474:, that occurs when an individual's visual system locates the source of an auditory stimulus at a different position than where the auditory system locates it. When this occurs, the visual cues will override the auditory ones. The individual will perceive the sound as coming from the location where the object is seen. Audition can also affect visual perception. Research has demonstrated this effect by showing two objects on a screen, one moving diagonally from top-right to bottom-left and the other from top-left to bottom-right, intersecting in the middle. The paths of these identical objects could have been interpreted as crossing over each other, or as bouncing off each other. Without any auditory cue, a vast majority of subjects saw the objects crossing paths and continuing in their original trajectory. But with the addition of a small "click" sound, a majority of subjects perceived the objects as bouncing off each other. In this case, auditory cues help interpret visual cues.
657:, though implicit forms of odor memory do provide some understanding of memory. Mammalian olfactory cues play an important role in the coordination of the mother infant bond, and the following normal development of the offspring. Olfactory memory is especially important for maternal behavior. Studies have shown that the fetus becomes familiar with olfactory cues within the uterus. This is demonstrated by research that suggests that newborns respond positively to the smell of their own amniotic fluid, meaning that fetuses learn from these cues in the womb.
112:(1904-1979), based on the Ecological theory of perception. These theories held that no inferences are necessary to accomplish accurate perception. Rather, the visual system is able to take in sufficient cues related to objects and their surroundings. This means that a one:one mapping between the incoming cues and the environment they represent can be made. These mappings will be shaped by certain computational constraints; traits known to be common in an organism's environment. The ultimate result is the same: a visual precept is manifested by the process.
330:, the liquid-filled structure containing the hair cells. These cells serve to transform the incoming vibration to electrical signals, which can then be transmitted to the brain. The auditory nerve carries the signal generated by the hair cells away from the inner ear and towards the auditory receiving area in the cortex. The signal then travels through fibers to several subcortical structures and on to the primary
558:, haptic cues as primers have been looked at as a means of decreasing reaction time for identifying a visual stimulus. Subjects were placed in a chair fitted with a back which provided haptic cues indicating where the stimulus would appear on a screen. Valid haptic cues significantly decreased reaction time while invalid cues increased reaction time.
721:
has shown that auditory cues associated with walking, such as the sound of footsteps in gravel, can improve conditions regarding disturbances in gait in people with
Parkinson's disease. Specifically, the two aspects of cue-continuity (pace) and action-relevance (sounds commonly associated with walking) together can help reduce gait variability.
453:
shortened, listeners are unable to distinguish between the two sounds. Instead, they perceive them as both coming from the location of the lead sound. This effect counteracts the small disparity between the perception of sound caused by the difference in distance between each ear and the source of the auditory stimuli.
725:
individuals still did not meet standard expectations for motor functions and post-evaluations revealed a slight relapse in motor impairment, the overall results confirm that sensory cues are a beneficial resource in physical therapy and improving motor development in combating
Parkinson's disease symptoms.
720:
Among the many problems associated with
Parkinson's disease are disturbances with gait, or issues related to walking. One example of this is freezing of gait where a person with Parkinson's disease will stop walking abruptly and struggle with the inability to walk forward for a brief period. Research
482:
A haptic cue is either a tactile sensation that represents an incoming signal received by the somatic system, or a relationship between tactile sensations which can be used to infer a higher level of information. The results of receiving and processing these cues are collectively known as the sense
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is greater the more the signal comes from the side of the head. Thus, this time delay allows humans to accurately predict the location of incoming sound cues. Interaural level difference is caused by the difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears. This is because the head blocks the
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An olfactory cue is a chemical signal received by the olfactory system that represents an incoming signal received through the nose. This allows humans and animals to smell the chemical signal given off by a physical object. Olfactory cues are extremely important for sexual reproduction, as they
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When one sound is presented for a long interval before the introduction of a second one originating from a different location, individuals will hear them as two distinct sounds, each originating from the correct location. However, when the delay between the onset of the first and second sound is
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is the tone quality or tone character of a sound, independent of pitch. This helps us distinguish between musical instruments playing the same notes. When hearing multiple sounds, the timbre of each sound will be unchanging (regardless of pitch), and thus we can differentiate between sounds from
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The use of sensory cues has also aided in improving motor functions for people with
Parkinson's disease. Research has indicated that sensory cues are beneficial in helping people with Parkinson's disease complete their ADLs (activities of daily living). Although the research showed that these
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A spectral cue is a monaural (single ear) cue for locating incoming sounds based on the distribution of the incoming signal. The differences in distribution (or spectrum) of the sound waves are caused by interactions of the sounds with the head and the outer ear before entering the ear canal.
