1047:. Captive toucans have been reported to hunt insects actively in their cages, and it is possible to keep toucans on an insect-only diet. They also plunder nests of smaller birds, taking eggs and nestlings. This probably provides a crucial addition of protein to their diet. Certainly, apart from being systematically predatory as well as frugivorous, like many omnivorous birds, they particularly prefer animal food for feeding their chicks. However, in their range, toucans are the dominant frugivores, and as such, play an extremely important ecological role as
885:
855:
1008:
952:
187:
137:
820:
851:) and compact. The tail is rounded and varies in length, from half the length to the whole length of the body. The neck is short and thick. The wings are small, as they are forest-dwelling birds who only need to travel short distances, and are often of about the same span as the bill-tip-to-tail-tip measurements of the bird.
1080:
The toucans are, due to their unique appearance, among the most popular and well known birds in the world. Across their native range they were hunted for food and also kept as pets, and their plumage and bills were used for decorations. In some places anyone that discovers a nest is deemed its owner
998:
Toucans often spend time sparring with their bills, tag-chasing, and calling during the long time it takes for fruit to digest. These behaviours may be related to maintenance of the pair bond or establishing dominance hierarchies, but the time required to digest fruit, which can be up to 75 minutes
985:
to forage, but are limited to forests with large old trees that have holes large enough to breed in. Toucans are poor dispersers, particularly across water, and have not reached the West Indies. The only non-forest living toucan is the toco toucan, which is found in savannah with forest patches and
876:
being the most notable exception to this rule (hence their common name, "dichromatic toucanets"). However, the bills of female toucans are usually shorter, deeper and sometimes straighter, giving more of a "blocky" impression compared to male bills. The feathers in the genus containing the largest
924:
system, though its size may still be advantageous in other ways. It does aid in their feeding behavior (as they sit in one spot and reach for all fruit in range, thereby reducing energy expenditure), and it has also been theorized that the bill may intimidate smaller birds, so that the toucan may
994:
Toucans are highly social and most species occur in groups of up to 20 or more birds for most of the time. Pairs may retire from the groups during the breeding season, then return with their offspring after the breeding season. Larger groups may form during irruptions, migration or around a
919:
resembling teeth, which historically led naturalists to believe that toucans captured fish and were primarily carnivorous; today it is known that they eat mostly fruit. Researchers have discovered that the large bill of the toucan is a highly efficient
1561:
Short, L.L. & Horne, J.F.M. (2017). Toucans (Ramphastidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx
Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from
943:. Because of this, toucans may snap their tail forward until it touches the head. This is the posture in which they sleep, often appearing simply as a ball of feathers, with the tip of the tail sticking out over the head.
1072:) refers to its predominant frog-like croaking call, but toucans also make barking and growling sounds. They also use their bills to make tapping and clattering sounds. Mountain toucans are known for donkey-like braying.
963:
Toucans are native to the
Neotropics, from Southern Mexico, through Central America, into South America south to northern Argentina. They mostly live in the lowland tropics, but the mountain species from the genus
1059:
Toucans nest in cavities in trees, and the presence of suitable trees is a habitat prerequisite for toucans. For the most part toucans don't excavate nesting cavities, although some green toucanets do.
903:, which in some large species measures more than half the length of the body, is the hallmark of toucans. Despite its size, the toucan's bill is very light, being composed of bone struts filled with
2647:
438:. Toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks. They sometimes fence with their bills and wrestle, which scientists hypothesize they do to establish dominance hierarchies. In
866:
The legs of the toucan are strong and rather short. Their toes are arranged in pairs with the first and fourth toes turned backward. The majority of toucans do not show any
1131:, the character Señor Túcan is a Spanish-speaking toucan who occasionally gives Dora and her friends advice. Tuca, the anthropomorphic title character of the 2019 show
929:
below). The beak allows the bird to reach deep into tree-holes to access food unavailable to other birds, and also to ransack suspended nests built by smaller birds.
