Seminole - Knowledge (XXG)

934: 1475: 1551:"In 1979, the Seminoles opened the first casino on Indian land, ushering in what has become a multibillion-dollar industry operated by numerous tribes nationwide." This casino was the first tribally operated bingo hall in North America. Since its establishment, gaming on Native American sovereign land has been expanded under federal and state laws, and become a major source of revenue for tribal governments. Tribal gaming has provided secure employment, and the revenues have supported higher education, health insurance, services for the elderly, and personal income. In more recent years, income from the gaming industry has funded major economic projects, such as acquisition and development of sugarcane fields, citrus groves, cattle ranches, ecotourism, and commercial agriculture. 62: 1611:) 6,385 people in 1822 (as reported by Captain Hugh Young), up to 10,000 people in 1836 (at the beginning of the Second Seminole War). Perhaps the population was increasing due to continued immigration of Indians to Florida, as well as due to assimilation of the remnants of tribes native to the region. However, during the Second Seminole War the Indians suffered heavy casualties. On 25 November 1841, it was reported that 623 Seminoles had already been removed from Florida, with 3,190 at that time undergoing removal or about to be removed, and the number of those who stayed in Florida was estimated in that report at 575. Another source says that in total around 4,000 Seminole were removed to 106: 1377: 1369:

and economic environment" of the Seminoles. In the 1930s, the Seminoles slowly began to move onto federally designated reservation lands within the region. The U.S. government had purchased lands and put them in trust for Seminole use. Initially, few Seminoles had any interest in moving to the reservation land or in establishing more formal relations with the government. Some feared that if they moved onto reservations, they would be forced to move to Oklahoma. Others accepted the move in hopes of stability, jobs promised by the Indian New Deal, or as new

793: 84: 95: 1508: 1298: 1354: 1202:, the Seminole exclusively occupied and used 24 million acres in Florida, which they ceded under the treaty. Assuming that most blacks in Florida were escaped slaves, the United States did not recognize the Black Seminoles as legally members of the tribe, nor as free in Florida under Spanish rule. Although the Black Seminoles also owned or controlled land that was seized in this cession, they were not acknowledged in the treaty. 1628: 3606: 128: 873:, continued the Seminole resistance against the army. After a full decade of fighting, the war ended in 1842. Scholars estimate the U.S. government spent about $ 40,000,000 on the war, at the time a huge sum. An estimated 3,000 Seminoles and 800 Black Seminoles were forcibly exiled to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, where they were settled on the Creek reservation. After later skirmishes in the 139: 1198:, to consider compensation for tribes that claimed their lands were seized by the federal government during times of conflict. Tribes seeking settlements had to file claims by August 1961, and both the Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles did so. After combining their claims, the Commission awarded the Seminole a total of $ 16 million in April 1976. It had established that, at the time of the 1823 351:, meaning "runaway" or "wild one", historically used for certain Native American groups in Florida. The people who constituted the nucleus of this Florida group either chose to leave their tribe or were banished. At one time, the terms "renegade" and "outcast" were used to describe this status, but the terms have fallen into disuse due to their negative connotations. The Seminole identify as 1107: 1336:, below.) With federal recognition, they gained reservation lands and worked out a separate arrangement with the state for control of extensive wetlands. Other Seminole not affiliated with either of the federally recognized groups are known as Traditional or Independent Seminole, known formally as the Council of the Original Miccosukee Simanolee Nation Aboriginal People. 1006:, while others belong to unorganized groups. The Florida Seminole re-established limited relations with the U.S. government in the early 1900s and were officially granted 5,000 acres (20 km) of reservation land in south Florida in 1930. Members gradually moved to the land, and they reorganized their government and received federal recognition as the 850:. Drawing on a population of about 4,000 Seminoles and 800 allied Black Seminoles, he mustered at most 1,400 warriors (President Andrew Jackson estimated they had only 900). They countered combined U.S. Army and militia forces that ranged from 6,000 troops at the outset to 9,000 at the peak of deployment in 1837. To survive, the Seminole allies employed 412: 1170:, still practice these ceremonies. As converted Christian Seminoles established their own churches, they incorporated their traditions and beliefs into a syncretic indigenous-Western practice. For example, Seminole hymns sung in the indigenous (Muscogee) language are inclusive of key Muscogee language terms (for example, the Muscogee term 751: 1486:(BIA) hoped that the cattle raising would teach Seminoles to become citizens by adapting to agricultural settlements. The BIA also hoped that this program would lead to Seminole self-sufficiency. Cattle owners realized that by using their cattle as equity, they could engage in "new capital-intensive pursuits", such as housing. 1529:

were able to market their culture by selling traditional craft products (made mostly by women) and by exhibitions of traditional skills, such as wrestling alligators (by men). Some of the crafts included woodcarving, basket weaving, beadworking, patchworking, and palmetto-doll making. These crafts are still practiced today.

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1885. In the early 20th century, the Florida Seminoles re-established limited relations with the U.S. government. The Seminoles maintained a thriving trade business with white merchants during this period, selling alligator hides, bird plumes, and other items sourced from the Everglades. Then, in 1906, Governor

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evangelist Stanley Smith. For the new converts, relocating to the reservations afforded them the opportunity to establish their own churches, where they adapted traditions to incorporate into their style of Christianity. Reservation Seminoles began forming tribal governments and forming ties with the

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The remaining few hundred Seminoles survived in the Florida swamplands, avoiding removal. They lived in the Everglades, to isolate themselves from European Americans. Seminoles continued their distinctive life, such as "clan-based matrilocal residence in scattered thatched-roof chickee camps." Today,

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After removal, the Seminoles in Oklahoma and Florida had little official contact until well into the 20th century. They developed along similar lines as the groups strove to maintain their culture while struggling economically. Most Seminoles in Indian Territory lived on tribal lands centered in what

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as military governor of Florida. As European American colonization increased after the treaty, colonists pressured the federal government to remove Natives from Florida. Slaveholders resented that tribes harbored runaway black slaves, and more colonists wanted access to desirable lands held by Native

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connecting Tampa and Miami, where they could sell crafts to travelers. They felt disfranchised by the move of the Seminoles to reservations, who they felt were adopting too many European American ways. Their differences were exacerbated in 1950 when some reservation Seminoles filed a land claim suit

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Two of the fourteen are "Freedmen Bands," composed of members descended from Black Seminoles, who were legally freed by the U.S. and tribal nations after the Civil War. They have a tradition of extended patriarchal families in close communities. While the elite interacted with the Seminoles, most of

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The federal government put the settlement in trust until the court cases could be decided. The Oklahoma and Florida tribes entered negotiations, which was their first sustained contact in the more than a century since removal. In 1990, the settlement was awarded: three-quarters to the Seminole Tribe

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received word that a man named A. McBride had raised a company of sixty-five Seminole who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy. McBride claimed to have an understanding of Florida because of the time he had spent there fighting during the Seminole wars. While McBride never put such a company

