Sentinelese - Knowledge

662:, who was chief commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from 1895 to 1904, reported that he had toured North Sentinel island to capture fugitives, but upon landing discovered that they had been killed by the inhabitants, who retreated in haste upon seeing his party approach. Temple also recorded a case where a Sentinelese apparently drifted off to the Onge and fraternized with them over the course of two years. When Temple and Portman accompanied him to the tribe and attempted to establish friendly contact, they did not recognize him and responded aggressively by shooting arrows at the group. The man refused to remain on the island. Portman cast doubt on the exact timespan the Sentinelese spent with the Onge, and believed that he had probably been raised by the Onge since childhood. Temple concluded the Sentinelese were "a tribe which slays every stranger, however inoffensive, on sight, whether a forgotten member of itself, of another Andamanese tribe, or a complete foreigner". 715:. They planned to spread the operation of gift-giving over three days and attempt to establish friendly contact. When the motorboat broke through the barrier reefs, the locals emerged from the jungle and shot arrows at it. The crew landed at a safe point on the coast and left gifts in the sand, including a miniature plastic car, some coconuts, a live pig, a doll and aluminium cookware. The Sentinelese followed up by launching another volley of arrows, one of which struck the documentary director in his thigh. The man who wounded the director withdrew to the shade of a tree and laughed proudly while others speared and buried the pig and the doll. They left afterward, taking the coconuts and cookware. This expedition also led to the first photograph of the Sentinelese, published by Raghubir Singh in 723:

Many of these got a friendly reception, with hoards of gifts left for them, but some ended in violent encounters, which were mostly suppressed. Some of the expeditions (1987, 1992, et al.) were entirely documented on film. Sometimes the Sentinelese waved and sometimes they turned their backs and assumed a "defecating" posture, which Pandit took as a sign of their not being welcome. On some occasions, they rushed out of the jungle to take the gifts but then attacked the party with arrows. Other gestures in response to contact parties, such as swaying of penises, have been noted. On some of his visits, Pandit brought some Onge to the island to try to communicate with the Sentinelese, but the attempts were usually futile and Pandit reported one instance of angering the Sentinelese.

852:, which caused massive tectonic changes to the island: it was enlarged by a merger with nearby small islands, and the sea floor was raised by about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), exposing the surrounding coral reefs to air and destroying the shallow lagoons, which were the Sentinelese's fishing grounds. The expeditions counted 32 Sentinelese scattered over three places but did not find any bodies. The Sentinelese responded to these aerial expeditions with hostile gestures, which led many to conclude that the community was mostly unaffected and had survived the calamity. Pandya argues that Sentinelese hostility is a sign of the physical as well as the cultural resilience of the community. 753:, carrying a bulk cargo of chicken feed from Bangladesh to Australia, ran aground in rough seas just off North Sentinel Island, stranding a small crew. After a few days, the captain dispatched a distress call asking for a drop of firearms and reported boats being prepared by more than 50 armed islanders intending to board the ship. Strong waves prevented the Sentinelese canoes from reaching the ship and deflected their arrows. The crew of 31 men were keeping a twenty-four-hour guard with axes, pipes, and flare guns. Nearly a week later, the crew was evacuated by a civilian helicopter contracted to the 151: 184: 414: 4183: 120: 666:

and 1932 to conduct a census. On the first occasion, he came across eight men on the beach and another five in two canoes, who retreated into the forest. The party progressed some miles into the island without facing any hostile response and saw a few huts with slanted roofs. Eventually, failing to find anyone, Bonnington and his men left the island. Notably, the Sentinelese were counted as a standalone group for the first time in the 1911 census.

319: 631:, led an armed group of Europeans along with convict-orderlies and Andamanese trackers (whom they had already befriended) to North Sentinel Island. On their arrival, the islanders fled into the treeline. After several days of futile search, during which they found abandoned villages and paths, Portman's men captured six people: an elderly man, a woman and four children. The man and woman died of illness shortly after their arrival in 516: 907:, after which they often fell silent, while other attempts to communicate ended with them bursting into laughter. Chau said the Sentinelese communicated with "lots of high pitched sounds" and gestures. Eventually, according to Chau's last letter, when he tried to hand over fish and gifts, a boy shot a metal-headed arrow that pierced the Bible he was holding in front of his chest, after which he retreated again. 800:. It returned to the island in the afternoon to find at least two dozen Sentinelese on the shoreline, one of whom pointed a bow and arrow at the party. Once a woman pushed the arrow down, the man buried his weapons in the sand and the Sentinelese approached quite close to the dinghies for the first time. The Director of Tribal Welfare distributed five bags of coconuts hand-to-hand. 689:, to North Sentinel Island to explore it and befriend the Sentinelese. This was the first visit to the island by a professional anthropologist. Through binoculars, the group saw several clusters of Sentinelese along the coastline who retreated into the forest as the team advanced. The team followed their footprints and after about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), found a group of 18 334:(the so-called "Island Effect"), nutrition, or simply genetic heritage. During a 2014 circumnavigation of their island, researchers put their height between 1.60 and 1.65 m (5 ft 3 in and 5 ft 5 in) and recorded their skin colour as "dark, shining black" with well-aligned teeth. They showed no signs of obesity and had very prominent muscles. 158: 127: 640: 1514:

