573:. A single gene may affect multiple traits. Some traits that increase fitness early in life may also have negative effects later in life. But, because many more individuals are alive at young ages than at old ages, even small positive effects early can be strongly selected for, and large negative effects later may be very weakly selected against. Williams suggested the following example: Perhaps a gene codes for calcium deposition in bones, which promotes juvenile survival and will therefore be favored by natural selection; however, this same gene promotes calcium deposition in the arteries, causing negative atherosclerotic effects in old age. Thus, harmful biological changes in old age may result from selection for
1187:'s) original function. Damage and error accumulation in genetic material is always a problem for systems regardless of the age. The number of stem cells in young people is very much higher than older people and thus creates a better and more efficient replacement mechanism in the young contrary to the old. In other words, aging is not a matter of the increase in damage, but a matter of failure to replace it due to a decreased number of stem cells. Stem cells decrease in number and tend to lose the ability to differentiate into
691:
1548:
1532:
1540:
450:
488:
aging rest on the basic mechanisms that the force of natural selection declines with age. Mechanistic theories of aging can be divided into theories that propose aging is programmed, and damage accumulation theories, i.e. those that propose aging to be caused by specific molecular changes occurring over time.
1467:
Gene expression is imperfectly controlled, and it is possible that random fluctuations in the expression levels of many genes contribute to the aging process as suggested by a study of such genes in yeast. Individual cells, which are genetically identical, nonetheless can have substantially different
1090:
remained in the population, and why natural selection had not eliminated it. The onset of this neurological disease is (on average) at age 45 and is invariably fatal within 10–20 years. Haldane assumed that, in human prehistory, few survived until age 45. Since few were alive at older ages and their
745:
fed counterparts, yet exhibit substantially longer lifespans. Similarly, metabolic rate is a poor predictor of lifespan for birds, bats and other species that, it is presumed, have reduced mortality from predation, and therefore have evolved long lifespans even in the presence of very high metabolic
618:
in 1977. The theory suggests that aging occurs due to a strategy in which an individual only invests in maintenance of the soma for as long as it has a realistic chance of survival. A species that uses resources more efficiently will live longer, and therefore be able to pass on genetic information
487:
Theories of aging fall into two broad categories, evolutionary theories of aging and mechanistic theories of aging. Evolutionary theories of aging primarily explain why aging happens, but do not concern themselves with the molecular mechanism(s) that drive the process. All evolutionary theories of
1630:
Many measures that may extend lifespans may simultaneously also extend healthspans, albeit that is not necessarily the case, indicating that "lifespan can no longer be the sole parameter of interest" in related research. While recent life expectancy increases were not followed by "parallel"
1113:
of aging. "The force of natural selection weakens with increasing age—even in a theoretically immortal population, provided only that it is exposed to real hazards of mortality. If a genetic disaster... happens late enough in individual life, its consequences may be completely unimportant".
499:
The aging process can be explained with different theories. These are evolutionary theories, molecular theories, system theories and cellular theories. The evolutionary theory of ageing was first proposed in the late 1940s and can be explained briefly by the accumulation of mutations
599:
can be purged by competition between cells, but this increases the risk of cancer. This leads to an inescapable dilemma between two possibilities—the accumulation of physiologically useless senescent cells, and cancer—both of which lead to increasing rates of mortality with age.
1259:(HSCs) regenerate the blood system throughout life and maintain homeostasis. DNA strand breaks accumulate in long term HSCs during aging. This accumulation is associated with a broad attenuation of DNA repair and response pathways that depends on HSC quiescence.
1425:. Exmploying aging clocks to identify and evaluate longevity interventions represents a fundamental goal in aging biology research. However, achieving this goal requires overcoming numerous challenges and implementing additional validation steps.
919:, develop senescence-associated disorders much earlier than the general population, but can delay such disorders by rigorous control of their blood sugar levels. There is evidence that sugar damage is linked to oxidant damage in a process termed
1593:
seek to extend the span of health in the old as well as slow aging or its negative impacts such as physical and mental decline. Modern anti-senescent and regenerative technology with augmented decision making could help "responsibly bridge the
1234:
There are also several challenges when it comes to therapeutic use of stem cells and their ability to replenish organs and tissues. First, different cells may have different lifespans even though they originate from the same stem cells
1709:
The sale of purported anti-aging products such as supplements and hormone replacement is a lucrative global industry. For example, the industry that promotes the use of hormones as a treatment for consumers to slow or reverse the
1602:
gap for a future of equitable global wellbeing". Aging is "the most prevalent risk factor for chronic disease, frailty and disability, and it is estimated that there will be over 2 billion persons age > 60 by the year
1091:
contribution to the next generation was therefore small relative to the large cohorts of younger age groups, the force of selection against such late-acting deleterious mutations was correspondingly small. Therefore, a
1703:) will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans through complete rejuvenation to a healthy youthful condition (agerasia). The ethical ramifications, if life extension becomes a possibility, are debated by
1246:), meaning that aging can occur differently in cells that have longer lifespans as opposed to the ones with shorter lifespans. Also, continual effort to replace the somatic cells may cause exhaustion of stem cells.
1286:
911:. These adducts can further rearrange to form reactive species, which can then cross-link the structural proteins or DNA to similar biopolymers or other biomolecules such as non-structural proteins. People with
2845:
Hammers M, Richardson DS, Burke T, et al. (September 2013). "The impact of reproductive investment and early-life environmental conditions on senescence: support for the disposable soma hypothesis".
6819:
437:
Some species exhibit "negative senescence", in which reproduction capability increases or is stable, and mortality falls with age, resulting from the advantages of increased body size during aging.
6839:
484:
would both explain past observations and predict the results of future experiments. Some of the theories may complement each other, overlap, contradict, or may not preclude various other theories.
2527:
Piraino S, Boero F, Aeschbach B, et al. (June 1996). "Reversing the Life Cycle: Medusae
Transforming into Polyps and Cell Transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)".
1267:(NHEJ). Lig4 deficiency in the mouse causes a progressive loss of HSCs during aging. These findings suggest that NHEJ is a key determinant of the ability of HSCs to maintain themselves over time.
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1025:
was proposed in a 2021 review to be the underlying cause of aging because of the mechanistic link of DNA damage to nearly every aspect of the aging phenotype. Slower rate of accumulation of
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6881:
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5442:
735:, all other things being equal, a fast metabolism may reduce lifespan, in general this theory does not adequately explain the differences in lifespan either within, or between, species.
669:
produced by dissolved oxygen, radiation, cellular respiration and other sources cause damage to the molecular machines in the cell and gradually wear them down. This is also known as
4875:
6946:
1398:
There is research and development of further biomarkers, detection systems and software systems to measure biological age of different tissues or systems or overall. For example, a
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modifications, appear to be of particular importance to the aging process. Evidence for the theory that DNA damage is the fundamental cause of aging was first reviewed in 1981.
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1607:", making it a large global health challenge that demands substantial (and well-orchestrated or efficient) efforts, including interventions that alter and target the inborn
1395:
and cell counts can also be used to accurately predict the chronological age. It is also possible to predict the human chronological age using transcriptomic aging clocks.
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228:. Aging has been defined as "a progressive deterioration of physiological function, an intrinsic age-related process of loss of viability and increase in vulnerability."
6999:
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520:) and dysdifferentiation. The system theories include the immunologic approach to ageing, rate-of-living and the alterations in neuroendocrinal control mechanisms. (
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died young from a contagious lung disease, but data on an entire population of cloned individuals would be necessary to measure mortality rates and quantify aging.
1714:
process in the US market generated about $ 50 billion of revenue a year in 2009. The use of such hormone products has not been proven to be effective or safe.
6931:
6856:
6798:
6793:
4584:"Biomarkers of aging: prediction of longevity by using age-sensitive T-cell subset determinations in a middle-aged, genetically heterogeneous mouse population"
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There is substantial evidence to back up this theory. Old animals have larger amounts of oxidized proteins, DNA and lipids than their younger counterparts.
