1485:
42:
1285:
63:
1372:
2609:
1475:
is what secretes the shell; shell growth begins at what will later become the apex of the shell, and typically rotates clockwise. As the animal gradually matures, the mantle continues to secrete shell material. Scotch bonnets complete maturation in one to six years. However, some have lived more than
1442:
close to the shore. Off the coast of North
Carolina, divers and local fisherman frequently find Scotch bonnets at depths of about 50 to 150 feet (15 to 46 m); however, live specimens can be found in depths from 0 to 94 metres (0 to 308 ft). Empty shells have been found in depths of up to 97
831:
hat which used to be commonly worn in
Scotland. The shell has a regular pattern of square or rectangular patches that are orange, tan, or brown in color. The shell can sometimes be smooth except for growth lines, but in other individuals it can have a sculpture of incised spiral grooves and even weak
682:
bonnet or cap. The shell is egg-shaped and fairly large, 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) in maximum dimension, with a regular pattern of yellow, orange or brown squarish spots. The surface sculpture of the shell is highly variable: the surface can be smooth and polished, have grooves, be granulated,
1455:
During the spring, favorable food supplies, adequate light, and optimum water temperature provide conditions for breeding and early growth. At this time, the female deposits hundreds of egg capsules in tower-shaped structures about 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) high. The male fertilizes these
1363:, with an outline that matches the aperture's contour. The shell is colored pale tan or creamy white, sometimes purplish, with regularly-arranged, orange to light brown rectangular markings that often appear faded, even in fresh specimens. Shells of adult females are larger than those of males.
1324:
that is present. Some shells are completely smooth with a high gloss, whereas other shells are grooved. The surface of some shells is granulated, and some even have nodules on the shoulders of the whorls. Several times at different growth stages, the shell develops a thick
1333:. The snail rests between each of these stages of growth, and usually absorbs the entire outer lip before it begins to grow again. In some cases, especially in deep water, the Scotch bonnet does not absorb the outer lip completely, leaving behind a
1500:. Crabs can crush the snail's shell, eating the soft internal organs and muscle tissue. The snail's only defense mechanism against predation is to draw its body into the shell. By doing so, they can at least partially close the aperture using the
2011:
Beu, A. (2010). "Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of
Tropical and South America; contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama Paleontology Projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus".
735:
for up to 14 weeks before settling onto the seabed as tiny snails. Crabs are a predator of this sea snail. After the death of the snails, if the shells are still intact they are often used by
1538:. The occupation of shell type was reported as not being random, but was instead described as being influenced by the weight, size, shape and internal volume of the shell, the occurrence of
1038:. For this smooth and glossy form, the maximum recorded shell length is 60 mm. The minimum recorded depth for this form is 0 m; the maximum recorded depth is 6 m.
1558:, in honor of the abundance of Scottish settlers that founded the state. With this designation, North Carolina became the first state in the US to have a state shell.
2728:
1467:
Growth is slow, and the veligers are carried by the ocean currents for up to 14 weeks. As the veligers mature, they develop their first shell (the smooth
2702:
2633:
2241:. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G.; Bank, R.A.; Bieler, R. (2015). MolluscaBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
2119:. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G.; Bank, R.A.; Bieler, R. (2015). MolluscaBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
1838:. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G.; Bank, R.A.; Bieler, R. (2015) MolluscaBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
2844:
2839:
2754:
2592:
2565:
2398:
2371:
2341:
2309:
2281:
2088:
2625:
2849:
1484:
1018:
Some Scotch bonnets have a completely smooth and glossy shell. These were thought to be a different species, which was given the name
1471:) and turn into very small juvenile snails, at which point they sink to the ocean floor. As is the case in all shelled mollusks, the
1049:, by American malacologists Henry G. Pilsbry and Thomas L. Mcginty. This supposed subspecies has since been considered a synonym of
2026:
686:
This species lives intertidally and subtidally on sandy substrates, and is found primarily in the tropical and subtropical
Western
2806:
2361:
1087:
2613:
872:"Shell ovate, transversely obscurely sulcate , regularly marked with yellow squares, the lip granulated, the tail recurved"
832:
axial ribs which, together with the colored patches on the shell, create an effect that is reminiscent of the pattern of a
2741:
2050:
Rosenberg, G. (2012). Semicassis granulata undulata (Gmelin, 1791). Accessed through: World
Register of Marine Species at
1789:
889:
613:
2639:
1304:
The egg-shaped shell of this species usually grows to 40–55 mm in length (1 1/2" - 2 1/8") (the maximum recorded
1625:
1106:(East Florida, West Florida, and the Florida Keys). It has also been recorded on the Gulf Coast of the US, including
277:
62:
389:
2445:
1853:
1668:
1555:
1320:
is sculptured by spiral grooves crossed by mostly rather faint growth lines. Its surface varies in the degree of
909:
751:
317:
1447:
beds, probably attracted by the abundant food. Shipwrecks also seem to provide a good habitat for this species.