The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could

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Pandya hypothesizes that the aggressive response might have been caused by the sudden withdrawal of those gift-carrying expeditions, which was not influenced or informed by any acts of the Sentinelese. He also notes that while the images of the hostile Sentinelese the helicopter sorties captured were

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The series of contact expeditions continued until 1994, with some of them even attempting to plant coconut trees on the island. The programmes were then abandoned for nearly nine years. The Indian government maintained a policy of no deliberate contact, intervening only in cases of natural calamities

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people have been noted. They prepare their food similarly. They share common traits in body decoration and material culture. There are also similarities in the design of their canoes; of all the Andamanese tribes, only the Sentinelese and Onge make canoes. Similarities with the Jarawas have been also

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Those present in the defining moment of physical contact now wished to extract professional mileage from the fact of being actually 'touched' by the Sentinelese during the gift giving exercise. Every participating member of the contact party wanted to take the credit of being the first to 'touch the

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helicopter, dispatched for the purpose, found the buried bodies. When the helicopter tried to retrieve them, the Sentinelese attacked it with arrows, and according to some sources with spears, and the mission was soon abandoned. There were contrasting views in the local community as to whether the

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On 27 January 2006, Indian fishermen Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, who had been attempting to illegally harvest crabs off North Sentinel Island, drifted towards the island after their boat's makeshift anchor failed during the night. They did not respond to warning calls from passing fishermen, and

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During the 1970s and 1980s, Pandit undertook several visits to the island, sometimes as an "expert advisor" in tour parties including dignitaries who wished to encounter an aboriginal tribe. Beginning in 1981, he regularly led official expeditions with the purpose of establishing friendly contact.

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Other British colonial administrators visited the island, including Rogers in 1902, but none of the expeditions after 1880 had any ethnographic purpose, probably because of the island's small size and unfavourable location. M.C.C. Bonnington, a British colonial official, visited the island in 1911

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foundered on the reef off North Sentinel. All the passengers and crew reached the beach safely, but as they proceeded for their breakfast on the third day, they were subject to a sudden assault by a group of naked, short-haired, red-painted islanders with arrows that were probably iron-tipped. The

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to make tools such as arrow heads, though the Andamanese scholar Vishvajit Pandya notes that Onge narratives often recall voyages by their ancestors to North Sentinel to procure metal. Canoes are used for lagoon-fishing, but long poles rather than paddles or oars propel them. They seldom use the

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On 15 November, Chau paid local fishermen to take him to a point 500–700 metres (1,600–2,300 feet) from the island's shore, then continued to the island in a canoe. As he approached, he attempted to communicate with the islanders and offer gifts, but retreated after facing hostile responses. On

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After two days, in the early morning when it was low tide we saw three Sentinelese canoes with about a dozen men about fifty feet away from the deck of Primrose. We were skeptical and scared and had no other solution but to bring out our supply of bananas and show it to them to attract them and

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declared North Sentinel Island a tribal reserve and prohibited travel within 3 nautical miles (5.6 kilometres) of it. It further maintains a constant armed patrol in the surrounding waters to prevent intrusions by outsiders. Photography is prohibited. There is significant uncertainty as to the

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A likely reason for the termination of these missions was that the Sentinelese did not let most of the post-Pandit contact teams get near them. The teams usually waited until the armed Sentinelese retreated, then left gifts on the beach or set them adrift toward shore. The government was also

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Who touched and who was touched during the contact event became an emotionally charged issue within various sectors of the administration where claims and counter-claims were sought to be established with earnestness and vigor ... it is interesting to note the range of political and cultural

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Police subsequently arrested seven fishermen for assisting Chau to get close to the island. Local authorities opened a murder case naming "unknown individuals", but there was no suggestion that the Sentinelese would be charged and the U.S. government confirmed that it did not ask the Indian

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The government was aware that leaving the Sentinelese (and the area) completely isolated and ceasing to claim any control would lead to rampant illegal exploitation of the natural resources by the numerous mercenary outlaws who took refuge in those regions, and probably contribute to the

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Pandit and Madhumala took part in a second expedition on 24 February. The Sentinelese again appeared without weapons, jumped on the dinghies and took coconut sacks. They were also curious about a rifle hidden in the boat, which Chattopadhyay believed they saw as a source of iron.

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canoes for cross-island navigation. Artistic engravings of simple geometric designs and shade contrasts have been seen on their weapons. The women have been seen to dance by slapping both palms on the thighs whilst simultaneously tapping the feet rhythmically in a bent-knee stance.

