417:
societies emphasize socio-cultural explanations that give an added value or unique perspective to the death of an elder person. They see the elderly person’s death as voluntary and their deaths as valiant and commendable under the circumstances. All cases arise from material necessity. Modern forms of senicide are senio-euthanasia via neglect, stopping various life-supporting devices, and under- or overmedication in family or old age homes are more clandestine. The form of altruistic VRFF as extinction is known as the “silent scandal” (Pousset 2023, p. 2)
25:
329:, the old person is actively killed by strangulation, drowning, stabbing by a club, shooting, submersion in an oil-bath, being pushed or forced to jump from a cliff, hypo- or hypermedication, and other methods. Senio-euthanasia might also occur passively by omission and termination of treatment as well as neglect by abandonment until death. In some cases, senicide progresses slowly through a long period of
226:, which may lead especially in very old age and times of great need to senicide. According to author Michael Brogden, most "societies kill the elderly“ under certain conditions, or more precisely: "it is the social group that kills". Brogden also noted that very often in close family groups, it is the son, after an intensive discussion among the elders, who carries out the killing.
72:
609:. Although many different variations of the Keian story exist, the legendary practice may have begun when the Athenians besieged the island. In an attempt to preserve the food supply, the Keians voted for all people over 60 years of age to die by suicide by drinking hemlock. The other case of Roman senicide occurred on the island of
211:
quality of the data, the role of hearsay and uncredited copying of information. "This is particularly unfortunate as there is indeed some positive evidence for a practice of gerontocide, which could serve as a basis for serious studies" (2001, p. 25). However, senicide can be easily detected in the custom of
210:
Since there is little evidence of these killings, such as court records or very rare eyewitness accounts, it has been suggested that most of these reports are chilling myths about cruel practices of foreign peoples or past times. Schulte criticized in a review of sources on native North
America the
553:
According to Korean folklore, a practice called "Goryeojang" or "Goryeo burial" was performed in Korea in the distant past. whereby an infirm or elderly female relative was left to death by starvation. The term "Goryeo" places the practice in the Goryeo dynasty (the far past). The folklore element
416:
for senicide are disputed. Motivations arising during times of environmental difficulties and war. For reasons of conflict are somewhat understandable. However, there are ethnic groups who practice senicide primarily from socio-tradition. External factors are not the primary motivations. These
425:
Modern societies are questioning the value of the old. Risk factors for the older generations include low income, food insecurity, religious indifference, greediness of potential heirs, and hostility. Factors protecting older citizens include a protective family environment, personal wealth,
600:
Parkin provides eighteen cases of senicide which the people of antiquity believed happened. Of these cases, only two of them occurred in Greek society; another took place in Roman society, while the rest happened in other cultures. One example that Parkin provides is of the island of
821:
Glascock, Anthony P. (1982). Decrepitude and Death-Hastening. The Nature of Age in the Third World
Societies. In: Sutlive, Vinson et alt. (ed.). Aging and the Aged in the Third World. Studies in Third World Societies. Vol. 22, S. 1. Williamsburg: College of William and
554:
has been traced to
Chinese and Japanese stories rather than Korean origin, but it was also associated with the existence of grave goods in common Goryeo-era stone tombs, with the characteristic small rice pot found by "pot hunters" as evidence of that practice.
154:
Senicide is found in various cultures all over the world and has been practiced during different time periods. Below you will find several examples in different cultures. The methods of senicide are rooted in the traditions and customs of a given society.
478:
primarily targeted the elderly. Their protection should have come paramount from a humanitarian point of view. Niall
Ferguson argued hopefully in 2020: "Senicide will never be tolerated in the 2020s, least of all in modern, developed democracies".
277:, who have a strong cultural tradition of respect for their older citizens and no extensive tradition of senicide. There are other groups in which older citizens lose prestige, but these groups do not practice senicide. These include Arando,
675:
Battin, Margaret Pabst (2009). Altruistic suicide. In: Bryant, Clifton D. & Peck, Dennis L. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Death and the Human
Experience, vol. 1. Thousand Oaks/ London/ New Delhi/ Singapore: Sage publications, 2009, pp.
229:
Pousset found in an overview of some ethnological studies or collections (Koty, 1934; Simmons, 1945; Glascock, 1982; Maxwell/Silverman, 1989; SĂĽdkamp; Beauvoir, 1996) that 162 ethnic groups worldwide practiced senicide (2023).
720:
Maxwell, Robert et al. (1983). The Motive of
Geronticide. In: Sokolovsky, Jay (ed.). Aging and the aged in the third world. Studies in Third World Societies, vol. 22, pp. 67 - 84. Williamsburg: College of William and
544:
in the distant past, whereby an infirm or elderly relative was carried to a mountain, or some other remote, desolate place, and left there to die. However there is no evidence that this has ever been a common custom.