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was completed. The state attracted a growing number of tourists from the North and Midwest, stimulating the development of many resort towns. In the following years, many Seminoles took jobs in the cultural tourism trade. By the 1920s, many Seminoles were involved in service jobs. In addition, they

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In the 1950s, the Oklahoma and Florida Seminole tribes filed land claim suits, claiming they had not received adequate compensation for their lands. Their suits were combined in the government's settlement of 1976. The Seminole tribes and Traditionals took until 1990 to negotiate an agreement as to

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The Seminoles worked hard to adapt, but they were highly affected by the rapidly changing American environment. Natural disasters magnified changes from the governmental drainage project of the Everglades. Residential, agricultural, and business development changed the "natural, social, political,

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After the war, the United States government declared void all prior treaties with the Seminoles of Indian Country because of the "disloyalty" of some in allying with the Confederacy. They required new peace treaties, establishing such conditions as reducing the power of tribal councils, providing

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offered aid to keep the Seminoles from fighting on the side of the Union. The Florida House of Representatives established a Committee on Indian Affairs in 1862 but, aside from appointing a representative to negotiate with the Seminole tribe, failed to follow its promises of aid. The lack of aid,

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During the Seminole Wars, the Seminole people began to divide among themselves due to the conflict and differences in ideology. The Seminole population had also been growing significantly, though it was diminished by the wars. With the division of the Seminole population between Indian Territory

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began an effort to drain the Everglades in attempt to convert the wetlands into farmland. The plan to drain the Everglades, new federal and state laws ending the plume trade, and the start of World War I (which put a halt to international fashion trade), all contributed to a major decline in the

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legislature, gave the Seminoles one seat in the house and one seat in the senate of the state legislature. The Seminoles never filled the positions. After white Democrats regained control over the legislature, they removed this provision from the post-Reconstruction constitution they ratified in

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In the 1950s, federal projects in Florida encouraged the tribe's reorganization. They created organizations within tribal governance to promote modernization. As Christian pastors began preaching on reservations, Green Corn Ceremony attendance decreased. This created tension between religiously

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By the 1980s, Seminole communities were even more concerned about loss of language and tradition. Many tribal members began to revive the observance of traditional Green Corn Dance ceremonies, and some shifted away from Christian observance. By 2000, religious tension between Green Corn Dance

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Muscogee is spoken by some Oklahoma Seminoles and about 200 older Florida Seminoles. The youngest native speaker was born in 1960. Today, English is the predominant language among both Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles, particularly the younger generations. Most Mikasuki speakers are bilingual.

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In 1976, the groups struggled on allocation of funds among the Oklahoma and Florida tribes. Based on early 20th century population records, at which time most of the people were full-blood, the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma was to receive three-quarters of the judgment and the Florida peoples

820:. Contemporary accounts noted a group of 120 migrating in 1821, and a much larger group of 300 enslaved African Americans escaping in 1823. The latter were picked up by Bahamians in 27 sloops and also by travelers in canoes. They developed a village known as Red Bays on Andros. 1316:

In the 20th century before World War II, the Seminoles in Florida divided into two groups; those who were more traditional and those willing to adapt to the reservations. Those who accepted reservation lands and made adaptations achieved federal recognition in 1957 as the

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stated in the mid-20th century that the Seminole encountered and absorbed the Calusa who had remained in southwest Florida after the Spanish withdrew, more recent scholarship since the turn of the 21st century holds that there is no documentary evidence of that assertion.

698:, succeeded him in 1849 and, after his death in 1853, his brother Jim Jumper became principal chief. He was in power through the American Civil War, after which the U.S. government began to interfere with tribal government, supporting its own candidate for chief. 2117: 1210:

of Oklahoma and one-quarter to the Seminoles of Florida, including the Miccosukee. By that time the total settlement was worth $ 40 million. The tribes have set up judgment trusts, which fund programs to benefit their people, such as education and health.

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The split among the Seminoles lasted until 1872. After the war, the United States government negotiated only with the loyal Seminole, requiring the tribe to make a new peace treaty to cover those who allied with the Confederacy, to emancipate the

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division of the settlement, a judgment trust against which members can draw for education and other benefits. The Florida Seminoles founded a high-stakes bingo game on their reservation in the late 1970s, winning court challenges to initiate

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migrated south, adding about 2,000 people to the population. They were Creek-speaking Muscogee, and were the ancestors of most of the later Creek-speaking Seminole. In addition, a few hundred escaped African-American slaves (known as the

414: 605:) had settled near the Seminole towns and, to a lesser extent, Native Americans from other tribes, and some white Americans. The unified Seminole spoke two languages: Creek and Mikasuki (mutually intelligible with its dialect 1119:(Oklahoma) and Florida, they still maintained some common traditions, such as powwow trails and ceremonies. In general, the cultures grew apart in their markedly different circumstances, and had little contact for a century. 3134:

Taborn, Karen. Momis Komet: ("We Will Endure") The Indigenization of Christian Hymn Singing by Creek and Seminole Indians. M.A. thesis, Department of Ethnomusicology, Hunter College, the City University of New York, 2006.

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in years 1832-1842. After their removal to Oklahoma, the Seminole population there numbered around 3,000 people in 1884 according to the enumeration published in 1886. The census of 1910 reported only 1,729 Seminole.

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kinship system, in which children are considered born into their mother's family and clan, and property and hereditary roles pass through the maternal line. Males held the leading political and social positions. Each

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attendees and Christians (particularly Baptists) decreased. Some Seminole families participate in both religions; these practitioners have developed a syncretic Christianity that has absorbed some tribal traditions.

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freedom or tribal membership for Black Seminoles (at the same time that enslaved African Americans were being emancipated in the South), and forced concessions of tribal land for railroads and other development.

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Under colonists' pressure, the U.S. government made the 1823 Treaty of Camp Moultrie with the Seminoles, seizing 24 million acres in northern Florida. They offered the Seminoles a much smaller reservation in the

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In 1930, they received 5,000 acres (20 km) of reservation lands. Few Seminoles moved to these reservations until the 1940s. They reorganized their government and received federal recognition in 1957 as the

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Beginning in the 1940s, more Seminoles began to move to the reservations. A major catalyst for this was the conversion of many Seminole to Christianity, following missionary effort spearheaded by the Creek

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As they established themselves in northern and peninsular Florida throughout the 1700s, the various new arrivals intermingled with each other and with the few remaining indigenous people. In a process of

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kinship system of descent and inheritance: children are born into their mother's band and derive their status from her people. To the end of the nineteenth century, they spoke mostly Mikasuki and Creek.

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has had tribal citizenship disputes related to the Seminole Freedmen, both in terms of their sharing in a judgment trust awarded in settlement of a land claim suit, and their membership in the Nation.