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heavily propagated in the media, the images of them burying the dead were never released. This selective display effectively negated the friendly images that circulated in the aftermath of the 1991 contact, which had already been taken out of public display, and restored the 1975

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minimize any chance of hostility. They took the bananas and came up on board of Primrose and were frantically looking around for smaller pieces of metal scrap They visited us regularly at least twice or thrice in a month while we worked at the site for about 18 months.

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noted: their bows have similar patterns. No such marks are found on Onge bows, and both tribes sleep on the ground, while the Onge sleep on raised platforms. The metal arrowheads and adze blades are quite large and heavier than those of other Andamanese tribes.

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concerned about the possibility of harm to the Sentinelese by an influx of outsiders, a result of them projecting a relatively friendly image. Photos of the 1991 expedition were removed from public display and use of them was restricted by the government.

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During a 4 January 1991 visit, the Sentinelese approached the party without weaponry for the first time. They collected coconuts that were offered but retreated to the shore as the team gestured for them to come closer. The team returned to the main ship,

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on Great Andaman Island on a makeshift raft and drifted across to the North Sentinel beach. His body was discovered by a search party some days later with several arrow-piercings and a cut throat. The party recorded that they did not see any islanders.

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missionary organization All Nations, travelled to North Sentinel Island with the aim of contacting and living among the Sentinelese in the hope of converting them to Christianity. He did not seek the necessary permits required to visit the island.

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and the children began to fall ill as well. Portman hurriedly sent the children back to North Sentinel Island with a large quantity of gifts in an attempt to establish friendly relations. Portman visited the island again in 1883, 1885 and 1887.

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In 1991, the first instances of peaceful contact were recorded in the course of two routine expeditions by an Indian anthropological team consisting of various representatives of diverse governmental departments, including the anthropologist

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their boat drifted into the shallows near the island, where a group of Sentinelese tribals attacked it and killed the fishermen with axes. According to one report, the bodies were later put on bamboo stakes facing out to sea like

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The first recorded visit to the island by a colonial officer was by Jeremiah Homfray in 1867. He recorded seeing naked islanders catching fish with bows and arrows, and was informed by the Great Andamanese that they were Jarawas.

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recorded 12 males and three females. During a 2014 circumnavigation, researchers recorded six females, seven males (all apparently under 40 years old) and three children younger than four. A handbook released in 2016 by the

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huts made from grass and leaves that showed signs of recent occupation as evidenced by the still-burning fires at the corners of the hut. The team also discovered raw honey, skeletal remains of pigs, wild fruits, an

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Sentinelese's extinction. Accordingly, in 1970, an official surveying party landed at an isolated spot on the island and erected a stone tablet, atop a disused native hearth, that declared the island part of India.

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The Sentinelese generally received the post-tsunami expeditions in a friendly manner. They approached the visiting parties unarmed, in contrast to the arms or shields carried when meeting earlier expeditions.

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wreck (about 90 m from the shoreline) and assembled men for the purpose, recorded friendly exchange of fruits and small metal scraps with the Sentinelese, who often canoed to the workplace at low

3354: 500:. Unlike the others, the Sentinelese appear to have consistently refused any interaction with the outside world. They are hostile to outsiders and have killed people who approached or landed on the island. 261:. The tribe has had minimal contact with outsiders and has usually been hostile to those who approach or land on the island. While friendly contact was reported in the early 1990s, such instances are rare. 3435: 3240: 4253: 1104: 3465: 3410: 3170: 3106: 2256: 2166: 474:

declared North Sentinel Island a tribal reserve and prohibited travel within 3 nautical miles (5.6 kilometres). Photography was prohibited. A constant armed patrol prevents intrusions by outsiders.

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On his final visit, on 17 November, Chau instructed the fishermen to leave without him. The fishermen later saw the islanders dragging Chau's body, and the next day they saw his body on the shore.

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government to press charges against the tribe. Indian officials made several attempts to recover Chau's body but eventually abandoned those efforts. An anthropologist involved in the case told

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another visit, Chau recorded that the islanders reacted to him with a mixture of amusement, bewilderment, and hostility. He attempted to sing worship songs to them, and spoke to them in

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sent a rescue party to the island. Upon arrival, the party discovered that the survivors had managed to repel the attackers with sticks and stones and that they had not reappeared.

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In light of the friendly exchanges with the scrap dealers' team and Portman's observations in 1880, Pandya believes that the Sentinelese used to be visited by other tribes.

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Along with the Great Andamanese, the Jarawas, the Onge, the Shompen, and the Nicobarese, the Sentinelese are one of the six native and often reclusive peoples of the

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No rigorous census has been conducted and the population has been variously estimated to be as low as 15 or as high as 500. Most estimates lie between 50 and 200.

