555:
408:
472:, with territories ranging between 4–10.6 ha (9.9–26.2 acres), with an average of 5.8 ha (14 acres). Most of the territory consists of mature forest, although the species can adapt to live in forests with small areas of secondary forest or pastures. Toucan barbet groups show a marked territorial behavior towards other groups or species, which is usually made clear by the loud duets of breeding pairs, and it is actively protected by the breeding pair by chasing of intruders. The family group's
416:
the field. The plumage is colourful and includes a black crown, "mask", and thin cervical collar. The species has long occipital feathers and a conspicuous white stripe behind the eyes, which has a bright red-colored iris. The nape of the neck is golden-brown and becomes yellow towards the rump. The throat, upper breast, and sides of the nape are grayish-blue. The lower breast and middle belly are bright red, while the lower belly is yellowish green. The wings and tail are grey. The subspecies
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42:
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91:
455:, at altitudes of 1,400–2,400 m (4,600–7,900 ft). It uses all forest strata, showing some preference for the upper canopy of the forest (11–20 m (36–66 ft)) and the subcanopy (6–10 m (20–33 ft)). The species also uses secondary forest and forest-edge habitats. Evidence suggests that these birds are very specific in choosing trees for nesting. It usually prefers old trees in the family
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66:
400:
578:. Other food taken includes insects such as termites, small reptiles, nectar, tree sap, and flower petals. The exact composition of the diet varies by season, with insects being more commonly taken in April. The diet of nestlings has more insect prey than that of adults, with 54% being fruit and 42% being insects.
566:, feeding on a variety of fruits mixed with other foods. A comparison of the diets of the New World barbets found they were more frugivorous than the other barbets, and their diets were more similar to those of toucans. 62 different species of fruit from 20 families have been reported as being eaten; fruits of
614:
with broken trunks, or more rarely in a dead branch in a living tree. Both sexes incubated the eggs; in nesting sites without helpers, males took more of the incubation and brooding duties than females. The incubation period lasts 15 days, and the hatchlings fledge after 45 days. Juveniles look very
415:
The toucan barbet is a medium-sized robust barbet, of 19 to 21 cm (7.5–8.3 in) long and weighing 80–115 g (2.8–4.1 oz). The beak is robust with a yellow maxilla and a light green mandible, both with dark ends. It is pronged at the end, though the prongs are not noticeable in
371:
and the other New World barbets. This led to a breakup of the barbet family, and the separate lineages are now considered to be distinct families; the toucan barbet is, together with the prong-billed barbet, now placed into the family
Semnornithidae. An alternative arrangement is to combine all the
606:
and raising the young. Groups are larger outside the reproductive season but generally shrink to three individuals in season, usually composed of previous immature offspring that stay with their parents and help with the new hatchlings. After the breeding season, the group increases due to greater
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are unmistakable, composed of loud shrieks that travel long distances. It is usually sung in duet by the breeding pair, simultaneously or in syncope by both sexes during the breeding season, usually for territorial display. The frequency of calls changes with each season, being more common at the
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The toucan barbet is usually found in pairs or small groups perched silently on long horizontal branches, making them hard to find unless active or singing. The flight is characterized by being hurried and noisy. It usually lives in small groups of three to six individuals. The species is
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is considered to be the main threat to this species, as it is adaptable and can tolerate some habitat modification if left unmolested. Heavy trapping pressure and habitat fragmentation due to forest clearing are thought to be responsible for some localised extinctions of this species.
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When nests are threatened by predators or competitor species that might steal the nesting site, members of the group make a rattling call followed by pecking and knocking wood to drive the competitor or predator away. If this fails, the group will begin to mob the intruder.
262:
The toucan barbet is native to humid montane forests, where it occupies all levels of the canopy and is found in both primary and secondary forests, as well as forest edges. It is social, living in small family groups which work together to defend their territories and
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acceptance of non-family members. These helpers significantly increase the reproductive success of the breeding pair. The breeding season of the toucan barbet is from
February through to October. Pairs may have two or even three broods per year.
507:
581:
The toucan barbet forages for 12 hours of the day around its territory, foraging from ground level to 30 m (98 ft) up into the canopy. It forages in small groups of up to six birds and sometimes forms mixed flocks with
674:. Though still fairly common locally, its populations have decreased due to habitat loss, accelerated by massive logging operations, deforestation, cattle grazing, and mining. Illegal trapping for the local and international
267:. It feeds on fruit and a range of animal prey, with insects being an important part of the diet of chicks. It sometimes joins mixed-species feeding flocks. Chicks are raised in cavities dug into large, usually dead trees.
347:. This family included African and Asian representatives. DNA studies published in 1994 and 1999 and an examination of the morphology of the family in 1988 found that this arrangement was
497:
954:
994:
Barker, F. Keith; Lanyon, Scott M. (1999). "The Impact of
Parsimony Weighting Schemes on Inferred Relationships among Toucans and Neotropical Barbets (Aves: Piciformes)".
