274:, whose aim is to arrive at a target molecule from low-molecular-weight, inexpensive starting materials, often petrochemicals or minerals. While there is no hard-and-fast division between total synthesis and semisynthesis, which rather differ in the degree of engineered synthesis that is used, many commodity precursor molecules with complex or fragile functional groups are much cheaper in practice to extract from an organism than to prepare from simple precursors only. Hence, methods of semisynthesis are applied when a needed precursor molecule is too structurally complex, too costly, or too difficult to produce by total synthesis.
165:
1708:
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25:
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222:. In contrast, engineered chemical synthesis is necessarily simpler, with a lower chemical diversity in each reaction, than the incredibly-diverse biosynthesis pathways that are crucial to life.
210:
Drugs derived from natural sources are usually produced by isolation from the natural source or, as described here, by semisynthesis from such an isolated agent. From the viewpoint of
262:
Semisynthesis, when it is used in drug discovery, aims to retain the sought-after medicinal activity while other molecule characteristics are altered, such as those that affect its
322:. As the field of synthetic chemistry advances, certain transformations become cheaper or easier, and the economics of a semisynthetic route may become less favorable.
803:
156:
from simple starting materials. Semisynthesis is a means of preparing many medicines more cheaply than by total synthesis since fewer chemical steps are necessary.
904:
583:
909:
148:
material) as the starting materials to produce novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties. The novel compounds generally have a high
233:, in which certain biosynthetic pathways can generate groups and structures with minimal economic input that would be prohibitive via total synthesis.
174:. Installation of the necessary side chain and acetyl group of paclitaxel by a short series of steps, starting from isolated 10-deacetylbaccatine III.
423:
Boehm M, Fuenfschilling PC, Krieger M, Kuesters E, Struber, F (2007). "An
Improved Manufacturing Process for the Antimalaria Drug Coartem. Part I".
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Examples of practical application of the use of semisynthesis include in the groundbreaking historic case of the isolation of the antibiotic
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524:"Development of a Platform for the Discovery and Practical Synthesis of New Tetracycline Antibiotics"
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are remarkable chemical factories that can easily produce structurally-complex chemical compounds by
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Further examples of semisynthesis include the early commercial production of the anti-cancer agent
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in a few chemical steps. In that regard, semisynthesis stands in contrast with the approach of
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The Story of Taxol: Nature and
Politics in the Pursuit of an Anti-Cancer Drug
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at the meeting point between engineered and biological chemical synthesis.
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are much easier to prepare by engineered synthesis than others, such as
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or a complex molecular structure, more so than those produced by
1663:
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565:
471:
Nelson ML, Levy SB (2011). "The
History of the Tetracyclines".
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and the semisyntheses of the further novel antibiotics
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from 10-deacetylbaccatin isolated from the needles of
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1203:
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1029:
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
314:, and the semisynthesis of the antimalarial drug
393:Goodman, Jordan; Walsh, Vivien (5 March 2001).
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399:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100f.
8:
804:
790:
782:
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473:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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251:are all used as sources for those tricky
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
382:
7:
1719:
752:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1743:
531:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
351:Production of cephalopsporins from
302:(European yew), the preparation of
14:
310:isolated from fungal cultures of
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1707:
1706:
763:
751:
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493:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x
23:
357:Production of penicillins from
34:needs additional citations for
1:
1071:Interface and colloid science
825:Glossary of chemical formulae
454:"Welcome to Chemistry World"
363:Production of steroids from
1348:Bioorganometallic chemistry
835:List of inorganic compounds
727:Volume combustion synthesis
1792:
1274:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1245:Enantioselective synthesis
1225:Physical organic chemistry
1178:Organolanthanide chemistry
657:Enantioselective synthesis
544:10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.011
126:partial chemical synthesis
16:Type of chemical synthesis
1702:
863:Electroanalytical methods
820:
735:
662:Fully automated synthesis
607:Artificial gene synthesis
522:Liu F, Myers, AG (2016).
