50:
351:; President of the Orange Free State , and Moshoeshoe discussed issues of armed conflict and cattle rustling. However, these discussions only led to Boshoff declaring war on the Basotho on 19 March 1858 (also reported as 22 March 1858). The Basotho were formidable opponents, and the Boers suffered substantial losses, as they were unable to penetrate the Basotho mountain stronghold of Thaba Bosiu (also called Thaba Bosigo). This war is also known as the First Basotho War or the War of
120:
407:
Basotho food supplies. Moshoeshoe's son Molapo had also allegedly concluded a separate peace treaty. Moshoeshoe then renewed entreaties for
British protection after a short armistice. This was due to the fact that the Orange Free State government was late in allocating land, the Basotho slowly advanced over the border line, and further tensions mounted. The Orange Free State government began to raise an armed force, which was aggravated by the murder of two Whites in
437:) were then drawn up according to the Convention of Aliwal-North. This convention gave the Conquered Territory to the Orange Free State, and the boundary line was moved further south to Langeberg. No further armed conflict between the Free State and the Basotho took place after this. As a result, King Moshoeshoe was able to save his kingdom from being overrun by the Boers. He died in 1870, two years after the end of war, and was buried at the summit of Thaba Bosiu.
2631:
379:, who replaced Boshoff, took initiative and negotiated with Moshoeshoe, who objected that the frontier was not clear. However, hostilities re-surfaced, and President Brand believed that the OFS should use its military superiority against the Basotho. Moshoeshoe had also realized his precarious position, and had applied for British protection from
309:
Valley served as a vital area in terms of agriculture for both the
British and the Basotho. This border line was therefore not acceptable to the Great King Moshoeshoe, and hostility followed, which led to conflict between the Basotho Nation and the British, who were defeated by King Moshoeshoe at the
286:
in the mid-1820s. Although these settlers allegedly asked for this permission to settle there, they later claimed it - despite
Moshoeshoe's view that he had lent it to them. In 1845 a treaty was signed, which recognised Boer settlement in the area; however no boundaries were drawn between the area of
358:
During this war, the Boers destroyed many mission stations in the
Basotho kingdom, as they blamed them for educating and instilling a sense of pride among the Basotho. These mission stations had been set up by missionaries from the Paris Evangelical Society, who arrived at Thaba Bosiu in 1833. These
420:
In July 1867, the third war between the Orange Free State and the
Basotho began. The Boer forces overran Moshoeshoe's land and conquered all the land except the impregnable fortress of Thaba Bosiu. The Orange Free State forces had achieved great military success, and Moshoeshoe was compelled to ask
366:
The Orange Free State forces had dissolved, and
Boshoff was compelled to make overtures to Moshoeshoe for a suspension of hostilities. Moshoeshoe agreed unconditionally to mediation, for though he was apparently master of the situation, he was wise enough to see that if he pushed his advantages too
266:
settlers) and Dutch-speaking people of mixed descent arrived in the vicinity of
Moshoeshoe I's kingdom. As they were mounted on horseback and armed with guns, Moshoeshoe decided to arm his people and give them horses. As various training stations were established for Basotho Kingdom, they obtained
250:
region. King
Moshoeshoe allowed the British, Boers and Nguni escapees to settle on his designated settlements with the notion of giving them land and food for survival. However whenever either of them attempted to claim his land without his authority then war would ensue, which would lead to the
406:
as general to lead the Free State army. The Free State army then began to seize cattle and destroy crops, and two attempts were then made to storm
Moshoeshoe's stronghold at Thaba Bosiu. Moshoeshoe was then compelled to accept the peace of Thaba Bosiu on 11 April 1866, due to the exhaustion of
333:
In 1854, the cost of maintaining the sovereignty became too much for the
British and they therefore handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. The Boers therefore claimed the land beyond the Caledon River, naming it the
329:
broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses due to the armed Basotho cavalry. This sealed the fate of the sovereignty of the Basotho government, even though Cathcart was initially in favour of withdrawal.
346:
In February 1858, tensions rose in the Orange Free State over land. The Boers and Basotho claimed a considerable strip of territory, and each had grounds for asserting a right to it. Further conflict occurred after
226:
between 1815 and about 1840. In 1820, King Moshoeshoe became the king of the Basotho Nation, who had fallen under his centralized authority due to competition for resources, which was intensified by a drought.
411:
in June 1867. Brand demanded the handover of the murderers, but Moshoeshoe stated that he had not agreed to the frontier line of 1866, and therefore the events had not occurred on Orange Free State territory.
