 kilograms per cubic metre of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual

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that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the

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The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about 0.25 kilograms per cubic metre (0.42 lb/cu yd), a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft), the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration

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The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected. Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to 120 square kilometers

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Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length

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The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp), with a total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output in 1970, it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by

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population in Egyptian waters. Fishing in high dam's lake may in time at least partly offset the loss of saltwater fish, but only the most optimistic estimates place the eventual catch as high as 15,000-20,000 tons. Lack of continuing silt deposits at the mouth of the river also has contributed to a

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Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is

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The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 metres (12,570 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at the crest and 111 m (364 ft) tall. It contains 43,000,000 cubic metres (56,000,000 cu yd) of material. At maximum, 11,000 cubic metres per second

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catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region

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at the bottom of the lake below 147 m (482 ft) above sea level, 90 km live storage, and 41 km of storage for high flood waters above 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume

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demand for water in the summer far exceeds the amount needed to meet the comparatively low summer demand for electric power. Heavy summer irrigation use, however, will leave insufficient water under Egyptian control to permit hydroelectric power production at full capacity in the winter. Technical

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All High Dam power facilities were completed ahead of schedule. 12 turbines were installed and tested, giving the plant an installed capacity of 2,100 megawatts (MW), or more than twice the national total in 1960. With this capacity, the Aswan plant can produce 10 billion kWh of energy yearly. Two

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has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to

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and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile

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and approximately 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $ 3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and

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constituted only a small net drain during the first half of the 1960s, and increased export earnings derived from crops grown on newly reclaimed land have largely offset the modest debt service payments in recent years. During 1965–70, these export earnings amounted to an estimated $ 126 million,

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A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between and 2 and 10 meters (6.6 and

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Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in the Nile Valley fluctuated 8–9 m (26–30 ft) per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the

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In the Nile valley and delta, almost 336,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water is about 38 cubic kilometres (31,000,000 acre⋅ft). Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is

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and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million

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Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had

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According to a 1971 CIA declassified report, although the High Dam has not created ecological problems as serious as some observers have charged, its construction has brought economic losses as well as gains. These losses derive largely from the settling in dam's lake of the rich

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acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $ 56 and $ 14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam.

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and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the

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Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that the USSR would not fulfill its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the

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would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.

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Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced

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serious erosion problem. Commercial fertilizer requirements and salination and drainage difficulties, already large in perennially irrigated areas of Lower and Middle Egypt, will be somewhat increased in Upper Egypt by the change to perennial irrigation.

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told Nasser that the U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.

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M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. "Development of land drainage in Egypt." In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The

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traditionally borne by the Nile. To date (1971), the main impact has been on the fishing industry. Egypt's Mediterranean catch, which once averaged 35,000-40,000 tons annually, has shrunk to 20,000 tons or less, largely because the loss of

622:. America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $ 270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and 1797:

perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of

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of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam (...) have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some

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to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification.

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38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency.

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and French engineers in the early 1950s and slated for financing with Western credits, the Aswan High Dam became the USSR's largest and most famous foreign aid project after the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

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The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was

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The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre⋅ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals.

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Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: "25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth", Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp.

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Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the

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Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, "Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam", Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004

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A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov

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Though the Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's

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if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid.

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initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the new regime, the

1472:. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the 574:. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the 4680: 2860: 965:(390,000 cu ft/s) of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the 1818:

of the infested waterways was about 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.

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The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir

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from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to

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In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of

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The catch of sardines in the Mediterranean off the Egyptian coast declined after the Aswan Dam was completed, but the exact reasons for the decline are still disputed.

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A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. There is a lack of reliable statistics.

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wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of the Nile Basin – most of which could have been predicted – it is a failure".

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The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million

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The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from the one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza.

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The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor.

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that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of the High Dam. When the

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Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km, including 31 km

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below its base. Although the reservoir will eventually silt in, even the most conservative estimates indicate the dam will give at least 200 years of service.

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was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the

2006: 4346: 2463:. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from: 3781: 3515: 1751:. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to 1455:

View of New Wadi Halfa, a settlement created on the shore of Lake Nasser to house part of the resettled population from the Old Wadi Halfa town.

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The statue of Ramses the Great at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel is reassembled after having been moved in 1967 to save it from being flooded

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grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support

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storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years.