3443: 3236: 3096: 1086: 3537: 3461: 3162: 2246: 1499: 4302: 4292: 4284: 4274: 2140: 3379: 2983: 4569: 4165: 302:. It has an area of about 59.67 km (14,740 acres) and a roughly square outline. The seashore is about 45 m (50 yd) wide, bordered by a 3820: 2848: 808:

Sentinelese', as if it were a great mystical moment of transubstantiation wherein the savage hostile reciprocated a gesture of civilized friendship.

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The 1971 census estimated the population at around 82, and the 1981 census at 100. A 1986 expedition recorded the highest count, 98. In 2001, the

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Cartography for Development of Outlying States and Islands of India: Short Papers Submitted at NATMO Seminar, Calcutta, December 3–6, 1990

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film crew went to the island with a team of anthropologists (including Pandit), accompanied by armed police, to film a documentary,

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officially recorded 21 men and 18 women. This survey was conducted from a distance and may not have been accurate. 2004 post-

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that the risk of a dangerous clash between investigators and the islanders was too great to justify any further attempts.

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upon the shore" of North Sentinel Island, which is the island's first recorded mention. The crew did not investigate.

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to salvage iron for their weaponry. M. A. Mohammad, a scrap dealer who won a government contract to dismantle the

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Pandya, Vishvajit (2009a). "Through Lens and Text: Constructions of a 'Stone Age' Tribe in the Andaman Islands".

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Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore

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Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference

1365: 183: 102: 1037:"Islanders running out of isolation: Tim McGirk in the Andaman Islands reports on the fate of the Sentinelese" 4505: 785: 4182: 3561:"Fear and faith: Inside the last days of an American missionary died on tribe's remote Indian Ocean island" 4444: 4356: 4228: 3885: 2879:"North Sentinel Island, Captain Robert Fore and previously unseen photographs of the 1981 Primrose rescue" 3284:"'God, I don't want to die,' U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island" 393:

Sentinelese appreciate the value of metal, having scavenged it to create tools and weapons, and accepted

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The next expedition was in April 2003, when a canoe built by the Onges was given to the visitors.

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In 1967, a group of 20 people, comprising the governor, armed forces and naval personnel, were led by

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Zide, Norman; Pandya, Vishvajit (1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics".

382:, given the abundance of roasted shells found in their settlements. They are not known to engage in 269:

group's size, with estimates ranging between 35 and 500 individuals, but mostly between 50 and 200.

4219: 3945: 3565: 3288: 3101: 1935:. Vol. II. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 728. 1091: 581: 478: 471: 265: 565:, and his colleagues, on 4 January 1991. Indian visits to the island ceased in 1997. An American, 3918: 3532: 2820: 2681: 2640: 2613: 2602:

Temple, R. C.; Bare, H. Bloomfield (1899). "Journal of the Society for Arts, Vol. 48, no. 2457".

2316: 2278: 2171: 2025: 1882: 1783: 1716: 1478: 1462: 1382: 870: 578: 231: 2677:"Surprised the Sentinelese killed someone: First anthropologist to enter North Sentinel island" 2167:"Know how 60,000-year-old human tribe of secluded North Sentinel Island behaves with outsiders" 1527: 3878: 3762: 3743: 3733: 3718: 3710: 2919: 2497: 2491: 2467: 2401: 2393: 2383: 2375: 2054: 1946: 1936: 1928: 1631: 1470: 1445: 1390: 1300: 1290: 1242: 1230: 1210: 1096: 978: 682: 558: 490: 254: 207: 3436:"John Allen Chau 'lost his mind', was aware of dangers of North Sentinel Island, say friends" 4449: 3926: 3320:"Police face-off with Sentinelese tribe as they struggle to recover slain missionary's body" 2382:. Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 2017: 1834: 1706: 1528:"Forest Statistics – Department of Environment & Forests, Andaman & Nicobar Islands" 1454: 1374: 537: 455: 331: 238: 3411:"American national John Allen Chau violated every rule in the book to meet the Sentinelese" 2097: 1596: 1005:"'Adventurist' American Killed by Protected Andaman Tribe on Island Off-Limits to Visitors" 788:. This was the first time a woman was a part of a contact expedition with the Sentinelese. 4495: 4335: 4330: 3909: 3625: 3415: 2583: 2576: 2567: 2409: 1286: 1272: 891: 793: 566: 371: 346: 327: 303: 287: 3644: 1131:"A Human Zoo on the World's Most Dangerous Island? The Shocking Future of North Sentinel" 719:

magazine, where they were presented as people for whom "arrows speak louder than words".

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expeditions recorded counts of 32 and 13 individuals in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The

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is mutually unintelligible with the Sentinelese language. The range of overlap with the

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The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in India : Privileges and Predicaments

295: 215: 2133:"US man killed by tribe after ignoring ban on visiting remote North Sentinel island" 569:, was killed in 2018 while visiting the island illegally as a Christian missionary. 462:'s 2016 handbook on Vulnerable Tribe Groups considers them mutually unintelligible. 4297: 4129: 4076: 4061: 4046: 4041: 3956: 3680: 3134: 2984:"Madhumala Chattopadhyay, the woman who made the Sentinelese put their arrows down" 1807: 1443:

Bagla, Pallava; Stone, Richard (2006). "After the Tsunami: A Scientist's Dilemma".