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More than 300 different theories have been posited to explain the nature (mechanisms) and causes (reasons for natural emergence or factors) of aging. Good
4445:
Gasmi A, Chirumbolo S, Peana M, et al. (17 September 2020). "Biomarkers of
Senescence during Aging as Possible Warnings to Use Preventive Measures".
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Biological aging or the LHG comes with a great cost burden to society, including potentially rising health care costs (also depending on types and
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5414:
1523:
A study indicates that aging may shift activity toward short genes or shorter transcript length and that this can be countered by interventions.
619:
to the next generation. The demands of reproduction are high, so less effort is invested in repair and maintenance of somatic cells, compared to
6453:
6024:
4106:
Rossi DJ, Bryder D, Seita J, et al. (2007). "Deficiencies in DNA damage repair limit the function of haematopoietic stem cells with age".
4016:
196:
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414:, but rather their death rate slowly increases with age. Organisms that are thought to be biologically immortal would, in one instance, be
6536:
3698:
180:. Two organisms of the same species can also age at different rates, making biological aging and chronological aging distinct concepts.
3624:
2480:"Complete mitochondrial genome and evolutionary analysis of Turritopsis dohrnii, the "immortal" jellyfish with a reversible life-cycle"
7194:
7107:
7029:
6115:
3818:"Slower rates of accumulation of DNA damage in leukocytes correlate with longer lifespans across several species of birds and mammals"
3618:
560:
505:
4901:"An inflammatory aging clock (iAge) based on deep learning tracks multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging"
3208:"An analysis of the relationship between metabolism, developmental schedules, and longevity using phylogenetic independent contrasts"
2762:
423:, also known as the "immortal jellyfish", due to its ability to revert to its youth when it undergoes stress during adulthood. The
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6236:
1341:
If different individuals age at different rates, then fecundity, mortality, and functional capacity might be better predicted by
1217:
1026:
1022:
6282:
5144:
Ryley J, Pereira-Smith OM (2006). "Microfluidics device for single cell gene expression analysis in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
1811:
609:
3568:
Loureiro LM, Reis CE, Costa TH (1 May 2018). "Effects of Coffee
Components on Muscle Glycogen Recovery: A Systematic Review".
1096:
731:
While there may be some validity to the idea that for various types of specific damage detailed below that are by-products of
4840:
4212:
Nijnik A, Woodbine L, Marchetti C, et al. (2007). "DNA repair is limiting for haematopoietic stem cells during ageing".
1029:
as measured by the DNA damage marker gamma H2AX in leukocytes was found to correlate with longer lifespans in comparisons of
746:
rates. In a 2007 analysis it was shown that, when modern statistical methods for correcting for the effects of body size and
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566:
5524:
863:. However their typically positive effects on lifespans when consumption is moderate have also been explained by effects on
578:
7112:
6298:
5016:
4841:"How old is your brain, really? AI-powered analysis accurately reflects risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease"
4547:
Van Neste D, Tobin DJ (2004). "Hair cycle and hair pigmentation: dynamic interactions and changes associated with aging".
921:
4635:"Getting the chronological age out of DNA: using insights of age-dependent DNA methylation for forensic DNA applications"
3449:
Grosso G, Godos J, Galvano F, et al. (21 August 2017). "Coffee, Caffeine, and Health
Outcomes: An Umbrella Review".
2823:
2776:
2091:
Holmes GE, Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1992). "Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging: a review".
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genes that are beneficial early in life but harmful later on. In this case, selection pressure is relatively high when
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1968:
1880:
1315:
1631:
healthspan expansion, awareness of the concept and issues of healthspan lags as of 2017. Scientists have noted that "
844:
that causes the body to retain copper, some of the symptoms resemble accelerated senescence.) These processes termed
1439:
A number of genetic components of aging have been identified using model organisms, ranging from the simple budding
6620:
6275:
6125:
4162:"Quiescent hematopoietic stem cells accumulate DNA damage during aging that is repaired upon entry into cell cycle"
1357:
and other common changes seen with aging are not better indicators of future functionality than chronological age.
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936:
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517:
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With respect to specific types of chemical damage caused by metabolism, it is suggested that damage to long-lived
191:
is the aging of whole organisms. Actuarial senescence can be defined as an increase in mortality or a decrease in
6689:
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6576:
6180:
5823:
5240:"Impaired DNA double-strand break repair contributes to the age-associated rise of genomic instability in humans"
4979:"Potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention: a pilot randomized clinical trial"
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The evolutionary theorist George
Williams wrote, "It is remarkable that after a seemingly miraculous feat of
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32:
This article is about the aging of whole organisms including animals. For aging specifically in humans, see
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Kirkwood TB, Rose MR (April 1991). "Evolution of senescence: late survival sacrificed for reproduction".
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Healthspan extension relies on the unison of social, clinical and scientific programs or domains of work.
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have continued efforts to find and validate biomarkers of aging, but success thus far has been limited.
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1119:
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157:
125:
113:
2421:"Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms"
5404:
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6251:
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4801:
4790:"Anatomically interpretable deep learning of brain age captures domain-specific cognitive impairment"
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1675:" (those who wish to achieve longer lives themselves), postulate that future breakthroughs in tissue
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721:
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45:
5942:
5189:"Knock-in reporter mice demonstrate that DNA repair by non-homologous end joining declines with age"
3224:
2276:
Ackermann M, Stearns SC, Jenal U (June 2003). "Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division".
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O'Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ (1 May 2018). "Coffee for
Cardioprotection and Longevity".
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1700:
1422:
1336:
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1142:, alleviating "cellular senescence and tissue degeneration and, to some extent, organismal aging".
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as well as contemporary economies or contemporary economics and their appendant societal systems.
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with relatively high accuracy, including detecting early signs of
Alzheimer's disease and varying
1318:' (mLOY) and reportedly affecting at least 40% of 70 years-old men to some degree, contributes to
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The Rate of Living, Being an
Account of Some Experimental Studies on the Biology of Life Duration
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and the ability to generate energy. It is probably no accident that nearly all of the so-called "
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One of the most prominent theories of aging was first proposed by Harman in 1956. It posits that
340:
should be unable to perform the much simpler task of merely maintaining what is already formed."
232:
203:
97:
1547:
1464:). Study of these organisms has revealed the presence of at least two conserved aging pathways.
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Vaupel JW, Baudisch A, Dölling M, et al. (June 2004). "The case for negative senescence".
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4684:"Deep biomarkers of human aging: Application of deep neural networks to biomarker development"
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as a biomarker of aging, based on its ability to predict human chronological age. Basic blood
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951:. Chemical damage to structural proteins can lead to loss of function; for example, damage to
802:
747:
725:
513:
481:
355:
5836:
3731:
3521:"Effects of coffee consumption on glucose metabolism: A systematic review of clinical trials"
3367:"Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes"
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2011:
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37:
777:, are in part responsible for aging. The damage can include breakage of biopolymer chains,
631:
Programmed theories of aging posit that aging is adaptive, normally invoking selection for
6746:
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6503:
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6048:
4382:"Hematopoietic loss of Y chromosome leads to cardiac fibrosis and heart failure mortality"
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Maintaining the dynamic balance of stem cell pools requires several conditions. Balancing
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and senescence are detrimental elements. These detrimental effects will eventually cause
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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can become awakened from dormant states and contribute to aging which can be blocked by
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5977:"Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?"
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Harman D (July 1956). "Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry".
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2016:
1991:
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The ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks declines with aging in mice and humans.
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817:
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385:, with the mother cell experiencing aging, while the daughter is rejuvenated. There is
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In a decadal update, three hallmarks have been added, totaling 12 proposed hallmarks:
200:
138:
121:
116:. However, the resulting effects of senescence can be delayed. The 1934 discovery that
105:
5040:"Biomarkers of aging for the identification and evaluation of longevity interventions"
4458:
2942:
Atwood CS, Bowen RL (2011). "The reproductive-cell cycle theory of aging: an update".
2347:
2321:"Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetric division"
2320:
2129:
Williams GC (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence".