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studies indicate that a maximum annual output of 5 billion kWh appears to be all that can be sustained due to fluctuations in Nile flows.

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Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of

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high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt.

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Miller. F. DeWolfe et al. Schistosomiasis in Rural Egypt. 1978. United States Environment Protection Agency. EPA – 600/1-78-070.

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Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006:

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Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006:

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training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors.

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caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) have been equipped with a subsurface

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A central pylon of the monument to Arab-Soviet Friendship. The memorial commemorates the completion of the Aswan High Dam. The

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a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of

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32.8 ft). However, the actual drop has been measured at 0.3–0.7 meters (0.98–2.30 ft), much less than expected.

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In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of

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In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $ 1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the

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broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the

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The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer

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reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were

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Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including the

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at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion

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The southeastern Mediterranean ecosystem revisited: Thirty years after the construction of the Aswan High Dam

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through sub-surface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from

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In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Edna and

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through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from

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announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances."

385:; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate 365:, between 1960 and 1970. When it was completed, it was the tallest earthen dam in the world, eclipsing the 4700: 4568: 4497: 4319: 4287: 3981: 3919: 3914: 3628: 3093: 2689: 2300: 2059: 1787:(bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial 1235: 810: 702: 475: 471: 4695: 4573: 4465: 4435: 4324: 4304: 4250: 4162: 3801: 3759: 3754: 3732: 3540: 3530: 3315: 3194: 3162: 3044: 2919: 1913: 1584: 1487:

In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment.

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were interested in helping development of the dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the

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were about to be submerged by waters collected behind the dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under

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Schamp, Heinz (1983). "Sadd el-Ali, der Hochdamm von Assuan (Sadd el-Ali, the High Dam of Aswan)".

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behind the Aswan dam displaced more than 100,000 people and traps significant amounts of sediment.

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The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs

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showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist

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and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface

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Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations

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expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.

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Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.

2707: 439:. However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole 4720: 4675: 4609: 4563: 4417: 4356: 4140: 3941: 3453: 3381: 3240: 3174: 1821: 1291: 1231: 1072: 925: 744: 683: 491: 350: 326: 2938:, Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2010. 1775: 805:

The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay

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Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century",

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Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on

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during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its

393:. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the 4619: 4209: 3618: 3277: 2116: 1879: 1865: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1600: 1573: 1469: 817: 777: 605: 579: 309: 35: 2557: 2529:, Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010 2412: 2355: 478:, the dam incorporates a number of relatively new features, including a very deep 470:

The Aswan Dam was designed by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev of the Moscow-based

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The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni

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Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam".

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History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard

1855: 1788: 1606: 1510: 1464: 1437: 1416: 1376: 1140: 1136: 762: 616: 432: 428: 412: 2751: 2738: 612:

would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an

111: 98: 4526: 2841:"Egypt's PM witnesses compensation of Nubians displaced by dam construction" 2495:. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources 2094: 1873: 1810: 1596: 609: 598: 464: 2474: 2103: 1513:

temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the

2896:

Abu Zeid, M.A. (September 1989). "Environmental impacts of the High Dam".

404:

Before the High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual

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Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background.

1347: 1253: 969:

Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named

772:

Despite its size, the Aswan project has not materially hurt the Egyptian

750:

In 1958, the USSR proceeded to provide support for the High Dam project.

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Dougherty, James E. (March 1959), "The Aswan Decision in Perspective",

1830: 1626: 1460: 1351: 1127: 843:

1964: First dam construction stage completed, reservoir started filling

836:. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half. 444: 435:; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since 420: 2196:

Collins, Robert O. (2000). "In Search of the Nile Waters, 1900–2000".

1532:

These monuments were granted to countries that helped with the works:

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was designed by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev of the Moscow-based

3262: 3067: 2493:

Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report

1820: 1774: 1702: 1688: 1616: 1610: 1577: 1526: 1494: 1450: 1445: 1431: 1401: 1382: 1362: 1139:. With irrigation, two harvests per year are possible, except for 1126: 1118: 1110: 788: 752: 706: 689: 640: 362: 358: 1448:

and 100,000 to 120,000 people were resettled in Sudan and Egypt.