900:
Hooff, Anton van (2004). Paetus, it does not hurt. Altruistic suicide in the Greco-Romano world. In: Archives of
Suicide Research 8/1. (Special edition: Altruistic Suicide: From Sainthood to Terrorism), pp.
167:"is less well known, though of older provenance" than geronticide. It is "so rare a word that Microsoft Word’s spellcheck underlines it in red, itching to autocorrect it to suicide”, according to historian
1750:
929:
337:”. An old person may altruistically use either an active or passive method to end his life like throwing under a train or poisoning, or he dies a silent-passive death by laying down in the
1521:
186:
Various authors use the terms “gerontocide” and “geronticide” interchangeably. Maxwell might have used geronticide for the first time in 1983. Today we find both terms in common usage; “
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in policy and private life which neglected the value and vulnerability of the aged ones heavily or completely. Senicide related to the pandemic was counted as "the word of the hour" by
151:) altruistically. In case of the altruistic self-sacrifice, the aim is to fulfill an old tradition or to stop being a burden to the clan. Both are understood as a sacrificial death.
752:
Schulte, Anja (2001). Geronticide in
Science-Fiction and Fact. A Critical Review of Sources on Native Nord America.In: European Review of Ameri-can Studies. 15:2, 2001, pp. 31 – 36.
404:
is called “heroic death” and is known from antiquity (Hooff, 2004). A hero risks his life in noble deeds of bravery. Eventually he kills himself for others or for a higher goal.
442:. “Each year, more than 400 older people are killed in Kenya’s coastal region, with over 1,000 facing death threats” according to the founder of an old age rescue centre near
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1110:
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empathetic family concern, and social respectability. Personal wealth is ambivalent in nature, it can be both a protective factor and a risk factor. Also, in many
910:
Adinkrah, Mensah (2020). Grannicides in Ghana: a study of lethal violence by grandchildren against grandmothers. In: J Elder Abuse Negl. 2020; 32: pp. 275–294.
2093:
711:
Shipley, Joseph
Twadell (1984). The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
147:. The aim of active senio-euthanasia is to relieve the clan, family, or society from the burden of an old person. But an old person might kill themself (
956:
933:
1039:
Chatterjee, P. (2023). Thalaikoothal, a Smack for Indian
Society: A Socio-Legal Study. In: Herwig, H., Pousset, R. (eds) Senizid. Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
2152:
1236:
2147:
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Chatterjee, Pyali (2014). Thalaikoothal. The Practice of Euthanasia in the Name of Custom. European Researcher, 2014, Vol. 87, Iss. 2, pp. 2005–12.
981:
831:
Maxwell, Robert / Silverman, Philip (1989). Gerontocide. In: Bolton, R. (ed.). The Content of Culture: Constant and Variants. New Haven: HRAF Press.
761:
Chatterjee, Pyali (2014). Thalaikoothal. The Practice of Euthanasia in the Name of Custom. European Researcher, 2014, Vol. 87, Is.2, pp. 2005-2012.
1533:
2157:
2130:
1075:"Notes on Eskimo Patterns of Suicide" by Alexander H. Leighton and Charles C. Hughes in Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, volume 11 (1955)
687:
2142:
782:
740:
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1755:
82:
93:
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would leave their elderly on the ice to die but it was rare, except during famines. The last known case of Inuit senicide was in 1939.
446:. In this region, threatened elders seek shelter and protection. This form of senicide or active senio-euthanasie can be considered as
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cultures - known for their traditional honoring of old age - we must face the collapse of any respect in some outstanding cases. In
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1053:
994:
183:, the Sardi considered it a sacred duty to kill their elderly relatives with a club or by forcing them to jump from a high cliff.
1722:
1066:"Senilicide and Invalidicide among the Eskimos" by Rolf Kjellström in Folk: Dansk etnografisk tidsskrift, volume 16/17 (1974/75)
1413:
1585:
841:
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2011:
1994:
1879:
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245:) or in ethnographic studies (Brogden/ Nijhar, 2000). There is no pervasive or extensively confirmed senicide among the
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It has been claimed that only in a "few idyllic pastures for older people" was there no senicide, not even reflected in
37:
1853:
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Brogden, Mike (2001). Geronticide: Killing the Elderly. London/Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp.182–183.
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1813:
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Hooff, Anton van (1990). From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity. London: Routledge.