1421:
Aging clocks have been used to evaluate impacts of interventions on humans, including
1414:
patterns of neurological aging, and a DL tool was reported as to calculate a person's
1379:
have been used to give good predictions of the expected lifespan of middle-aged mice.
449:
7183:
7117:
7076:
7024:
6043:
5563:"Healthspan is more important than lifespan, so why don't more people know about it?"
4505:
4474:
3999:
3125:
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2721:
2104:
2074:
1664:
1659:, either modestly through improvements in medicine or dramatically by increasing the
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suggests that aging is regulated by changes in hormonal signaling over the lifespan.
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133:
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2215:"Multifeature analyses of vascular cambial cells reveal longevity mechanisms in old
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164:. Different parts of the body may age at different rates and distinctly, including
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1876:
1559:, such as free of significant diseases or declines of capacities (e.g. of senses,
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5205:
4560:
3484:
Dirks-Naylor AJ (15 December 2015). "The benefits of coffee on skeletal muscle".
2337:
354:
Different speeds with which mortality increases with age correspond to different
7051:
6610:
6593:
6498:
6465:
6448:
6267:
5744:"Uncoupling lifespan and healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans longevity mutants"
5529:
3913:
3536:
2955:
2504:
2479:
1780:
1760:
1750:
1668:
1564:
1407:
1358:
1050:
916:
852:
524:
213:
172:, and muscle. Similarly, functions may distinctly decline with aging, including
165:
5952:
5930:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
5925:
5658:
5609:
5525:"A regenerative reset for aging » Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics"
5495:
5376:
5360:"Aging is associated with a systemic length-associated transcriptome imbalance"
5104:
5055:
4978:
4917:
4650:
4600:
4588:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4314:
4177:
3982:
3965:
3784:
3427:
3212:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
3095:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2425:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2396:
2371:
2223:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2170:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2057:
2040:
2007:
1911:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1468:
responses to outside stimuli, and markedly different lifespans, indicating the
6470:
6348:
6221:
6120:
5894:
5710:
3497:
3233:
2998:
2631:
2614:
2591:
1745:
1740:
1595:
1513:
1469:
1131:
996:
948:
890:
849:
798:
778:
758:
741:
732:
717:
574:
508:. The molecular theories of ageing include phenomena such as gene regulation (
251:
161:
5992:
5112:
5039:
4413:
4322:
3581:
2819:
2772:
2737:
128:, and the existence of potentially immortal organisms such as members of the
7148:
7127:
6545:
6424:
5855:"AMA report questions science behind using hormones as anti-aging treatment"
5768:
5405:"Aging is driven by unbalanced genes, finds AI analysis of multiple species"
4813:
4405:
3966:"Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses during aging reinforces senescence"
3115:
3055:
2445:
2289:
2243:
2181:
1931:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1624:
1535:
Past and projected age of the human world population through time as of 2021
1342:
1311:
1278:
1229:
1188:
1168:
940:
907:
864:
860:
751:
539:. The stem cell theory of aging is also a sub-category of cellular theories.
536:
407:
396:
349:
325:
rather than germ cells may begin life with a higher initial load of damage.
299:
192:
109:
6010:
5961:
5902:
5787:
5728:
5676:
5627:
5569:. Washington University in St. Louis. Harvey A. Friedman Center for Aging.
5514:
5395:
5322:
5275:
5224:
5165:
5130:
5073:
5012:
4936:
4831:
4774:
4717:
4668:
4619:
4568:
4466:
4431:
4340:
4241:
4195:
4135:
4092:
4073:
3991:
3866:
3851:
3802:
3727:
3683:
3589:
3554:
3505:
3470:
3435:
3400:
3351:
3300:
3251:
3184:
3091:"Protein oxidative damage is associated with life expectancy of houseflies"
3016:
2963:
2920:
2877:
2687:
2640:
2599:
2556:
2513:
2464:
2405:
2356:
2297:
2262:
2199:
2066:
2025:
1964:
1950:
1263:(Lig4) has a highly specific role in the repair of double-strand breaks by
1224:
are favoring elements of stem cell pool maintenance while differentiation,
1114:
Age-independent hazards such as predation, disease, and accidents, called '
739:
animals process as much, or more, calories per gram of body mass, as their
406:
regenerative capacity fueled by a population of highly proliferative adult
317:), and some of this damage is not repaired and thus accumulates with time.
4994:
4946:"Tool that calculates immune system age could predict frailty and disease"
4699:
4513:
3890:
3833:
3332:
3282:
3163:
Brunet-Rossinni AK, Austad SN (2004). "Ageing studies on bats: a review".
3134:
3063:
2928:
2112:
1635:
are increasing and are inflicting untold costs on human quality of life".
1555:
Healthspan can broadly be defined as the period of one's life that one is
786:
212:
is characterized by the declining ability to respond to stress, increased
5881:
Holliday R (April 2009). "The extreme arrogance of anti-aging medicine".
5358:
Stoeger T, Grant RA, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, et al. (December 2022).
4057:"Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease threpeutics"
4039:
Smith J., A., Daniel R. "Stem Cells and Aging: A Chicken-Or-Egg Issue?".
3664:
2478:
Lisenkova AA, Grigorenko AP, Tyazhelova TV, et al. (February 2017).
1868:
1735:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1319:
1210:
1192:
1176:
1038:
1007:
952:
944:
912:
898:
886:
813:
806:
528:
403:
399:
245:
101:
17:
5314:
5256:
4233:
4127:
3267:"Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality"
1907:"Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging"
6561:
6475:
6414:
6368:
4756:
4264:"Research may reveal why people can suddenly become frail in their 70s"
2548:
2150:
1775:
1556:
1499:
1354:
1239:
1199:
1058:
1030:
902:
882:
762:
359:
337:
318:
3382:
2859:
2655:
1836:
1494:, has been known for some time. Sufferers exhibit symptoms resembling
6553:
6409:
6380:
6322:
6317:
6201:
6062:
5157:
2799:
2752:
2679:
2039:
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, et al. (19 January 2023).
1860:
1667:. Several researchers in the area, along with "life extensionists", "
1164:
1079:
976:
968:
894:
856:
829:
790:
782:
770:
371:
221:
33:
5434:"Aging Is Linked to More Activity in Short Genes Than in Long Genes"
5291:"A progeroid syndrome in mice is caused by defects in A-type lamins"
5290:
4489:
4289:
Mitchell E, Spencer Chapman M, Williams N, et al. (June 2022).
4155:
4153:
3316:"Effects of some common food constituents on cardiovascular disease"
3031:
2540:
2142:
581:
is high and relatively low when Fisher's reproductive value is low.
4207:
4205:
3882:
1014:
secretion, long-term exposure to which produces symptoms of aging.
943:
mainly damages proteins. Damaged proteins and lipids accumulate in
516:, somatic mutation, accumulation of genetic material (DNA) damage (
7097:
6482:
6460:
6438:
6429:
6390:
6327:
6216:
1711:
1608:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1440:
980:
932:
878:
781:
of biopolymers, or chemical attachment of unnatural substituents (
774:
689:
381:
which have asymmetries between "mother" and "daughter" cells upon
367:
363:
209:
153:
129:
3365:
Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, et al. (22 November 2017).
112:
with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's
4733:"The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood"
3570:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
1604:
1350:
1260:
1034:
833:
6518:
6271:
6071:
4731:
Peters MJ, Joehanes R, Pilling LC, et al. (October 2015).
1990:
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, et al. (June 2013).
1082:, if their effects are felt after reproduction. The geneticist
824:
capable of damaging structural proteins and DNA. Certain metal
1573:
Global health § Multimorbidity, age-related diseases and aging
1369:
1365:
825:
444:
5975:
Warner H, Anderson J, Austad S, et al. (November 2005).
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
4291:"Clonal dynamics of haematopoiesis across the human lifespan"
3605:"Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage."
1476:
and aging as well as genetic factors. There is research into
1095:
of late-acting deleterious mutations could be substantial at
6514:
5688:
5686:
5087:
Moqri M, Herzog C, Poganik JR, et al. (February 2024).