3675: 2690:"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" 2301:"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" 2060:"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" 1723: 1719: 1342: 740: 440: 424: 354: 4085: 3896: 3719: 3560: 3079: 3040: 3036: 2805:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 141–142. 2936:

The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt

2708:"A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases" 2526:

The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt

1296:, $ 587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $ 2.30 per 1008: 861: 806: 731:

On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced

597:, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the 177: 2504:

Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996

2007:"Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev" 1979:

Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History

1714:

Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited

1225:* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP) 451:. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As 2550:"Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam" 1359:

Drought protection, agricultural production and employment

2876:

Reis, Michael (1999), Who is who in Ancient Egypt, p. 48

2279:(Sixth ed.). Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2665:, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518 2437:"The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams" 2913: 2911: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2461:

Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt

709:, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of 1387:

Power pylons at the power plant of the Aswan High Dam.

781:

compared with debt service payments of $ 113 million.

528:

and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir

16:

For the older Aswan Dam built downstream in 1902, see

2252: 2250: 1505:

International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia

1115:

Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert

823:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

2491:

Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984.

1767:

at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $ 3.1 billion.

1718:

of various particle size – consisting of fine sand,

4426: 4098: 3524: 3426: 3092: 1583:These items were removed to the garden area of the 1238:. Part of this could be due to the large number of 1039:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 892:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 325: 315: 302: 294: 289: 281: 273: 265: 257: 249: 241: 231: 226: 218: 210: 202: 194: 186: 176: 171: 163: 145: 127: 90: 82: 74: 28: 3020:View the official opening of the Aswan Dam in 1971 2918:Biswas, Asit K.; Tortajada, Cecilia (March 2004), 2799:Stock, Jill Kamil; photographs by Michael (1993). 2347: 1687:The remaining archaeological sites, including the 377:. Its significance largely upstaged the previous 2924:, Mexico: Third World Centre for Water Management 2743:Environmental Science and Sustainable Development 1919:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations 593:In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of 389:, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned 2891: 2889: 443:, while low-water years could create widespread 2921:Hydropolitics and Impacts of the High Aswan Dam 1668:had its free-standing section reconstructed at 1625:The tomb of the Nubian prince Djehuti-hotep at 1143:which has a growing period of almost one year. 415:. These floods brought high water with natural 2219:(1), The Academy of Political Science: 21–45, 2033:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. 4681:Buildings and structures in Aswan Governorate 3052: 2957:El-Sayed, Sayed; van Dijken, Gert L. (1995), 1277:The High Dam has resulted in protection from 828:On the Egyptian side, the project was led by 8: 2825:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2676:"Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt" 1645:The granite columns from the Faras Cathedral 345:, or more specifically since the 1980s, the 2867:, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign. 2592:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 20. 697:observing the construction of the dam, 1963 222:11,000 m/s (390,000 cu ft/s) 4095: 4082: 3893: 3716: 3557: 3089: 3076: 3059: 3045: 3037: 2548:Biswas, Asit K. (November–December 2002). 