1757:
1406:
401:
1492:
The Scotch bonnet is preyed upon by vertebrates, such as fish, and invertebrates, including crabs such as the
2419:
1764:. Deliciae Florae et Faunae Insubricae 2: + 115 pp., frontispiece, 25 pls. Monasterii S. Salvatoris: Ticini.
1565:
have been suffering a decline due to increased collection and accidental harvesting by commercial fishermen.
1534:
was carried out. This study revealed that 11.5% of the population of these hermit crabs were using shells of
862:
Testa ovata, transversim, obsolete sulcata, tessulis luteis seriatim maculata, labio granulato, cauda recurva
1938:
Mörch, O.A.L. (1877). "Synopsis molluscorum marinorum
Indiarum occidentalium imprimis insularum danicarum".
1606:
1444:
995:
788:
675:
220:
1348:. The outer lip has a series of short, strong lirae, giving it a toothed appearance. The lower part of the
2657:
1415:
1377:
1239:
1227:
1022:
by Gmelin in 1791. This taxon was recognized for a while, including up until 2010, as a separate species,
2780:
1644:
1501:
1360:
727:
In the spring, the adult females of this species lay eggs in tower-shaped structures. The eggs hatch as
674:"Scotch bonnet" alludes to the general outline and color pattern of the shell, which vaguely resemble a
297:
167:
1530:
1308:
length is 121 mm (4.76 in)). It is thick and solid, with a moderately high spire and rounded
917:
935:
41:
2811:
2069:. Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Accessed 16 December 2009.
1822:. Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Accessed 14 December 2009.
1231:
1159:
1099:
987:
901:
242:
2242:
2120:
2051:
1839:
1493:
1321:
1255:
1207:
1066:
978:
971:
808:
708:
2167:
1284:
1246:. As of 2009, this species had apparently not been reported in the literature as occurring in the
1737:
1687:
1497:
1341:
943:
721:
713:
361:
193:
57:
2798:
2785:
1927:. The Wildlife Resources Commission, Division of Conservation Education, NC Wildlife Foundation.
922:
2733:
2584:
2577:
2106:
Malacolog
Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Accessed 8 March 2010.
2834:
2767:
2689:
2588:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2501:
2493:
2394:
2367:
2337:
2331:
2305:
2277:
2084:
1260:
1235:
1223:
1143:
983:
955:
824:
703:
17:
2772:
2519:
2388:
807:, meaning granulated, or covered in granules, i.e. small grains or pellets, referring to the
2483:
2149:
2139:
Welch, J.J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea
Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence".
1729:
1472:
1167:
927:
853:
720:
has been unclear in the past: as well as the current combination, 38 other combinations and
2302:
American seashells; the marine molluska of the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America
1546:
on the shell, and the degree of resistance the shell offered to predation and desiccation.
1349:
1345:
1334:
1326:
1305:
1289:
1247:
990:, parts of the northeastern Atlantic. In 1791, that sea snail was given the specific name
959:
804:
124:
114:
2366:(38th ed., Annual, rev. ed.). Great Britain: Taylor & Francis Inc. p. 65.
1010:
has mistakenly been reported from the
Western Atlantic Ocean, but does not occur there.
2423:
1587:
1420:
1397:; they search for their food on sandy stretches of the ocean floor, where they consume
1371:
1353:
1297:
1155:
1095:
1091:
1073:
1027:
849:
747:
691:
687:
654:
184:
1733:
2828:
1794:
Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi
1741:
1517:
1424:
1183:
1151:
1083:
699:
2488:
2467:
1443:
metres (318 ft). These snails are often found in association with the offshore
2694:
2063:
1119:
833:
2190:
2103:
1816:
2153:
1613:. Editio decima tertia. Systema Naturae, 13th ed., vol. 1(6): 3021-3910. Lipsiae.