1507:
955:"Phylogenetic interrelationships of the barbets (Aves: Capitonidae) and toucans (Aves: Ramphastidae) based on morphology with comparisons to DNA-DNA hybridization"
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The toucan barbet carves out holes in tree trunks with its powerful beak, in which it roosts and nests. The nesting holes are usually dug into dead trees, usually
1652:
1546:
427:, and the female lacks the tuft on the black plumage of the nape. Immature birds are duller than adults, and do not develop prongs until they are 4 months old.
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discovered that the genus name was preoccupied (meaning it had been used earlier for another genus) and placed the toucan barbet and its sister species the
1279:
Kattan, Gustavo H.; Alvarez-Lopez, Humberto; Giraldo, Manuel (March 1994). "Forest
Fragmentation and Bird Extinctions: San Antonio Eighty Years Later".
1481:
1520:
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The toucan barbet is unusual among frugivorous birds in that it breeds cooperatively, with several helpers aiding the dominant breeding pair with
332:, after the ancient god of the forest. The following year, Richmond issued a correction, as the name he had chosen was itself preoccupied (by the
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assist in this, especially near the nest. In the absence of interference, these groups can occupy a particular territory for a year or longer.
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459:. As nesting trees of sufficient diameter are not very common in these forests, habitat loss through logging is impacting the species.
764:
Short, L. L.; Home, J. F. M. (2017). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
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1672:
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are also treated as threats to nesting sites by family groups. Little is known of its parasites, but feather mites of the genera
291:
367:(which contains the toucan barbet) and toucans was found. The two lineages were more closely related to each other than even
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1147:
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much like adults, but have paler colors and black irises. Juveniles' plumage is kept for at least 2 months after fledging.
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259:, having a black head with grey throat and nape, red breast and upper belly, yellow lower belly and grey wings and tail.
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1178:"The importance of early successional habitats to rare, restricted-range, and endangered birds in the Ecuadorian Andes"
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beginning of the year and declining in frequency after April. The toucan barbet can also produce clicking sounds.
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barbets and the toucans into a single family, which due to priority would be the toucan family
Ramphastidae.
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1250:"Feather mites (Acariformes: Psoroptidia) from Colombia: Preliminary list with new records"
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The two described subspecies are the nominate race, found in
Ecuador, and the subspecies
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Historically, the toucan barbet was placed with the other barbets in the large family
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for nesting sites, and that species also preys on young toucan barbets in the nest.
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is very similar to the nominate race, but has less extensive red on the breast.
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trees have been shown to be especially important as food sources, as well as
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barbets. In particular, a close phylogenetic relationship between the genus
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908:"Reexamination of Barbet Monophyly Using Mitochondrial-DNA Sequence Data"
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in
Columbia, was described in 1941 by Swedish ornithologist and explorer
255:. It is a medium-sized barbet with a robust yellow bill. It has striking
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Both sexes are almost identical except for the female's plumage being
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Barreto, M; Burbano, M; Proctor, H; Mironov, S; Wauthy, G (2012).
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is more common if a group is involved as opposed to just a pair.
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1211:"The Diets of Neotropical Trogons, Motmots, Barbets and Toucans"
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Remsen, J. V.; Hyde, Mary Ann; Chapman, Angela (February 1993).
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The toucan barbet was described by the
Scottish naturalist
1135:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 369.
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The species is native to the humid forests of the western
1080:"Cooperative Breeding in the Frugivorous Toucan Barbet (
1327:
765:
726:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681956A92927185.en
1078:Restrepo, Carla; Mondragón, Marta Lucy (1998).
1146:Laverde, O.; Munera, C.; Rengifo, M. (2005).
906:Lanyon, Scott M.; Hall, John G (April 1994).
8:
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359:(family Ramphastidae) than they are to the
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306:for toucan-like, based on Linnaeus' genus
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978:
959:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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1035:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1031:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
869:"Some Necessary Changes in Nomenclature"
810:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
806:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
776:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
270:Young toucan barbets are preyed upon by
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1152:, Ave Columbiana Endémica y Amenazada"
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447:, from the Andean slopes of northwest
1653:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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996:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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630:are nest predators of toucan barbets.
7:
1131:Ridgely, R.; Greenfield, P. (2001).
411:The toucan barbet has a robust bill.
1293:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010138.x
778:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
712:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
971:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01728.x
274:. The species is considered to be
25:
294:, who placed it in the new genus
1310:Toucan barbet calls - Xeno-Canto
634:The toucan barbet competes with
558:Toucan barbet feeding in Ecuador
524:Problems playing this file? See
504:
355:are more closely related to the
251:, and is closely related to the
89:
1182:Bird Conservation International
701:BirdLife International (2016).