2000: 1998: 1742:Waterlogging and increase in soil salinity 1005:Water resources management in modern Egypt 498:in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the 34: 25: 3033:Overview of problems created by Aswan Dam 2750: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2093: 1474:New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme 1350:nourished by the silt has eliminated the 1242:projects executed in the last decades to 1099:Learn how and when to remove this message 993:A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south 952:Learn how and when to remove this message 2858:The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites 2590:The existential pleasures of engineering 1834:still presents a puzzle to scientists." 1156: 840:1960: Start of construction on 9 January 4751:Energy infrastructure completed in 1902 4671:Energy infrastructure completed in 1971 4666:Energy infrastructure completed in 1967 2802:Aswan and Abu Simbel: history and guide 2613:M.A. Abu-Zeid & F. Z. El-Shibini: " 2277:Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict 2168:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 2022: 2020: 1944: 1735:floods before are now being irrigated. 1320:. Not taking into account the negative 1131:Main irrigation systems (schematically) 769:(for details see below under Effects). 747:and elsewhere forced them to withdraw. 2818: 245:132 km (107,000,000 acre⋅ft) 4706:Hydroelectric power stations in Egypt 1904:Closure of the Suez Canal (1967-1975) 1440:town that was flooded by Lake Nasser. 733:the nationalization of the Suez Canal 550:Closure of the Suez Canal (1956-1957) 253:5,250 km (2,030 sq mi) 40:The Aswan High Dam as seen from space 7: 4635: 2661:M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1459:In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese 1037:adding citations to reliable sources 890:adding citations to reliable sources 608:. At that time the U.S. feared that 373:. The dam created a reservoir named 4625: 2706:Scudder, Thayer; Gay, John (2005), 2628:, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997 2473:, under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: 2161:Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), 785:Construction and filling, 1960–1976 474:. Designed for both irrigation and 423:that annually enriched the fertile 4776:20th-century architecture in Egypt 2200:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 255–256. 1695:have been flooded by Lake Nasser. 1444:Lake Nasser flooded much of lower 604:following its signing of the 1955 66:Location of the Aswan Dam in Egypt 14: 4006:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 2645:Geowissenschaften in unserer Zeit 2354:. Yale University Press. p. 853:1976: Reservoir reached capacity. 544:Aswan High Dam prelude, 1954–1960 463:crop. With the greatly increased 321:2,100 MW (2,800,000 hp) 308:12×175 MW (235,000 hp) 58: 4634: 4624: 4614: 4605: 4604: 3863:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 1981:. Genealogy Publishing Service. 1955:. Carbon Monitoring for Action. 1934:Water politics in the Nile Basin 1886: 1872: 1858: 1517:Nubia Campaign. Also moved were 1463:were moved from the old town of 1322:environmental and social effects 1013: 982: 866: 795:coat of arms of the Soviet Union 349:, is one of the world's largest 57: 50: 4347:Identification card controversy 3000:from the original on 2011-06-05 2782:from the original on 2011-06-05 2179:from the original on 2013-10-11 1959:from the original on 2015-01-15 1929:List of power stations in Egypt 1648:A part of the paintings of the 1308:from hydroelectric generation, 1218:* Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 1024:needs additional citations for 877:needs additional citations for 459:and its economically important 3253:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 1428:Resettlement and compensations 1304:from agricultural production, 977:10 cu yd) of water. 659:the eighth wonder of the world 383:Free Officers movement of 1952 1: 4741:Egypt–United States relations 2413:"Aswan High Dam | dam, Egypt" 1163:Water delivery in m/feddan * 353:, which was built across the 274:Maximum water depth 206:3,830 m (12,570 ft) 4766:Tourist attractions in Egypt 4756:1902 establishments in Egypt 4746:1970 establishments in Egypt 4736:Egypt–Soviet Union relations 3880:Twin towns and sister cities 3392:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 2713:, in Scudder, Thayer (ed.), 2005:MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). 665:American Secretary of State 4408:Vehicle registration plates 4062:Water supply and sanitation 3031:LIFE Magazine Feb. 12, 1971 2898:Water Resources Development 2626:Water Resources Development 2588:Florman, Samuel C. (1994). 