2531:
2570:
932:
A toucan's tongue is long (up to 15 cm or 6 in), narrow, grey, and singularly frayed on each side, adding to its sensitivity as a tasting organ.
2642:
2505:
2544:
1901:
527:
1366:
1719:
1669:
1453:
Tattersall, G. J.; Andrade, D. V.; Abe, A. S. (2009). "Heat
Exchange from the Toucan Bill Reveals a Controllable Vascular Thermal Radiator".
1208:
2280:
1732:
1378:
1227:[Elementary Course for Tupi-Portuguese Vocabulary of the Old Tupi] (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. Archived from
881:(smaller toucans) are yellow, crossed by one or more black or red bands. The toucanets have mostly green plumage with blue markings.
1109:
430:—the toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. When the eggs hatch, the young emerge completely naked, without any
1873:
1250:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
2549:
1626:
Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Hyde, Mary Ann; Chapman, Angela (1993). "The Diets of
Neotropical Trogons, Motmots, Barbets and Toucans".
2557:
2166:
1400:
1127:
2181:
2171:
1374:
956:
153:
186:
2453:
1894:
1577:
1336:
519:
2575:
2273:
2129:
1990:
1682:
884:
1224:
847:), at 680 g (1.50 lb) and 63 cm (25 in). Their bodies are short (of comparable size to a
2052:
2000:
1980:
1975:
1139:
273:
169:
31:
1714:
Short, Lester; Horne, Jennifer. Toucans, Barbets and
Honeyguides. Publisher: Oxford University Press 2002.
877:
toucans are generally purple, with touches of white, yellow, and scarlet, and black. The underparts of the
854:
518:
is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
2406:
2238:
2213:
2176:
2082:
2062:
2005:
1985:
1970:
1879:
1090:
1086:
161:
2609:
2596:
2458:
2233:
2208:
2134:
2119:
2077:
1887:
940:
1100:
featured a toucan, as the black and white appearance of the bird mirrored the stout. A cartoon toucan,
1415:
1173:
2479:
2144:
2092:
2087:
2057:
2047:
2010:
1960:
1747:
1592:
1462:
1097:
888:
455:
2266:
2203:
2139:
2067:
1340:
1012:
523:
489:
2223:
2042:
1643:
1608:
1486:
1119:
Toucans have also been used in popular media. They have been used as the principal characters in
1048:
181:
2614:
2601:
2444:
1007:
951:
2583:
2466:
1819:
1733:"Conservation puzzle: Endangered hyacinth macaw depends on its nest predator for reproduction"
1715:
1665:
1478:
1435:
1394:
1204:
1081:
and is entitled to sell the birds within. In the western world they were first popularised by
978:
867:
2536:
2637:
2588:
2310:
2124:
2097:
2072:
2037:
1965:
1911:
1809:
1801:
1755:
1697:
1635:
1600:
1531:
1522:
Reynolds, J. (2003). "Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 7. Jacamars to
Woodpeckers".
1470:
1427:
1316:
1306:
1273:
1263:
1133:
982:
921:
832:
824:
481:
451:
370:
335:
1763:
1252:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
2302:
2289:
2249:
1661:
1152:
935:
A structural complex probably unique to toucans involves the modification of several tail
512:
467:
364:
1751:
1596:
1504:
1466:
1321:
1294:
1137:
is a Toucan, and the companion of the song thrush Bertie. In the 2016 Nintendo 3DS game
2370:
1995:
1949:
1814:
1790:"Proximity is not a proxy for parentage in an animal-dispersed Neotropical canopy palm"
1789:
729:
435:
396:
297:
136:
1535:
1143:, the Pokémon Toucannon and its previous evolutions were modeled after a Toco Toucan.
819:
2631:
2032:
1414:
Meyers, Marc André; Chen, Po-Yu; Lin, Albert Yu-Min; Seki, Yasuaki (1 January 2008).