3816:
Whittemore K, Martínez-Nevado E, Blasco MA (November 2019).
2419:
Tan TC, Rahman R, Jaber-Hijazi F, et al. (March 2012).
963:, and vessel wall thickening and reactive tissue formation (
235:
that are common between organisms with emphasis on mammals:
5289:
Mounkes LC, Kozlov S, Hernandez L, et al. (May 2003).
2319:
Stewart EJ, Madden R, Paul G, et al. (February 2005).
769:, caused by ubiquitous chemical agents in the body such as
78:
72:
5038:
Moqri M, Herzog C, Poganik JR, et al. (August 2023).
3759:
Schumacher B, Pothof J, Vijg J, et al. (April 2021).
3648:"Connecting the Dots: From DNA Damage and Repair to Aging"
623:, in order to focus on reproduction and species survival.
585:
Cancer versus cellular senescence tradeoff theory of aging
4380:
Sano S, Horitani K, Ogawa H, et al. (15 July 2022).
3089:
Sohal RS, Agarwal S, Dubey A, et al. (August 1993).
63:
5742:
Bansal A, Zhu LJ, Yen K, et al. (20 January 2015).
4682:
Putin E, Mamoshina P, Aliper A, et al. (May 2016).
4356:"As Y Chromosomes Vanish With Age, Heart Risks May Grow"
3603:
Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, et al. (2008).
1418:
based on patterns of systemic age-related inflammation.
4845:
University of Southern California via medicalxpress.com
4788:
Yin C, Imms P, Cheng M, et al. (10 January 2023).
3265:
Freedman ND, Park Y, Abnet CC, et al. (May 2012).
1122:
will have fewer individuals alive in older age groups.
1006:
can be partly explained by alcohol's activation of the
461:
305:
The environment induces damage at various levels, e.g.
4977:
Fitzgerald KN, Hodges R, Hanes D, et al. (2021).
3761:"The central role of DNA damage in the ageing process"
812:
and eventually other reactive species including other
5848:
5846:
5803:
Can We Live Forever? A Sociological and Moral Inquiry
4899:
Sayed N, Huang Y, Nguyen K, et al. (July 2021).
3206:
de Magalhães JP, Costa J, Church GM (February 2007).
1627:, highlight the importance of extending healthspans.
750:
are employed, metabolic rate does not correlate with
427:
is observed to remain intact, and even the gonads of
84:
81:
75:
69:
60:
5238:
Li Z, Zhang W, Chen Y, et al. (November 2016).
614:
The disposable soma theory of aging was proposed by
7141:
7090:
7050:
7012:
6967:
6812:
6754:
6743:
6653:
6552:
6491:
6399:
6341:
6305:
6189:
6106:
5924:Olshansky SJ, Hayflick L, Carnes BA (August 2002).
5477:Garmany A, Yamada S, Terzic A (23 September 2021).
3964:Liu X, Liu Z, Wu Z, et al. (19 January 2023).
2801:
Time of Our Lives : the Science of Human Aging
2372:"Unraveling the non-senescence phenomenon in Hydra"
1167:is the result of the inability of various types of
959:walls can lead to vessel-wall stiffness and, thus,
527:). Cellular theory of ageing can be categorized as
494:
Stem cell theory of aging § Other theories of aging
374:trees show little effect of age even at 667 years.
66:
5816:
5432:
5187:Vaidya A, Mao Z, Tian X, et al. (July 2014).
4160:Beerman I, Seita J, Inlay MA, et al. (2014).
2370:Dańko MJ, Kozłowski J, Schaible R (October 2015).
2213:Wang L, Cui J, Jin B, et al. (January 2020).
1520:, is the cause of this form of accelerated aging.
1293:theory of ageing which could enable healthy aging.
3754:
3752:
3525:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
1663:beyond its generally-settled biological limit of
5592:Garmany A, Yamada S, Terzic A (September 2021).
3934:Medawar PB (1946). "Old age and natural death".
848:are linked to the potential benefits of dietary
124:by 50% in rats, the existence of species having
6257:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
5748:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4794:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2124:
2122:
1796:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
1699:replacement (such as with artificial organs or
1086:wondered why the dominant mutation that causes
350:Longevity § Non-human biological longevity
5695:"Does Longer Lifespan Mean Longer Healthspan?"
3646:Pan MR, Li K, Lin SY, et al. (May 2016).
3519:Reis CE, Dórea JG, da Costa TH (1 July 2019).
905:to produce sugar adducts, in a process called
6530:
6283:
6083:
5556:
5554:
2086:
2084:
1900:
1898:
199:says that the age-dependent component of the
8:
1591:Healthspan extension and anti-aging research
1277:A study showed that the clonal diversity of
801:ion, which can subsequently be converted to
309:, and damage to tissues and cells by oxygen
231:In 2013, a group of scientists defined nine
3652:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3314:Yang Y, Chan SW, Hu M, et al. (2011).
2041:"Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe"
706:One of the earliest aging theories was the
100:characteristics in living organisms. Whole
6751:
6537:
6523:
6515:
6290:
6276:
6268:
6090:
6076:
6068:
5643:"Aging, Equality and the Human Healthspan"
4866:"KI kann wahres Alter des Hirns bestimmen"
3867:"DNA damage as the primary cause of aging"
3865:Gensler HL, Bernstein H (September 1981).
3613:. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1–47.
2869:11370/9cc6749c-f67d-40ab-a253-a06650c32102
6171:Reliability theory of aging and longevity
6000:
5951:
5941:
5777:
5767:
5718:
5666:
5617:
5594:"Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap"
5504:
5494:
5479:"Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap"
5385:
5375:
5330:
5265:
5255:
5214:
5204:
5120:
5063:
5002:
4926:
4916:
4821:
4764:
4707:
4658:
4609:
4599:
4421:
4330:
4185:
4082:
4072:
3981:
3841:
3792:
3717:
3699:"Alcohol, aging, and the stress response"
3673:
3663:
3544:
3390:
3341:
3331:
3290:
3241:
3223:
3124:
3114:
3006:
2867:
2630:
2503:
2454:
2444:
2395:
2346:
2336:
2252:
2242:
2189:
2056:
2015:
1940:
1930:
1766:Index of topics related to life extension
1298:Hematopoietic mosaic loss of chromosome Y
1183:capable of maintaining that tissue's (or
6052:) is being considered for deletion. See
377:Almost all organisms senesce, including
3952:
1824:
1512:in May 2003. This report suggests that
1285:gets drastically reduced around age 70
1272:Hematopoietic stem cell diversity aging
1099:. This concept came to be known as the
6016:
5693:Hansen M, Kennedy BK (1 August 2016).
4045:. 2012 Jun, Vol. 3, Number 3; 260–268.
1655:is the concept of extending the human
979:reduces cellular functionality. Lipid
836:, may participate in the process. (In
4878:from the original on 17 February 2023
4851:from the original on 17 February 2023
4061:International Journal of Cell Biology
4019:from the original on 17 February 2023
3627:from the original on 15 November 2023
2826:from the original on 15 November 2023
2779:from the original on 15 November 2023
2702:from the original on 15 November 2023
2484:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1883:from the original on 15 November 2023
1571:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7:
5837:participating institution membership
5445:from the original on 17 January 2023
5417:from the original on 2 February 2023
4528:from the original on 24 October 2021
1971:from the original on 19 October 2019
1830:
1828:
1504:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
1345:than by chronological age. However,
1118:', mean that even a population with
789:conditions, approximately 4% of the
40:. For cells that stop dividing, see
5926:"Position statement on human aging"
5521:Non-profit hospital press release:
5089:"Validation of biomarkers of aging"
3416:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
3271:The New England Journal of Medicine
2613:Viña J, Borrás C, Miquel J (2007).
1905:Nelson P, Masel J (December 2017).