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is a cliff where elderly people were said to leap, or be thrown, to death. While the trope has survived as an
578:, and a metaphor for deficient welfare for the elderly, a researcher argues that the practice never existed.
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2006:
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we have reports from “greedy” children who hunt or kill their parents or grandparents by accusing them of
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1932:
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1989:
1972:
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1388:
1327:
957:""Senizid" heisst das Wort der Stunde: Das Coronavirus wirkt im höchsten Masse altersdiskriminierend"
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Pousset, Raimund (2023). Senicide and Old Age Killing. An Overdue Discourse. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
735:
Pousset, Raimund (2023). Senicide and Old Age Killing. An Overdue Discourse. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
286:
1161:
803:
Koty, John (1934). Die Behandlung der Alten und Kranken bei den Naturvölkern. Stuttgart: Hirschfeld.
508:– is said to occur dozens or perhaps hundreds of times each year. The practice is illegal in India.
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1947:
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144:
139:. This killing of the elderly can be characterized by both active and passive methods as senio-
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313:, more research is needed as different results are found whether they do practice senicide.
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2018:
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930:"'My Children Are Determined To Kill Me': Plight Of Kenya's Elderly Accused of Witchcraft"
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24:
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1310:
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Brogden, Mike/Nijhar, Preeti (2000). Crime, Abuse, and the Elderly. Cullompton: Willan.
646:
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613:, where human sacrifices of 70-years-old fathers were made by their sons to the titan
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http://www.erjournal.ru/en/archive.html?number=2014-11-25-17:54:26&journal=96
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1237:"Il sacrificio degli anziani nella Sardegna antica, tra mito e tracce storiche"
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Simmons, Leo W. (1945). The Role of the Aged in Primitive Society. New Haven.
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380:. The Greeks called the method of stopping voluntarily all food and fluids
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333:. This situation in today’s old age homes is frequently referred to as “
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136:
190:”, referring to the cultural and ritual killing of the old aged; and “
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first used the term “senicide” in 1889. He reported that in ancient
688:"Western mismanagement of coronavirus means the elderly are targets"
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Lapot is a mythical Serbian practice of disposing of one's parents.
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1111:"The Eternal Link: Grave Goods of the Koryŏ Kingdom (918–1392 CE)"
995:"In southern India, relatives sometimes quietly kill their elders"
587:
541:
517:
435:
250:
216:
874:
Beauvoir, Simone de (1996). The Coming of Age. New York: Norton.
856:
Beauvoir, Simone de (1996). The Coming of Age. New York: Norton.
602:
427:
254:
1262:
1143:(interview) (29 September 1999). "Ättestupan bara en skröna".
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18:
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in antiquity as a highly distinctive method to end life, the
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Killing of the elderly active by act or passive by themselves
83:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1258:
1084:
Eskimos and Explorers, 2d ed., by Wendell H. Oswalt (1999)
309:(Beauvoir, 1996). Concerning some ethnic groups like the
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The low value and image of old age is the source of all
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729:
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89:
42:
502:, the illegal practice of senicide – known locally as
1915:
1862:
1766:
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1703:
1509:
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1054:Did Eskimos put their elderly on ice floes to die?
842:Inzestverbot und Status, Statusfaktor Generation.
540:(姥捨, 'abandoning an old woman') was performed in
983:. In: The globe and mail. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
474:. Usually pandemics hit children first, but the
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1194:
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1207:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8:
1041:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42150-2_6
361:described the type of psychogenic death as
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1267:
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1166:Scandia: Tidskrift för Historisk Forskning
269:names other ethnic groups like the Kuna,
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
844:horstsuedkamp.de Retrieved 25 July 2023
668:
534:According to legends a practice called
347:voluntarily refuse all food and fluids
1097:, Tokyo: Kodansha, 1993, p. 1121
7:
1162:"Ättestupan – myt eller verklighet?"
351:voluntarily stop eating and drinking
206:Senicide in ethnography and history
1095:Japan, An Illustrated Encyclopedia
14:
1718:List of countries by suicide rate
1057:" The Straight Dope (May 4, 2004)
993:Magnier, Mark (15 January 2013).
955:Ferguson, Niall (20 March 2020).
686:Ferguson, Niall (23 March 2020).
135:, is the practice of killing the
36:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1723:Antidepressants and suicide risk
882:. (French: La Vieillesse, 1970).
498:In the southern Indian state of
368:. VRFF was already known by the
70:
23:
466:brought to light attitudes of
396:An especially distinctive and
353:(VSED). This ends in terminal
241:(see the collection of Dee L.
1:
1751:heads of state and government
1235:Redazione (23 January 2023).