390:
The Warden Line had then been reaffirmed, and although the Basotho were given time to withdraw, attacks continued later nonetheless. In 1865, the Orange Free State launched the Second Basotho War known in
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302:). This line divided territory between British territory and the Basotho under Moshoeshoe, and stretched from Cornetspruit and the Orange River through Vechtkop to Jammerbergdrift on the Caledon.
238:
attacks during the Mfecane. He extended and strengthened his Basotho Nation by integrating these ethnic groups and named them a single Basotho Nation. He offered land, food, and protection to the
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1211:
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and the area further westwards. The wars resulted in the white settlers acquiring large tracts of land from Basotho, and the Basotho eventually accepting annexation as a part of the
425:, received instructions to negotiate with Moshoeshoe for the recognition of the Basotho as British subjects. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a
2000:
338:. This began further conflict over land and undefined boundaries with the Basotho, who regarded themselves as the rightful owners, and who continued to use the land for grazing.
1458:
1162:
90:
Free State acquiring large tracts of land from Basotho and Basotho eventually accepting annexation as a part of the British Empire and being placed under Crown protection.
367:
far he would bring a new enemy into the field. On 1 June an armistice was agreed upon and signed, under which all military operations on both sides were to be suspended.
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429:. The Orange Free State was forced to discontinue the war if it was not to raise trouble with the British Empire. In February 1869, the boundaries of present day
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230:
Morena e Moholo (the Great King), as he was called by his Basotho Nation, owned larger areas of Free State and accommodated the different ethnic groups of the
1937:
1853:
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as the Seqiti War. The word "seqiti" refers to the sound made by the new cannon the Boers used to crush the Basotho strongholds, mainly in the present day
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Basotho Nation claiming victories to protect their land and resources. King Moshoeshoe and some of his people retreated to the mountain fortress of
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Boer settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom. This dispute led to inevitable border clashes and a discernible boundary became necessary.
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then brought troops to the Mohokane River, and King Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. When he did not pay the fine in full, a
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language its called Difaqane, which means "the crushing" or "scattering". It describes a period of warfare and famine in southern
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167:. These can be divided into the Senekal's War of 1858, the Seqiti War in 1865−1866 and the Third Basotho War in 1867−68.
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for British assistance. Basutoland was then annexed on 12 March 1868, after Wodehouse, by now Governor of the
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advanced and intensive weapon training to prepare themselves against any war that might erupt.
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210:(Crocodile) clan, helped to gain power over small clans who had been displaced during the
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in 1824 whilst the rest of the Basotho Nation still settled in Free State province.
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These three wars were fought over the territorial rights in the area between the
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1839:
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language and helped teach the Basotho people learn how to write the language.
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battle of Viervoet in 1851. In 1851, King Moshoeshoe also offered Boer leader
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186:, and the area north of the Caledon River, which includes present day
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King Moshoeshoe I, founder of the Basotho nation, with his Ministers.
813:
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563:
305:
The Warden line caused much resentment, as the fertile
314:
an alliance against the British in the sovereignty.
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1629:
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298:eventually proclaimed the Warden line (after Major
163:, and white settlers, in what is now known as the
294:, who controlled the area between the Orange and
27:1858–1868 series of Boer Wars in Southern Africa
2661:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
1379:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
536:
242:and Nguni tribes which led to the formation of
202:In 1818, King Moshoeshoe I, who was the son of
155:refers to a series of wars fought between King
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383:, a new commissioner who had arrived in the
497:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire
495:Olson, James S.; Shadle, Robert S. (1996).
270:The arrival of white settlers known as the
1777:
836:
582:
568:
560:
100:Basutoland placed under British protection
48:
31:
375:After this war an uneasy peace followed.
359:missionaries were the first to write the
206:, chief of the Ba-Mokoteli branch of the
1452:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1048:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
446:
1529:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
7:
2676:Wars involving the Orange Free State
1459:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1105:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
402:President Johannes Brand appointed
25:
2681:African resistance to colonialism
2618:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2246:South African Party (Cape Colony)
336:Republic of the Orange Free State
2630:
2629:
499:. Greenwood Press. p. 118.