2554:Development and Cooperation 2387:National Geographic Society 2383:"1970: Aswan Dam Completed" 2346:Collins, Robert O. (2002). 2213:Political Science Quarterly 2030:Eisenhower in War and Peace 2027:Smith, Jean Edward (2012). 1652:; the other part is in the 1312:from flood protection, and 1222:is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. 540:, was the main contractor. 151:; 54 years ago 133:; 64 years ago 4792: 4067:Water resources management 2556:(6): 25–27. Archived from 2275:Smith, Charles D. (2007). 1549:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1502: 1395: 1375:(840,000 hectares) in the 1002: 547: 517: 214:980 m (3,220 ft) 15: 4731:River regulation in Egypt 4600: 4094: 4081: 3962:Impact on the environment 3952:Entrepreneurship policies 3905: 3892: 3728: 3715: 3569: 3556: 3088: 3075: 1691:fort and the cemetery of 626:, Nasser identified as a 564:overthrow of the monarchy 261:550 km (340 mi) 45: 33: 3733:Administrative divisions 3409:2011 Egyptian revolution 3350:1952 Egyptian revolution 3146:Lighthouse of Alexandria 2984:Scudder, Thayer (2003), 2766:Scudder, Thayer (2003), 2752:10.21625/essd.v3iss1.279 2370:robert collins the nile. 1560:Rijksmuseum van Oudheden 514:Aswan Low Dam, 1898–1902 285:183 m (600 ft) 277:130 m (430 ft) 198:111 m (364 ft) 3937:Egyptian stock exchange 2987:The Aswan High Dam Case 2769:The Aswan High Dam Case 2417:Encyclopedia Britannica 2095:10.1126/science.1074591 1894:Renewable energy portal 1244:control the water table 816:Originally designed by 797:is on the left and the 317:Installed capacity 269:35 km (22 mi) 128:Construction began 4661:Dams completed in 1970 4268:International rankings 3273:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 2615:Egypt's High Aswan Dam 1826: 1780: 1711: 1664:The Temple of Ptah at 1500: 1456: 1441: 1419:and power production. 1407: 1392:Electricity production 1388: 1368: 1327:environmental problems 1200:El Hammami downstream 1132: 1124: 1116: 850:, completed on 21 July 811:Hydroproject Institute 802: 758: 703:diplomatic recognition 698: 662: 568:Free Officers Movement 472:Hydroproject Institute 327:Annual generation 219:Spillway capacity 3873:Terrorism and tourism 3331:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3163:Library of Alexandria 2737:Amer, Mourad (2019). 2322:"Osman the Efficient" 2148:May 13, 2005, at the 1914:Egyptian Public Works 1824: 1778: 1706: 1585:Sudan National Museum 1498: 1454: 1436:A picture of the old 1435: 1405: 1386: 1366: 1130: 1122: 1114: 799:coat of arms of Egypt 792: 756: 726:U.S. State Department 693: 644: 586:, as well as growing 504:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 282:Normal elevation 178:Type of dam 112:23.97056°N 32.87778°E 4711:Environment of Egypt 4584:World Heritage Sites 4403:Units of measurement 3858:Proposed new capital 3604:Environmental issues 3365:United Arab Republic 3258:Muhammad Ali dynasty 2011:foreignaffairs.co.nz 1924:List of largest dams 1732:phosphorus pentoxide 1491:Archaeological sites 1192:El Hammami upstream 1033:improve this article 886:improve this article 846:1970: The High Dam, 636:pan-Arab nationalism 508:flooding of the Nile 486:Construction history 406:flooding of the Nile 295:Commission date 4726:Irrigation in Egypt 4256:Freedom of religion 4151:Mass sexual assault 3516:Timekeeping devices 3414:2013 Rabaa massacre 3387:Egyptian–Libyan War 2678:. 24 November 2021. 2163:"Subduing the Nile" 1240:subsurface drainage 774:balance of payments 645:Egyptian President 628:tactical neutralist 588:intra-Arab tensions 538:John Aird & Co. 258:Maximum length 242:Total capacity 108: / 23:Dam in Aswan, Egypt 4761:Soviet foreign aid 4446:Art (contemporary) 4126:Capital punishment 4016:Telecommunications 3693:Towns and villages 3661:Qattara Depression 3474:Muslim Brotherhood 3444:Cigarette industry 3304:British occupation 3215:Crusader invasions 3185:Rashidun Caliphate 2863:2016-12-22 at the 2847:. 20 January 2020. 2775:, pp. 11–12, 2620:2011-07-20 at the 2479:2008-02-28 at the 2469:2010-02-07 at the 1827: 1781: 1712: 1674:Temple of Kalabsha 1570:Temple of Ellesyia 1501: 1457: 1442: 1408: 1389: 1369: 1133: 1125: 1117: 803: 759: 699: 695:Gamal Abdel Nasser 667:John Foster Dulles 663: 649:and Soviet leader 572:Gamal Abdel Nasser 560:Harold Edwin Hurst 506:, to regulate the 453:Egypt's population 266:Maximum width 117:23.97056; 32.87778 4648: 4647: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4520:Football stadiums 4451:Botanical gardens 4330:Catholic dioceses 4222:Gender inequality 4146:Human trafficking 4077: 4076: 4011:Tallest buildings 3972:Military industry 3888: 3887: 3829:Political parties 3782:Islamic