1278:
1069:
904:
612:
508:
473:
431:
80:
1490:
1085:, who devoted two editions to a detailed monograph of the family. The constellation
2358:
2344:
2218:
970:
reach temperate climates at high altitudes in the Andes and can be found up to the
660:
304:
258:
248:
1431:
2471:
1836:
1759:
2562:
2518:
2438:
2376:
2228:
1121:
1105:
1096:
The family has been used prominently in advertising. During the 1930s and 1940s
1024:
859:
840:
706:
423:
388:
145:
125:
55:
2429:
1311:
2388:
2382:
2293:
2192:
2108:
1848:
1683:"Coloniality in the Yellow-Rumped Cacique as a Defense against Nest Predators"
1101:
1082:
1028:
999:
and during which the toucan can not feed, provides this time for socializing.
878:
872:
573:
557:
537:
515:
501:
497:
496:
and toucanets; more distant relatives include various families of barbets and
427:
318:
311:
238:
100:
65:
1439:
1268:
1251:
2492:
1701:
1474:
1125:, a 1992 UK television cartoon about two detectives named Zippi and Zac. In
971:
916:
198:
105:
49:
17:
1823:
1805:
1482:
2423:
2352:
2333:
2155:
966:
936:
912:
683:
447:
419:
415:
290:
218:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
2327:
2319:
2021:
1937:
1647:
1612:
908:
628:
493:
408:
110:
85:
1344:
2523:
1044:
1036:
511:
relationship between the toucans and the eight other families in the
439:
208:
2510:
2400:
2258:
1639:
1604:
1578:"How Long do Fruit-Eating Birds Stay in the Plants Where They Feed?"
977:
For the most part the toucans are forest species, and restricted to
939:. The rear three vertebrae are fused and attached to the spine by a
2497:
839:), at 130 g (4.6 oz) and 29 cm (11 in), to the
1927:
1228:
1068:
Toucans make a variety of sounds. The very name of the bird (from
1006:
950:
883:
853:
818:
404:
1660:
Nadkarni, Nalini M. ; Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. (Editors).
1563:
1295:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
1040:
1032:
900:
848:
443:
400:
228:
2404:
2262:
1883:
1731:
Pizo, M.A.; Donatti, C.I.; Guedes, N.M.R.; Galetti, M. (2008).
1662:
Monteverde: Ecology and
Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest
1108:
breakfast cereal since 1963, and a toucan is the mascot of the
1225:"Vocabulário Tupi-Português do Curso Elementar de Tupi Antigo"
2484:
344:
1416:"Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties"
376:
399:. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful
1876:
of a chestnut-mandibled toucan pair raising their chicks.
1381:. Spring 2005. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011
350:
379:
373:
353:
347:
341:
2648:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the
Neotropics
2413:
2343:
2318:
2300:
2190:
2153:
2106:
2019:
1947:
1925:
395:. The Ramphastidae are most closely related to the
338:
1174:"The Difference Between A Toucan & A Hornbill"
472:The name of this bird group is derived from the
911:between them, which take on the structure of a
2274:
1895:
426:and holes excavated by other animals such as
8:
1664:. Publisher: Oxford University Press, 2000.
1576:Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. (1 January 1991).
434:. Toucans are resident breeders and do not
2401:
2281:
2267:
2259:
1902:
1888:
1880:
1027:(fruit eating), but are opportunistically
135:
38:
1813:
1320:
1310:
1277:
1267:
422:in their nests. They make their nests in
1201:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1164:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1392:
1051:for seed dispersal of fruiting trees.
528:International Ornithological Committee
1347:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
2385:(woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks)
418:and typically lay two to four white
722:
699:
676:
653:
605:
598:
550:
543:
533:
526:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1910:Toucans, toucanets, and aracaris (
1379:University of California San Diego
1345:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
995:particularly large fruiting tree.
827:is the smallest species of toucan.
25:
2643:Extant Gelasian first appearances
2336:(puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
1505:"Hot secret behind toucan's bill"
1293:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
1104:, has been used as the mascot of
862:is the largest species of toucan.