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Following federal recognition of the Seminole Tribe of Florida in 1957, the Trail Indians decided to organize a separate government. They sought recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe, as they spoke the

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on small individual homesteads. While some tribe members left the territory to seek better opportunities, most remained. Today, residents of the reservation are enrolled in the federally recognized

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with devastating effect against U.S. forces, as they knew how to move within the Everglades and use this area for their protection. Osceola was arrested (in a breach of honor) when he came under a

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family. Creek became the dominant language for political and social discourse, so Mikasuki speakers learned it if participating in high-level negotiations. The Muskogean language group includes

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and others. The native population had been devastated by infectious diseases brought by Spanish explorers in the 1500s and later colonization by additional European settlers. Later, raids by

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the Freedmen were involved most closely with other Freedmen. They maintained their own culture, religion and social relationships. At the turn of the 20th century, they still spoke mostly

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one-quarter. The Miccosukee and allied Traditionals filed suit against the settlement in 1976 to refuse the money; they did not want to give up their claim for return of lands in Florida.

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on their sovereign land. Many U.S. tribes have likewise adopted this practice where state laws have gambling, in order to generate revenues for welfare, education, and development.

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along with the growing number of Federal troops and pro-unionists in the state, led the Seminoles to remain officially neutral throughout the war. In July 1864, Secretary of War

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In part due to the arrival of Native Americans from other cultures, the Seminole became increasingly independent of other Creek groups and established their own identity through

1448:. It was not intelligible to Creek speakers, but some members of each group were bilingual in the two languages, especially as the Creek-speaking Seminole were more numerous. 933: 1532:

In the 21st century, as gaming has become lucrative for the tribes, fewer Seminoles rely on crafts for income. The Miccosukee Tribe earns revenue by owning and operating a

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At the time the tribes were recognized, in 1957 and 1962, respectively, they entered into agreements with the US government confirming their sovereignty over tribal lands.

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Since then, the two Florida tribes have developed economies based chiefly on sales of duty-free tobacco, heritage and resort tourism, and gaming. On December 7, 2006, the

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which means "wild" (in their case, "wild men"), or "runaway" . The Seminole were a heterogeneous tribe made up of mostly Lower Creeks from Georgia, who by the time of the

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if the chiefs agreed to leave Florida voluntarily with their people. The Seminoles who remained prepared for war. White colonists continued to press for their removal.

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Old crafts and traditions were revived in both Florida and Oklahoma in the mid-20th century as the Seminole began seeking revenue from tourists traveling along the new

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began moving into the territory at that time to escape conflict with English colonists to the north and established their own towns, mainly in the Florida panhandle.

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Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II

1459:. The Miccosukee Tribe set up a 333-acre (1.35 km) reservation on the northern border of Everglades National Park, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Miami. 347:. This has been variously translated as "frontiersman", "outcast", "runaway", "separatist", and similar words. The Creek word may be derived from the Spanish word 1471:, 12,431 people self-reported as Seminole American. An additional 15,000 people identified as Seminole in combination with some other tribal affiliation or race. 490:

people, began to migrate from several of their towns into Florida to evade the dominance of the Upper Creeks and pressure from encroaching colonists from the

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and second Spanish periods (roughly 1767–1821). The tribe expanded considerably during this time, and was further supplemented from the late 18th century by

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Seminole population appeared to be increasing during the early 19th century. It was estimated at 5,000 people in 1820, 4,883 people in 1821 (as reported by

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and local militia groups made increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish Florida to recapture escaped slaves living among the Seminole. American general

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attractions, and "Indian Village". At "Indian Village", Miccosukee demonstrate traditional, pre-contact lifestyles to educate people about their culture.

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Index to the miscellaneous documents of the House of Representatives for the first session of the forty-ninth Congress, 1885-86. In twenty-six volumes

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had civil, military and religious leaders; they were self-governing throughout the nineteenth century, but would cooperate for mutual defense. The

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There is also a Seminole County in Oklahoma, and a Seminole County in the southwest corner of Georgia (separated from Florida by Lake Seminole).

549:. Most of the survivors left for Cuba when the Spanish withdrew, after ceding Florida to the British in 1763, following Britain's victory in the 974:, roughly sixty-five Seminoles fled into the Everglades to avoid registering for the draft. The superintendent of the Seminole Indian agency in 319:

has been particularly successful with gambling establishments, attracting many of the numerous tourists to the state. In 2007 it purchased the

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The Nation is ruled by an elected council, with two members from each of the fourteen bands, including the Freedmen's bands. The capital is at

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The Seminoles in Florida have been engaged in stock raising since the mid-1930s, when they received cattle from western Native Americans. The

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now has about 16,000 enrolled members, who are divided into a total of fourteen bands; for the Seminole members, these are similar to tribal

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A report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, comprising a narrative of a tour performed in the summer of 1820...

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traditional Seminoles and those who began adopting Christianity. In the 1960s and 1970s, some tribal members on reservations, such as the

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The new arrivals moved into virtually uninhabited lands that had once been peopled by several cultures indigenous to Florida, such as the

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in the early 1500s. However, the introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, along with conflict with Spanish colonists, led to a

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to negotiations with the US in 1837. He died in jail less than a year later. He was decapitated, his body buried without his head.

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received federal recognition in 1962. The federal government assigned them their own reservation lands, collectively known as the

768:, which took effect in 1821. According to its terms, the United States acquired Florida and, in exchange, renounced all claims to 3539: 2964:

Clark, C. Blue. "Native Christianity Since 1800." Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor.

1504:, the Seminole Tribe of Florida today owns "one of the largest cattle operations in Florida, and the 12th largest in the nation. 3249: 2721: 1749: 998:

in the late 1890s parceled out tribal lands in preparation for the admission of Oklahoma as a state, reducing most Seminoles to

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After raids by Anglo-American colonists on Seminole settlements in the mid-18th century, the Seminole retaliated by raiding the

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is working to revive the use of Creek among its people, as it had been the dominant language of politics and social discourse.

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Adams, Mikaëla M., "Savage Foes, Noble Warriors, and Frail Remnants: Florida Seminoles in the White Imagination, 1865–1934,"

2834: 2204:"Concerning the Miccosukee Tribe's Ongoing Negotiations with the National Park Service Regarding the Special Use Permit Area" 1920: 1407: 1361: 892:. The Florida Seminoles say they are the only tribe in America never to have signed a peace treaty with the U.S. government. 1174:

or chief conflates with "Jesus"). Also, hymns are frequently led by a song leader (a traditional indigenous song practice).

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have practiced Green Corn rituals for centuries. Contemporary southeastern Native American tribes, such as the Seminole and

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defined themselves as independent. They received federal recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians in Florida in 1962.

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against the federal government for seizure of lands in the 19th century, an action that the Trail Indians did not support.

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was the principal chief of the unified Seminole, until his death in 1849, after removal to Indian Territory. This chiefly

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Seminole culture is largely derived from that of the Creek. One of the more significant holdovers from the Creek was the

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As a result of the Second Seminole War (1835–1842), about 3,800 Seminoles and Black Seminoles were forcibly removed to

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or "free people" because for centuries their ancestors had successfully resisted efforts to subdue or convert them to

266: 262: 79: 1063:. Mikasuki is now restricted to Florida, where it was the native language of 1,600 people as of 2000, primarily the 3719: 3669: 1236: 808:

After acquisition by the U.S. of Florida in 1821, many American slaves and Black Seminoles frequently escaped from

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Mahon, John K.; Weisman, Brent R. (1996). "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples". In Gannon, Michael (ed.).

