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situation from occurring. Conflicts are detected by data assistants, who report them to the actual controllers; the data assistants suggest how to solve the conflict, but the controller is not obligated to follow the suggested instructions. A conflict occurs when the distance between aircraft in flight violates a defining criterion, usually considered as 5 nautical miles (9 km) of horizontal and/or 1,000 ft (300 m) of vertical separation. These distances define an aircraft's protected zone, a volume of airspace surrounding the aircraft which should not be infringed upon by any other aircraft.
258:. At one end of the scale in classes A and B airspace, all aircraft must be separated from each other. At the other end of the scale in class G airspace there is no requirement for any aircraft to be separated from each other. In the intermediate classes some aircraft are separated from each other depending on the flight rules under which the aircraft are operating. For example, in class D airspace, IFR aircraft are separated from other IFR aircraft, but not from VFR aircraft, nor are VFR aircraft separated from each other.
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328:. In procedural control, any period during which two aircraft are not vertically separated is said to be "level change". In some cases, procedural separation minima are provided for use with radar assistance, however it is important not to get this mixed up with radar separation as in the former case the radar need not necessarily be certified for use for radar separation purposes, the separation is still procedural.
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304:"MARSA" separation can be applied by military aircraft, which overrides all of these rules. Under MARSA conditions (Military Assumes Responsibility for Separating Aircraft), Air traffic controllers protect only a block of airspace around multiple military aircraft. They are treated as one, and given only one data tag on the controller's scope.
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aerodrome tend to be flying at lower speeds. Therefore, if the aerodrome controller can see both aircraft, or both aircraft report that they can see each other, or a following aircraft reports that it can see the preceding one, controllers may reduce the standard separation to whatever is adequate to prevent a collision.
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Aerodrome or "Tower" controllers work in tall towers with large windows allowing them, in good weather, to see the aircraft flying in the vicinity of the aerodrome, unless the aircraft is not in sight from the tower (e.g. a helicopter departing from a ramp area). Also, aircraft in the vicinity of an
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Longitudinal separation can be based upon time or distance as measure by DME. The golden rule is the 10-minute rule: no two aircraft following the same route must come within 15 minutes flying time of each other. In areas with good navaid cover this reduces to 10 minutes; if the preceding aircraft
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A conflict is an event in which two or more aircraft experience a loss of minimum separation. This does not in itself suggest that the aircraft are at any risk of collision. However, the separation minima are set for risk mitigation and therefore it is central to a controller's job to prevent this
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It is a common misconception that air traffic controllers keep all aircraft separated. Whether aircraft actually need separating depends upon the class of airspace in which the aircraft are flying, and the flight rules under which the pilot is operating the aircraft. As stated by the U.S. FAA,
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If comparisons of the topical altitude of the first plane over city A with that of the second plane over city B and then the altitude of the second plane over city A with that of the first plane over city B give a separation of 30 flight units (nautical miles) or less at any time during their
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If comparisons of the temporal distance of the first plane over city A with that of the second plane over city B and that of the second plane over city A with the first plane over city B lead to a separation of 4 minutes or less at any time during their flights,
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In certain airspace, between 29,000 and 41,000 feet (12,500 m), pairs of aircraft equipped with more modern altimeter and autopilot systems can be vertically separated by minimum of 1,000 feet (300 m) rather than the standard 2,000 feet (600 m).
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system. The actual distance used varies: 5NM (9.26km) is common in en route airspace, 3 NM is common in terminal airspace at lower levels. On occasion, 10 NM may be used, especially at long range or in regions of less reliable radar coverage.
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If two aircraft are not laterally separated, and are following tracks within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are said to be following the same route and some form of longitudinal separation must exist.
152:, wherein an aircraft must stay at a minimum distance from a block of airspace; as an example, all aircraft must be approved by the controller who "owns" the airspace before the aircraft is approved to enter that sector.
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RVSM airspace encompasses Europe, North
America, parts of Asia and Africa and both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In areas where RVSM capabilities exist, 1,000 feet of vertical separation may be utilized up to
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Aircraft whose tracks bisect at more than 45 degrees are said to be crossing, in this case longitudinal separation cannot be applied as it will not be very long before lateral separation will exist again.
274:, a 1,000 feet minimum is observed rather than the 984.252 feet found in 300 meters). Above 29,000 feet (8,800 m), no aircraft shall come closer than 600 m (or 2,000 feet), except in airspace where
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Public transport flights are almost exclusively operated under IFR, as this set of rules allows flight in regions of low visibility (e.g. cloud). On the other hand, a large amount of private flying in
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Radar separation is applied by a controller observing that the radar returns from the two aircraft are a certain minimum horizontal distance away from each other, as observed on a suitably calibrated
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The pilot has the ultimate responsibility for ensuring appropriate separations and positioning of the aircraft in the terminal area to avoid the wake turbulence created by a preceding aircraft
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A local conflict occurs if two or more aircraft pass a certain given point (in nearly all cases a certain town). A local conflict occurs, if at least one of the following conditions are met:
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of 29,000 feet (8,800 m), no aircraft should come closer vertically than 300 metres, unless some form of horizontal separation is provided (Note: for countries that measure altitude in
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Procedural separation is separation based upon the position of the aircraft, based upon reports made by the pilots over the radio. It therefore does not necessarily require the use of
395:; the rules are complicated, and they allow different separation distances (from 3NM to 10NM) depending on the aircraft, distance from radar antenna, type of radar used,
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other aircraft. As its name suggests, SVFR is a special infrequently-used set of rules. For the purposes of separation, controllers consider SVFR to be the same as IFR.