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The visual system can detect motion both using a simple mechanism based on information from multiple clusters of neurons as well as by aggregate through by integrating multiple cues including contrast, form, and texture. One major source of visual information when determining self-motion is
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refers to the frequency of the sound wave reaching us. Although a single object could produce a variety of pitches over time, it is more likely that it would produce sounds in a similar range. Erratic changes in pitch are more likely to be perceived as originating from different sources.
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approaches, converting the visual information into both haptic and auditory outputs, often have the best results. For example, an electronic pen can be drawn across a tablet mapped to the screen and produce different vibrations and sounds depending on what is at that location.
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Unless a sound is directly in front of or behind the individual, the sound stimuli will have a slightly different distance to travel to reach each ear. This difference in distance causes a slight delay in the time the signal is perceived by each ear. The magnitude of the
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of the cue. In these theories, accurate perception requires both the existence of cues with sufficiently high ecological validity to make inference possible, and that the system actually utilizes these cues in an appropriate fashion during the construction of percepts.
439:), sounds that change smoothly or remain constant are often produced by the same source. Sound with the same frequency, even when interrupted by other noise, is perceived as continuous. Highly variable sound that is interrupted is perceived as separate.
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provide an accurate source of information about the location of an object, most times there will be minimal discrepancy between the two. However, it is possible to have a disparity in the information provided by the two sets of cues. An example of
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sound waves for the further ear, causing less intense sound to reach it. This level difference between the two ears allows humans to accurately predict the azimuth of an auditory signal. This effect only occurs for sounds that are high frequency.
342:
Humans use several cues to determine the location of a given stimuli, mainly by using the timing difference between ears. These cues allow individuals to identify both the elevation, the height of the stimuli relative to the individual, and the
577:
A major issue that different technologies in this area attempt to overcome is sensory overload. The amount of information that can be quickly related via touch is less than that of vision and is limited by current technology. As a result,
84:, in which cues are used to make probabilistic inferences about the state of the world. These inferences are based on prior experience, assuming that the most commonly correct interpretation of a cue will continue to hold true. A visual
382:
to make sense of incoming cues, based on the properties of auditory stimuli that usually occur in the environment. Cue grouping refers to how humans naturally perceive incoming stimuli as organized patterns, based on certain rules.
520:
The somatosensory system assimilates many kinds of information from the environment: temperature, texture, pressure, proprioception, and pain. The signals vary for each of these perceptions, and the receptor systems reflect this:
652:
memory is highly persistent and has a high resistance to interference, meaning these memories remain within an individual for long times despite possible interference of other olfactory memories. These memories are mostly
70:
There are two primary theory sets used to describe the roles of sensory cues in perception. One set of theories are based on the
Constructivist theory of perception, while the others are based on the Ecological theory.
267:
An auditory cue is a sound signal that represents an incoming sign received through the ears, causing the brain to hear. The results of receiving and processing these cues are collectively known as the sense of
177:
which is the difference between the perceived position of an object given two different viewpoints. In stereopsis the distance between the eyes is the source of the two different viewpoints, resulting in a
574:
is the attempt to extend
Braille to digital media and developing new tools to aid in the reading of web pages and other electronic devices often involves a combination of haptic and auditory cues.
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is an active area of research in perception, that seeks to understand how information from multiple sources is combined by the brain to create a single perceptual experience or response. Recent
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in many species, as well as maternal bonding and survival techniques such as detecting spoiled food. The results of receiving and processing this information is known as the sense of smell.
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Baker, Julie; Parasuraman, A.; Grewal, Dhruv; Voss, Glenn B. (1 April 2002). "The
Influence of Multiple Store Environment Cues on Perceived Merchandise Value and Patronage Intentions".
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Environmental cues play a direct role in mediating the behavior of both plants and animals. For example, environmental cues, such as temperature change or food availability, affect the
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where dots represent the joints of an animal. Recent research suggests that this mechanism can also reveal the gender, emotional state, and action of a given human light point model.
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The auditory system of humans and animals allows individuals to assimilate information from the surroundings, represented as sound waves. Sound waves first pass through the
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If two sounds start at different times, they are likely to have originated from different sources. Sounds that occur simultaneously likely originate from the same source.