1127:10.3998/ars.13441566.0044.009
916:10.1080/08946566.2020.1740126
400:form of sacrificial death or
928:Keit Silale (19 July 2021).
1854:Suicide prevention contract
1109:Horlyck, Charlotte (2014).
421:Risk and protection factors
341:or a cavern e.g. - dying a
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1306:Assessment of suicide risk
1204:Old Age in the Roman World
785:(eBook 978-3-658-39498-1).
585:
561:
527:
491:
388:(no food), (Hooff, 1990).
345:. The old person may also
743:(eBook 978-3-658-39498-1)
145:altruistic self-sacrifice
1491:Suicide and the Internet
1454:Social media and suicide
1026:10.13187/er.2014.87.2005
932:. Zenger. Archived from
767:10.13187/er.2014.87.2005
568:In Nordic folklore, the
384:(endurance), the Romans
49:may contain suggestions.
34:may need to be rewritten
1160:Odén, Birgitta (1996).
596:Ancient Rome and Greece
408:Motivation for senicide
1201:Parkin, Tim G (2003).
642:Involuntary euthanasia
327:involuntary euthanasia
202:of any senior person.
173:The Fortnightly Review
92:by rewriting it in an
1424:Philosophy of suicide
458:COVID-19 and senicide
1741:Suicide in antiquity
1529:Bullying and suicide
1414:Interpersonal theory
1409:Identity performance
1389:Dysfunctional family
1328:Suicide intervention
961:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
194:”, referring to the
171:. In an article for
1799:Diseases of despair
1789:Consensual homicide
1756:in the 21st century
1586:Jumping from height
175:, African explorer
1643:London Underground
1501:Workplace bullying
1338:Suicide prevention
632:Altruistic suicide
267:Simone de Beauvoir
94:encyclopedic style
81:is written like a
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1897:Music subcultures
1794:Depression (mood)
1449:Social inequality
1323:Suicidal ideation
1000:Los Angeles Times
783:978-3-658-39497-4
741:978-3-658-39497-4
516:In earlier times
464:COVID-19 pandemic
343:psychogenic death
317:Forms of senicide
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121:
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64:
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38:quality standards
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2196:Killings by type
2158:military veteran
2143:Assisted suicide
2131:Assisted suicide
1746:List of suicides
1541:Charcoal-burning
1517:Assisted suicide
1469:Suicide survivor
1459:Social rejection
1394:Economic anxiety
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1670:Suicide attack
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1650:Self-sacrifice
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1603:Murder–suicide
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1357:Social aspects
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1311:Crisis hotline
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1298:Suicide crisis
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1172:(2): 221–234.
1168:(in Swedish).
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1146:Dagens Nyheter
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1115:Ars Orientalis
1101:
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647:Granny dumping
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586:Main article:
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559:
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489:
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472:Niall Ferguson
459:
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359:Émile Durkheim
349:(VRFF) - also
335:granny dumping
318:
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207:
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177:Harry Johnston
169:Niall Ferguson
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102:September 2023
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2138:United States
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1886:
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1863:By subculture
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1814:Perfectionism
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1655:Banzai charge
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1626:
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1618:Sokushinbutsu
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1608:Vatakkiruttal
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1510:Suicide types
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1464:Social stigma
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1348:Warning signs
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1343:Suicide watch
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1141:Birgitta Odén
1136:
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880:9780393314434
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828:
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538:
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509:
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505:thalaikoothal
501:
495:
494:Thalaikoothal
487:
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477:
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469:
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457:
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213:thalaikoothal
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105:
95:
91:
85:
84:
79:This article
77:
68:
67:
58:
55:December 2023
48:
44:
39:
35:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2079:Saudi Arabia
1844:Suicide note
1804:Echo chamber
1705:Epidemiology
1690:Suicide pill
1664:
1439:Right to die
1245:. Retrieved
1243:(in Italian)
1241:Query Online
1240:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1203:
1181:. Retrieved
1169:
1165:
1155:
1144:
1135:
1121:(20220203).