1:
1668:Birds of the Ecuadorian Andes
666:The species is classified as
636:plate-billed mountain toucans
628:Plate-billed mountain toucans
318:United States National Museum
272:plate-billed mountain toucans
1663:Birds of the Colombian Andes
1148:"Preferencia de Hábitat por
658:) have been found on them.
644:Neotropical dwarf squirrels
265:raise the chicks communally
1689:
656:Ramphastobius callinoticus
336:) and erected a new genus
1266:10.11646/zootaxa.3516.1.1
1195:10.1017/s0959270900000307
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86:Scientific classification
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49:Toucan barbet in Ecuador
48:
39:
34:
836:"New Name for the Genus
719:: e.T22681956A92927185.
594:, and other frugivores.
431:Habitat and distribution
286:Taxonomy and systematics
1673:Birds described in 1855
1029:Jobling, J. A. (2018).
834:Richmond, Chas (1899).
804:Jobling, J. A. (2017).
619:Predators and parasites
439:Cloud forest in Ecuador
1630:Semnornis-ramphastinus
1386:semnornis-ramphastinus
1373:Semnornis_ramphastinus
1359:Semnornis ramphastinus
1329:Semnornis ramphastinus
1176:Welford, Mark (2000).
1159:Ornitologia Colombiana
1082:Semnornis ramphastinus
1008:10.1006/mpev.2000.0752
784:10.2173/bow.toubar1.01
769:Semnornis ramphastinus
705:Semnornis ramphastinus
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228:Semnornis ramphastinus
195:Semnornis ramphastinus
18:Semnornis ramphastinus
1599:Paleobiology Database
640:White-faced capuchins
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340:for the two species.
298:. The specific name,
1281:Conservation Biology
1133:The Birds of Ecuador
953:Prum, R. O. (1988).
865:Richmond, Charles W.
463:Behavior and ecology
425:slightly less bright
177:S. ramphastinus
515:Recorded in Ecuador
322:prong-billed barbet
245:prong-billed barbet
56:Conservation status
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584:tyrant flycatchers
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499:Toucan barbet call
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480:Calls and displays
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326:Semnornis frantzii
235:native to western
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1586:Open Tree of Life
1321:Taxon identifiers
1150:Capito hypoleucus
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403:Northwest Ecuador
389:Nils Gyldenstolpe
353:New World barbets
328:) in a new genus
312:(1758). In 1899,
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381:S. r. caucae
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349:paraphyletic
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1560:Neotropical
1495:iNaturalist
1353:Wikispecies
1097:(1): 4–15.
838:Tetragonops
732:12 November
648:Picalgoides
564:frugivorous
470:territorial
395:Description
345:Capitonidae
334:chimpanzees
296:Tetragonops
1647:Categories
1625:Xeno-canto
1215:The Condor
683:References
604:incubation
526:media help
309:Ramphastos
143:Piciformes
1658:Semnornis
457:Lauraceae
369:Semnornis
365:Semnornis
361:Old World
351:, as the
338:Semnornis
171:Species:
164:Semnornis
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1612:Species+
1539:22681956
1513:11247757
1412:22681956
1407:BirdLife
1338:Wikidata
1260:: 1–68.
1165:: 62–73.
1016:10837152
867:(1900).
853:(1): 77.
598:Breeding
592:tanagers
588:warblers
569:Cecropia
453:Colombia
241:Colombia
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1591:1068256
1565:toubar1
1487:2478863
1474:1177751
1461:toubar1
1435:toubar1
1394:Avibase
1344:Q592956
1254:Zootaxa
1235:1369399
1111:4089106
1091:The Auk
937:4088602
916:The Auk
893:4069180
819:20 July
789:21 July
670:by the
550:Feeding
474:helpers
449:Ecuador
357:toucans
316:of the
257:plumage
253:toucans
237:Ecuador
231:) is a
205:, 1855)
203:Jardine
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1604:402361
1526:554276
1500:117180
1425:115354
1381:ARKive
1233:
1109:
1044:3 June
1014:
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575:Clusia
233:barbet
1578:70841
1552:91785
1508:IRMNG
1456:eBird
1448:4WHK4
1432:BOW:
1231:JSTOR
1155:(PDF)
1107:JSTOR
1087:(PDF)
933:JSTOR
911:(PDF)
889:JSTOR
843:(PDF)
612:snags
535:calls
445:Andes
385:Cauca
304:Latin
1617:6000
1547:NCBI
1534:IUCN
1521:ITIS
1482:GBIF
1420:BOLD
1258:3516
1046:2017
1012:PMID
821:2017
791:2017
734:2021
717:2016
672:IUCN
650:and
642:and
239:and
221:The
133:Aves
1469:EoL
1443:CoL
1368:ADW
1289:doi
1262:doi
1223:doi
1190:doi
1099:doi
1095:115
1004:doi
975:hdl
967:doi
925:doi
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873:Auk
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780:doi
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330:Pan
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