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Further expeditions (some aerial) in 2004 and 2005 evaluated the effects of the

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Comparative distributions of Andamanese indigenous peoples, early 1800s vs. 2004

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The Andamanese (Appendix A – Pioneer Biographies of the British Period to 1947)

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described a man as 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in) tall, possibly because of

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on "Vulnerable Tribe Groups" estimates the population at between 100 and 150.

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The last five hundred: Expedition to the dwarf peoples in the Andaman Islands

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In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)

1803:"Mysterious island is home to 60,000-year-old community who KILL outsiders" 1474: 1394: 1304: 17: 2413: 1950: 1878:"Isolated Tribe Kills American With Bow and Arrow on Remote Indian Island" 4121: 4028: 3989: 2953:"Meet the first woman to contact one of the world's most isolated tribes" 2136: 1416: 1378: 379: 375: 298:. The island lies about 64 km (35 nmi) west of Andaman capital 3621:"US not seeking action against Sentinelese tribe for killing missionary" 2644: 2617: 2201:"Centre Ignored ST Panel Advice on Protecting Vulnerable Andaman Tribes" 1787: 1720: 1386: 639: 4066: 3901: 3237:"Cops Studying Rituals of Tribe That Killed US Man To Recover His Body" 2345:"North Sentinel Island Is Home to the Last Uncontacted People on Earth" 1466: 1278:

Die letzten Fünfhundert: Expedition zu d. Zwergvölkern auf d. Andamanen

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Indigenous Forest Management in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

2029: 310:. The island is surrounded by coral reefs and has a tropical climate. 4210: 4071: 4056: 4051: 4036: 3998: 3817:, an interview with the T N Pandit of Anthropological Survey of India 3676:"India has no plans to recover body of US missionary killed by tribe" 3206:"Attacked By Andaman Tribe, Coast Guard Officer's Terrifying Account" 2886: 1135: 619:

In 1880, in an effort to establish contact with the Sentinelese, the

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Government of India, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (24 February 2016).

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Contemporary Society: Developmental Issues, Transition, and Change

2247:"Beyond killing of American national: Sovereign citizens of India" 1876:

Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari; Schultz, Kai (21 November 2018).

638: 412: 317: 3380:"US man killed by remote tribe was trying to spread Christianity" 3347:"American killed on remote Indian island off-limits to visitors" 3209: 2849:"Twenty-eight sailors shipwrecked for nearly two weeks off a..." 2816:"When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders" 2397: 971:"When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders" 695: 605: 604:

captain, who fled in the ship's boat, was found days later by a

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Jeffrey Gettleman; Hari Kumar; Kai Schultz (23 November 2018).

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Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge

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that might pose an existential threat or to thwart poachers.

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Madhumala Chattopadhyay: An Anthropologist's Moment of Truth

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The first peaceful contact with the Sentinelese was made by

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Sarkar, S. S. (1962). "The Jarawa of the Andaman Islands".

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Obituary – Mr. M.V. Portman – 'Father' of Andaman Islanders

1209:. Anthropological Survey of India. 2016. pp. 659–668. 3097:"Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island" 1087:"Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island" 894:, a 26-year-old American trained and sent by the US-based 738:

ran aground off the north coast of North Sentinel Island.

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visited the island but did not encounter any inhabitants.

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in 1974. There is no evidence of them having knowledge of

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significance invested in this specific event of contact.

3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 2745: 2743: 2718: 2716: 2376:"Befriending the Sentinelese of the Andamans: A Dilemma" 1907: 1905: 1974: 1972: 1331:"The Most Isolated Tribe in the World: The Sentinelese" 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 533: 3809:

Video "SENTINELESE : World's Most Isolated Tribe"

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Chatterjee, Tanmay; Lama, Prawesh (23 November 2018).

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All India – Agence France-Presse (25 November 2018).

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photographed with Andamanese chiefs in British India.

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Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)

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and molluscan shells. They are believed to eat many

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Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

4526: 4504: 4481: 4474: 4458: 4432: 4407: 4344: 4323: 4316: 4283: 4267: 4246: 4197: 4120: 4087: 4027: 3917: 3908: 3823:, discusses first friendly contact with Sentinelese 1205:"The Sentineles of Andaman & Nicobar Islands". 874:Sentinelese ought to be prosecuted for the murder. 170:

North Sentinel Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

95: 83: 70: 57: 47: 3313: 3311: 2378:. In Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (eds.). 3717:, translated by Alan J. Singerman, Liverpool UP. 3559:Slater, Joanna; Gowen, Annie (23 November 2018). 4560:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2046:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages 417:Members of an unspecified Andaman tribe fishing 3277: 3275: 3273: 1494: 1492: 805: 771: 27:Voluntarily isolated tribe in the Bay of Bengal 3674:Michael Safi; Denis Giles (28 November 2018). 2574:, 22 February 1935. Reproduced by G. Weber in 2441:"Chapter 8: The Tribes; Part 6. The Sentineli" 1933:A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese 757:(ONGC) with support from Indian naval forces. 4166: 3886: 3090: 3088: 2490:Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (1997). 2240: 2238: 1030: 1028: 1026: 157: 126: 8: 2675:Sharma, Shantanu Nandan (24 November 2018). 2199:Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (23 November 2018). 599:in October 1867, the Indian merchant-vessel 42: 3761:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 3619:Indo Asian News Service (8 February 2019). 1412:"American 'killed by arrow-wielding tribe'" 685:, an Indian anthropologist working for the 4478: 4320: 4173: 4159: 4151: 3914: 3893: 3879: 3871: 3521: 3519: 3517: 41: 3793:. The Andaman Association. Archived from 2809: 2807: 2805: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2380:Development Issues, Transition and Change 1710: 479:indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation 3460:Banerjie, Monideepa (22 November 2018). 3235:Banerjie, Monideepa (25 November 2018). 2009:Journal of the American Oriental Society 1690:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1124: 1122: 949:The Onge call these canoes "Chanku-ate". 427:Similarities and dissimilarities to the 182: 3840:"The most isolated tribe in the world?" 3455: 3453: 3374: 3372: 2310:Gettleman, Jeffrey (21 November 2018). 2245:Dutta, Prabhash K. (21 November 2018). 2160: 2158: 1512:from the original on 11 December 2014. 962: 929: 173:Show map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3633:from the original on 19 February 2019. 3434:Bhardwaj, Deeksha (28 November 2018). 3423:from the original on 29 November 2018. 3345:Roy, Sanjib Kumar (21 November 2018). 3264: 3191: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3036: 3024: 3012: 2982:Sengupta, Sudipto (30 November 2018). 2899: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2734: 2722: 2707: 2657: 2229: 2131:Whiteside, Philip (21 November 2018). 2118: 1990: 1978: 1911: 1896: 1863: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1406: 1404: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1072: 760:The Sentinelese scoured the abandoned 489:, they belong to the broader class of 230:, they belong to the broader class of 3688:from the original on 28 November 2018 3600:from the original on 26 November 2018 3573:from the original on 25 November 2018 3540:from the original on 26 November 2018 3502:from the original on 22 November 2018 3485: 3483: 3468:from the original on 21 November 2018 3390:from the original on 23 November 2018 3357:from the original on 21 November 2018 3326:from the original on 26 November 2018 3296:from the original on 21 November 2018 3243:from the original on 24 November 2018 3216:from the original on 24 November 2018 3173:from the original on 25 November 2018 3142:from the original on 26 November 2018 2994:from the original on 28 February 2019 2786:Buckner, William (30 November 2018). 2689:from the original on 26 November 2018 2597: 2595: 2593: 2485: 2483: 2355:from the original on 22 November 2018 2324:from the original on 21 November 2018 2180:from the original on 22 November 2018 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2001: 1999: 1845:from the original on 22 November 2018 1815:from the original on 21 November 2018 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1678: 1676: 1540:from the original on 20 December 2016 1424:from the original on 21 November 2018 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1143:from the original on 22 November 2018 1107:from the original on 22 November 2018 1011:from the original on 22 November 2018 7: 3490:Firstpost Staff (21 November 2018). 3109:from the original on 20 October 2013 2877:Mottram, Dennis (22 December 2010). 2828:from the original on 3 December 2018 2510:from the original on 18 January 2021 2291:from the original on 7 November 2013 2211:from the original on 3 December 2018 2067:from the original on 18 January 2021 1607:from the original on 9 February 2019 1047:from the original on 8 December 2017 650:In 1896, a convict escaped from the 483:particularly vulnerable tribal group 224:particularly vulnerable tribal group 58:Regions with significant populations 4369:Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park 3851:McDougall, Dan (11 February 2006). 3282:Slater, Joanna (21 November 2018). 3128:McDougall, Dan (12 February 2006). 2951:Zakeer, Fehmida (7 December 2018). 2814:Tewari, Debayan (3 December 2018). 2531:"Maurice Vidal Portman (1861–1935)" 2279:"List of notified Scheduled Tribes" 477:The Sentinelese are a community of 4374:Middle Button Island National Park 2858:from the original on 2 August 2017 2605:The Journal of the Society of Arts 2420:from the original on 28 April 2016 2259:from the original on 27 March 2019 1515:not understand those verbal words. 