2793:
2746:
2715:
1708:
Berzeichniss der Anfehnlichen Conchylien-Sammlung des Freiherrn von der Malsburg
1513:
1457:
1402:
1398:
1199:
1179:
820:
736:
671:
2680:
1879:
1525:
1468:
1410:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1211:
1127:
144:
104:
2645:
2497:
1630:
Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers. Encyclopédie Méthodique
1288:
A varix is visible on the left in this ventral view of a slightly discolored
1651:. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres 7: + 711 pp. Author: Paris.
1543:
1439:
1139:
1123:
1115:
1107:
881:
664:
657:
650:
74:
2552:
A Field Guide to Shells of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies
2505:
2608:
2674:
2141:
1539:
1394:
1382:
1357:
1330:
1264:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1147:
1135:
1078:
732:
679:
667:
134:
94:
2420:"The State Symbols, in NC Encyclopedia; State Library of North Carolina"
2707:
1554:
In 1965, the US state of North Carolina named the Scotch bonnet as its
1461:
1438:
lives on sandy substrate in moderately shallow water, as well as rocky
1243:
1215:
1175:
1163:
1103:
728:
695:
660:
646:
2720:
2620:
2199:
Malacolog Version 4.1.1 A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca
1777:. xii + 394 pp., 100 pls. Chicago Spectrum Press: Evanston, Illinois.
1592:
Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars I. Testacea
1521:
1460:
larvae, and the eggs subsequently hatch as free swimming microscopic
1268:
1191:
1131:
885:
828:
784:
84:
2651:
1992:
Morretes, F.L. (1949). "Ensaio de catálogo dos moluscos do Brasil".
827:" because of a vague resemblance to a tam o' shanter, a traditional
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1356:
has many "pimple-like" bumps or pustules. It has a yellow to brown
892:
proposed a new combination and transferred this taxon to the genus
1483:
1370:
1283:
1219:
1111:
877:
792:
772:
768:
2243:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419784
2121:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419783
2052:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=591482
1840:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419784
2759:
1861:. Baltimore, Maryland, US: Published by the author. p. 275.
1512:
After death, the empty shell of this sea snail is often used by
1171:
2655:
2466:
Fantucci, M.Z.; Biagi, R.; Mantelatto, F.L.M. (November 2008).
2468:"Shell occupation by the endemic western Atlantic hermit crab
2276:(5. pr. ed.). Boca Raton: Bahamianseashells. p. 59.
2227:. New York, New York: Western Publishing Company. p. 116.
1464:
larvae, which can be carried some distance on ocean currents.
1086:. Regions and countries where this species occurs include the
712:, is currently considered to be a separate species. The exact
2390:
Seashells of Georgia and the Carolinas: A Beachcomber's Guide
2304:(2d ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 161.
2225:
A Guide to Field Identification of Seashells of North America
1720:
Guppy, R.J.L. (1866). "On the Tertiary Mollusca of Jamaica".
1045:
which has nodules on the shoulder was named as a subspecies,
880:
has been recombined numerous times into different genera and
1632:. Histoire Naturelle des Vers 1: 345-757. Panckoucke: Paris.
1316:
is rounded, colored cream with an orange to brown apex. The
2446:"NC State Shell: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences"
998:. In 2015, this taxon was considered to be a subspecies of
743:
2274:
Bahamian seashells: a thousand species from Abaco, Bahamas
1312:, and adult specimens have approximately five whorls. The
1072:
from several warm-water and tropical areas of the Western
884:. Nearly a century after Born's description, in 1877, the
2363:
Oceanography & marine biology : an annual review
746:, the Scotch bonnet shell was named as a state symbol of
1923:
Friday, S.; Newman, J.T. (1997-01-01). "Scotch Bonnet".
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
698:. It is the most common species in this subfamily in
2295:
2293:
2218:
2216:
2081:
The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography
2664:
1488:
The blue crab sometimes feeds on the Scotch bonnet.
1263:, and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean, including
1026:. However, in 2015 this is considered to be only a
683:or even be nodulose on the shoulder of the whorls.
2576:
2549:
2414:
2412:
2410:
1594:. + 458 + pp., 1 pl. Offficina Krausiana: Wien.
1456:eggs. After fertilization, the eggs develop into
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
908:, and five years later the Brazilian naturalist
2168:"Small Cassidae of Florida and the West Indies"
848:, and was described by the Austrian naturalist
1076:. It is considered the most common species of
2387:Witherington, B.E.; Witherington, D. (2011).