709:– New World barbets (15 species)
1110:Brazilian Social Democracy Party
369:
334:
185:
1837:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
1256:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1112:; its party members are called
925:plunder nests undisturbed (see
870:in their coloration, the genus
831:Toucans range in size from the
686:– African barbets (42 species)
492:. The family includes toucans,
915:. The bill has forward-facing
1:
2167:Grey-breasted mountain toucan
1564:http://www.hbw.com/node/52284
1536:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00275-6
1432:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002
1420:Progress in Materials Science
1093:, is named after the toucan.
732:– toucan barbets (2 species)
663:– Asian barbets (35 species)
2182:Black-billed mountain toucan
2172:Plate-billed mountain toucan
1760:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.023
1375:Jacobs School of Engineering
1203:. London: Christopher Helm.
957:black-billed mountain toucan
631:– woodpeckers (240 species)
154:plate-billed mountain toucan
1019:), nest in hollows in trees
615:– honeyguides (16 species)
403:. The family includes five
2664:
1312:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
465:
29:
2247:
1399:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1279:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
1239:– via fflch.usp.br.
1098:Guinness beer advertising
1089:, containing most of the
926:
743:
727:
720:
704:
697:
681:
674:
658:
651:
626:
610:
603:
596:
576:– puffbirds (38 species)
571:
555:
548:
541:
286:
281:
182:Scientific classification
180:
144:Clockwise from top-left:
143:
134:
41:
2130:Golden-collared toucanet
1991:Chestnut-tipped toucanet
1343:, eds. (December 2023).
1076:Relationship with humans
947:Distribution and habitat
891:have smaller bills than
560:– jacamars (18 species)
462:Taxonomy and systematics
174:Aulacorhynchus albivitta
2113:(dichromatic toucanets)
2053:Brown-mandibled aracari
2001:Crimson-rumped toucanet
1981:Black-throated toucanet
1976:White-throated toucanet
1740:Biological Conservation
1681:Robinson, S.K. (1985).
1524:Biological Conservation
1475:10.1126/science.1175553
1199:Jobling, J. A. (2010).
899:The colorful and large
837:Pteroglossus inscriptus
748:– toucans (43 species)
170:white-throated toucanet
166:Pteroglossus castanotis
32:Toucan (disambiguation)
2239:Yellow-throated toucan
2214:Citron-throated toucan
2177:Hooded mountain toucan
2083:Pale-mandibled aracari
2063:Chestnut-eared aracari
2026:(aracaris or araçaris)
2006:Yellow-browed toucanet
1986:Groove-billed toucanet
1971:Blue-throated toucanet
1806:10.1098/rspb.2008.1793
1269:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
1091:Small Magellanic Cloud
1023:Toucans are primarily
1020:
960:
896:
863:
828:
407:and over 40 different
162:chestnut-eared aracari
158:Andigena laminirostris
2610:Paleobiology Database
2597:Paleobiology Database
2234:White-throated toucan
2209:Channel-billed toucan
2135:Tawny-tufted toucanet
2120:Yellow-eared toucanet
2078:Stripe-billed aracari
1702:10.1093/auk/102.3.506
1010:
990:Behaviour and ecology
959:is a mountain species
954:
941:ball and socket joint
889:Spot-billed toucanets
887:
857:
822:
2145:Spot-billed toucanet
2093:Curl-crested aracari
2088:Fiery-billed aracari
2058:Black-necked aracari
2048:Ivory-billed aracari
2011:Blue-banded toucanet
1788:Sezen, U.U. (2009).
1140:Pokémon Sun and Moon
1017:Ramphastos dicolorus
456:convergent evolution
450:occupy the toucans'
391:birds in the family
30:For other uses, see
2204:Red-breasted toucan
2068:Many-banded aracari
1800:(1664): 2037–2044.
1752:2008BCons.141..792P
1597:1991Biotr..23...29W
1467:2009Sci...325..468T
1013:red-breasted toucan
1011:Toucans, like this
524:Pamela C. Rasmussen
2379:(American barbets)
2224:Keel-billed toucan
2160:(mountain toucans)
2043:Red-necked aracari
1566:on 25 March 2017).