1118:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1035:
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
998:
988:
977:
965:. Retrieved
960:
950:
938:. Retrieved
934:the original
923:
906:
896:
887:
870:
861:
852:
836:
827:
817:
808:
799:
790:
773:
757:
748:
716:
707:
695:. Retrieved
692:Boston Globe
691:
681:
671:
599:
591:
576:urban legend
569:
567:
552:
535:
533:
515:
503:
497:
461:
447:
424:
411:
395:
392:Heroic death
385:
381:
378:autothanasia
377:
362:
350:
346:
331:social death
320:
232:
228:
221:
209:
200:manslaughter
191:
187:
185:
172:
164:
162:
153:
149:autothanasia
148:
132:
128:
124:
123:
108:
99:
80:
52:
43:You can help
33:
2116:Switzerland
2089:South Korea
1923:Afghanistan
1824:Self-hatred
1633:Prayopavesa
1486:Terminology
1474:bereavement
1419:Legislation
1333:Suicidology
1220:16 November
1183:25 December
846:(in German)
558:Scandinavia
476:coronavirus
450:or bluntly
448:gerontocide
414:motivations
412:The social
355:dehydration
239:fairy tales
237:, folk and
192:geronticide
159:Terminology
133:gerontocide
129:geronticide
2190:Categories
2094:LGBT youth
2049:Mozambique
2034:Kazakhstan
1933:Bangladesh
1916:By country
1875:LGBT youth
1809:Last words
1623:Sallekhana
1581:Immolation
1556:Familicide
1481:Literature
1399:Euthanasia
1374:Altruistic
697:3 December
663:References
607:Aegean Sea
500:Tamil Nadu
483:By culture
440:witchcraft
398:altruistic
363:fatalistic
323:euthanasia
247:Hungarians
141:euthanasia
2106:Sri Lanka
2084:Singapore
2039:Lithuania
1990:Hong Kong
1973:Greenland
1928:Australia
1902:Prisoners
1829:Suffering
1819:Self-harm
1695:Vehicular
1591:locations
1379:Awareness
1178:0036-5483
1006:6 January
657:Patricide
652:Matricide
571:ättestupa
564:Ă„ttestupa
321:In senio-
259:Egyptians
163:The word
47:talk page
2201:Senicide
2064:Pakistan
1948:Cameroon
1892:Military
1680:By pilot
1665:Senicide
1660:Kamikaze
1638:By train
1551:Epidemic
1384:Bullying
1369:Advocacy
621:See also
611:Sardinia
382:karterĂa
339:savannah
311:Aleutian
275:Balinese
263:Persians
243:Ashliman
188:senicide
181:Sardinia
165:senicide
125:Senicide
2206:Old age
2175:Uruguay
2168:teenage
2153:farmers
2148:college
2121:Ukraine
2069:Romania
2059:Nigeria
2024:Ireland
2012:farmers
1995:student
1968:Denmark
1938:Belarus
1870:Doctors
1849:Tourism
1774:Anguish
1767:Related
1733:History
1613:Seppuku
1571:Hanging
1566:Gunshot
1546:Copycat
1404:Failure
1290:Suicide
1247:22 July
967:25 July
605:in the
537:Ubasute
530:Ubasute
444:Malindi
432:African
402:suicide
366:suicide
279:Choroti
235:legends
137:elderly
88:Please
2111:Sweden
2074:Russia
2044:Mexico
1985:Guyana
1980:Greece
1963:France
1953:Canada
1943:Bhutan
1885:Mormon
1675:By cop
1561:Forced
1211:
1176:
901:43-56.
878:
781:
739:
676:32–35.
627:Ageism
615:Cronus
582:Serbia
468:ageism
452:murder
386:inedia
374:Romans
370:Greeks
295:Mataco
291:Lepcha
283:Jivaro
261:, and
224:ageism
196:murder
45:. The
2101:Spain
2054:Nepal
2029:Japan
2007:youth
2002:India
1958:China
1907:Youth
1576:Honor
1429:Shame
963:. NZZ
940:2 May
822:Mary.
721:Mary.
588:Lapot
549:Korea
542:Japan
524:Japan
518:Inuit
512:Inuit
488:India
436:Kenya
428:Asian
307:Zande
303:Mende
251:Finns
217:India
2019:Iran
1880:list
1685:Pact
1628:Sati
1598:Mass
1534:list
1522:list
1364:ACEs
1316:list
1249:2023
1222:2019
1209:ISBN
1185:2011
1174:ISSN
1008:2019
969:2023
942:2024
876:ISBN
779:ISBN
737:ISBN
699:2023
603:Keos
462:The
372:and
305:and
299:Miao
287:Lele
273:and
271:Inca
255:Jews
1123:doi
1022:doi
912:doi
763:doi
430:or
325:or
198:or
143:or
131:or
2192::
1239:.
1193:^
1170:62
1164:.
1119:44
1117:.
1113:.
997:.
959:.
726:^
690:.
617:.
454:.
357:.
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
281:,
265:.
257:,
253:,
249:,
219:.
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1251:.
1224:.
1187:.
1149:.
1129:.
1125::
1099:.
1051:"
1024::
1010:.
971:.
944:.
918:.
914::
765::
701:.
115:)
109:(
104:)
100:(
96:.
57:)
53:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