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1649:Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
1344:, with a thick outer lip, and a glossy, oval
1182:, and further south in the Atlantic coast of
954:, was proposed by New Zealand paleontologist
950:in 1997. The currently accepted combination,
8:
1118:Coast of Central America, including Mexico (
2583:. Charlotte, NC: East Woods Press. p.
2448:. North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
2336:. Princeton University Press. p. 286.
2325:
2323:
2321:
2083:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 152.
1722:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1329:, which is characteristic of the subfamily
670:, the helmet shells and bonnet shells. The
580:Semicassis (Semicassis) granulata granulata
2652:
2520:"Official State Symbols of North Carolina"
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
40:
31:
2487:
2355:
2353:
2548:Morris, Percy; R. Tucker Abbott (1995).
2079:Brunt, M.A.; Davies, J.E., eds. (1994).
1830:
1828:
1796:. Fasciculus Primus. + 170 pp. Hafniae.
819:The shell of this species was given the
1574:
1114:. The species is known to occur in the
934:six years later. American malacologist
702:. A similar-appearing sea snail in the
1611:Systema naturae per regna tria naturae
1580:
1578:
926:in 1962, though American malacologist
803:meaning grain. Here it is used in the
2621:Jacksonville shell club, shell images
2201:. The Academy of Natural Sciences, PA
2166:Pilsbry, H.A.; Mcginty, T.L. (1939).
2104:Semicassis cicatricosa (Gmelin, 1791)
900:. In 1944, the American malacologist
7:
2556:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p.
1762:Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae
976:There is a similar-looking species,
585:· accepted, alternate representation
576:· accepted, alternate representation
2393:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 18.
1337:on the whorls of the mature shell.
1065:There are published records of the
2638:Abbott, American Seashells, 1954,
2330:Raffaele, H.A.; Wiley, J. (2014).
2013:Bulletins of American Paleontology
1047:Semicassis cicatricosa peristephes
852:in 1778. Born's description is in
844:This species was originally named
563:Semicassis cicatricosa peristephes
25:
1957:Clench, W.J. (1944). "The genera
1734:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1866.022.01-02.19
948:Semicassis (Semicassis) granulata
942:in 1983, and German malacologist
799:, is derived from the Latin noun
571:Semicassis (Semicassis) granulata
530:Phalium granulatum loxahatcheense
2607:
61:
2489:10.1590/S1519-69842008000400023
1855:Composition of Scientific Words
1694:. xii + 91 pp. Author: Pyrmont.
932:Phalium (Tylocassis) granulatum
920:reallocated it in the subgenus
906:Phalium (Semicassis) granulatum
731:larvae, which can float in the
1880:"North Carolina's State Shell"
1775:Atlas of Florida Fossil Shells
1692:Synopsis methodica Molluscorum
1524:, a study of shell use in the
1070:Semicassis granulata granulata
1034:has become another synonym of
706:and Northern Atlantic Ocean,
18:Semicassis granulata granulata
1:
1004:Semicassis granulata undulata
1002:, and therefore was known as
750:, the first designation of a
645:) is a medium-sized to large
589:Semicassis granulata undulata
521:Phalium granulatum granulatum
2845:Taxa named by Ignaz von Born
2840:Gastropods described in 1778
2524:North Carolina State Library
2476:Brazilian Journal of Biology
2154:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776
1994:Arquivos do Museu Paranaense
2223:Abbott, R.T. (1968-01-01).
1041:In 1939, the shell form of
910:Frederico Lange de Morretes
566:Pilsbry & McGinty, 1939
2866:
1973:in the Western Atlantic".
1508:Use by other invertebrates
969:
904:recombined the species as
2850:Symbols of North Carolina
2526:. State of North Carolina
2333:Wildlife of the Caribbean
1940:Malakozoologische Blätter
1675:. viii + 199 pp. Hamburg.
1253:In contrast, the species
994:by the German naturalist
890:Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch
779:, meaning half, and noun
199:
192:
173:
166:
58:Scientific classification
56:
49:Five views of a shell of
48:
39:
34:
916:. American malacologist
868:Translated, this reads:
771:is a combination of the
1710:. vi + 126 pp. Pyrmont.
1445:Atlantic calico scallop
1419:), drilling into their
1162:). It is also found in
996:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
257:Buccinum recurvirostrum
2422:. 2007. Archived from
2237:Rosenberg, G. (2015).
2193:Semicassis cicatricosa
2189:Rosenberg, G. (2009).