1339:; Donsker, David;
1055:Breeding behaviour
1021:
981:. They will enter
961:
897:
864:
829:
2625:
2624:
2584:Open Tree of Life
2407:Taxon identifiers
2398:
2397:
2355:(African barbets)
2256:
2255:
1961:Wagler's toucanet
1954:(green toucanets)
1720:978-0-19-854666-5
1670:978-0-19-513310-3
1341:Rasmussen, Pamela
1210:978-1-4081-2501-4
1134:Tuca & Bertie
1128:Dora the Explorer
1116:for this reason.
983:secondary forests
868:sexual dimorphism
811:
810:
802:
801:
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
640:
639:
585:
584:
327:
326:
277:
129:
16:(Redirected from
2655:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2563:NHMSYS0020959140
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2402:
2373:(toucan-barbets)
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2140:Gould's toucanet
2125:Guianan toucanet
2098:Saffron toucanet
2073:Collared aracari
2038:Lettered aracari
1966:Emerald toucanet
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1849:"#733 Toucannon"
1845:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1762:. Archived from
1737:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1540:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1461:(5939): 468–70.
1450:
1444:
1443:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1169:
986:open woodlands.
922:thermoregulation
833:lettered aracari
825:lettered aracari
723:
700:
677:
654:
606:
599:
551:
544:
534:
500:in the suborder
454:, an example of
452:ecological niche
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
375:
368:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
272:
190:
189:
139:
123:
122:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2361:(Asian barbets)
2339:
2314:
2296:
2287:
2257:
2252:
2250:List of toucans
2243:
2196:
2186:
2159:
2149:
2112:
2102:
2025:
2015:
1953:
1943:
1921:
1908:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1769:on 4 March 2016
1766:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1659:
1655:
1640:10.2307/1369399
1625:
1624:
1620:
1605:10.2307/2388685
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1543:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:. 23 July 2009.
1503:
1502:
1498:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1335:
1334:
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1996:Tepui toucanet
1993:
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1868:External links
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1530:(2): 280–281.
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1262:(1): 108–127.
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1172:Ferrara, Sue.
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905:spongy tissue
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613:Indicatoridae
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40:
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19:
2445:Ramphastidae
2415:Ramphastidae
2414:
2365:Ramphastidae
2364:
2359:Megalaimidae
2309:
2301:
2219:Choco toucan
2191:
2154:
2107:
2022:Pteroglossus
2020:
1948:
1936:
1926:
1917:Ramphastidae
1916:
1915:
1853:. Retrieved
1843:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1743:
1739:
1726:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1676:
1656:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1591:(1): 29–40.
1588:
1584:
1571:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1426:(1): 1–206.
1423:
1419:
1409:
1383:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1331:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1219:
1200:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1177:
1167:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1095:
1079:
1067:
1058:
1043:, and small
1022:
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993:
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962:
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931:
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871:
865:
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746:Ramphastidae
745:
744:
728:
705:
682:
661:Megalaimidae
659:
627:
611:
572:
556:
509:phylogenetic
506:
485:
477:
471:
424:tree hollows
414:Toucans are
413:
393:Ramphastidae
392:
329:
328:
317:
310:
305:Pteroglossus
303:
296:
289:
269:Ramphastidae
268:
259:Ramphastides
255:Infraorder:
173:
165:
157:
149:
36:
18:Ramphastidae
2519:iNaturalist
2439:Wikispecies
2377:Capitonidae
2229:Toco toucan
1337:Gill, Frank
1305:: 851–860.