403:) helps an individual to separate them perceptually. If a sound is moving, it will move continuously. Erratically jumping sound is unlikely to come from the same source.
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In the study of perception, environmental cues play a large role in experimental design since these mechanisms evolved within a natural environment which gives rise to
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The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and estimate the size and distance to an object depends heavily on depth cues. The two major depth cues,
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Posner, Michael I.; Nissen, Mary J.; Klein, Raymond M. (March 1976). "Visual dominance: An information-processing account of its origins and significance".
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Cues originating at the same or slowly changing positions usually have the same source. When two sounds are separated in space, the cue of location (see:
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of fish. In addition to cues generated by the environment itself, cues generated by other agents, such as ant pheromone trails, can influence behavior
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of an environment (particularly in experimental psychology and physiology), but it is often used to refer to the whole of the somesthetic experience.
618:. There are 350 types of olfactory receptors, each sensitive to a narrow range of odorants. These neurons send signals to the glomeruli within the
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146:. Since the visual system is dominant in many species, especially humans, visual cues are a large source of information in how the world is
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Humans in particular have evolved a particularly keen ability to detect if motion is being generated by biological sources, even with
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is some organization of the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation. For example, sensory cues include
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and the desire to create a natural scene. If the experimental environment is too artificial, it can damage external validity in an
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Alaerts, Kaat; Nackaerts, Evelien; Meyns, Pieter; Swinnen, Stephan P.; Wenderoth, Nicole; Valdes-Sosa, Mitchell (June 9, 2011).
622:. Each glomerulus collects information from a specific olfactory receptor neuron. The olfactory signal is then conducted to the
2011:
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Haptic cues are used frequently to allow those who have impaired vision to have access to a greater wealth of information.
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and the auditory canal, the parts of the ear that comprise the outer ear. Sound then reaches the tympanic membrane in the
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Gerend, Mary A.; Sias, Tricia (July 2009). "Message framing and color priming: How subtle threat cues affect persuasion".
1996:"The role of sensory cues in the rehabilitation of parkinsonian patients: a comparison of two physical therapy protocols"
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675:, an environmental cue becomes an attended cue. However, most environmental cues are assimilated subconsciously, as in
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by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving.
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1612:
11th
Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, 2003. HAPTICS 2003. Proceedings
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Elder, Ryan S.; Krishna, Aradhna (2010). "The
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Contrast, or the difference in luminance and/or color that helps make an object distinguishable, is important in
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Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (1 July 2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments".
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201:. Optic flow not only indicates whether an agent is moving but in which direction and at what relative speed.
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Environmental cues serve as the primary context that shapes how the world is perceived and as such they can
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The ability to distinguish between colors allows an organism to quickly and easily recognize danger since
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is a tactile written language which is read via touch, brushing the fingers over the raised patterns.
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as there is evidence to suggest a store's atmosphere and layout can influence purchasing behavior.
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1038:"Action and Emotion Recognition from Point Light Displays: An Investigation of Gender Differences"
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of the cue, which is its likelihood of correlating with a property of the world, and the system's
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1215:"Relevance of spectral cues for auditory spatial processing in the occipital cortex of the blind"
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experiments have shown that the adult human visual system can learn to utilize new cues through
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1858:"Idea Habitats: How the Prevalence of Environmental Cues Influences the Success of Ideas"
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prior experience to influence memory recall and decision making. This has applied use in
237:, usually harboring some kind of toxin. Color also serves as an inferential cue that can
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Godden, D; Baddeley, A. (1975). "Context dependent memory in two natural environments".
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78:(1821–1894) held that the visual system constructs visual percepts through a process of
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Voss, Patrice; Lepore, Franco; Gougoux, Frédéric; Zatorre, Robert J. (March 28, 2011).
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182:. Motion parallax relies head and body movement to produce the necessary viewpoints.
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The process of smelling begins when chemical molecules enter the nose and reach the
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347:, or the angle of the sound relative to the direction the individual is facing.
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The finger in flight: Real-time motor control by visually masked color stimuli.
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Olfactory memory is the recollection of a given smell. Research has found that
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326:, which separates the middle and inner ear. The inner ear contains the
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Sensory info indicating to the perceiver some quality of the perceived
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10.1002/1531-8257(200009)15:5<879::aid-mds1018>3.0.co;2-9
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Young, William R.; Shreve, Lauren; Quinn, Emma Jane; Craig, Cathy;
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both the motor action and interpretation of a persuasive message.