1109:formalised this observation in his
280:altered intercellular communication
104:senescence involves an increase in
6116:Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
6023:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3463:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064941
3177:10.1023/B:BGEN.0000038022.65024.d8
1472:factors play an important role in
716:in 1928 (based on earlier work by
561:Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
506:antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
389:in some groups, such as the genus
27:Deterioration of function with age
25:
6056:to help reach a consensus. ›
5573:from the original on 1 March 2023
5537:from the original on 1 March 2023
4956:from the original on 26 July 2021
4459:10.2174/0929867327999200917150652
4006:Expert explanation of the study:
3697:Spencer RL, Hutchison KE (1999).
3070:from the original on 31 July 2021
216:imbalance, and increased risk of
197:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
152:Environmental factors may affect
145:. Rare human mutations can cause
6680:Biodemography of human longevity
6237:List of longest-living organisms
5339:from the original on 30 May 2022
5019:from the original on 2 June 2021
3607:. In Kimura H, Suzuki A (eds.).
1965:"Aging and Gerontology Glossary"
1644:This section is an excerpt from
1527:Healthspans and aging in society
1326:, and mortality in a causal way.
1151:This section is an excerpt from
655:The free radical theory of aging
492:This section is an excerpt from
448:
96:is the gradual deterioration of
56:
3871:The Quarterly Review of Biology
2848:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2728:. Published for the College by
2654:Kirkwood TB, Austad SN (2000).
1812:Timeline of senescence research
1078:can support lethal and harmful
820:, which can, in turn, generate
785:) to biopolymers. Under normal
610:Disposable soma theory of aging
156:– for example, overexposure to
5429:News article about the study:
4943:News article about the study:
4863:News article about the study:
2726:An unsolved problem of biology
2572:Theoretical Population Biology
2376:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2166:"Comparative biology of aging"
901:and certain DNA bases such as
644:reproductive-cell cycle theory
184:Definition and characteristics
1:
6299:Development of the human body
3706:Alcohol Research & Health
3032:"Protein oxidation and aging"
2754:Evolutionary biology of aging
1543:Healthspan-lifespan gap (LHG)
1429:Genetic determinants of aging
1402:(DL) software using anatomic
1251:Hematopoietic stem cell aging
1171:to continue to replenish the
531:theory, free radical theory (
137:have motivated research into
6136:Free-radical theory of aging
5641:Farrelly C (November 2022).
5523:Buckles S (7 October 2021).
5206:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004511
4561:10.1016/j.micron.2003.11.006
4506:10.1016/0531-5565(88)90025-3
4488:Baker GT, Sprott RL (1988).
3152:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2338:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045
2105:10.1016/0921-8734(92)90034-m
1585:which puts major burdens on
1506:was reported in the journal
1111:mutation accumulation theory
1071:Mutation accumulation theory
967:); similar processes in the
661:Free-radical theory of aging
650:Damage accumulation theories
533:free-radical theory of aging
410:." These planarians are not
370:is elderly at 80 years, and
5567:Institute for Public Health
4447:Current Medicinal Chemistry
3537:10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.01.001
3030:Stadtman ER (August 1992).
2956:10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.007
2804:. Oxford University Press.
2757:. Oxford University Press.
2505:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.11.007
2164:Austad SN (February 2009).
1619:). This, along with global
1316:mosaic loss of chromosome Y
1146:Stem cell theories of aging
828:found in the body, such as
579:Fisher's reproductive value
565:One theory was proposed by
544:Evolutionary aging theories
402:have "apparently limitless
7226:
6621:research into centenarians
6126:DNA damage theory of aging
5805:. Anthem Press. p. 3.
5659:10.1007/s10730-022-09499-3
5610:10.1038/s41536-021-00169-5
5561:Peterson T (30 May 2017).
5496:10.1038/s41536-021-00169-5
5402:University press release:
5377:10.1038/s43587-022-00317-6
5105:10.1038/s41591-023-02784-9
5056:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.003
4918:10.1038/s43587-021-00082-y
4838:University press release:
4651:10.1007/s13258-023-01392-8
4315:10.1038/s41586-022-04786-y
4178:10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.016
3983:10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.017
3912:Fabian D, Flatt T (2011).
3785:10.1038/s41586-021-03307-7
3610:New Research on DNA Damage
3451:Annual Review of Nutrition
3428:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.02.002
2397:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.043
2058:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001
2008:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039
1643:
1570:
1486:A set of rare hereditary (
1432:
1334:
1265:non-homologous end joining
1150:
1097:mutation–selection balance
1068:
1004:impact of alcohol on aging
993:accelerated aging diseases
720:), which states that fast
686:DNA damage theory of aging
683:
658:
607:
588:
558:
547:
518:DNA damage theory of aging
491:
347:
271:mitochondrial dysfunction,
147:accelerated aging diseases
31:
7195:Ailments of unknown cause
6690:Longevity escape velocity
6577:aging-associated diseases
6181:Stem cell theory of aging
5895:10.1007/s10522-008-9170-6
5853:Japsen B (15 June 2009).
5824:Oxford English Dictionary
5711:10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.002
5598:npj Regenerative Medicine
5483:npj Regenerative Medicine
5431:Kwon D (6 January 2023).
4354:Kolata G (14 July 2022).
3498:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.11.005
2632:10.1080/15216540601178067
2592:10.1016/j.tpb.2003.12.003
1490:) disorders, each called
1404:magnetic resonance images
1303:A 2022 study showed that
1161:stem cell theory of aging
1153:Stem cell theory of aging
709:Rate of Living Hypothesis
627:Programmed aging theories
595:Senescent cells within a
366:is elderly at 3 years, a
218:aging-associated diseases
170:the cardiovascular system
7169:Longest-living organisms
6054:templates for discussion
5993:10.1038/sj.embor.7400555
5953:10.1093/gerona/57.8.B292
4601:10.1093/gerona/56.4.b180
4582:Miller RA (April 2001).
4494:Experimental Gerontology
4009:"Aging and Retroviruses"
3914:"The Evolution of Aging"
3582:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0342
2944:Experimental Gerontology
1992:"The hallmarks of aging"
1807:Transgenerational design
1633:hronic diseases of aging
1445:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1387:There is interest in an
1308:loss of the Y chromosome
1257:Hematopoietic stem cells
1222:hematopoietic stem cells
1002:It is believed that the
6156:Network theory of aging
5829:Oxford University Press
5769:10.1073/pnas.1412192112
5410:Northwestern University
4814:10.1073/pnas.2214634120
4633:Naue J (October 2023).
4406:10.1126/science.abn3100
3234:10.1093/gerona/62.2.149
3116:10.1073/pnas.90.15.7255
3056:10.1126/science.1355616
3008:2027/mdp.39015086547422
2999:10.1093/geronj/11.3.298
2529:The Biological Bulletin
2446:10.1073/pnas.1118885109
2290:10.1126/science.1083532
2244:10.1073/pnas.1916548117
1932:10.1073/pnas.1618854114
1695:, pharmaceuticals, and
1461:Drosophila melanogaster
1287:to a faster-growing few
1140:neutralizing antibodies
1130:A study concluded that
995:" are due to defective
889:can react with certain
571:antagonistic pleiotropy
555:Antagonistic pleiotropy
504:), disposable soma and
344:Variation among species
204:increases exponentially
7164:Transhumanist politics
7082:Immortality in fiction
7060:Biological immortality
6604:cognitive epidemiology
6247:Regeneration (biology)
6207:Biological immortality
5699:Trends in Cell Biology
2987:Journal of Gerontology
2921:10.1098/rstb.1991.0028
1579:With aging populations
1552:
1544:
1536:
1451:Caenorhabditis elegans
1220:) and self-renewal of
1049:. DNA damage-induced
985:mitochondrial membrane
737:Calorically restricted
703:
698:woman photographed by
597:multicellular organism
512:), codon restriction,
6968:regions by continents
6587:negligible senescence
6582:degenerative diseases
6166:Programmed cell death
6151:Negligible senescence
5425:– via phys.org.