2117:Semicassis cicatricosa
2115:Sartori, A.F. (2015).
2027:"Semicassis granulata"
1834:Rosenberg, G. (2015).
1516:. On the coast of the
1489:
1416:Echinocardium cordatum
1390:
1378:Echinocardium cordatum
1340:The shell has a large
1301:
1053:, and consequently of
1024:Semicassis cicatricosa
555:Semicassis cicatricosa
547:Phalium loxahatcheense
2781:Paleobiology Database
2648:on Sealife Collection
2616:at Wikimedia Commons
2575:Rhyne, Nancy (1982).
2360:Gibson, R.N. (2000).
2300:Abbott, R.T. (1974).
2031:Paleobiology Database
1773:Petuch, E.J. (1994).
1487:
1389:in the Mediterranean.
1374:
1287:
982:, which lives in the
914:Semicassis granulatum
609:Semicassis ventricosa
208:Buccinum cicatricosum
2666:Semicassis granulata
2614:Semicassis granulata
2272:Redfern, C. (2001).
2239:Semicassis granulata
1852:Brown, R.W. (1954).
1836:Semicassis granulata
1818:Semicassis granulata
1706:Menke, K.T. (1829).
1556:official state shell
1536:Semicassis granulata
1528:hermit crab species
1436:Semicassis granulata
1294:Semicassis granulata
1160:Los Testigos Islands
1088:East Coast of the US
1043:Semicassis granulata
988:Macaronesian Islands
952:Semicassis granulata
902:William James Clench
718:Semicassis granulata
642:Semicassis granulata
505:Phalium cicatricosum
243:original combination
177:Semicassis granulata
51:Semicassis granulata
2065:Semicassis undulata
1925:North Carolina Wild
1393:Scotch bonnets are
1256:Semicassis undulata
1208:Rio Grande do Norte
1067:nominate subspecies
1008:Semicassis undulata
979:Semicassis undulata
972:Semicassis undulata
846:Buccinum granulatum
709:Semicassis undulata
621:Xenogalea lucrativa
597:Semicassis undulata
305:Cassis calamistrata
236:Buccinum granulatum
2627:Phalium granulatum
2579:Carolina Seashells
1673:Museum Boltenianum
1671:(September 1798).
1498:Florida stone crab
1490:
1391:
1302:
940:Phalium granulatum
513:Phalium granulatum
273:Cassidea granulosa
265:Buccinum undulatum
27:Species of mollusc
2822:
2821:
2768:Open Tree of Life
2658:Taxon identifiers
2612:Media related to
2594:978-0-914788-53-9
2567:978-0-395-16809-7
2470:Isocheles sawayai
2400:978-1-56164-497-1
2373:978-0-415-23842-7
2343:978-1-4008-5169-0
2311:978-0-442-20228-6
2283:978-0-9711066-0-4
2090:978-0-7923-2462-1
2015:(377–378): 1–550.
1996:(in Portuguese).
1531:Isocheles sawayai
1381:, is the favored
1280:Shell description
1261:Mediterranean Sea
1144:Gulf of Venezuela
984:Mediterranean Sea
946:recombined it as
938:recombined it as
930:recombined it as
918:Clifton S. Weaver
912:recombined it as
876:Since 1778, this
704:Mediterranean Sea
633:
632:
625:
617:
605:
593:
584:
575:
567:
559:
551:
542:
534:
525:
517:
509:
501:
489:
488:de Gregorio, 1886
477:
465:
464:de Gregorio, 1886
453:
445:
441:Cassis tessellata
437:
425:
413:
405:
393:
385:Cassis monilifera
381:
373:
365:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
309:
301:
293:Cassis abbreviata
289:
285:Cassidea sulcosus
281:
269:
261:
253:
249:Buccinum inflatum
240:
232:
228:Buccinum globosum
224:
212:
159:S. granulata
16:(Redirected from
2857:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2747:NHMSYS0021185074
2737:
2736:
2724:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2653:
2635:- in Pleistocene
2611:
2598:
2582:
2571:
2555:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2491:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2163:
2157:
2137:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:Cape Fear Museum
1876:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1728:(1–2): 281–295.
1717:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1423:with the aid of
1375:The sea potato,
1300:, United States.