2866: 1490: 1468: 1399: 1348: 1318: 1127: 1007: 991: 960: 316: 301: 270: 90: 31: 3934: 3789: 670:'s decline enabled the Seminole to settle more deeply into Florida. They were led by a dynasty of chiefs of the 3799: 3754: 3561: 1658: 1581: 1574: 1558: 1483: 1395: 1199: 1195: 1151: 885: 656: 368: 364: 2075: 83: 2666: 2203: 828:, of about 100,000-acre (400 km). They and the Black Seminoles moved into central and southern Florida. 3729: 3368: 3358: 3274: 3202: 1654: 1564: 942: 38: 1691: 94: 3704: 3699: 3383: 3298: 1533: 983: 914:

in the field, this letter shows how the Confederacy attempted to use Seminole warriors against the Union.

773: 452: 309: 3378: 3373: 1415: 550: 3214: 390:, they developed local traditions, such as the construction of open-air, thatched-roof houses known as 1785:"United States. Treaty with the Seminole, 1832. 1832-05-09. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory" 3714: 3510: 3464: 3406: 3363: 2137:

Howard, Rosalyn. (2006) "The 'Wild Indians' of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas",

1411: 1370: 1272: 975: 765: 542: 491: 290: 170: 1134:, described below, are federally recognized, independent nations that operate in their own spheres. 709:), purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The Seminoles also maintained a tradition of accepting 3939: 3469: 3437: 3350: 2357: 1159: 1052: 999: 951: 881:

to land that was not desired by settlers. They were finally left alone and they never surrendered.

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Frank, Andrew K. "Taking the State Out: Seminoles and Creeks in Late Eighteenth-Century Florida."

2907: 2850: 1398:. In 1957 the nation reorganized and established formal relations with the U.S. government as the 3889: 3869: 3779: 2388: 2308: 1862: 1641: 1512: 1403: 1357: 1163: 1084: 946: 901: 725: 456: 387: 332: 1297: 2774: 1507: 986:, which many tribes have adopted to generate revenues for welfare, education, and development. 884:

Several treaties seem to bear the mark of representatives of the Seminole tribe, including the

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lasted past Removal, when the US forced the majority of Seminole to move from Florida to the

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in the early 18th century. More arrived in the second half of the 18th century, as the Lower

3964: 3959: 3954: 3894: 3879: 3874: 3844: 3839: 3819: 3664: 3556: 2867:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841" 1908: 1612: 1588: 1501: 1302: 1279: 1220: 801: 687: 487: 483: 375: 175: 157: 1227:). During the American Civil War, the members and leaders split over their loyalties, with 3949: 3929: 3854: 3739: 3684: 3654: 3442: 3253: 3230: 3218: 3206: 2279: 2121: 1966: 1753: 1436:

A traditional group who became known as the Trail Indians moved their camps closer to the

1353: 1147: 910: 786: 671: 641: 629: 602: 479: 356: 282: 2839:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 429–430. 3120:

Sattler, Richard A. "Cowboys and Indians: Creek and Seminole Stock Raising, 1700–1900."

2377:"The Florida Seminoles in the Depression and New Deal, 1933-1942: An Indian Perspective" 663:, Britain came to a settlement with Spain and transferred East and West Florida to it. 3969: 3924: 3919: 3849: 3814: 3505: 3474: 3264: 1882:

Hawkins, Philip Colin (June 2011). "The Textual Archaeology of Seminole Colonization".

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the Florida Seminoles proudly note the fact that their ancestors were never conquered.

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Captain Francis Asbury Hendry (center, standing) poses with a group of Seminole Indians

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had also left Georgia due to conflicts with colonists and their Native American allies.

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reservations; together these projects cost more than a billion dollars to construct.

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chain of restaurants. They had previously licensed it for several of their casinos.

921:(Billy Bowlegs), refused to sign, withdrew from Florida, and joined with the Union. 651:

During the colonial years, the Seminole were on relatively good terms with both the

596:(1813–1814) numbered about 4,000 in Florida. At that time, numerous refugees of the 308:

games on their reservations to raise revenue. They won court challenges to initiate

3909: 3744: 3734: 2272: 2147: 1541: 1381: 1275:, a language developed in Florida related to other African-based Creole languages. 971: 809: 625: 574:, they constructed a new culture which they called "Seminole", a derivative of the 571: 557: 305: 278: 66:

A Seminole mother and her children from the Brighton Reservation in Florida. (1949)

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edited by Eleanor B. Leacock and Nancy O. Lurie, 92–128. New York: Random House.

1043:

continued to be the basis of Seminole society in Oklahoma into the 21st century.

3479: 1228: 1155: 1051:

Historically, the various groups of Seminoles spoke two mutually unintelligible

995: 918: 813: 640:

who settled near and paid tribute to Seminole towns. The latter became known as

475: 379: 3260:

John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery

3235: 1902: 1332:, gaining state recognition in 1957 and federal recognition in 1962. (See also 1106: 721:

in the American South by providing a route for their slaves to escape bondage.

17: 3709: 3108:

The Seminole Baptist Churches of Oklahoma: Maintaining a Traditional Community

3080:

Removal Aftershock: The Seminoles' Struggles to Survive in the West, 1836–1866

2997:

M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of South Florida, Tampa, 2009.

1623: 1431: 1015: 878: 870: 855: 825: 597: 503: 233: 187: 3223: 3157:

The Tree That Bends: Discourse, Power, and the Survival of the Maskóki People

277:, as well as independent groups. The Seminole people emerged in a process of 3459: 1608: 675: 618: 593: 530: 513: 3003:

Hawkins, Philip Colin. "The Textual Archaeology of Seminole Colonization."

2427:

American Indians and World War II : toward a new era in Indian affairs

2358:"Reconstruction Treaties: The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture" 1520:

In the early 20th century, Florida had a population boom after the Flagler

1182:

in Florida, viewed organized Christianity as a threat to their traditions.

502:

is a dialect. This is the primary traditional language spoken today by the

327:

and gaming resorts under that name. These include two large resorts on its

2176:

Bill Drummond, "Indian Land Claims Unsettled 150 Years After Jackson Wars"

842:

In 1835, the U.S. Army arrived to enforce the treaty. The Seminole leader

3679: 3614: 3605: 3447: 1521: 1390: 1248: 1224: 679: 606: 499: 495: 460: 286: 258: 237: 212: 191: 132: 127: 3031: 2392: 2312: 1938:

The Calusa and Their Legacy: South Florida People and Their Environments

978:

was able to convince all but two of the group to eventually register.

804:

who in the early 1820s escaped from this area to freedom in the Bahamas.