4995:10.18632/aging.202913
4737:Nature Communications
4700:10.18632/aging.100968
4490:"Biomarkers of aging"
3834:10.18632/aging.102430
3283:10.1056/NEJMoa1112010
2182:10.1093/gerona/gln060
1837:"Evolution of ageing"
1791:Programmed cell death
1685:regenerative medicine
1581:, there is a rise of
1550:
1542:
1534:
1423:combination therapies
1120:negligible senescence
1065:Mutation accumulation
1053:alterations, such as
931:can damage proteins,
761:, such as structural
754:in mammals or birds.
724:corresponds to short
693:
412:biologically immortal
387:negligible senescence
348:Further information:
277:stem cell exhaustion,
189:Organismal senescence
158:ultraviolet radiation
126:negligible senescence
6813:regions of countries
6633:LGBT life expectancy
6252:Rejuvenation (aging)
4871:Deutschlandfunk Nova
4639:Genes & Genomics
4074:10.1155/2016/6940283
3665:10.3390/ijms17050685
2615:"Theories of ageing"
1835:Kirkwood TB (1977).
1756:Homeostatic capacity
1701:xenotransplantations
1583:age-related diseases
1478:epigenetics of aging
1181:differentiated cells
1163:postulates that the
1088:Huntington's disease
915:, who have elevated
722:basal metabolic rate
295:chronic inflammation
274:cellular senescence,
143:age-related diseases
46:Bacterial senescence
44:. For bacteria, see
7154:Longevity insurance
7072:Digital immortality
6698:calorie restriction
6685:Indefinite lifespan
6675:Anti-aging movement
6645:Biomarkers of aging
6227:Indefinite lifespan
6131:Evolution of ageing
6101:(biology of ageing)
5860:The Chicago Tribune
5827:(Online ed.).
5760:2015PNAS..112E.277B
5439:Scientific American
5413:. 9 December 2022.
5347:– via Zenodo.
5315:10.1038/nature01631
5307:2003Natur.423..298M
5257:10.1038/cdd.2016.65
4806:2023PNAS..12014634Y
4749:2015NatCo...6.8570.
4398:2022Sci...377..292S
4307:2022Natur.606..343M
4234:10.1038/nature05875
4226:2007Natur.447..686N
4128:10.1038/nature05862
4120:2007Natur.447..725R
3777:2021Natur.592..695S
3737:on 11 December 2018
3333:10.5402/2011/397136
3107:1993PNAS...90.7255S
3048:1992Sci...257.1220S
2913:1991RSPTB.332...15K
2798:Kirkwood T (2006).
2672:2000Natur.408..233K
2584:2004TPBio..65..339W
2496:2017MolPE.107..232L
2437:2012PNAS..109.4209T
2388:2015JThBi.382..137D
2235:2020PNAS..117.2201W
1923:2017PNAS..11412982N
1853:1977Natur.270..301K
1726:Anti-aging movement
1617:costs of treatments
1337:Biomarkers of aging
1331:Biomarkers of aging
1283:produce blood cells
1213:along with homing (
1116:extrinsic mortality
1010:, which stimulates
550:Evolution of ageing
502:evolution of ageing
425:reproductive system
240:genomic instability
139:delaying senescence
118:calorie restriction
42:Cellular senescence
7200:Cellular processes
6804:World macroregions
6703:Diet and longevity
6454:Emerging adulthood
5801:Turner BS (2009).
5152:(14–15): 1065–73.
4800:(2): e2214634120.
4757:10.1038/ncomms9570
4360:The New York Times
3976:(2): 287–304.e26.
1587:healthcare systems
1553:
1545:
1537:
1043:American flamingos
989:electric potential
869:glucose metabolism
704:
567:George C. Williams
460:. You can help by
233:hallmarks of aging
36:. For plants, see
7177:
7176:
7008:
7007:
6728:stem-cell therapy
6640:Maximum life span
6512:
6511:
6376:Adult development
6354:Child development
6265:
6264:
6242:Maximum life span
6197:Adaptive mutation
5987:(11): 1006–1008.
5835:(Subscription or
5370:(12): 1191–1206.
5301:(6937): 298–301.
5244:Cell Death Differ
4645:(10): 1239–1261.
4392:(6603): 292–297.
4301:(7913): 343–350.
4055:Mahla RS (2016).
4042:Aging and Disease
3822:Aging (Albany NY)
3771:(7856): 695–703.
3383:10.1136/bmj.j5024
2860:10.1111/jeb.12204
2811:978-0-19-802939-7
1802:Sub-lethal damage
1496:accelerated aging
1448:to worms such as
1435:Genetics of aging
1359:Biogerontologists
1312:a subset of cells
1289:, substantiating
1076:Natural selection
855:, for example in
842:hereditary defect
803:hydrogen peroxide
726:maximum life span
514:error catastrophe
478:
477:
441:Theories of aging
362:. For example, a
356:maximum life span
313:(widely known as
108:or a decrease in
16:(Redirected from
7217:
7020:Longevity claims
6752:
6616:supercentenarian
6539:
6532:
6525:
6516:
6492:Social and legal
6292:
6285:
6278:
6269:
6176:Selection shadow
6161:Plant senescence
6146:Immunosenescence
6092:
6085:
6078:
6069:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6014:
6004:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5955:
5945:
5936:(8): B292–B297.
5921:
5915:
5914:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5832:
5820:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5771:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5558:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5518:
5508:
5498:
5474:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5334:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5259:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5208:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5158:10.1002/yea.1412
5141:
5135:
5134:
5124:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5006:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4952:. 13 July 2021.
4940:
4930:
4920:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4835:
4825:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4220:(7145): 686–90.
4209:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4076:
4052:
4046:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4003:
3985:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3936:Modern Quarterly
3931:
3925:
3924:
3921:Nature Education
3918:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3730:. Archived from
3721:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3335:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3277:(20): 1891–904.
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3227:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3148:Pearl R (1928).
3145:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3042:(5074): 1220–4.
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2871:
2854:(9): 1999–2007.
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2751:Rose MR (1991).
2748:
2742:
2741:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2680:10.1038/35041682
2656:"Why do we age?"
2651:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1861:10.1038/270301a0
1832:
1786:Plant senescence
1665:around 125 years
1661:maximum lifespan
1563:, endurance and
1518:oxidative stress
1416:inflammatory age
1389:epigenetic clock
1288:
1179:with functional
1101:selection shadow
1084:J. B. S. Haldane
1047:griffon vultures
846:oxidative stress
838:Wilson's disease
797:is converted to
700:Edward S. Curtis
671:oxidative stress
591:Immunosenescence
473:
470:
452:
445:
266:nutrient sensing
174:movement control
122:extend lifespans
94:biological aging
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
38:Plant senescence
21:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7210:Causes of death
7180:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7137:
7091:Longevity genes
7086:
7046:
7004:
6963:
6808:
6747:life expectancy
6745:
6739:
6649:
6628:Life expectancy
6567:Longevity myths
6548:
6543:
6513:
6508:
6504:Age of majority
6487:
6420:Early childhood
6395:
6342:Birth and after
6337:
6333:Gestational age
6301:
6296:
6266:
6261:
6185:
6102:
6096:
6057:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6015:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5943:10.1.1.541.3004
5923:
5922:
5918:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5834:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5540:
5538:
5522:
5476:
5475:
5460:
5448:
5446:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5403:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5250:(11): 1765–77.
5237:
5236:
5232:
5199:(7): e1004511.
5186:
5185:
5181:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5093:Nature Medicine
5086:
5085:
5081:
5050:(18): 3758–75.
5037:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5020:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4959:
4957:
4944:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4881:
4879:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4839:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4500:(4–5): 223–39.
4487:
4486:
4482:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4114:(7145): 725–9.
4105:
4104:
4100:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4038:
4034:
4022:
4020:
4007:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3828:(21): 9829–45.
3815:
3814:
3810:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3621:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3320:ISRN Cardiology
3313:
3312:
3308:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3225:10.1.1.596.2815
3205:
3204:
3200:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3029:
3028:
3024:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2907:(1262): 15–24.
2898:
2897:
2893:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2666:(6809): 233–8.
2653:
2652:
2648:
2625:(4–5): 249–54.
