1031:
1140:, whose members are usually elected. Most senates have asymmetrical duties and powers compared with their respective lower house meaning they have special duties, for example to fill important political positions or to pass special laws. Conversely many senates have limited powers in changing or stopping bills under consideration and efforts to stall or veto a bill may be bypassed by the lower house or another branch of government.
989:
1201:
85:
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The
Philippine Senate was abolished and restored twice. A new constitution in 1935 abolished the Senate but an amendment in 1941 restored it in 1945. In 1972, Congress was prevented from convening, and a passage of a new constitution in 1973 confirmed the abolition of the Senate; an approval of a new
1617:
In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called senators. In federal countries, such senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow
1180:
is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form of adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for
1596:
consists of two senates of eight judges each. In its case the division is mostly of an organizational nature, as a matter of dividing the work load; both senates handle the same kind of constitutional cases. At some points in the past, one senate was considered more conservative and the other more
2602:, the government was transferred to Taiwan. In the constitutional reforms of the 1990s, the Control Yuan is now a purely auditory body, and its 29 members are nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Legislative Yuan for a duration of 6 years. Since 2005, the
2709:
2699:, but that constitution was abrogated in 1919, whereupon the 1871 Constitution was restored; it remained in effect until 1949, when Costa Rica adopted its present Constitution, which provides for a unicameral legislature.
2568:
The Kenyan Senate and House of
Representatives were combined into a single National Assembly, under the 2010 Constitution, the Senate is the upper house, with the National Assembly becoming the lower house.
1176:. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word
1646:
1247:", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, one house employing a proportional voting system and the other being elected on a
1132:
the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of "sober second thought" to consider
1813:
1396:
Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the
2712:
established a bicameral legislature with a
Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The 1886 constitution replaced the bicameral legislature with a unicameral one.
2692:
2681:
2670:
2659:
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1017:
1696:. There is no direct translation of the word "Parliament" in Welsh, with Senedd (being a cognate of Senate) meaning both "Senate" and "Parliament".
2853:
1593:
1109:. However the Roman Senate was not the ancestor or predecessor of modern parliamentarism in any sense, because the Roman senate was not a de jure
2525:
2854:"'Developing Constitutional Culture in the Context of Constitutional Implementation': The Case of the Maldives' First Democratic Constitution"
1030:
2799:
2595:
1685:
413:
1719:
2406:
2389:
1668:(equivalent to 'Senate' in English) as the word "Senedd". The word was used first to refer specifically to what is now referred to as the
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marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case with
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1279:(whose legislatures are unicameral bodies called the "Legislature" but whose members refer to themselves as "senators") and the
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2013:
1873:
1818:
389:
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1883:
1714:, various local legislative and executive bodies were established by the Greek rebels. Two of them were styled "senate": the
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The Senate was recreated by the
Chadian constitution of 2018 but it was ratified after the 2023 constitutional referendum.
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38:
1988:
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1259:. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some
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1366:. Several Canadian provinces also once had a Legislative Council, but these have all been abolished, the last being
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the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take a long period of time. The original senate was the
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1224:
1185:, which lasted until at least CE 603, although various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome. In the
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a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with
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meaning "the elder" or "old man") and therefore considered wiser and more experienced members of the
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1412:, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75.
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A South
African Senate was reconvened between 1994 and 1997, before being replaced by the
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1953:
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Bicameral
Legislatures: An international Comparison. Betty Drexhage. The Hague. 2015.
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1843:
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1264:
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200:
1692:" becoming the common short name for the institution in both languages of Welsh and
1219:
are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel
142:
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2688:. Costa Rica briefly restored the Senate and bicameralism with the adoption of the
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1933:
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which were elected by provincial legislators for a duration of 6 years. After the
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1354:, only the upper house of the federal parliament is known as the Senate. All
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1559:
1527:
1347:
1288:
1284:
1080:
837:
735:
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573:
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307:
1519:
1447:) fulfilled a similar judicial function during the interbellum (1918–1940).
1538:, the Senate was a second legislative chamber until its abolition in 1999.