extremism 3770:Foreign relations 3711: 3710: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3292:French occupation 3210:Fatimid Caliphate 3205:Ikhshidid dynasty 3027:Sixth biggest dam 2393:on 20 August 2014 2286:978-0-312-43736-7 1761:soil salinization 1699:Loss of sediments 1682:Kiosk of Qertassi 1331:Samuel C. Florman 1262:soil salinization 1215: 1214: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1083: 999:Irrigation scheme 962: 961: 954: 936: 830:Osman Ahmed Osman 671:Dwight Eisenhower 651:Nikita Khrushchev 526:William Willcocks 447:and consequently 391:industrialization 339: 338: 250:Surface area 211:Width (base) 172:Dam and spillways 146:Opening date 4783: 4771:Forced migration 4691:Rock-filled dams 4686:Dams on the Nile 4638: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4618: 4608: 4607: 4413:Waste management 4178:Academic grading 4096: 4083: 4055:Railway stations 4033:Cultural tourism 3932:Economic regions 3894: 3717: 3558: 3227:Mamluk Sultanate 3158:Diocese of Egypt 3141:Battle of Actium 3090: 3077: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2963:, archived from 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2893: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2712: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2640: 2629: 2611: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2389:. Archived from 2379: 2373: 2372: 2353: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2324:. Archived from 2318: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2256:Dougherty, p. 22 2254: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2158: 2152: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2086:Science magazine 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2045: 2044: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1953:"Aswan High Dam" 1949: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1749:capillary action 1747:surface through 1730:, 7,000 tons of 1672:, alongside the 1556:Temple of Taffeh 1545:Temple of Dendur 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1157: 1104: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1041: 1017: 1009: 986: 976: 957: 950: 946: 943: 937: 935: 894: 870: 862: 834:Arab Contractors 801:is on the right. 595:Arab nationalism 476:power generation 399:culture of Egypt 387:hydroelectricity 159: 157: 152: 141: 139: 134: 123: 122: 120: 119: 118: 113: 109: 106: 105: 104: 101: 61: 60: 54: 38: 26: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4588: 4579:Public holidays 4569:National anthem 4422: 4335:Coptic Churches 4278:Egyptian Arabic 4188:Medical schools 4090: 4073: 3989:Nuclear program 3901: 3884: 3814:Nationality law 3807:Supreme Council 3792:Law enforcement 3724: 3707: 3683:Sinai Peninsula 3666:Red Sea Riviera 3565: 3544: 3520: 3422: 3309:1919 revolution 3297:Revolt of Cairo 3222:Ayyubid dynasty 3200:Tulunid dynasty 3084: 3071: 3065: 3016: 3011: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2875: 2871: 2865:Wayback Machine 2856: 2852: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2817: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2656: 2642: 2641: 2632: 2622:Wayback Machine 2612: 2597: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2481:Wayback Machine 2471:Wayback Machine 2459: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2308:Cia Readingroom 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2225:10.2307/2145939 2210: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2180: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2150:Wayback Machine 2141: 2137: 2131: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2065:. October 1971. 2062: 2058: 2057: 2048: 2041: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1909:Energy in Egypt 1900: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1807: 1785:schistosomiasis 1773: 1765:drainage system 1744: 1701: 1654:National Museum 1650:Faras Cathedral 1631:The temples of 1507: 1493: 1430: 1400: 1398:Energy in Egypt 1394: 1361: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1275: 1266:drainage system 1105: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1018: 1007: 1001: 996: 995: 994: 992: 987: 974: 958: 947: 941: 938: 895: 893: 883: 871: 860: 848:as-Sad al-'Aali 787: 602:Kingdom of Iraq 552: 546: 522: 516: 488: 351:embankment dams 155: 153: 150: 137: 135: 132: 116: 114: 110: 107: 102: 99: 97: 95: 94: 70: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 62: 41: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4789: 4787: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4652: 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haematobium 1772: 1769: 1743: 1740: 1700: 1697: 1662: 1661: 1646: 1643: 1629: 1623: 1615:The temple of 1613: 1605:The temple of 1603: 1595:The temple of 1581: 1580: 1566: 1552: 1541: 1503:Main article: 1492: 1489: 1429: 1426: 1393: 1390: 1360: 1357: 1274: 1271: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168:Kafret Nasser 1165: 1164: 1161: 1123:Water balances 1107: 1106: 1021: 1019: 1012: 1000: 997: 989: 988: 981: 980: 979: 960: 959: 874: 872: 865: 859: 858:Specifications 856: 855: 854: 851: 844: 841: 786: 783: 745:United Nations 713:of communism. 