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many brightly colored plants and animals pose some kind of threat
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614:, a dime-sized region located in the nasal cavity that contains
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92:(1903-1955) later went on to formalize these concepts with the
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135:
1154:
Hartmann, William M.; Macauley, Eric J. (February 28, 2014).
318:
into vibration. The stapes transmits these vibrations to the
96:, which breaks the system's use of a cue into two parts: the
74:
Basing his views on the Constructivist theory of perception,
435:
Similar to the Gestalt principle of good continuation (see:
306:(also known as the eardrum). The tympanic membrane sets the
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are all of the sensory cues that exist in the environment.
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1468:
Sekuler, Robert; Sekuler, Allison B.; Lau, Renee (1997).
1425:
Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology
58:
cues. Sensory cues are a fundamental part of theories of
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is a statistic or signal that can be extracted from the
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Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective
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experiment that makes use of natural scene statistics.
62:, especially theories of appearance (how things look).
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to indirectly coordinate actions between those agents
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and are the subject of research within the fields of
634:, where higher level processing of the odor occurs.
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487:, and are the subject of research in the fields of
1856:Berger, Jonah A.; Heath, Chip (March–April 2010).
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457:The interaction between auditory and visual cues
546:The interaction between haptic and visual cues
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134:Visual cues are sensory cues received by the
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88:is the final manifestation of this process.
562:Use in technology for the visually impaired
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982:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 2–5.
502:The word "haptic" can refer explicitly to
138:in the form of light and processed by the
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1114:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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928:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
868:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
808:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
443:Factors affecting auditory cue perception
322:by pushing on the membrane covering the
108:A second set of theories was posited by
1470:"Sound alters visual motion perception"
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1673:ACM Transactions on Applied Perception
1319:Journal of Research in Music Education
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918:
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891:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp.
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2277:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
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7:
2262:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
351:Interaural time and level difference
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2257:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1763:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01468.x
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1274:Journal of Experimental Psychology
173:and motion parallax, both rely on
124:classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
14:
2272:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2267:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
378:The auditory system uses several
2524:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
550:In addition to the interplay of
2252:Visual system (sense of vision)
887:Perception of space and motion
827:Perception of space and motion
767:Perception of space and motion
745:Virtual Reality cue reactivity
1:
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957:10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.157
641:
616:olfactory receptor neurons
603:
513:
358:interaural time difference
291:
248:
226:
208:
189:
162:
2944:Microwave auditory effect
2111:Transduction (physiology)
1437:10.1007/s10162-014-0496-2
1160:Frontiers in Neuroscience
2949:Music-specific disorders
2305:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1532:Sensation and Perception
1232:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00048
1173:10.3389/fnins.2014.00034
677:visual contextual cueing
2929:Auditory verbal agnosia
2783:Juxtacapillary receptor
1685:10.1145/1279920.1279922
1219:Frontiers in Psychology
715:
556:nonverbal communication
541:Haptic cues in research
338:Cues for locating sound
332:auditory receiving area
2924:Auditory hallucination
2534:Surface wave detection
2139:Multimodal integration
1139:Gray, Lincoln (1997).
437:principles of grouping
334:in the temporal lobe.
3183:Phantom limb syndrome
3131:Tactile hallucination
2320:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
2121:Active sensory system
1940:Bronte-Stewart, Helen
1100:Psychological Science
1003:G. Johansson (1973).
740:Stimulus (psychology)
632:orbitalfrontal cortex
448:The precedence effect
259:and serves as a cue.
81:unconscious inference
21:perceptual psychology
3295:Cognitive psychology
2992:Labyrinthine fistula
2959:Spatial hearing loss
2658:Campaniform sensilla
2373:Somatosensory cortex
1823:Journal of Marketing
1614:. pp. 166–170.
1575:10.1109/MMUL.2006.69
945:Psychological Review
552:haptic communication
516:Somatosensory system
510:Somatosensory system
472:ventriloquism effect
407:Similarity of timbre
217:point light displays
2778:Nociceptin receptor
2648:Merkel nerve ending
2633:Mechanotransduction
1603:; Gray, R. (2003).
1486:1997Natur.385..308S
1382:1972Sci...176.1149W
1376:(4039): 1149–1151.