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outside a minimum distance from another aircraft to reduce the risk of those aircraft colliding, as well as prevent accidents due to secondary factors, such as
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301:, and 2,000 between FL410 and FL600 (60,000 ft). 5,000 ft vertical separation must be applied to military aircraft above FL600, RVSM or not.
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is optimizing the slack of the separation, reducing it from 3 to 2.5 nmi (5.6 to 4.6 km): a simulation increased throughput by up to 14% at
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is done under VFR since this requires a lower level of flying skill on the part of the pilot, and meteorological conditions in which a pilot can
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of the preceding aircraft on the following aircraft. These minima vary depending on the relative size of the two aircraft. This is acute on
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An opposite conflict occurs if two aircraft are flying towards each other from opposing directions. Looking at the information on the
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If any two aircraft are separated by less than the vertical separation minimum, then some form of horizontal separation must exist.
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174:: the risk of these aircraft colliding is therefore remote. If separation is lost between two aircraft, they are said to be in a
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Other lateral separation may be defined by the geography of pre-determined routes, for example the North
Atlantic Track system.
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European Action Plan for
Airspace Infringement Risk Reduction, approved by EUROCONTROL Provisional Council in December 2009
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In the case of beacons, to be separated, the aircraft must be a certain distance from the beacon (measured by time or by
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Kuchar, J. K., Yang, L. C. “A Review of
Conflict Detection and Resolution Modeling Methods.” IEEE Transactions on
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is faster than the following one then this can be reduced further depending on the difference in speed.
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Lateral separation minima are usually based upon the position of the aircraft as derived visually, from
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In certain special cases, controllers may reduce separation below the usually required minima.
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250:, A to G, in decreasing order of air traffic control regulation. Classes A to E are
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If one aircraft is flying from city A to city B and another from city B to city A,
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There are three sets of flight rules under which an aircraft can be flown:
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The distance in space is 30 flight units (i.e. 30 nautical miles) or less.
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576:"Research Project Targets Reduced Aircraft Separation In Approach"
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148:. Separation can also apply to terrain, obstacles, and controlled
561:(with Changes 1–3, effective 2013-08-22), Para 5-5-4 " Minima".
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472:, a controller can detect an opposite conflict by checking:
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When an aircraft passes behind or follows another aircraft,
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Separation at cruising altitude (aircraft passing below).
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air traffic control using procedural separation minima
193:with a smaller aircraft following larger aircraft.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:Concept for keeping aircraft safe distances apart
456:The distance in time is 4 minutes or less, and
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185:minima are applied due to the effect of the
502: – Aircraft collision avoidance system
140:is the name for the concept of keeping an
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:As a practical example of the rules, US
340:or internal navigation sources, or from
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544:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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435:, inducing a longer runway occupancy.
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580:Aviation Week & Space Technology
431:'s Runway 14, which cannot have any
58:adding citations to reliable sources
594:Intelligent Transportation Systems
500:Traffic collision avoidance system
288:Reduced Vertical Separation Minima
276:Reduced Vertical Separation Minima
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18:Separation (air traffic control)
411:In the vicinity of an aerodrome
45:needs additional citations for
574:Thierry Dubois (Nov 6, 2019).
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596:, Vol. 1, No. 4 2000: 179–80.
69:"Separation" aeronautics
391:rules are published in the
266:Between the surface and an
220:Special Visual Flight Rules
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358:Longitudinal separation
278:(RVSM) can be applied.
226:Instrument Flight Rules
164:Air traffic controllers
470:flight progress strips
166:apply rules, known as
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316:Procedural separation
308:Horizontal separation
256:uncontrolled airspace
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54:improve this article
625:Air traffic control
262:Vertical separation
252:controlled airspace
214:Visual Flight Rules
134:air traffic control
559:FAA Order 7110.65U
403:Reduced separation
344:aids ('beacons').
332:Lateral separation
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464:Opposite conflict
393:FAA Order 7110.65
299:FL410 (41,000 ft)
168:separation minima
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529:. Retrieved
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110:January 2009
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52:Please help
47:verification
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425:Eurocontrol
324:to provide
531:2009-09-10
507:References
419:Under its
138:separation
80:newspapers
439:Conflicts
423:project,
172:separated
619:Category
540:cite web
489:See also
484:flights.
268:altitude
244:Airspace
176:conflict
150:airspace
142:aircraft
399:, etc.
248:classes
94:scholar
429:Zurich
222:(SVFR)
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421:SESAR
381:radar
322:radar
228:(IFR)
216:(VFR)
101:JSTOR
87:books
546:link
282:RVSM
272:feet
197:Need
73:news
563:FAA
389:FAA
349:DME
132:In
56:by
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578:.
542:}}
538:{{
480:or
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