1428:, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:
1673:
1635:
1603:
1555:
1283:(whose unicameral legislature is called the Council). There is also the
1268:
1125:
960:
920:
603:
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1623:
1535:
1523:
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533:
17:
1493:
2043:
1707:
1689:
1531:
1468:
1400:, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the
1367:
1351:
1034:
925:
867:
765:
312:
1686:
May 2020 adopted the name "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh
Parliament"
1661:
1563:
1510:
1267:, most states and territories have senates, with the exception of
1199:
1153:
1047:
1029:
2677:; the country reverted to unicameralism with the adoption of the
1570:. However, the judges are not called "senators". The German term
2773:
Dictionary.com
Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary:
1272:
1164:, 'old man'. The members or legislators of a senate are called
78:
1436:
was, until 1918, the executive branch and the supreme court.
1574:(literally "Penal Senate") in a German court translates to
1534:, the city government is also called a Senate. However, in
2497:
2725:
and was legally abolished with the adoption of the 1982
62:"Senator" and "Sen." redirect here. For other uses, see
2559:
was reestablished in 1927, and abolished again in 1935.
1630:. In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term
1508:
In a number of cities which were former members of the
42:
1664:, there is a translation of the word Senatus into the
2836:
Removal of Jersey senator roles given final approval
1263:
senates also exist at the subnational level. In the
109:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1097:), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin:
2710:1841 Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador
2646:1844 Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica
2721:The Turkish Senate did not function after the
2625:
2623:
2621:
1505:) being the holders of ministerial portfolios.
2640:
2638:
2636:
1597:liberal, but that is not the case as of 2011.
1331:, have bicameral legislatures with a Senate.
1011:
407:
8:
2606:is now the nation's sole parliamentary body.
2863:. Melbourne Forum on Constitution-Building.
1703:is the governing body of some universities.
1501:) are the executive branch, with senators (
1459:(Federated States) of Germany which form a
26:
1018:
1004:
425:
414:
400:
180:
1295:at federal level, eight of the country's
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
1116:Many countries have an assembly named a
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2741:
2594:existed as a parliamentary body in the
2548:
1594:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
1343:systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively.
436:
335:
297:
244:
190:
183:
28:
59:Upper house of a bicameral legislature
7:
1720:Senate of Western Continental Greece
1566:), often occupied with a particular
107:adding citations to reliable sources
1558:meaning, describing members of the
1287:at the federal level. Similarly in
2794:. Psychology Press. p. 1047.
1612:Senators of the College of Justice
1546:The term Senat (senate) in higher
57:
2896:Encyclopedia Britannica on Senate
2630:constitution in 1987 restored it.
2056:Defunct and unestablished senates
1255:basis, and an electoral basis or
886:Biology and political orientation
1814:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1653:, this was also the case in the
987:
83:
2423:Regional Representative Council
1710:during the early stages of the
1678:devolved unicameral legislature
1408:upon the recommendation of the
1362:have an upper house known as a
94:needs additional citations for
2754:. Americana Corporation. 1965.
2062:List of abolished upper houses
1672:, but the name later became a
1585:(literally "Civil Senate") to
1212:Modern democratic states with
1172:was adopted into English with
881:Theories of political behavior
507:Political history of the world
1:
2579:National Council of Provinces
2200:Confederate States of America
896:Critique of political economy
2875:El Salvador: A Country Study
2873:Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.),
2788:Levillain, Philippe (2002).
2086:Santiago del Estero Province
1054:Senate of the Czech Republic
1052:The debating chamber of the
477:Outline of political science
2655:provided for a Senate; the
2430:British Guiana (now Guyana)
1682:National Assembly for Wales
1568:subject-matter jurisdiction
1562:collectively (usually five
1206:Senate of the United States
1160:(senate), which comes from
2932:
2143:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2059:
1223:, known variously as the "
1086:. The name comes from the
482:Index of politics articles
61:
2791:The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies
2596:1947 Chinese constitution
1712:Greek War of Independence
1543:In German jurisprudence:
1398:Senate of the Philippines
1393:, was abolished in 1999.