1168:Greater Antilles
936:Andrew C. Miller
928:R. Tucker Abbott
742:In 1965, in the
678:, a traditional
623:
611:
603:
591:
582:
573:
565:
557:
549:
540:
532:
524:(Von Born, 1778)
523:
516:(Von Born, 1778)
515:
507:
499:
493:Cassis undulatus
487:
481:Cassis undulatus
475:
469:Cassis undulatus
463:
457:Cassis undulatus
451:
449:Cassis undulatus
444:(Pfeiffer, 1840)
443:
435:
423:
411:
399:
387:
379:
371:
359:
357:Cassis laevigata
351:
343:
335:
327:
315:
307:
295:
287:
275:
267:
259:
251:
238:
230:
218:
210:
202:List of synonyms
179:
66:
65:
44:
32:
21:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2660:
2605:
2595:
2574:
2568:
2547:
2544:
2542:Further reading
2539:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2195:(Gmelin, 1791)"
2188:
2187:
2183:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2138:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1946:: 4–66, 93–123.
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1826:
1815:
1800:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1647:(August 1822).
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:Bruguière, J.G.
1622:
1621:
1617:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1561:Populations of
1552:
1510:
1482:
1453:
1433:
1369:
1346:parietal shield
1322:shell sculpture
1277:
1248:Lesser Antilles
1242:), and also in
1063:
1016:
974:
968:
960:paleontological
842:
809:shell sculpture
805:diminutive form
763:Scientific name
760:
629:
628:
538:Phalium inflata
436:Weinkauff, 1868
429:Cassis sulcosus
424:Weinkauff, 1868
417:Cassis sulcosus
325:Cassis globulus
288:Bruguière, 1792
216:Buccinum gibbum
203:
188:
181:
175:
162:
125:Littorinimorpha
115:Caenogastropoda
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2863:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2629:info at CLEMAN
2623:
2604:
2603:External links
2601:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2572:
2566:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2511:
2482:(4): 859–867.
2458:
2436:
2406:
2399:
2379:
2372:
2349:
2342:
2317:
2310:
2289:
2282:
2247:
2230:
2212:
2181:
2158:
2125:
2108:
2096:
2089:
2071:
2067:(Gmelin, 1791)
2056:
2043:
2018:
2003:
1984:
1949:
1930:
1896:
1864:
1844:
1824:
1798:
1779:
1766:
1758:Scopoli, I. A.
1747:
1712:
1696:
1677:
1653:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1551:
1548:
1509:
1506:
1481:
1478:
1452:
1449:
1432:
1429:
1368:
1365:
1354:siphonal notch
1298:North Carolina
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1259:occurs in the
1240:Santa Catarina
1228:Rio de Janeiro
1224:EspĂrito Santo
1156:Isla Margarita
1096:South Carolina
1092:North Carolina
1074:Atlantic Ocean
1062:
1059:
1051:S. cicatricosa
1032:S. cicatricosa
1015:
1012:
970:Main article:
967:
964:
874:
873:
866:
865:
850:Ignaz von Born
841:
838:
834:Scottish plaid
817:
816:
765:
764:
759:
756:
752:US state shell
748:North Carolina
692:North Carolina
688:Atlantic Ocean
676:tam o' shanter
631:
630:
627:
626:
618:
606:
594:
592:(Gmelin, 1791)
586:
577:
568:
560:
558:(Gmelin, 1791)
552:
550:(Petuch, 1994)
543:
535:
526:
518:
510:
508:(Gmelin, 1791)
502:
490:
478:
466:
454:
452:(Gmelin, 1791)
446:
438:
426:
414:
409:Cassis reclusa
406:
397:Cassis plicata
394:
382:
374:
372:(Röding, 1798)
366:
354:
349:Cassis lacteus
346:
341:Cassis inflata
338:
333:Cassis gmelini
330:
328:(Röding, 1798)
322:
310:
302:
290:
282:
270:
262:
254:
246:
233:
225:
213:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Scotch bonnet
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2862:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2646:Scotch bonnet
2643:
2641:
2640:pages 192-193
2637:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:(Diogenidae)"
2471:
2462:
2459:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2426:on 2018-12-24
2425:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:on 2015-05-12
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:on 2015-05-12
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2054:on 2012-06-17
2053:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1842:on 2015-05-13
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:Mörch, O.A.L.
1783:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Lamarck, J.B.