3804: 3454: 2667:"Bobby C. Billie takes on National Park Service • the Seminole Tribune" 2376: 2296: 1940:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 118–121. 1912: 1648: 1244: 1235:. From 1861 to 1866, he led as chief of the Seminole who supported the 866: 843: 782: 683: 614: 534: 509: 471: 392: 383: 294: 254: 216: 208: 143: 138: 2206:. Resources Committee, US House of Representatives. September 25, 1997 3944: 3774: 2817: 1545: 1537: 645: 538: 447:

of Florida's original native population. By the early 1700s, much of

324: 224: 750: 343:

The word "Seminole" is almost certainly derived from the Creek word

2507: 1711:"We went inside Seminole Hard Rock's $ 720 million Tampa expansion" 1301:

Seminole family of tribal elder, Cypress Tiger, at their camp near

835:

with a few of the Seminole chiefs. They promised lands west of the

37:"Seminoles" redirects here. For the collegiate sports program, see 3724: 3649: 3015:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 183–206. 2429:(1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 26. 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 1525: 1506: 1473: 1375: 1352: 1296: 1105: 932: 791: 769: 749: 467: 410: 220: 3199: 2568:(2d ed.). St. Petersburg, Fla.: Great Outdoors. p. 85. 785:" and fugitive slaves living among the Seminoles, known today as 3211: 3142:

The Black Seminole Legacy and North American Politics, 1693–1845

1259: 732:'s 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminoles became known as the 3576: 3287: 1907:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 125–128. 3149:

The Enduring Seminoles: From Alligator Wrestling to Ecotourism

1324:

Many of those who had kept to traditional ways and spoke the

628:. They developed a thriving trade network by the time of the 2912:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861. 2855:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 896. 963:. During this process, the more traditional people near the 674:

chiefdom, founded in eastern Florida in the 18th century by

3283: 3259: 1849:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 429–449 1333: 877:(1855–1858), perhaps 200 survivors retreated deep into the 2297:""Unforgotten Threat: Florida Seminoles in the Civil War"" 1692:"How the Seminole Tribe came to rock the Hard Rock empire" 1478:

A Seminole spearing a garfish from a dugout, Florida, 1930

285:

beginning in the early 1700s, most significantly northern

3127:

Sturtevant, William C. (1971). "Creek into Seminole." In

2966:

Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14.

2328:"Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) in the Civil War (Part II)" 466:

Native American refugees from northern wars, such as the

421:

A group of Seminole people dancing around a fire in 1928.

3224:

The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida official site

3115:

The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People

2924:"Indian Population in the United States and Alaska 1910" 621:, associated with two other major Southeastern tribes. 518:

Also fleeing to Florida were African Americans who had

3103:, St. Petersburg: Great Outdoors Publishing Company. 2883:

The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians

378:

ceremony. Other notable traditions include use of the

2952:

High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty.

2227:, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1838:

Sturtevant, William C., Jessica R. Cattelino (2004).

1087:(also called bristly thistle) to make blowgun darts. 1010:

in 1957. The more traditional people living near the

451:

was uninhabited apart from Spanish colonial towns at

2502: 2500: 2498: 2490:

The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices

1999:

Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 69-70

1402:. The Seminole Tribe of Florida is headquartered in 1194:

In 1946, the Department of Interior established the

1142:

Seminole tribes generally follow Christianity, both

994:

of the state of Oklahoma. The implementation of the

512:, many of whom were native to western Florida. Some 3828: 3621: 3549: 3519: 3488: 3425: 3397: 3349: 3321: 3036:(ePub ed.). Gainesville, FL: LibraryPress@UF. 2128:

National Park Service, 2010, accessed 10 April 2013

1997:

Native Languages of the Southeastern United States,

1936:MacMahon, Darcie A.; Marquardt, William H. (2004). 724:After the United States achieved independence, the 304:. In the 1970s, Seminole tribes began to run small 281:from various Native American groups who settled in 201: 181: 150: 114: 71: 52: 2631:(3, illustrated ed.). Facts on File. p. 2624: 547:string of Spanish missions across northern Florida 3129:North American Indians in Historical Perspective, 3075:, Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press. 3073:The Florida Seminoles and the New Deal, 1933–1942 2712:, 3rd ed. New York: Checkmark Books, 2009. Print. 2262:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 261–275. 2141:Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 275–298. Abstract on-line at 2104:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 106–110. 1995:Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005). 1554:Numerous Florida place names honor the Seminole: 846:led the vastly outnumbered resistance during the 3996:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 764:In 1819, the United States and Spain signed the 2049:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 34–70. 2031: 2029: 917:Other leaders, such as Halleck Tustenuggee and 2968:Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. 644:, although they kept many facets of their own 27:Native American people originally from Florida 3588: 3299: 3033:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 2198: 2196: 1833: 1831: 1829: 781:Americans. Georgian slaveholders wanted the " 8: 3200:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma official website 3122:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 3068:, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 2697: 2412: 2064:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 100. 2020: 2008: 1867:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1820: 1734: 1677: 1247:, and to extend tribal citizenship to those 47: 2880:Wallace, Anthony; Foner, Eric (July 1993). 1847:Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14 3595: 3581: 3573: 3496:Indigenous people of the Everglades region 3306: 3292: 3284: 2836:Primitive society and its vital statistics 1305:, Florida, 1916. Photo taken by botanist, 545:and Native American slavers destroyed the 60: 46: 2995:Creek Schism: Seminole Genesis Revisited. 1634:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 1262:. The Seminole have a society based on a 1251:who chose to stay in Seminole territory. 865:and John Jumper, and the Black Seminoles 257:in the 18th century. Today, they live in 3533:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States 3089:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2773:Robert Andrew Powell (August 24, 2005). 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2290: 2288: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 1773:. State Library and Archives of Florida. 1500:From beginnings in the 1930s during the 831:In 1832, the U.S. government signed the 359:. They signed several treaties with the 3212:Seminole Tribe of Florida official site 2566:The story of Florida's Seminole Indians 2492:, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 507 2190:20 October 1978, accessed 13 April 2013 1670: 929:Post-Seminole Wars and the 20th century 3331:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 2775:"Florida State Can Keep Its Seminoles" 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 1986:Sturtevant and Cattelino (2004), p.432 1860: 1453:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 1426:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 1334:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 1330:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 1132:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 1065:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 275:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 102:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 2983::St. Martin's Press. New York, 2012. 2954:Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. 2144:"The "Wild Indians" of Andros Island" 1808: 1406:. They control several reservations: 7: 2822:New Haven: S. Converse. p. 364. 2115:"Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park" 1180:Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation 1026:The Seminoles were organized around 1014:received federal recognition as the 323:and has rebranded or opened several 115:Regions with significant populations 3241:Resources for Hitchiti and Mikasuki 3159:. The University of Alabama Press. 1231:refusing to sign a treaty with the 800:commemorating hundreds of enslaved 508:Joining them were several bands of 396:. Historically the Seminoles spoke 4006:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 3910:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 2981:Osceola and the Great Seminole War 2744:"Seminoles to buy Hard Rock chain" 2710:Atlas of the North American Indian 2627:Atlas of the North American Indian 2260:Osceola and the Great Seminole War 2102:Osceola and the Great Seminole War 2062:Osceola and the Great Seminole War 2047:Osceola and the Great Seminole War 1904:The Indian Tribes of North America 1239:and fought in the Indian Brigade. 1162:held at their ceremonial grounds. 798:Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park 25: 4011:African–Native American relations 4001:Native American tribes in Florida 3144:(Howard University Press, 1999). 2326:Porter, Kenneth W. (April 1967). 1840:"Florida Seminole and Miccosukee" 1360:shawl made by Susie Cypress from 1154:, which is expressed through the 1022:Political and social organization 906:Confederate government of Florida 478:in South Carolina, migrated into 315:Since the late 20th century, the 3604: 3540:Seminole Nation v. United States 3236:Hitchiti-Mikasuki Creation Story 3184:, New York: Garland Publishing. 3155:Wickman, Patricia Riles (1999). 2746:. Market Watch. December 7, 2006 2455:The Florida Historical Quarterly 2381:The Florida Historical Quarterly 2332:The Florida Historical Quarterly 2301:The Florida Historical Quarterly 1845:. In Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.). 1767:"Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823" 1709:Cridlin, Jay (October 1, 2019). 1690:Herrera, Chabeli (27 May 2016). 1626: 1059:(and its dialect, Hitchiti) and 261:and Florida, and comprise three 137: 126: 104: 93: 82: 3270:The Seminole Indians of Florida 3195:Seminole Nation Historical site 3180:Sturtevant, William C. (1987). 2082:from the original on 2001-03-03 1580:Seminole, a small community in 1083:The Seminole use the spines of 759:Smithsonian American Art Museum 588:, an adaptation of the Spanish 2451:"Present-Day Seminole Indians" 1362:Big Cypress Indian Reservation 386:. As the Seminoles adapted to 1: 3277:, Bureau of Ethnology, 1884, 3256:, Florida Department of State 3085:McReynolds, Edwin C. (1957). 3071:Kersey Jr., Harry A. (1989). 2945:Florida Historical Quarterly, 2425:Bernstein, Alison R. (1991). 2076:"The Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819" 1457:Miccosukee Indian Reservation 1418:, Immokalee Reservation, and 441:arrival of European explorers 435:Florida had been the home of 3059:Florida Historical Quarterly 2244:Garbarino, Merwyn S. (1989) 1823:, pp. 183–184, 201–202. 1591:, a residential district in 690:(modern Oklahoma) after the 3336:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 3323:Federally recognized tribes 2510:. Seminole Tribe of Florida 2488:Sturtevant, William, 1954, 1414:, Fort Pierce Reservation, 1287:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 1256:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 1215:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 1152:traditional Native religion 1124:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 1110:Seminole woman, painted by 1069:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 1004:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 955:demand for Seminole goods. 694:. Micanopy's sister's son, 437:several indigenous cultures 267:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 263:federally recognized tribes 80:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 4027: 3243:, William and Mary College 3101:Florida's Seminole Indians 3099:Neill, Wilfred T. (1956). 3013:The New History of Florida 2886:. Macmillan. p. 101. 2833:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 2564:Neill, Wilfred T. (1956). 2223:Covington, James W. 1993. 