1122:Toucan Tecs
1106:Froot Loops
1025:frugivorous
860:toco toucan
841:toco toucan
815:Description
707:Capitonidae
498:woodpeckers
428:woodpeckers
389:Neotropical
146:toco toucan
126:Pleistocene
2632:Categories
2334:Bucconidae
2330:(jacamars)
2328:Galbulidae
2294:Piciformes
2193:Ramphastos
2109:Selenidera
1855:24 January
1628:The Condor
1585:Biotropica
1385:6 November
1159:References
1102:Toucan Sam
1083:John Gould
1039:, smaller
1029:omnivorous
917:serrations
893:Ramphastos
873:Selenidera
574:Bucconidae
558:Galbulidae
538:Piciformes
520:Frank Gill
516:Piciformes
490:Portuguese
466:See also:
319:Selenidera
312:Ramphastos
245:Suborder:
239:Piciformes
2367:(toucans)
1440:0079-6425
972:tree line
937:vertebrae
448:hornbills
205:Kingdom:
199:Eukaryota
48:2–0
2430:Q1325045
2424:Wikidata
2353:Lybiidae
2303:Suborder
2156:Andigena
1824:19324791
1509:BBC News
1491:42756257
1483:19628866
1395:cite web
1322:11111414
1147:See also
1035:such as
967:Andigena
895:toucans.
879:araçaris
684:Lybiidae
494:aracaris
416:arboreal
291:Andigena
265:Family:
219:Chordata
215:Phylum:
209:Animalia
195:Domain:
128:– recent
2638:Toucans
2383:Picidae
2320:Galbuli
1938:Species
1815:2677255
1773:6 March
1748:Bibcode
1648:1369399
1613:2388685
1593:Bibcode
1463:Bibcode
1455:Science
1351:17 June
1114:tucanos
1049:vectors
1045:lizards
1037:insects
913:biofoam
909:keratin
629:Picidae
530:(IOC).
482:Guaraní
480:or the
436:migrate
409:species
330:Toucans
282:Genera
235:Order:
225:Class:
117:↓
2615:373609
2589:489463
2550:178146
2537:104755
2498:1RMPHF
2311:Family
1912:family
1822:
1812:
1718:
1668:
1646:
1611:
1489:
1481:
1438:
1319:
1299:Nature
1235:1 June
1207:
1184:8 July
1087:Tucana
849:crow's
488:, via
478:tukana
440:Africa
405:genera
387:) are
276:, 1825
274:Vigors
124:Early
42:Toucan
2602:99133
2576:57381
2532:IRMNG
2524:18485
2459:25352
2290:Order
1928:Genus
1874:Video
1767:(PDF)
1736:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1644:JSTOR
1609:JSTOR
1581:(PDF)
1487:S2CID
1371:Pulse
1064:Calls
1041:birds
513:order
484:word
476:word
401:bills
2571:NCBI
2545:ITIS
2511:9343
2506:GBIF
2493:EPPO
2485:1593
2454:BOLD
2345:Pici
1857:2017
1820:PMID
1775:2013
1716:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1479:PMID
1436:ISSN
1401:link
1387:2020
1353:2024
1237:2015
1205:ISBN
1186:2020
1070:Tupi
1033:prey
1003:Diet
955:The
927:Diet
901:bill
858:The
823:The
507:The
502:Pici
486:tukã
474:Tupi
444:Asia
442:and
432:down
420:eggs
249:Pici
229:Aves
56:PreꞒ
2558:NBN
2480:EoL
2472:FJF
2467:CoL
1810:PMC
1802:doi
1798:276
1756:doi
1744:141
1698:doi
1690:Auk
1636:doi
1601:doi
1532:doi
1528:111
1471:doi
1459:325
1428:doi
1317:PMC
1307:doi
1303:629
1274:hdl
1264:doi
907:of
168:),
160:),
152:),
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1914::
1818:.
1808:.
1796:.
1792:.
1754:.
1742:.
1738:.
1694:10
1692:.
1688:.
1642:.
1632:95
1630:.
1607:.
1599:.
1589:23
1587:.
1583:.
1544:^
1526:.
1507:.
1485:.
1477:.
1469:.
1457:.
1434:.
1424:53
1422:.
1418:.
1397:}}
1393:{{
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1369:.
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365:UK
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