318:from naturally-occurring
1618:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1534:Supramolecular chemistry
1173:Organometallic chemistry
637:Custom peptide synthesis
1556:Combinatorial chemistry
1467:Food physical chemistry
1430:Environmental chemistry
1314:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1240:Retrosynthetic analysis
1061:Chemical thermodynamics
1044:Spectroelectrochemistry
987:Computational chemistry
255:, including the use of
1628:of element discoveries
1474:Agricultural chemistry
1462:Carbohydrate chemistry
1353:Bioinorganic chemistry
1218:Alkane stereochemistry
1163:Coordination chemistry
992:Mathematical chemistry
858:Instrumental chemistry
717:Solvothermal synthesis
667:Hydrothermal synthesis
207:
175:
1623:Timeline of chemistry
1520:Post-mortem chemistry
1505:Clandestine chemistry
1435:Atmospheric chemistry
1358:Biophysical chemistry
1190:Solid-state chemistry
1140:Equilibrium chemistry
1049:Photoelectrochemistry
712:Solid-phase synthesis
425:Org. Process Res. Dev
225:As a result, certain
200:potassium borohydride
181:
167:
1613:History of chemistry
1568:Chemical engineering
1343:Bioorganic chemistry
1093:Structural chemistry
830:List of biomolecules
632:Convergent synthesis
612:Biomimetic synthesis
371:ursodeoxycholic acid
43:improve this article
1776:Medicinal chemistry
1636:The central science
1590:Ceramic engineering
1515:Forensic toxicology
1488:Chemistry education
1386:Radiation chemistry
1368:Interdisciplinarity
1321:Medicinal chemistry
1259:Fullerene chemistry
1135:Microwave chemistry
1004:Molecular mechanics
999:Molecular modelling
647:Divergent synthesis
485:2011NYASA1241...17N
479:(December): 17–32.
285:, doxycycline, and
253:precursor molecules
1771:Chemical synthesis
1679:Chemical substance
1541:Chemical synthesis
1510:Forensic chemistry
1391:Actinide chemistry
1333:Clinical chemistry
1014:Molecular geometry
1009:Molecular dynamics
964:Elemental analysis
917:Separation process
593:Chemical synthesis
212:chemical synthesis
208:
190:is replaced by an
176:
134:chemical compounds
130:chemical synthesis
1758:
1757:
1694:Quantum mechanics
1659:Chemical compound
1642:Chemical reaction
1580:Materials science
1498:General chemistry
1493:Amateur chemistry
1421:Photogeochemistry
1406:Stellar chemistry
1376:Nuclear chemistry
1297:Molecular biology
1264:Polymer chemistry
1235:Organic synthesis
1230:Organic reactions
1195:Ceramic chemistry
1185:Cluster chemistry
1115:Chemical kinetics
1103:Molecular physics
982:Quantum chemistry
895:Mass spectrometry
779:
778:
692:Peptide synthesis
687:Organic synthesis
682:One-pot synthesis
617:Bioretrosynthesis
437:10.1021/op0602425
406:978-0-521-56123-5
279:chlortetracycline
227:functional groups
169:Semisynthesis of
144:cell cultures or
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118:
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93:
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1654:Chemical element
1309:Chemical biology
1168:Magnetochemistry
1145:Mechanochemistry
1098:Chemical physics
1039:Electrochemistry
944:Characterization
806:
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792:
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677:Mechanosynthesis
652:Electrosynthesis
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373:from cholic acid
342:Drug development
216:living organisms
150:molecular weight
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1595:Polymer science
1551:Click chemistry
1546:Green chemistry
1440:Ocean chemistry
1416:Biogeochemistry
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1250:Total synthesis
1213:Stereochemistry
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1066:Surface science
1056:Thermochemistry
1025:
968:
939:Crystallography
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722:Total synthesis
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458:Chemistry World
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272:total synthesis
268:bioavailability
182:An undesirable
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154:total synthesis
138:natural sources
128:, is a type of
115:
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58:"Semisynthesis"
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1500:
1495:
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1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:Soil chemistry
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1457:Food chemistry
1454:
1452:Carbochemistry
1449:
1447:Clay chemistry
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1402:Astrochemistry
1398:Cosmochemistry
1395:
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1381:Radiochemistry
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
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1340:
1338:Neurochemistry
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1306:
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1269:Petrochemistry
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1147:
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1130:Spin chemistry
1127:
1125:Photochemistry
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Femtochemistry
1107:
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1105:
1095:
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969:
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946:
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929:
922:Chromatography
919:
914:
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902:
892:
891:
890:
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875:
865:
860:
854:
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846:
845:
843:
842:
840:Periodic table
837:
832:
827:
821:
818:
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811:
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808:
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794:
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749:
736:
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729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
702:Retrosynthesis
699:
697:Radiosynthesis
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:Direct process
639:
634:
629:
627:Chemosynthesis
624:
619:
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591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
559:
558:
514:
463:
442:
431:(3): 336–340.
412:
405:
381:
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376:
375:
374:
369:Production of
367:
361:
355:
349:
344:
339:
337:Drug discovery
334:
327:
324:
264:adverse events
202:, followed by
161:
158:
136:isolated from
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15:
13:
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9:
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3:
2:
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1684:Chemical bond
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1573:Stoichiometry
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1530:
1529:Nanochemistry
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1307:
1303:
1300:
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1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Semisynthesis
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1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Sonochemistry
1086:
1084:
1083:Cryochemistry
1081:
1077:
1076:Micromeritics
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
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1059:
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1016:
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989:
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985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
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954:Wet chemistry
952:
950:
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772:
771:
766:
762:
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759:
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748:
747:
738:
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734:
728:
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723:
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708:
707:Semisynthesis
705:
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