1054:2011PLoSO...620989A
1009:Percept. Psychophys
431:Auditory continuity
419:Similarity of pitch
180:Binocular disparity
98:ecological validity
3140:Nociception (pain)
2732:Olfactory receptor
2684:Photoreceptor cell
2638:Lamellar corpuscle
2562:Photomorphogenesis
2424:nociception (pain)
2116:Sensory processing
1942:(April 28, 2016).
1022:10.3758/BF03212378
921:has generic name (
861:has generic name (
801:has generic name (
673:directed attention
666:Environmental cues
661:Environmental cues
630:, and then to the
572:Braille technology
504:active exploration
401:sound localization
3300:Visual perception
3272:
3271:
3257:Biases and errors
3252:
3251:
3188:Somatoparaphrenia
3157:Pain dissociation
3002:Ménière's disease
2934:Cortical deafness
2812:Visual impairment
2791:
2790:
2653:Bulbous corpuscle
2643:Tactile corpuscle
2611:sensory receptors
2603:
2602:
2486:
2485:
2439:
2438:
2404:Olfaction (smell)
2358:Vestibular cortex
2340:Cerebral cortices
2177:
2176:
2164:Motion perception
1911:Cognitive Science
1862:Cognitive Science
1639:978-0-7695-1890-9
1547:978-0-495-60149-4
989:978-0-8385-2670-5
695:spawning behavior
493:cognitive science
278:cognitive science
251:Contrast (vision)
211:Biological motion
205:Biological motion
192:Motion perception
144:visual perception
3307:
2919:Auditory agnosia
2851:Optic neuropathy
2800:
2668:Stretch receptor
2616:
2514:Magnetoreception
2509:Electroreception
2497:
2419:mechanoreception
2368:Gustatory cortex
2363:Olfactory cortex
2197:
2188:
2106:Sensory receptor
2089:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2031:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1951:Neuropsychologia
1948:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1708:Acta Paediatrica
1703:
1697:
1696:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1609:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1535:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1497:
1495:10.1038/385308a0
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1296:10.1037/h0031163
1289:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1175:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1000:
994:
993:
975:
969:
968:
940:
934:
933:
926:
920:
916:
914:
906:
890:
880:
874:
873:
866:
860:
856:
854:
846:
830:
820:
814:
813:
806:
800:
796:
794:
786:
770:
760:
706:scene statistics
644:Olfactory Memory
638:Olfactory memory
612:olfactory mucosa
606:Olfactory System
600:Olfactory system
527:mechanoreceptors
165:Depth perception
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3290:Sensory systems
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3248:
3197:
3166:
3135:
3087:
3054:
3006:
2968:
2900:
2891:Stereoblindness
2832:Color blindness
2787:
2764:
2741:
2713:
2672:
2620:Mechanoreceptor
2609:
2599:
2595:Machine hearing
2590:Computer vision
2585:Robotic sensing
2571:
2548:
2482:
2435:
2377:
2353:Auditory cortex
2334:
2281:
2244:Sensory systems
2238:
2173:
2125:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2035:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1799:10.1.1.497.1394
1783:
1782:
1778:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1621:10.1.1.130.7119
1607:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1563:IEEE MultiMedia
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1331:10.2307/3344200
1316:
1315:
1311:
1287:10.1.1.615.7744
1271:
1270:
1266:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1120:(4): 999–1002.
1111:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
977:
976:
972:
942:
941:
937:
927:
917:
907:
903:
882:
881:
877:
867:
857:
847:
843:
822:
821:
817:
807:
797:
787:
783:
762:
761:
757:
753:
731:
718:
663:
646:
640:
624:piriform cortex
608:
602:
594:mating behavior
589:
564:
548:
543:
523:thermoreceptors
518:
512:
480:
459:
450:
445:
433:
421:
409:
397:
389:
376:
367:
353:
340:
296:
290:
288:Auditory system
265:
253:
247:
231:
225:
213:
207:
194:
188:
167:
161:
156:
132:
120:cue recruitment
116:Cue combination
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3171:Proprioception
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:Thermoreceptor
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Taste receptor
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Proprioception
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:Trigeminal (V)
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:Sensory organs
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2006:(5): 879–883.
1986:
1930:
1917:(3): 379–402.
1897:
1868:(2): 195–221.
1848:
1829:(2): 120–141.
1813:
1808:10.1086/605327
1776:
1757:(3): 325–331.
1741:
1714:(9): 985–990.
1698:
1653:
1638:
1588:
1553:
1546:
1517:
1460:
1411:
1360:
1325:(1): 135–143.