2612:
2611:
2607:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2541:10.2307/1543022
2526:
2525:
2521:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2431:(11): 4209–14.
2418:
2417:
2413:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2143:10.2307/2406060
2128:
2127:
2120:
2099:(3–6): 305–15.
2090:
2089:
2082:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2002:(6): 1194–217.
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1917:(49): 12982–7.
1904:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1847:(5635): 301–4.
1834:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1731:Antimuscarinics
1721:
1716:
1715:
1649:
1641:
1621:quality of life
1613:
1612:
1576:
1529:
1502:. The cause of
1474:gene expression
1437:
1431:
1412:neuroanatomical
1385:
1347:graying of hair
1339:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1295:
1294:
1269:
1268:
1248:
1247:
1156:
1148:
1128:
1073:
1067:
1055:DNA methylation
1020:
965:atherosclerosis
793:metabolized by
688:
682:
680:Chemical damage
663:
657:
652:
637:group selection
629:
616:Thomas Kirkwood
612:
606:
604:Disposable soma
593:
587:
563:
557:
552:
546:
541:
540:
510:gene expression
497:
474:
468:
465:
458:needs expansion
443:
352:
346:
327:Dolly the sheep
186:
59:
55:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7223:
7221:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7159:Longevity risk
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6718:organ printing
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6659:
6657:
6655:Life extension
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6599:biogerontology
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6444:Preadolescence
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6232:Life extension
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6190:Related topics
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6141:Hayflick limit
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6041:
6037:
6036:External links
6034:
6031:
6030:
5967:
5916:
5889:(2): 223–228.
5883:Biogerontology
5873:
5842:
5808:
5793:
5754:(3): E277-86.
5734:
5682:
5653:(2): 187–205.
5633:
5584:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5427:
5350:
5281:
5230:
5179:
5136:
5099:(2): 360–372.
5079:
5030:
4989:(7): 9419–32.
4969:
4967:
4966:
4911:(7): 598–615.
4891:
4889:
4888:
4861:
4780:
4723:
4694:(5): 1021–33.
4674:
4625:
4574:
4555:(3): 193–200.
4539:
4480:
4453:(8): 1471–88.
4437:
4372:
4346:
4281:
4255:
4201:
4166:Cell Stem Cell
4149:
4098:
4047:
4032:
4030:
4029:
3956:
3945:
3926:
3904:
3883:10.1086/412317
3877:(3): 279–303.
3857:
3808:
3748:
3689:
3638:
3620:978-1604565812
3619:
3595:
3576:(3): 284–293.
3560:
3531:(3): 184–191.
3511:
3476:
3457:(1): 131–156.
3441:
3406:
3357:
3306:
3257:
3198:
3165:Biogerontology
3155:
3140:
3101:(15): 7255–9.
3081:
3022:
2993:(3): 298–300.
2977:
2950:(2–3): 100–7.
2934:
2891:
2837:
2810:
2790:
2763:
2743:
2713:
2646:
2605:
2562:
2535:(3): 302–312.
2519:
2470:
2411:
2362:
2311:
2284:(5627): 1920.
2268:
2229:(4): 2201–10.
2205:
2176:(2): 199–201.
2156:
2137:(4): 398–411.
2118:
2080:
2051:(2): 243–278.
2031:
1982:
1956:
1894:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
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1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1653:Life extension
1650:
1646:Life extension
1642:
1640:
1637:
1577:
1569:
1528:
1525:
1433:Main article:
1430:
1427:
1384:
1381:
1373:memory T cells
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1127:
1124:
1069:Main article:
1066:
1063:
1019:
1016:
1012:glucocorticoid
973:kidney failure
818:singlet oxygen
681:
678:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
651:
648:
628:
625:
621:germline cells
608:Main article:
605:
602:
589:Main article:
586:
583:
559:Main article:
556:
553:
548:Main article:
545:
542:
498:
490:
476:
475:
455:
453:
442:
439:
434:are existing.
345:
342:
303:
302:
297:
292:
290:macroautophagy
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
262:
255:
249:
243:
201:mortality rate
195:with age. The
185:
182:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7222:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7077:Eternal youth
7075:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7025:Oldest people
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7001:
7000:South America
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6990:North America
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
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6943:
6940:
6938:
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6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
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6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6782:South America
6780:
6778:
6777:North America
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
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6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:Topic outline
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6535:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6081:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5874:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5797:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5585:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4892:
4877:
4874:(in German).
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4594:(4): B180-6.
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4270:. 1 June 2022
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3712:(4): 272–83.
3711:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3486:Life Sciences
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3218:(2): 149–60.
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:(4): 211–22.
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2764:1-4237-6520-6
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:(4): 339–51.
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
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2457:
2452:
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2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:Ginkgo biloba
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:Interventions
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1500:wrinkled skin
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:deep learning
1396:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1377:naive T cells
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:skin wrinkles
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:proliferation
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:aging process
1162:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:human genomes
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:Peter Medawar
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:of the inner
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Free radicals
926:
924:
923:
922:glycoxidation
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:free radicals
819:
815:
811:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:cross-linking
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
744:
743:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:Raymond Pearl
712:described by
711:
710:
701:
697:
692:
687:
679:
677:
674:
672:
668:
667:free radicals
662:
654:
649:
647:
645:
640:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
617:
611:
603:
601:
598:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
569:and involves
568:
562:
554:
551:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
489:
485:
483:
472:
463:
459:
456:This section
454:
451:
447:
446:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
422:
421:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:cell division
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
334:morphogenesis
330:
328:
324:
323:somatic cells
320:
316:
315:free radicals
312:
308:
307:damage to DNA
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
287:
286:
285:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
236:
234:
229:
227:
226:heart disease
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
53:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
7065:Regeneration
6917:South Africa
6723:rejuvenation
6713:nanomedicine
6708:gene therapy
6571:
6471:Middle adult
6406:Early years
6385:
6306:Before birth
6212:CGK733 fraud
6107:
6098:
6047:
6019:cite journal
5984:
5981:EMBO Reports
5980:
5970:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5864:. Retrieved
5858:
5822:
5811:
5802:
5796:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5705:(8): 565–8.
5702:
5698:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5566:
5539:. Retrieved
5528:
5486:
5482:
5447:. Retrieved
5438:
5419:. Retrieved
5408:
5367:
5364:Nature Aging
5363:
5353:
5341:. Retrieved
5298:
5294:
5284:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5021:. Retrieved
4986:
4982:
4972:
4958:. Retrieved
4949:
4908:
4905:Nature Aging
4904:
4894:
4880:. Retrieved
4869:
4853:. Retrieved
4844:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4530:. Retrieved
4497:
4493:
4483:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4363:. Retrieved
4359:
4349:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4268:The Guardian
4267:
4258:
4217:
4213:
4172:(1): 37–50.
4169:
4165:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4021:. Retrieved
4012:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3953:Medawar 1952
3948:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3920:
3907:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3768:
3764:
3739:. Retrieved
3732:the original
3709:
3705:
3692:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3609:
3598:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3422:(1): 38–42.
3419:
3415:
3409:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3039:
3035:
3025:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2800:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2753:
2746:
2725:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2663:
2659:
2649:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2328:
2325:PLOS Biology
2324:
2314:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2134:
2130:
2096:
2092:
2048:
2044:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1959:
1914:
1910:
1885:. Retrieved
1844:
1840:
1771:Mitohormesis
1705:bioethicists
1693:gene therapy
1677:rejuvenation
1669:immortalists
1651:
1629:
1614:
1554:
1522:
1507:
1498:, including
1485:
1482:
1466:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1420:
1397:
1393:biochemistry
1386:
1383:Aging clocks
1363:
1340:
1305:blood cells'
1261:DNA ligase 4
1244:erythrocytes
1236:
1226:mobilization
1214:
1204:
1158:
1132:retroviruses
1129:
1126:Other damage
1105:
1093:genetic load
1074:
1021:
1001:
987:reduces the
981:peroxidation
975:. Damage to
971:can lead to
961:hypertension
957:blood vessel
927:
920:
906:
877:
853:antioxidants
795:mitochondria
756:
740:
730:
707:
705:
675:
664:
641:
633:evolvability
630:
613:
594:
564:
521:
486:
479:
466:
462:adding to it
457:
436:
431:
428:
419:
416:
390:
376:
353:
336:, a complex
331:
304:
283:
264:deregulated
259:proteostasis
254:alterations,
230:
208:
188:
187:
160:accelerates
151:
132:
93:
51:
50:
29:
7052:Immortality
6611:Centenarian
6594:Gerontology
6476:Elder adult
6466:Young adult
6449:Adolescence
6313:Development
6042:‹ The
5530:Mayo Clinic
4882:17 February
4855:17 February
4023:17 February
1975:26 February
1781:Phenoptosis
1761:Immortality
1751:Gerontology
1456:fruit flies
1324:heart risks
999:enzymes.