1429: 1346: 1212: 1150:. They also observe their 1094: 861:Other war chiefs, such as 743: 661:American Revolutionary War 36: 29: 3341:Seminole Tribe of Florida 2947:87 (Winter 2009), 404–35. 2733:Cattelino, pp. 32 and 34. 2278:October 24, 2016, at the 2186:News Service, printed in 2139:Journal of Black Studies. 1491:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1469:United States 2000 census 1400:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1349:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1343:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1319:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1128:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1008:Seminole Tribe of Florida 961:Seminole Tribe of Florida 943:1868 Florida Constitution 890:Treaty of Payne's Landing 833:Treaty of Payne's Landing 812:to the British colony of 317:Seminole Tribe of Florida 302:interstate highway system 271:Seminole Tribe of Florida 206: 186: 155: 119: 91:Seminole Tribe of Florida 76: 59: 32:Seminole (disambiguation) 3562:Miccosukee Indian School 3066:The Southeastern Indians 3064:Hudson, Charles (1976). 3007:64 (June 2011), 107–113. 2816:Morse, Jedidiah (1822). 2698:Mahon & Weisman 1996 2413:Mahon & Weisman 1996 2282:, Seminole Tribe website 2225:The Seminoles of Florida 2188:Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2021:Mahon & Weisman 1996 2009:Mahon & Weisman 1996 1962:"Definition of Seminole" 1821:Mahon & Weisman 1996 1756:, Seminole Tribe website 1735:Mahon & Weisman 1996 1678:Mahon & Weisman 1996 1659:Florida State University 1484:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1396:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1200:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 1196:Indian Claims Commission 886:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 369:Treaty of Paynes Landing 365:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 253:people who developed in 3875:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 3275:Smithsonian Institution 3030:Mahon, John K. (2017). 2993:Hawkins, Philip Colin. 2806:Cattelino. Ibid p. 113. 2597:Sturtevant, pp. 454-455 1752:April 29, 2016, at the 1655:Florida State Seminoles 789:, returned to slavery. 494:. They spoke primarily 39:Florida State Seminoles 3611:Native American tribes 3182:A Seminole Source Book 3140:Twyman, Bruce Edward. 3005:Florida Anthropologist 2950:Cattelino, Jessica R. 2479:Sattler (2004), p. 459 2461:(2): 217. October 1941 2375:Kersey, H. A. (1986). 2295:Taylor, R. A. (1991). 2120:July 18, 2016, at the 2035:Sattler (2004), p. 461 1901:Swanton, John (1952). 1884:Florida Anthropologist 1517: 1479: 1385: 1365: 1309: 1115: 984:Native American gaming 938: 805: 774:President James Monroe 761: 422: 3094:Freedom on the Border 2797:Cattelino. Ibid p. 9. 2623:Carl Waldman (2009). 2588:Cattelino, pp. 64–65. 1510: 1477: 1416:Hollywood Reservation 1379: 1356: 1300: 1223:(the modern state of 1109: 936: 816:, settling mostly on 795: 753: 678:. Beginning in 1825, 659:. In 1784, after the 551:French and Indian War 459:. A stream of mainly 420: 339:Etymology and culture 202:Related ethnic groups 3905:Mescalero-Chiricahua 3660:Cheyenne and Arapaho 3511:Green Corn Rebellion 3465:Four Mothers Society 3433:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum 3407:Afro-Seminole Creole 2545:Clark, pp. 750, 752. 2258:Hatch, Thom (2012). 2100:Hatch, Thom (2012). 2060:Hatch, Thom (2012). 2045:Hatch, Thom (2012). 1657:, athletic teams of 1412:Brighton Reservation 1273:Afro-Seminole Creole 715:Southern plantations 638:Southern plantations 565:1700s to early 1800s 522:from slavery in the 492:Province of Carolina 171:Afro-Seminole Creole 30:For other uses, see 3470:Green Corn Ceremony 3438:Alligator wrestling 3124:22.3 (1998): 79–99. 3078:Lancaster, Jane F. 3061:84.1 (2005): 10–27. 2669:. 22 November 2011. 2654:Seminole conquered. 2554:Taborn, pp. 27, 74. 2415:, pp. 203–204. 2126:Network to Freedom, 2023:, pp. 190–191. 2011:, pp. 187–189. 1680:, pp. 183–187. 1160:Green Corn Ceremony 1053:Muskogean languages 1000:subsistence farming 952:Napoleon B. Broward 945:, developed by the 863:Halleck Tustenuggee 848:Second Seminole War 692:Second Seminole War 611:Muskogean languages 406:Muskogean languages 196:Green Corn Ceremony 49: 3675:Citizen Potawatomi 3252:2005-03-26 at the 3229:2007-03-18 at the 3217:2011-09-02 at the 3205:2018-06-20 at the 2688:Cattelino, p. 142. 2679:Cattelino, p. 130. 2508:"Seminole History" 1603:Population history 1518: 1480: 1404:Hollywood, Florida 1386: 1366: 1358:Seminole patchwork 1310: 1164:Indigenous peoples 1116: 1085:Cirsium horridulum 939: 902:American Civil War 896:American Civil War 875:Third Seminole War 806: 762: 734:First Seminole War 423: 289:from what are now 3978: 3977: 3900:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 3640:Alabama-Quassarte 3570: 3569: 3417:Muscogee language 3412:Mikasuki language 3279:Project Gutenberg 3166:978-0-8173-0966-4 3113:Porter, Kenneth. 3106:Schultz, Jack M. 3043:978-1-947372-26-9 2989:978-0-312-35591-3 2960:978-0-8223-4227-4 2893:978-0-8090-1552-8 2763:Cattelino, p. 40. 2724:. Web.archive.org 2642:978-0-8160-6858-6 2613:Cattelino, p. 23. 2536:Cattelino, p. 41. 1789:Floridamemory.com 1516:clipper ship card 1446:Mikasuki language 1420:Tampa Reservation 1373:to Christianity. 1328:organized as the 1326:Mikasuki language 1307:John Kunkel Small 1293:Florida Seminoles 852:guerrilla tactics 837:Mississippi River 802:African Americans 766:Adams-Onís Treaty 703:Southern Colonies 609:), two among the 524:Southern Colonies 418: 357:Roman Catholicism 243: 242: 16:(Redirected from 4018: 3830:Tribal languages 3810:United Keetoowah 3740:Muscogee (Creek) 3700:Fort Sill Apache 3635:Absentee Shawnee 3609: 3608: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3574: 3557:Ahfachkee School 3520:Politics and law 3308: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3247:Seminole history 3170: 3047: 3026: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2630: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2504: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2292: 2283: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2249: 2242: 2236: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2191: 2173: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2146:. Archived from 2135: 2129: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1844: 1835: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1763: 1757: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1696:The Miami Herald 1687: 1681: 1675: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1613:Indian Territory 1589:Seminole Heights 1502:Great Depression 1280:Wewoka, Oklahoma 1221:Indian Territory 755:Coeehajo, Chief, 688:Indian Territory 517: 419: 388:Florida environs 376:Green Corn Dance 363:, including the 142: 141: 131: 130: 108: 97: 86: 72:Total population 64: 50: 21: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4015: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3832: 3824: 3695:Eastern Shawnee 3685:Delaware Nation 3626: 3624: 3617: 3603: 3601: 3571: 3566: 3545: 3515: 3484: 3443:Black Seminoles 3421: 3393: 3345: 3317: 3312: 3254:Wayback Machine 3231:Wayback Machine 3219:Wayback Machine 3207:Wayback Machine 3191: 3177: 3175:Primary sources 3167: 3154: 3092:Mulroy, Kevin. 3054: 3052:Further reading 3044: 3029: 3023: 3010: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2400: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2280:Wayback Machine 2271: 2267: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2184:Washington Post 2174: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2122:Wayback Machine 2113: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1967:Merriam-Webster 1960: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1754:Wayback Machine 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1715:Tampa Bay Times 1708: 1707: 1703: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1605: 1582:Okaloosa County 1575:Pinellas County 1559:Seminole County 1465: 1434: 1428: 1351: 1345: 1295: 1217: 1192: 1140: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1081: 1049: 1024: 1018:Tribe in 1962. 