1309:
1280:(2): 244–249.
1264:
1205:
1146:
1131:
1104:
1087:
1028:
1015:(2): 201–211.
995:
988:
970:
951:(2): 157–171.
935:
902:978-0080538617
901:
875:
842:978-0080538617
841:
815:
782:978-0080538617
781:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
730:
727:
717:
714:
710:ideal observer
662:
659:
642:Main article:
639:
636:
620:olfactory bulb
604:Main article:
601:
598:
588:
587:Olfactory cues
585:
563:
560:
547:
544:
542:
539:
535:chemoreceptors
514:Main article:
511:
508:
479:
476:
468:visual capture
458:
455:
449:
446:
444:
441:
432:
429:
420:
417:
408:
405:
396:
393:
388:
385:
375:
372:
366:
363:
352:
349:
339:
336:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
264:
261:
257:edge detection
249:Main article:
246:
243:
227:Main article:
224:
221:
209:Main article:
206:
203:
190:Main article:
187:
184:
163:Main article:
160:
157:
155:
152:
131:
128:
67:
64:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Hallucination
3227:
3225:
3224:Derealization
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Asomatognosia
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Hyperesthesia
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Astereognosis
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Labyrinthitis
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:Chemoreceptor
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:Photoreceptor
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Slit sensilla
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2478:Visceral pain
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2430:
2429:thermoception
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Visual cortex
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Olfactory (I)
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:spinal nerves
2289:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Consciousness
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1792:(5): 748–56.
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
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1599:Young, J.J.;
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1480:(6614): 308.
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1101:
1097:
1094:Schmidt, T.:
1091:
1088:
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1055:
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1048:(6): e20989.
1047:
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271:
263:Auditory cues
262:
260:
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252:
244:
242:
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236:
230:
222:
220:
218:
212:
204:
202:
200:
193:
185:
183:
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176:
172:
166:
158:
154:Types of cues
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:visual system
137:
129:
127:
125:
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117:
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111:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
72:
65:
63:
61:
57:
56:environmental
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
30:
29:sensory input
26:
22:
3162:Phantom pain
3147:Hyperalgesia
3121:Hypoesthesia
2939:Hearing loss
2760:TRP channels
2737:Osmoreceptor
2704:Photopigment
2628:Baroreceptor
2567:Gravitropism
2539:Frog hearing
2519:Echolocation
2315:Facial (VII)
2003:
1999:
1989:
1954:
1950:
1933:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1611:
1569:(3): 24–30.
1566:
1562:
1556:
1531:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1373:
1369:
1363:
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1163:
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1045:
1041:
1031:
1012:
1008:
998:
979:
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948:
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938:
919:|first=
886:
878:
859:|first=
826:
818:
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766:
758:
723:
719:
703:
692:
681:
670:
665:
664:
647:
609:
590:
576:
565:
549:
519:
501:
497:neurobiology
481:
460:
451:
434:
422:
410:
398:
390:
377:
368:
365:Spectral cue
354:
341:
297:
282:neurobiology
266:
254:
232:
229:Color vision
216:
214:
195:
168:
133:
115:
114:
107:
101:
93:
79:
73:
69:
35:
33:
24:
18:
3244:Synesthesia
3152:Hypoalgesia
3126:Paresthesia
3111:Formication
3106:CMT disease
3073:Hypergeusia
2896:Visual snow
2871:Photophobia
2866:Papilledema
2856:Oscillopsia
2842:Hemeralopia
2709:Aureochrome
2544:Toad vision
2468:Suffocation
2382:Perceptions
1679:(2): 1–14.
1431:(1): 1–28.
580:multi-modal
531:nociceptors
478:Haptic cues
463:visual cues
324:oval window
130:Visual cues
102:utilization
25:sensory cue
3285:Perception
3279:Categories
3264:Pareidolia
3219:Allochiria
3202:Multimodal
3083:Parageusia
3078:Hypogeusia
3050:Phantosmia
3030:Hyperosmia
2974:Vestibular
2954:Palinopsia
2914:Amblyaudia
2861:Palinopsia
2846:Nyctalopia
2770:Nociceptor
2577:Artificial
2300:Optic (II)
2131:Perception
2080:Processes
2072:perception
2000:Mov Disord
751:References
489:psychology
387:Onset time
380:heuristics
304:middle ear
274:psychology
199:optic flow
171:stereopsis
94:lens model
60:perception
3060:Gustatory
3012:Olfactory
2876:Photopsia
2822:Amaurosis
2796:Disorders
2689:Cone cell
2608:Types of
2219:Inner ear
2154:Cognition
2144:Awareness
2093:Sensation
2068:Sensation
1957:: 54–62.