2891:Livius.org: Roman Senate
2723:1980 Turkish coup d'état
2526:Central African Republic
1727:List of national senates
1608:High Court of Justiciary
1589:private-law jurisdiction
1410:Prime Minister of Canada
1225:House of Representatives
290:International parliament
64:Senator (disambiguation)
39:latest accepted revision
1381:, the last Senate of a
1039:Catilinarian conspiracy
891:Political organisations
654:International relations
492:Politics by subdivision
390:Legislatures by country
299:Parliamentary procedure
72:Senate (disambiguation)
2751:Encyclopedia Americana
2727:Constitution of Turkey
2115:Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
1578:penal-law jurisdiction
1209:
1060:
1045:
2916:National upper houses
2421:(restored in 2001 as
2188:Roman Republic/Empire
2183:Legislature disbanded
2067:Abolished in favor of
1404:are appointed by the
1291:, in addition to the
1217:parliamentary systems
1203:
1174:no change in spelling
1069:deliberative assembly
1051:
1033:
971:Political campaigning
711:Public administration
544:Collective leadership
2668:Constitution of 1859
2657:Constitution of 1847
1716:Peloponnesian Senate
1450:In German politics:
1416:Alternative meanings
1281:District of Columbia
1241:Legislative Assembly
1193:continued until the
1187:Eastern Roman Empire
1152:is derived from the
821:Separation of powers
692:Political psychology
667:Comparative politics
645:political scientists
632:Academic disciplines
512:Political philosophy
348:Member of Parliament
275:Member of parliament
270:Parliamentary leader
255:Parliamentary system
103:improve this article
68:Sen (disambiguation)
2024:Trinidad and Tobago
1734:Antigua and Barbuda
1620:St. Kitts and Nevis
1372:Legislative council
1364:Legislative council
1277:U.S. Virgin Islands
1233:Chamber of Deputies
1197:, circa 1202–1204.
994:Politics portal
843:Election commission
814:Government branches
697:Political sociology
549:Confessional system
487:Politics by country
260:Parliamentary group
29:Page version status
2861:law.unimelb.edu.au
2695:2014-11-29 at the
2684:2014-11-29 at the
2673:2014-11-29 at the
2662:2014-11-29 at the
2651:2011-01-24 at the
2450:(restored in 1987)
2402:(restored in 1945)
2262:(restored in 1987)
2171:(restored in 2023)
2110:(restored in 2013)
1829:Dominican Republic
1210:
1128:, appointed, have
1061:
1058:Wallenstein Palace
1046:
677:Political analysis
609:Semi-parliamentary
360:Member of Congress
35:
2824:Senate of Hamburg
2801:978-0-415-92230-2
2690:1917 Constitution
2679:1871 Constitution
2600:Chinese Civil War
1819:Republic of Congo
1647:House of Assembly
1640:House of Assembly
1554:" in its broader
1489:Senate of Hamburg
1434:Senate of Finland
1356:Australian states
1327:(since 1987) and
1245:House of Assembly
1237:National Assembly
1168:. The Latin word
1028:
1027:
976:Political parties
916:Electoral systems
640:Political science
614:Semi-presidential
526:Political systems
502:Political history
497:Political economy
424:
423:
368:Municipal council
179:
178:
171:
153:
16:(Redirected from
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2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2852:Zulfa, Mariyam.