684:Czechoslovakia 669:and President 545: 542: 536:, whose firm, 530:Benjamin Baker 518:Main article: 515: 512: 500:Fatimid Caliph 492:Ibn al-Haytham 487: 484: 413:drainage basin 347:Aswan High Dam 337: 336: 329: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 306: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 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2646: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2560:on 2011-06-15 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2365:0-300-09764-6 2361: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2339: 2328:on 2010-10-30 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2265:Smith, p. 247 2262: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2244:Smith, p. 242 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2178: 2175:: 2861–2870, 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2130:0-7103-0416-1 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:Corbin, Henry 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988:9781881851240 1984: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1805:Other effects 1804: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637:Sesostris III 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1404: 1399: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1318:E£450 million 1306:E£100 million 1302:E£140 million 1293: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1248:soil salinity 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1160:Branch canal 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1129: 1121: 1113: 1103: 1100: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: – 1049: 1045: 1044:Find sources: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1022:This article 1020: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1006: 998: 991: 985: 978: 972: 968: 956: 953: 945: 934: 931: 927: 924: 920: 917: 913: 910: 906: 903: – 902: 898: 897:Find sources: 891: 887: 881: 880: 875:This article 873: 869: 864: 863: 857: 852: 849: 845: 842: 839: 838: 837: 835: 831: 826: 824: 819: 814: 812: 808: 800: 796: 791: 784: 782: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 755: 751: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 722: 720: 714: 712: 708: 704: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 675: 672: 668: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 639: 637: 633: 632:UN criticized 629: 625: 621: 618: 617:procapitalist 615: 614:anticommunist 611: 607: 603: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576:United States 573: 569: 566:, led by the 565: 561: 557: 551: 543: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 521: 520:Aswan Low Dam 513: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 485: 483: 481: 480:grout curtain 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:ancient times 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379:Aswan Low Dam 376: 372: 368: 367:United States 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 334: 330: 328: 324: 320: 318: 314: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290:Power Station 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 234: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 148: 144: 130: 126: 121: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 75:Official name 73: 53: 44: 37: 32: 27: 19: 18:Aswan Low Dam 4696:Gravity dams 4466:Coat of arms 4436:Architecture 4325:Christianity 4305:Prostitution 4251:Human rights 4210:Abaza family 4198:Universities 4163:Demographics 4116:Billionaires 3998: 3760:Constitution 3755:Conscription 3738:Governorates 3619:Halfaya Pass 3489:1954–present 3449:Constitution 3404:2010s Crisis 3316:World War II 3278:Urabi revolt 3195:Islamization 3129:31st Dynasty 3124:27th Dynasty 3002:, retrieved 2986: 2979: 2969:, retrieved 2965:the original 2959: 2952: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2920: 2901: 2897: 2872: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2801: 2794: 2784:, retrieved 2768: 2761: 2742: 2732: 2714: 2701: 2684: 2670: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2625: 2589: 2583: 2573: 2562:. Retrieved 2558:the original 2553: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2519: 2509: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2460: 2456: 2445:. Retrieved 2443:. 