1239:United Kingdom Hydrographic Office 25: 4399:South Button Island National Park 4384:North Button Island National Park 3655:from the original on 27 June 2019 3649:United States Department of State 3645:"International Religious Freedom" 3095:Foster, Peter (8 February 2006). 2932:from the original on 10 June 2016 1085:Foster, Peter (8 February 2011). 588:, observed "a multitude of lights 4570:Indigenous peoples of South Asia 4389:Rani Jhansi Marine National Park 4181: 3204:Som, Vishnu (23 November 2018). 1957:from the original on 17 May 2016 1767:"The Last Island of the Savages" 1253:from the original on 17 May 2016 1129:Dobson, Jim (21 November 2018). 514: 466:Isolation and uncontacted status 450:. It has been recorded that the 156: 149: 125: 118: 4352:Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve 2918:. University Press of America. 2847:UPI Archives (25 August 1981). 1801:Shammas, John (22 April 2015). 1626:Burman, B. K. Roy, ed. (1990). 1311:from the original on 8 May 2016 1035:McGirk, Tim (10 January 1993). 1003:Wire Staff (22 November 2018). 755:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 687:Anthropological Survey of India 563:Anthropological Survey of India 460:Anthropological Survey of India 360:Anthropological Survey of India 3318:News Corp (26 November 2018). 2496:. Concept Publishing Company. 1597:"Tribals in A & N Islands" 669:In 1954, the Italian explorer 1: 3815:"Leave the Sentinelese alone" 3592:BBC News (25 November 2018). 2466:. Springer. pp. 17–100. 2096:. 5 July 2013. Archived from 2043:Moseley, Christopher (2007). 418: 139:North Sentinel Island (India) 2284:. Census India. p. 27. 32:Sentinelese (disambiguation) 4379:Mount Harriet National Park 4191:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3778:Islands of the Marigold Sun 2912:Pandya, Vishvajit (2009a). 1459:10.1126/science.313.5783.32 1285:] (in German). Berlin: 629:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 527:to comply with Knowledge's 498:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 399:National Geographic Society 259:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4596: 4539:Car Nicobar Air Force Base 4362:Campbell Bay National Park 3755:Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). 3732:. Kolkata: Seagull Books. 2852:United Press International 1712:10.1890/1540-9295-10.7.396 886:2018 killing of missionary 439: 388:slanted leaf-covered roofs 306:that gives way to a dense 29: 4394:Saddle Peak National Park 4138: 3846:. Survival International. 860:2006 killing of fishermen 850:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 749:On 2 August 1981, the MV 308:tropical evergreen forest 112: 100: 88: 75: 62: 52: 4565:Hunter-gatherers of Asia 4440:North and Middle Andaman 3715:Sentinel Island: a Novel 3384:South China Morning Post 2374:Sarkar, Jayanta (1997). 1601:Press Information Bureau 1366:History Workshop Journal 677:T. N. Pandit (1967–1991) 540:may contain suggestions. 525:may need to be rewritten 282:The Sentinelese live on 204:North Sentinel Islanders 4143:indicate extinct groups 3776:Vaidya, Suresh (1960). 2788:"The Not-So-Lost Tribe" 2094:"Chapter 8: The Tribes" 1765:Goodhart, Adam (2000). 1683:Burton, Adrian (2012). 1651:"The Tribes: Chapter 8" 1235:The Bay of Bengal Pilot 869:. Three days later, an 786:Madhumala Chattopadhyay 4357:Galathea National Park 3785:Weber, George (2005). 3780:. London: Robert Hale. 3728:Pandit, T. N. (1990). 2462:Kavita, Arora (2018). 1925:Portman, Maurice Vidal 1835:"The Forbidden Island" 1685:"A world of their own" 1569:. 2011. Archived from 818: 776: 647: 424: 323: 191: 3832:14 September 2012 at 2566:5 August 2012 at the 1241:. 1887. p. 257. 1237:. Admiralty. London: 660:Richard Carnac Temple 644:Maurice Vidal Portman 642: 625:Maurice Vidal Portman 595:During a late summer 416: 397:cookware left by the 321: 284:North Sentinel Island 212:North Sentinel Island 189:North Sentinel Island 187:Aerial photograph of 186: 164:North Sentinel Island 133:North Sentinel Island 96:Related ethnic groups 64:North Sentinel Island 2798:on 30 November 2018. 2582:24 July 2013 at the 1929:"XVIII: The Jàrawas" 1775:The American Scholar 1420:. 21 November 2018. 713:Man in Search of Man 561:, a director of the 442:Sentinelese language 370:The Sentinelese are 355:2011 census of India 218:in the northeastern 198:, also known as the 30:For other uses, see 4580:Uncontacted peoples 4303:Japanese Occupation 4254:Lieutenant governor 4220:Andaman wood pigeon 3651:. 7 February 2019. 3566:The Washington Post 3446:on 1 December 2018. 3289:The Washington Post 3267:, pp. 349–352. 3102:The Daily Telegraph 2963:on 28 February 2021 2957:National Geographic 2902:, pp. 342–343. 2572:The Times of London 2143:on 21 November 2018 1703:2012FrEE...10..396B 1092:The Daily Telegraph 977:. 3 December 2018. 880:National Geographic 717:National Geographic 708:National Geographic 658:In an 1899 speech, 582:hydrographic survey 504:History of contacts 266:Government of India 44: 4534:Port Blair Airport 4229:Queen Crepe Myrtle 3844:Uncontacted tribes 3791:The Lonely Islands 3711:Hoffmann, Benjamin 3533:The New York Times 2821:The Economic Times 2682:The Economic Times 2343:Westmass, Reuben. 