2849:
2843:
2833:
2827:
2820:Senate of Bremen
2816:Senate of Berlin
2812:
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2805:
2785:
2779:
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2756:
2755:
2746:
2730:
2719:
2713:
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2616:
2613:
2607:
2604:Legislative Yuan
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2538:Senator for life
2322:1901–1903
2254:Northern Ireland
2194:Byzantine Empire
2159:Córdoba Province
2127:Tucumán Province
1655:States of Jersey
1606:, judges of the
1548:courts of appeal
1491:), the senates (
1481:Senate of Bremen
1473:Senate of Berlin
1441:Senate of Latvia
1406:Governor General
1385:parliament, the
1229:House of Commons
1191:Byzantine Senate
1148:The modern word
1020:
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1006:
992:
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682:Political theory
672:Election science
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382:(States-General)
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1729:
1701:academic senate
1688:with the term "
1680:it hosts, the "
1670:Senedd building
1550:refers to the "
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1402:Canadian Senate
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1037:addressing the
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2885:External links
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2029:United States
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2015:
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796:Civil society
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774:Public policy
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579:Hybrid regime
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213:Tricameralism
211:
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201:Unicameralism
199:
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182:
173:
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162:
159:February 2015
151:
148:
144:
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137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120: –
119:
115:
114:Find sources:
108:
104:
98:
97:
92:This article
90:
86:
81:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
48:
47:1 August 2024
44:
40:
33:
19:
2911:Legislatures
2874:
2869:
2860:
2847:
2831:
2810:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2717:
2704:
2611:
2592:Control Yuan
2586:
2573:
2564:
2557:Greek Senate
2551:
2496:
2287:constitution
2284:
2182:
2137:South Africa
2070:
2066:
1684:", which in
1631:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1464:
1463:(in German:
1456:Bundesländer
1454:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1395:
1376:
1345:
1301:Buenos Aires
1256:
1249:majoritarian
1211:
1183:Roman Senate
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1136:passed by a
1121:
1117:
1115:
1107:ruling class
1098:
1094:
1091:Roman Senate
1071:, often the
1064:
1062:
1043:Roman Senate
724:street-level
599:Presidential
559:Dictatorship
429:Part of the
328:Mass meeting
229:
206:Bicameralism
165:
156:
146:
139:
132:
125:
113:
101:Please help
96:verification
93:
76:
46:
37:This is the
31:
2448:Philippines
2400:Philippines
2312:El Salvador
2260:Philippines
2242:South Korea
2014:Switzerland
1999:Saint Lucia
1974:Philippines
1949:Netherlands
1889:Ivory Coast
1610:are called
1358:other than
1339:changed to
1221:lower house
1138:lower house
1134:legislation
1124:who may be
1111:legislative
1084:legislature
1073:upper house
863:Sovereignty
828:Legislature
731:Technocracy
719:Bureaucracy
584:Meritocracy
564:Directorial
380:The Estates
236:Lower house
226:Upper house
185:Legislature
2905:Categories
2736:References
2380:Pernambuco
2336:Costa Rica
2306:Costa Rica
2294:Costa Rica
2212:Yugoslavia
2210:1931–1941
2206:Montenegro
2204:1831–1879
2176:Mauritania
2072:unicameral
2060:See also:
2034:Uzbekistan
1929:Madagascar
1914:Kazakhstan
1628:Micronesia
1583:Zivilsenat
1572:Strafsenat
1516:Greifswald
1465:Stadtstaat
1461:City State
1420:The terms
1360:Queensland
1341:unicameral
1313:Entre Ríos
1309:Corrientes
1275:, and the
1208:in session
953:Governance
943:Government
938:Federalism
539:City-state
372:Councillor
344:Parliament
246:Parliament
129:newspapers
2479:Venezuela
2461:Nicaragua
2419:Indonesia
2390:São Paulo
2163:Argentina
2131:Argentina
2090:Argentina
1874:Indonesia
1749:Australia
1739:Argentina
1587:Bench of
1576:Bench of
1560:judiciary
1528:Stralsund
1374:in 1968.
1348:Australia
1305:Catamarca
1297:provinces
1289:Argentina
1285:US Senate
1257:collegium
1253:plurality
1214:bicameral
1130:inherited
1081:bicameral
933:Unitarism
921:Elections
909:Subseries
838:Judiciary
833:Executive
736:Adhocracy
619:Theocracy
574:Feudalism
554:Democracy
308:Committee
2840:BBC News
2693:Archived
2682:Archived
2671:Archived
2660:Archived
2649:Archived
2532:See also
2348:Portugal
2279:Rhodesia
2267:Ethiopia
2096:Maldives
2049:Zimbabwe
2019:Thailand
1969:Paraguay
1964:Pakistan
1934:Malaysia
1839:Eswatini
1809:Colombia
1794:Cameroon
1789:Cambodia
1759:Barbados
1718:and the
1676:for the
1649:. Until
1642:and the
1636:Dominica
1604:Scotland
1556:metonymy
1467:), i.e.