2020-03-11 2440: 2431: 2420:. Retrieved 2416: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2391:the original 2377: 2369: 2349: 2341: 2330:. Retrieved 2326:the original 2316: 2307: 2295: 2276: 2270: 2261: 2240: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191: 2181:, retrieved 2172: 2166: 2156: 2138: 2120: 2111: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2029: 2010: 1978: 1972: 1961:. Retrieved 1947: 1880:Water portal 1866:Egypt portal 1844: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1816: 1811:dead storage 1808: 1798: 1793: 1782: 1753:waterlogging 1745: 1737: 1713: 1686: 1678:Beit el-Wali 1670:New Kalabsha 1666:Gerf Hussein 1663: 1582: 1574:Museo Egizio 1538:Debod temple 1531: 1508: 1486: 1479: 1470:Atbara River 1458: 1443: 1421:Agricultural 1413: 1409: 1370: 1339: 1335: 1310:E£10 million 1287: 1276: 1258:waterlogging 1252: 1236:desalinizing 1228: 1184:El Mansuria 1176:Beni Magdul 1153: 1149: 1145: 1134: 1095: 1086: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1043: 1031:Please help 1026:verification 1023: 963: 948: 942:October 2020 939: 929: 922: 915: 908: 896: 884:Please help 879:verification 876: 847: 827: 815: 804: 771: 760: 749: 730: 723: 715: 700: 680:an arms deal 676: 664: 606:Baghdad Pact 592: 553: 523: 495: 489: 469: 410:East African 403: 346: 342: 340: 310:Francis-type 86:Aswan, Egypt 4716:Lake Nasser 4630:WikiProject 4391:Scientology 4261:LGBT rights 4183:Law schools 3967:Lighthouses 3910:Agriculture 3639:Mount Sinai 3599:Earthquakes 3399:Mubarak era 3370:Six-Day War 3360:Suez Crisis 3355:Land reform 3102:Prehistoric 2845:Egypt Today 2651:(2): 51–85. 2514:Netherlands 1708:Lake Nasser 1551:of New York 1314:E£5 million 1294:255 million 1232:salt export 1048:"Aswan Dam" 971:Lake Nasser 901:"Aswan Dam" 818:West German 711:containment 657:called it " 624:imperialism 620:Arab League 556:King Farouk 375:Lake Nasser 371:Chatuge Dam 236:Lake Nasser 115: / 91:Coordinates 4655:Categories 4542:Newspapers 4532:Mass media 4384:Synagogues 4352:Irreligion 4300:Literature 4295:Liberalism 4234:Healthcare 4136:Corruption 3819:Parliament 3750:Corruption 3745:Civil Code 3688:Suez Canal 3646:Nile Delta 3531:Alexandria 3501:Population 3496:Parliament 3464:Healthcare 3345:Nasser era 3119:Achaemenid 3094:Chronology 3004:2011-01-02 2971:2011-01-02 2786:2011-01-02 2564:2018-12-02 2447:2020-10-24 2422:2020-10-24 2332:2008-01-20 2183:2009-07-10 2143:Egypt bond 1963:2015-01-15 1940:References 1799:S. mansoni 1789:irrigation 1680:, and the 1607:Hatshepsut 1511:Abu Simbel 1465:Wadi Halfa 1438:Wadi Halfa 1417:irrigation 1396:See also: 1377:Nile Delta 1141:sugar cane 1137:irrigation 1059:newspapers 1003:See also: 912:newspapers 763:Abu Simbel 655:Khrushchev 570:including 548:See also: 494:(known as 429:floodplain 427:along its 190:River Nile 182:Embankment 103:32°52′40″E 100:23°58′14″N 4537:Magazines 4527:Egyptians 4362:Ahmadiyya 4273:Languages 4239:Hospitals 4173:Education 4040:Transport 3999:Aswan Dam 3927:Companies 3868:Terrorism 3834:President 3797:Massacres 3787:Judiciary 3765:Elections 3634:Mountains 3563:Geography 3541:Port Said 3484:1939–1954 3479:1928–1938 3434:Anarchism 3377:Sadat era 3321:Sultanate 3268:Khedivate 3168:Christian 3136:Ptolemaic 3025:Aswan Dam 2904:(3): 156. 2821:cite book 2119:(1993) , 1716:sediments 1597:Ramses II 1540:to Madrid 1208:El Shimi 1089:June 2020 610:communism 599:Hashemite 534:John Aird 465:reservoir 417:nutrients 343:Aswan Dam 298:1967–1971 227:Reservoir 4610:Category 4574:Olympics 4510:Football 4342:Hinduism 4310:Religion 4217:Feminism 4205:Families 4168:Diaspora 4131:Censuses 4121:Cannabis 4106:Abortion 4050:Airports 4045:Airlines 4021:Internet 3824:Passport 3802:Military 3775:Missions 3722:Politics 3703:Wildlife 3427:By topic 3340:Republic 3175:Sassanid 2995:archived 2861:Archived 2777:archived 2618:Archived 2477:Archived 2467:Archived 2441:BBC News 2350:The Nile 2177:archived 2146:Archived 2104:12161634 2084:(5582), 1957:Archived 1850:See also 1757:Drainage 1589:Khartoum 1523:Kalabsha 1482:Kom Ombo 1348:plankton 1283:droughts 1254:Drainage 737:Suez War 719:Cold War 584:Cold War 578:and the 532:and Sir 457:farmland 421:minerals 304:Turbines 187:Impounds 164:Owner(s) 83:Location 4640:Commons 4559:Museums 4503:regions 4471:Cuisine 4456:Castles 4428:Culture 4398:Smoking 4379:Judaism 4367:Mosques 4246:Housing 4193:Schools 4099:General 4088:Society 4028:Tourism 3957:Fishing 3915:Banking 3899:Economy 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