992:Seminole County 931: 911:James A. Seddon 898: 787:Black Seminoles 748: 742: 642:Black Seminoles 603:Black Seminoles 567: 507: 480:Spanish Florida 445:drastic decline 433: 428: 411: 361:U.S. government 341: 287:Muscogee Creeks 283:Spanish Florida 251:Native American 227: 207:Ethnic origin: 173: 160: 136: 125: 123: 109: 100: 98: 89: 88:15,572 enrolled 87: 78: 67: 55: 45: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Seminole Indian 15: 12: 11: 5: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3833:(still spoken) 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3750:Otoe-Missouria 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3690:Delaware Tribe 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3527:List of chiefs 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3506:Trail of Tears 3503: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3475:Seminole music 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3265:Clay MacCauley 3262: 3257: 3244: 3238: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3190: 3189:External links 3187: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3008: 3001: 2991: 2977: 2962: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2915: 2899: 2892: 2872: 2858: 2842: 2825: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2779:New York Times 2765: 2756: 2735: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2700:, p. 203. 2690: 2681: 2672: 2658: 2641: 2615: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2520: 2494: 2481: 2472: 2442: 2435: 2417: 2398: 2387:(2): 175–195. 2367: 2349: 2318: 2307:(3): 300–314. 2284: 2273:"No Surrender" 2265: 2250: 2237: 2216: 2192: 2161: 2130: 2107: 2092: 2067: 2052: 2037: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1988: 1979: 1953: 1946: 1928: 1921: 1893: 1874: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1776: 1771:Florida Memory 1758: 1739: 1737:, p. 183. 1727: 1701: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1638: 1637: 1621: 1618: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593:Tampa, Florida 1585: 1578: 1568: 1565:Osceola County 1562: 1495:Hard Rock Cafe 1493:purchased the 1464: 1461: 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1384:meal mid-1950s 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1294: 1291: 1213:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1168:Muscogee Creek 1139: 1136: 1103: 1100: 1097:Seminole music 1095:Main article: 1092: 1089: 1080: 1077: 1048: 1045: 1023: 1020: 947:Reconstruction 930: 927: 897: 894: 778:Andrew Jackson 744:Main article: 741: 738: 730:Andrew Jackson 717:, infuriating 711:escaped slaves 668:Spanish Empire 634:escaped slaves 582:Creek language 566: 563: 486:, part of the 461:Muscogee Creek 432: 429: 427: 424: 340: 337: 321:Hard Rock Café 241: 240: 230:Black Seminole 204: 203: 199: 198: 184: 183: 179: 178: 153: 152: 148: 147: 117: 116: 112: 111: 99:4,000 enrolled 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 53: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4023: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790:Seneca-Cayuga 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 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3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3147:West, Patsy. 3146: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087:The Seminoles 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3022:0-8130-1415-8 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979:Hatch, Thom. 2978: 2975: 2974:0-16-072300-0 2971: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 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2002: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1947:0-8130-2773-X 1943: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1894: 1890:(2): 107–113. 1889: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1811:, p. 13. 1810: 1805: 1802: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1438:Tamiami Trail 1433: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 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685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578: 573: 564: 562: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 515: 511: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 453:St. Augustine 450: 446: 442: 439:prior to the 438: 430: 425: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 338: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 310:Indian gaming 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 239: 235: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 177: 172: 168: 164: 159: 154: 149: 145: 140: 134: 129: 122: 121:United States 118: 113: 107: 103: 96: 92: 85: 81: 75: 70: 63: 58: 51: 40: 33: 19: 3800:Thlopthlocco 3538: 3531: 3351:Reservations 3314: 3269: 3181: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3032: 3012: 3004: 2994: 2980: 2965: 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Retrieved 1714: 1704: 1695: 1685: 1673: 1642: 1606: 1598: 1573:, a city in 1553: 1550: 1531: 1519: 1511: 1499: 1488: 1481: 1466: 1450: 1443: 1435: 1387: 1382:Thanksgiving 1367: 1338: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1284: 1277: 1269: 1253: 1241: 1218: 1208: 1204: 1193: 1184: 1176: 1171: 1141: 1121: 1117: 1102:Contemporary 1082: 1073: 1050: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1025: 988: 980: 972:World War II 969: 957: 940: 923: 916: 899: 883: 860: 841: 830: 822: 810:Cape Florida 807: 763: 754: 723: 700: 665: 650: 626:ethnogenesis 623: 589: 585: 576: 572:ethnogenesis 568: 558:John Swanton 555: 528: 506:in Florida. 465: 448: 434: 391: 373: 353:yat'siminoli 352: 348: 344: 342: 314: 299: 279:ethnogenesis 246: 244: 174:Historical: 110:400 enrolled 54:yat'siminoli 44:Ethnic group 3780:Sac and Fox 3480:Stomp dance 3369:Fort Pierce 3359:Big Cypress 2999:LINK TO PDF 1913:10088/15440 1408:Big Cypress 1380:Seminoles' 1364:, ca. 1980s 1264:matrilineal 1233:Confederacy 1229:John Chupco 1190:Land claims 1156:stomp dance 1148:Catholicism 1079:Ethnobotany 1032:matrilineal 996:Dawes Rolls 919:Sonuk Mikko 900:During the 814:the Bahamas 705:(primarily 696:John Jumper 498:, of which 476:Yamasee War 382:and ritual 380:black drink 77:est. 18,600 3985:Categories 3940:Potawatomi 3625:recognized 3384:Miccosukee 2938:References 2784:2011-03-02 2750:2011-03-02 2514:2011-03-02 2210:2011-03-02 2154:2013-04-11 2086:2003-02-19 1973:2011-03-02 1922:0874741793 1809:Mahon 2017 1794:9 February 1647:, an 1865 1544:, several 1432:Miccosukee 1126:, and the 1016:Miccosukee 879:Everglades 871:John Horse 826:Everglades 776:appointed 598:Red Sticks 504:Miccosukee 474:after the 449:La Florida 273:, and the 234:Miccosukee 228:Subgroup: 188:Protestant 161:Cultural: 3870:Chickasaw 3820:Wyandotte 3665:Chickasaw 3623:Federally 3550:Education 3460:Fastachee 3399:Languages 3379:Immokalee 3374:Hollywood 2722:US Census 2648:April 24, 1863:cite book 1747:"History" 1645:(clipper) 1609:Neamathla 1587:Historic 1542:golf club 1047:Languages 726:U.S. Army 676:Cowkeeper 648:culture. 619:Chickasaw 594:Creek War 586:simano-li 531:Apalachee 514:Chickasaw 457:Pensacola 345:simanó-li 333:Hollywood 151:Languages 3991:Seminole 3915:Muscogee 3890:Delaware 3885:Comanche 3865:Cheyenne 3860:Cherokee 3785:Seminole 3720:Kickapoo 3715:Kialegee 3680:Comanche 3655:Cherokee 3615:Oklahoma 3448:Mascogos 3364:Brighton 3315:Seminole 3250:Archived 3227:Archived 3215:Archived 3203:Archived 3151:(1998). 3117:(1996). 3110:(2000). 3096:(1993). 3082:(1995). 2465:10 March 2393:30146740 2342:13 April 2338:(4): 392 2313:30147523 2276:Archived 2248:, p. 55. 2180:LA Times 2118:Archived 2080:Archived 1750:Archived 1643:Seminole 1620:See also 1571:Seminole 1522:railroad 1513:Seminole 1463:Commerce 1371:converts 1249:freedmen 1225:Oklahoma 1158:and the 1138:Religion 1061:Muscogee 1057:Mikasuki 888:and the 796:Sign at 719:planters 680:Micanopy 655:and the 607:Hitchiti 590:cimarrón 577:Mvskoke' 543:Carolina 500:Mikasuki 496:Hitchiti 488:Muscogee 398:Mikasuki 393:chickees 367:and the 349:cimarrón 259:Oklahoma 247:Seminole 238:Mascogos 213:Muscogee 192:Catholic 182:Religion 167:Muscogee 163:Mikasuki 133:Oklahoma 48:Seminole 3965:Wyandot 3960:Wichita 3955:Shawnee 3895:Koasati 3880:Choctaw 3845:Arapaho 3840:Alabama 3815:Wichita 3805:Tonkawa 3795:Shawnee 3670:Choctaw 3489:History 3455:Chickee 3426:Culture 1853:21 June 1720:June 8, 1649:clipper 1467:In the 1391:Baptist 1303:Kendall 1172:"mekko" 990:is now 970:During 867:Abraham 844:Osceola 783:maroons 707:Georgia 684:dynasty 672:Alachua 657:British 653:Spanish 630:British 615:Choctaw 584:) word 535:Timucua 520:escaped 510:Choctaw 472:Yamasee 431:Origins 426:History 404:, both 384:tobacco 325:casinos 295:Alabama 291:Georgia 255:Florida 217:Yamasee 209:Choctaw 176:Spanish 158:English 144:Florida 3950:Seneca 3945:Quapaw 3930:Pawnee 3925:Ottawa 3855:Cayuga 3775:Quapaw 3765:Peoria 3760:Pawnee 3755:Ottawa 3645:Apache 3627:tribes 3163: 3040: 3019: 2987: 2972: 2958: 2890: 2639: 2572: 2433: 2391: 2311: 2231: 1944: 1919: 1546:museum 1538:resort 1534:casino 1245:slaves 1114:, 1834 1067:. 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