1843:167436934
1794:CiteSeerX
1616:CiteSeerX
1601:Tan, H.Z.
1355:144294536
1339:0022-4294
1282:CiteSeerX
911:cite book
851:cite book
791:cite book
688:marketing
320:inner ear
148:perceived
76:Helmholtz
54:cues and
52:olfactory
3045:Parosmia
3035:Hyposmia
3025:Dysosmia
2964:Tinnitus
2906:Auditory
2881:Polyopia
2837:Diplopia
2694:Rod cell
2492:Nonhuman
2445:Internal
2286:Sensory
2192:External
2101:Stimulus
2084:concepts
2028:34222531
2020:11009194
1981:18971434
1973:27163397
1892:10493169
1884:21702772
1771:10699186
1736:28213494
1693:13924748
1583:16153497
1512:27165422
1455:25479823
1406:25072184
1251:21716600
1192:24592209
1082:21695266
1042:PLOS ONE
729:See also
655:explicit
628:amygdala
626:and the
592:trigger
395:Location
245:Contrast
175:parallax
90:Brunswik
44:auditory
3214:Agnosia
3093:Tactile
3068:Ageusia
3020:Anosmia
2982:Vertigo
2886:Scotoma
2827:Anopsia
2288:cranial
2159:Feeling
1728:9343280
1648:5246376
1504:9002513
1482:Bibcode
1446:4310855
1398:5035477
1378:Bibcode
1370:Science
1347:3344200
1304:5567132
1259:5393985
1242:3110881
1200:7032767
1183:3937989
1073:3111458
1050:Bibcode
568:Braille
470:is the
345:azimuth
328:cochlea
308:malleus
294:Hearing
270:hearing
142:during
86:percept
66:Concept
2804:Visual
2755:Cilium
2501:Animal
2473:Nausea
2463:Thirst
2458:Hunger
2330:Spinal
2169:Qualia
2026:
2018:
1979:
1971:
1890:
1882:
1841:
1796:
1769:
1734:
1726:
1691:
1646:
1636:
1618:
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1510:
1502:
1474:Nature
1453:
1443:
1404:
1396:
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1337:
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1257:
1249:
1239:
1225:: 48.
1198:
1190:
1180:
1166:: 34.
1080:
1070:
986:
965:769017
963:
899:
839:
779:
533:, and
495:, and
412:Timbre
316:stapes
314:, and
300:pinnae
280:, and
186:Motion
110:Gibson
50:cues,
48:haptic
46:cues,
42:cues,
40:visual
2699:ipRGC
2554:Plant
2414:Touch
2229:Mouth
2183:Human
2024:S2CID
1977:S2CID
1947:(PDF)
1888:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1732:S2CID
1689:S2CID
1669:(PDF)
1644:S2CID
1608:(PDF)
1579:S2CID
1508:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1343:JSTOR
1255:S2CID
1196:S2CID
684:prime
671:With
485:touch
424:Pitch
312:incus
239:prime
223:Color
159:Depth
3234:HSAN
3209:Aura
2987:BPPV
2844:and
2290:and
2234:Skin
2224:Nose
2214:Ears
2209:Eyes
2082:and
2070:and
2016:PMID
1969:PMID
1880:PMID
1724:PMID
1634:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1540:–6.
1500:PMID
1451:PMID
1394:PMID
1335:ISSN
1300:PMID
1247:PMID
1188:PMID
1098:In:
1078:PMID
984:ISBN
961:PMID
930:link
923:help
897:ISBN
895:–9.
870:link
863:help
837:ISBN
835:–7.
810:link
803:help
777:ISBN
775:–5.
650:odor
554:and
23:, a
2008:doi
1959:doi
1919:doi
1870:doi
1831:doi
1804:doi
1759:doi
1716:doi
1681:doi
1626:doi
1571:doi
1490:doi
1478:385
1441:PMC
1433:doi
1386:doi
1374:176
1327:doi
1292:doi
1237:PMC
1227:doi
1178:PMC
1168:doi
1122:doi
1068:PMC
1058:doi
1017:doi
953:doi
483:of
136:eye
36:cue
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