1329:Santa Fe
1325:San Luis
1269:Nebraska
1166:senators
1144:Overview
1122:senators
1093:(Latin:
961:Ideology
779:doctrine
740:Service
604:Republic
589:Monarchy
569:Federacy
458:Category
438:Politics
356:Congress
192:Chambers
118:"Senate"
43:reviewed
2514:Georgia
2502:Lebanon
2485:Senegal
2442:Ecuador
2407:Ireland
2354:Albania
2342:Finland
2289:adopted
2153:Germany
2149:Bavaria
2039:Uruguay
2004:Somalia
1984:Romania
1954:Nigeria
1924:Liberia
1919:Lesotho
1894:Jamaica
1879:Ireland
1859:Grenada
1854:Germany
1784:Burundi
1774:Bolivia
1764:Belgium
1754:Bahamas
1744:Austria
1694:English
1674:metonym
1632:senator
1624:Comoros
1536:Bavaria
1524:Rostock
1503:Senator
1485:Hamburg
1453:In the
1426:senator
1391:Bavaria
1379:Germany
1337:Tucumán
1333:Córdoba
1317:Mendoza
1243:", or "
1170:senator
1158:senātus
1126:elected
1103:society
1095:Senatus
1088:ancient
1077:chamber
1056:in the
1041:in the
966:Culture
876:Country
534:Anarchy
448:Outline
265:Speaker
143:scholar
18:Senator
2798:
2776:senate
2508:Malawi
2467:Turkey
2436:Ceylon
2394:Brazil
2384:Brazil
2374:Brazil
2364:Brazil
2330:Russia
2324:Serbia
2300:Sweden
2080:Greece
2074:system
1994:Rwanda
1989:Russia
1979:Poland
1939:Mexico
1904:Jordan
1844:France
1799:Canada
1779:Brazil
1769:Belize
1708:Greece
1690:Senedd
1592:. The
1564:judges
1532:Wismar
1520:Lübeck
1499:German
1483:) and
1477:Bremen
1469:Berlin
1422:senate
1387:Senate
1368:Quebec
1352:Canada
1293:Senate
1189:, the
1178:senate
1150:senate
1118:senate
1113:body.
1065:senate
1035:Cicero
926:voting
868:Polity
766:Policy
745:Public
659:theory
318:Motion
313:Quorum
230:Senate
145:
138:
131:
124:
116:
70:, and
2857:(PDF)
2544:Notes
2524:2015
2518:2004
2512:1995
2506:1994
2500:1989
2489:2013
2483:2012
2477:2000
2471:1993
2465:1982
2459:1979
2453:1979
2446:1978
2440:1978
2434:1970
2428:1964
2417:1950
2413:Malta
2411:1949
2405:1937
2398:1935
2388:1930
2378:1930
2370:Ceará
2368:1930
2360:Bahia
2358:1930
2352:1928
2346:1926
2340:1919
2334:1919
2328:1917
2318:Japan
2316:1890
2310:1886
2304:1871
2298:1866
2292:1847
2277:1979
2271:1975
2265:1974
2258:1972
2252:1972
2248:Libya
2246:1969
2240:1961
2234:1959
2228:1958
2222:1947
2216:1939
2198:1865
2192:1204
2174:2017
2167:2005
2157:2001
2147:2000
2141:1993
2135:1981
2125:1990
2119:1979
2113:1971
2108:Kenya
2106:1966
2102:Sudan
2100:1958
2094:1954
2084:1904
2078:1863
2044:Wales
2009:Spain
1959:Palau
1944:Nepal
1909:Kenya
1899:Japan
1884:Italy
1869:India
1864:Haiti
1849:Gabon
1834:Egypt
1804:Chile
1662:Wales
1552:bench
1530:, or
1511:Hanse
1494:Senat
1383:State
1321:Salta
1162:senex
1156:word
1154:Latin
1099:senex
1079:of a
1067:is a
949:forms
872:State
749:Civil
453:Index
336:Types
285:Clerk
150:JSTOR
136:books
2822:and
2814:See
2796:ISBN
2708:The
2644:The
2590:The
2520:Iraq
2491:Fiji
2473:Peru
2455:Iran
2285:New
2236:Iraq
2230:Cuba
2186:603
2169:Chad
2121:Iran
1651:2022
1626:and
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1439:The
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280:Whip
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147:·
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