2317:The New York Times 2172:The Times of India 1883:The New York Times 1567:censusindia.gov.in 1379:10.1093/hwj/dbn081 975:The Times of India 936:The Onges call it 890:In November 2018, 871:Indian Coast Guard 648: 579:East India Company 425: 324: 232:Andamanese peoples 192: 4547: 4546: 4522: 4521: 4428: 4427: 4148: 4147: 4023: 4022: 3768:978-0-7618-4272-9 3739:978-81-7046-081-7 2925:978-0-7618-4272-9 2737:, pp. 24–25. 2710:, pp. 17–20. 2612:(2457): 105–136. 2503:978-81-7022-642-0 2473:978-3-030-00032-5 2121:, pp. 21–22. 2060:978-0-7007-1197-0 1942:978-0-598-49815-1 1296:978-3-550-06574-3 938:Chia daaKwokweyeh 828:Later expeditions 803:Pandya comments: 705:In early 1974, a 559:Triloknath Pandit 555: 554: 529:quality standards 491:Andamanese people 472:Indian government 326:A 1977 report by 208:indigenous people 181: 180: 142:Show map of India 16:(Redirected from 4587: 4491:Great Andamanese 4479: 4321: 4185: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4152: 3927:Great Andamanese 3915: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3847: 3798: 3787:"The Andamanese" 3781: 3772: 3751: 3723:978-1-837-642618 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3523: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3442:. Archived from 3431: 3425: 3424: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3279: 3268: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2959:. Archived from 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2889:on 11 July 2011. 2885:. Archived from 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2811: 2800: 2799: 2794:. Archived from 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2672: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2639:(3/6): 670–677. 2628: 2622: 2621: 2599: 2588: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2541:on 5 August 2012 2537:. 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Archived from 1646: 1640: 1639: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1576:on 1 August 2015 1575: 1564: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1360: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1273:Harrer, Heinrich 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1231:"North Sentinel" 1227: 1221: 1220: 1216:978-93-5098106-1 1202: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1032: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1000: 994: 993: 991: 989: 967: 950: 947: 941: 934: 591: 550: 547: 541: 518: 510: 458:is unknown; the 423: 420: 372:hunter-gatherers 332:insular dwarfism 239:Great Andamanese 174: 160: 159: 153: 143: 129: 128: 122: 48:Total population 45: 21: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4518: 4500: 4470: 4454: 4424: 4403: 4340: 4336:Nicobar Islands 4331:Andaman Islands 4312: 4279: 4263: 4242: 4238:Andaman Redwood 4193: 4187:Union territory 4179: 4149: 4144: 4134: 4116: 4083: 4019: 3910:Andaman Islands 3904: 3899: 3861: 3859: 3850: 3838: 3805: 3797:on 3 June 2013. 3784: 3775: 3769: 3754: 3740: 3730:The Sentinelese 3727: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3626:Hindustan Times 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3525: 3524: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3416:Hindustan Times 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3322:. News.com.au. 3317: 3316: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3281: 3280: 3271: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2883:eternalidol.com 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2813: 2812: 2803: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2674: 2673: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2584:Wayback Machine 2568:Wayback Machine 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2529:Weber, George. 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2504: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2439:Weber, George. 2438: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2390: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2061: 2053:. p. 342. 2042: 2041: 2037: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1943: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1728: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1661:on 2 April 2013 1649:Weber, George. 1648: 1647: 1643: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1453:(5783): 32–35. 1442: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1373:(67): 173–193. 1362: 1361: 1338: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1297: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1204: 1203: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1041:The Independent 1034: 1033: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1002: 1001: 997: 987: 985: 969: 968: 964: 959: 954: 953: 948: 944: 935: 931: 926: 892:John Allen Chau 888: 862: 846: 830: 781: 779:1991 expedition 747: 732: 679: 589: 575: 573:Colonial period 567:John Allen Chau 551: 545: 542: 532: 519: 506: 487:Scheduled Tribe 481:. Designated a 468: 452:Jarawa language 444: 438: 421: 368: 347:census of India 340: 328:Heinrich Harrer 316: 304:littoral forest 288:Andaman Islands 280: 275: 237:Along with the 228:Scheduled Tribe 222:. Designated a 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 161: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 135: 134: 130: 113: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4593: 4591: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4420:Mount Thullier 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4247:Administration 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 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