917:blood sugar
891:amino acids
759:biopolymers
575:pleiotropic
525:homeostasis
429:Turritopsis
417:Turritopsis
214:homeostatic
106:death rates
7190:Senescence
7184:Categories
7035:by country
6932:Tajikistan
6897:Kazakhstan
6755:by country
6572:Senescence
6386:Senescence
6222:DNA repair
6121:Catabiosis
6108:Senescence
6099:Senescence
6059:Senescence
5839:required.)
5818:"agerasia"
5449:18 January
5421:18 January
5193:PLOS Genet
3658:(5): 685.
3631:4 February
3326:: 397136.
2830:31 January
2783:31 January
2730:H.K. Lewis
2722:Medawar PB
2706:31 January
2619:IUBMB Life
2382:: 137–49.
2331:(2): e45.
2093:Mutat. Res
1887:31 January
1819:References
1746:Geriatrics
1741:DNA repair
1681:stem cells
1673:longevists
1596:healthspan
1514:DNA damage
1470:epigenetic
1406:estimated
1364:Levels of
1351:face aging
1343:biomarkers
1314:, called '
1279:stem cells
1211:quiescence
1202:lineages.
1169:stem cells
1051:epigenetic
1027:DNA damage
1023:DNA damage
1018:DNA damage
997:DNA repair
949:lipofuscin
850:polyphenol
799:superoxide
742:ad libitum
733:metabolism
718:Max Rubner
684:See also:
469:March 2023
408:stem cells
252:epigenetic
248:attrition,
220:including
206:with age.
162:skin aging
114:life cycle
98:functional
52:Senescence
7149:Blue zone
6907:Palestine
6825:Australia
6820:Argentina
6546:Longevity
6461:Adulthood
6425:Childhood
5938:CiteSeerX
5647:HEC Forum
5604:(1): 57.
5489:(1): 57.
5113:1546-170X
4950:New Atlas
4475:221789280
4414:0036-8075
4365:21 August
4323:1476-4687
4067:(7): 19.
4000:232060038
3492:: 182–6.
3377:: j5024.
3220:CiteSeerX
2820:437175125
2773:228167629
2738:869293719
2490:: 232–8.
2131:Evolution
2075:255394876
1689:molecular
1625:wellbeing
1565:cognition
1408:brain age
1230:apoptosis
1189:progenies
1057:and many
945:lysosomes
941:Glycation
908:glycation
865:autophagy
814:peroxides
752:longevity
748:phylogeny
537:apoptosis
400:flatworms
397:Planarian
300:dysbiosis
288:disabled
193:fecundity
166:the brain
141:and thus
110:fecundity
18:Senescent
7030:verified
6952:shortest
6772:Americas
6744:Lists of
6694:Methods
6044:template
6011:16264422
5962:12145354
5903:18726707
5788:25561524
5729:27238421
5677:36348214
5628:34556664
5571:Archived
5535:Archived
5515:34556664
5443:Archived
5415:Archived
5396:37118543
5387:10154227
5337:Archived
5323:12748643
5276:27391797
5225:25033455
5174:31356425
5166:17083143
5131:38355974
5122:11090477
5074:37657418
5065:11088934
5017:Archived
5013:33844651
4954:Archived
4937:34888528
4876:Archived
4849:Archived
4832:36595679
4775:26490707
4743:: 8570.
4718:27191382
4669:37253906
4660:10504122
4620:11283189
4569:15036274
4526:Archived
4522:31039588
4467:32942969
4432:35857592
4341:35650442
4242:17554302
4196:24813857
4136:17554309
4093:27516776
4017:Archived
3992:36610399
3942:: 30–56.
3899:20822805
3852:31730540
3803:33911272
3728:10890824
3684:27164092
3625:Archived
3590:29345166
3555:31193893
3506:26546720
3471:28826374
3436:29474816
3401:29167102
3352:22347642
3301:22591295
3252:17339640
3193:22755811
3185:15314271
3068:Archived
3017:13332224
2972:20998909
2964:20851172
2886:46466320
2878:23961923
2824:Archived
2777:Archived
2724:(1952).
2700:Archived
2688:11089980
2641:17505961
2600:15136009
2557:29227703
2514:27845203
2465:22371573
2406:26163368
2357:15685293
2306:34770745
2298:12817142
2263:31932448
2200:19223603
2067:36599349
2026:23746838
1969:Archived
1951:29087299
1881:Archived
1736:Dementia
1719:See also
1691:repair,
1657:lifespan
1611:process.
1600:lifespan
1492:progeria
1488:genetics
1320:fibrosis
1196:lineages
1193:lymphoid
1177:organism
1039:reindeer
1031:dolphins
1008:HPA axis
953:collagen
913:diabetes
899:arginine
893:such as
887:fructose
881:such as
807:hydroxyl
763:proteins
694:Elderly
529:telomere
482:theories
404:telomere
379:bacteria
338:metazoan
311:radicals
257:loss of
246:telomere
102:organism
7205:Old age
7142:Related
7013:Records
6995:Oceania
6957:longest
6867:Germany
6862:Finland
6830:Belgium
6799:Oceania
6562:Old age
6415:Toddler
6369:Puberty
6046:below (
6002:1371037
5866:17 July
5779:4311797
5756:Bibcode
5720:4969078
5668:9644010
5619:8460831
5577:1 March
5541:1 March
5506:8460831
5343:21 July
5332:4360055
5303:Bibcode
5267:5071568
5216:4102425
5023:28 June
5004:8064200
4960:26 July
4928:8654267
4823:9926270
4802:Bibcode
4766:4639797
4745:Bibcode
4709:4931851
4611:7537444
4532:12 July
4514:3058488
4423:9437978
4394:Bibcode
4386:Science
4332:9177428
4303:Bibcode
4274:18 July
4250:4332976
4222:Bibcode
4187:4082747
4144:4416445
4116:Bibcode
4084:4969512
4013:Science
3891:7031747
3843:6874430
3794:9844150
3773:Bibcode
3741:8 April
3719:6760387
3675:4881511
3546:6544578
3392:5696634
3343:3262529
3292:3439152
3243:2288695
3135:8346242
3103:Bibcode
3074:21 July
3064:1355616
3044:Bibcode
3036:Science
2929:1677205
2909:Bibcode
2696:2579770
2668:Bibcode
2580:Bibcode
2549:1543022
2492:Bibcode
2456:3306686
2433:Bibcode
2384:Bibcode
2278:Science
2254:6995005
2231:Bibcode
2191:2655036
2151:2406060
2113:1383772
2017:3836174
1942:5724245
1919:Bibcode
1849:Bibcode
1776:Old age
1671:", or "
1557:healthy
1291:a novel
1240:T-cells
1200:myeloid
1173:tissues
1134:in the
1080:alleles
1059:histone
977:enzymes
903:guanine
883:glucose
810:radical
787:aerobic
783:haptens
702:in 1924
696:Klamath
432:dohrnii
420:dohrnii
360:species
319:Cloning
7123:Klotho
7040:living
6985:Europe
6975:Africa
6937:Turkey
6927:Sweden
6912:Russia
6902:Mexico
6882:Israel
6872:Greece
6857:France
6850:Cities
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