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:Caraguatatuba
1515:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1425:sulfuric acid
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:South America
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:, as well as
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:North America
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:and subgenus
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
870:
869:
863:
859:
858:
857:
855:
851:
847:
839:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
814:
813:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:specific name
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
761:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
700:North America
697:
693:
689:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:Scotch bonnet
624:Iredale, 1927
622:
619:
615:
610:
607:
602:
598:
595:
590:
587:
581:
578:
572:
569:
564:
561:
556:
553:
548:
544:
539:
536:
531:
527:
522:
519:
514:
511:
506:
503:
500:Pallary, 1938
498:
494:
491:
486:
482:
479:
476:Pallary, 1900
474:
470:
467:
462:
458:
455:
450:
447:
442:
439:
434:
430:
427:
422:
418:
415:
412:(Guppy, 1873)
410:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
386:
383:
380:(Menke, 1829)
378:
377:Cassis minuta
375:
370:
367:
363:
358:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
319:
314:
311:
306:
303:
299:
294:
291:
286:
283:
279:
274:
271:
266:
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
244:
237:
234:
229:
226:
222:
217:
214:
209:
206:
205:
198:
195:
191:
186:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2665:
2626:
2606:
2578:
2551:
2528:. Retrieved
2523:
2514:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2389:
2382:
2362:
2332:
2301:
2273:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2203:. Retrieved
2198:
2192:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2148:(1): e8776.
2145:
2140:
2116:
2111:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1888:. Retrieved
1886:. 2007-09-01
1883:
1854:
1847:
1835:
1820:(Born, 1778)
1817:
1793:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1750:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1680:
1672:
1669:Röding, P.F.
1648:
1637:
1629:
1618:
1610:
1607:Gmelin, J.F.
1599:
1591:
1563:S. granulata
1562:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1529:
1514:hermit crabs
1511:
1491:
1466:
1454:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1409:, and other
1407:sea biscuits
1403:sand dollars
1392:
1387:S. granulata
1386:
1376:
1339:
1303:
1293:
1254:
1252:
1120:Quintana Roo
1077:
1069:
1064:
1061:Distribution
1055:S. granulata
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:S. granulata
1035:
1031:
1030:, therefore
1023:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1003:
1000:S. granulata
999:
991:
977:
975:
951:
947:
939:
931:
921:
913:
905:
897:
893:
875:
867:
861:
845:
843:
818:
800:
796:
780:
776:
769:generic name
766:
741:
737:hermit crabs
726:
717:
707:
685:
641:
640:
636:
634:
620:
608:
604:Paetel, 1888
600:
596:
588:
583:(Born, 1778)
579:
574:(Born, 1778)
570:
562:
554:
546:
541:(Shaw, 1811)
537:
533:Petuch, 1994
529:
520:
512:
504:
496:
492:
484:
480:
472:
468:
460:
456:
448:
440:
432:
428:
420:
416:
408:
396:
384:
376:
369:Cassis malum
368:
356:
352:Kiener, 1835
348:
344:(Shaw, 1811)
340:
336:Locard, 1886
332:
324:
312:
308:Locard, 1892
304:
292:
284:
272:
268:Gmelin, 1791
264:
260:Gmelin, 1791
256:
252:(Shaw, 1811)
248:
235:
231:Gmelin, 1791
227:
215:
211:Gmelin, 1791
207:
176:
174:
158:
157:
145:
50:
29:
2794:SeaLifeBase
2716:iNaturalist
1981:(16): 1–16.
1704:(in German)
1688:Menke, K.T.
1642:(in French)
1623:(in French)
1476:six years.
1458:trochophore
1411:sea urchins
1399:echinoderms
1180:Puerto Rico
1020:cicatricosa
958:, based on
944:Kurt Kreipl
888:naturalist
856:and reads:
821:common name
815:Common name
672:common name
601:levilabiata
313:Cassis cepa
2829:Categories
2644:Photos of
2530:2008-01-26
2452:2009-09-20
2444:Swain, K.
2430:2009-09-20
1890:2009-09-20
1787:(in Latin)
1755:(in Latin)
1685:(in Latin)
1666:(in Latin)
1604:(in Latin)
1585:(in Latin)
1569:References
1469:protoconch
1451:Life cycle
1440:tide pools
1318:teleoconch
1314:protoconch
1310:body whorl
1212:Pernambuco
1128:Costa Rica
966:Subspecies
923:Tylocassis
898:Semicassis
783:, meaning
239:Born, 1778
146:Semicassis
111:Subclass:
105:Gastropoda
2498:1519-6984
1975:Johnsonia
1742:130810484
1550:Human use
1544:bryozoans
1540:epibionts
1502:operculum
1494:blue crab
1480:Predators
1413:(such as
1395:predators
1361:operculum
1352:near the
1350:inner lip
1327:outer lip
1232:SĂŁo Paulo
1140:Venezuela
1124:Nicaragua
1116:Caribbean
1108:Louisiana
882:subgenera
797:granulata
758:Etymology
665:subfamily
658:gastropod
651:sea snail
278:Bruguière
153:Species:
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
2835:Cassidae
2734:11703279
2681:Q1972146
2675:Wikidata
2506:19197506
2172:Nautilus
2142:PLoS ONE
2000:: 1–216.
1963:Galeodea
1959:Casmaria
1792:(1852).
1760:(1786).
1690:(1828).
1628:(1792).
1609:(1791).
1590:(1778).
1588:Born, I.
1542:such as
1526:diogenid
1496:and the
1401:such as
1385:prey of
1383:echinoid
1358:corneous
1342:aperture
1331:Cassinae
1267:and the
1265:Portugal
1200:MaranhĂŁo
1188:Suriname
1148:Carabobo
1136:Colombia
1079:Cassinae
992:undulata
986:and the
956:Alan Beu
840:Taxonomy
823:"Scotch
791:of this
733:plankton
722:synonyms
714:taxonomy
680:Scottish
668:Cassinae
433:varicosa
421:elongata
194:Synonyms
135:Cassidae
131:Family:
95:Mollusca
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
2773:2889824
2708:6488062
1967:Phalium
1462:veliger
1431:Habitat
1367:Ecology
1275:Anatomy
1244:Uruguay
1216:Alagoas
1176:Jamaica
1164:Bermuda
1104:Florida
1100:Georgia
886:Swedish
775:prefix
729:veliger
724:exist.
696:Uruguay
690:, from
663:in the
661:mollusk
647:species
616:, 1852)
497:syriaca
404:, 1786)
402:Scopoli
392:, 1866)
364:, 1828)
320:, 1798)
300:, 1822)
298:Lamarck
280:, 1792)
223:, 1791)
187:, 1778)
141:Genus:
121:Order:
101:Class:
2812:419784
2786:156568
2760:419784
2721:292430
2591:
2564:
2504:
2496:
2397:
2370:
2340:
2308:
2280:
2205:26 May
2087:
2036:26 May
1971:Cassis
1740:
1522:Brazil
1473:mantle
1269:Azores
1236:Paraná
1192:Brazil
1166:, the
1132:Panama
962:data.
894:Cassis
829:tartan
825:bonnet
787:. The
785:helmet
781:cassis
655:marine
485:ghirma
473:minima
318:Röding
221:Gmelin
2807:WoRMS
2729:IRMNG
2695:4WG83
1859:(PDF)
1738:S2CID
1421:tests
1335:varix
1306:shell
1296:from
1290:shell
1220:Bahia
1204:Ceará
1196:Amapá
1152:Sucre
1112:Texas
1090:, in
1014:Forms
878:taxon
854:Latin
801:grana
793:taxon
773:Latin
614:Mörch
599:var.
495:var.
483:var.
471:var.
459:var.
431:var.
419:var.
390:Guppy
362:Menke
2799:4885
2755:OBIS
2703:GBIF
2589:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2502:PMID
2494:ISSN
2395:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2207:2015
2178:(3).
2085:ISBN
2038:2015
1969:and
1238:and
1178:and
1172:Cuba
1158:and
1134:and
1110:and
1102:and
1028:form
777:semi
767:The
653:, a
635:The
461:ebla
185:Born
2742:NBN
2690:CoL
2558:330
2484:doi
2150:doi
1730:doi
1292:of
1122:),
1082:in
716:of
694:to
649:of
2831::
2809::
2796::
2783::
2770::
2757::
2744::
2731::
2718::
2705::
2692::
2677::
2587:.
2585:95
2560:.
2522:.
2500:.
2492:.
2480:68
2478:.
2474:.
2409:^
2352:^
2320:^
2292:^
2250:^
2215:^
2197:.
2176:52
2174:.
2170:.
2128:^
2029:.
1977:.
1965:,
1961:,
1944:24
1942:.
1899:^
1882:.
1867:^
1827:^
1801:^
1736:.
1726:22
1724:.
1656:^
1577:^
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1504:.
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1271:.
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1234:,
1230:,
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1198:,
1190:,
1186:,
1174:,
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1126:,
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1057:.
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1979:1
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