118:
2260:South African Party (1977–1980)
2253:South African Party (1911–1934)
2169:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
1966:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1578:2019 service delivery protests
1564:#FeesMustFall student protests
1309:1983 constitutional referendum
544:. South African History Online
258:In the late 1820s, a group of
1:
2036:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1265:Israel–South Africa Agreement
658:
643:
620:
613:
1691:Black Consciousness Movement
1445:Government of National Unity
1402:Saint James Church massacre
1288:Weapons of mass destruction
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1142:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1020:South West Africa campaign
919:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
884:French Huguenot settlement
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2604:African National Congress
2057:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
1395:1992 apartheid referendum
178:rivers; from present day
131:
108:
58:
47:
39:
2050:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2043:Labour Party (1910–1958)
1599:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
1557:#RhodesMustFall protests
1156:1960 republic referendum
542:"Basotho Wars (1858-68)"
474:"Basotho Wars (1858-68)"
349:Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff
274:in the area, due to the
2502:terrorist organisations
2302:National Party of Venda
1585:2019 Johannesburg riots
1198:Constructive engagement
1163:International isolation
981:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
153:Free State–Basotho Wars
35:Free State-Basotho Wars
2671:Wars involving Lesotho
2656:19th-century conflicts
1508:Attack on Kennedy Road
1119:Congress of the People
710:South African Republic
132:Commanders and leaders
2078:Natal Indian Congress
1798:Afrikaner Broederbond
1652:Afrikaner nationalism
1438:1994 general election
1409:Bophuthatswana crisis
1302:Church Street bombing
1082:Apartheid legislation
1075:1948 general election
995:South Africa Act 1909
790:Union of South Africa
610:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
590:Political history of
1712:Greater South Africa
1550:2014 platinum strike
1416:Shell House massacre
1344:Transkei coup d'état
1149:Sharpeville massacre
912:Battle of Blaauwberg
905:Battle of Muizenberg
857:Battle of Salt River
640:Mthethwa Paramountcy
427:British protectorate
381:Sir Philip Wodehouse
300:Henry Douglas Warden
234:tribes that escaped
2611:Democratic Alliance
1781:Civic and political
1645:Afrikaner Calvinism
1638:African nationalism
1487:African Renaissance
1177:UNSC Resolution 591
1098:Internal resistance
999:National Convention
967:Transvaal Civil War
891:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
774:Orange River Colony
397:Free State province
341:
323:Sir George Cathcart
317:To punish Basotho,
159:, the ruler of the
1351:Ciskei coup d'état
1170:UN Resolution 1761
1135:Women's March 1956
988:South African Wars
974:Mineral Revolution
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2596:political parties
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2566:Orde van die Dood
2176:Progressive Party
1882:Congress Alliance
1698:Cape Independence
1630:Political culture
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1624:
1592:COVID-19 pandemic
1522:Marikana massacre
1358:Venda coup d'état
1112:Defiance Campaign
702:Orange Free State
632:Dutch Cape Colony
476:. Global Security
416:Third Basotho War
312:Andries Pretorius
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126:Orange Free State
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1805:Afrikaner Party
1803:
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1281:Soweto Uprising
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1249:
1242:
1235:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1205:Tar Baby Option
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:Freedom Charter
1124:
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1110:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
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986:
979:
972:
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828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
748:
740:
732:
726:Griqualand West
724:
718:Griqualand East
716:
708:
700:
692:
684:
676:
668:
661:
653:
646:
638:
630:
623:
616:
608:
594:
588:
558:
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547:
545:
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539:
514:
507:
494:
493:
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479:
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472:
471:
448:
443:
418:
373:
344:
214:. Mfecane is a
200:
161:Basotho Kingdom
119:
117:
114:Basotho kingdom
96:
82:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:1858 in Africa
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
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2648:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2624:
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2607:
2599:
2597:
2591:
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2584:
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2576:
2569:
2562:
2559:Ossewabrandwag
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
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2497:
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2329:
2327:
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2305:
2298:
2295:Unionist Party
2291:
2284:
2277:
2274:Torch Commando
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
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2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
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2148:Orde Boerevolk
2144:
2137:
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2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1924:DP (1989–2000)
1920:
1917:DP (1973–1977)
1913:
1910:Dominion Party
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1791:Afrikaner Bond
1786:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1705:Day of the Vow
1701:
1694:
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1655:
1648:
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1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
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1473:Floor crossing
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1388:Bisho massacre
1384:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1330:Operation Vula
1326:
1323:Rubicon speech
1319:
1316:Langa massacre
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
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1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1034:Rand Rebellion
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
960:Boer Republics
956:
949:
942:
934:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
915:
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894:
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872:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
853:
845:
843:
834:
830:
829:
827:
826:
818:
810:
806:Bophuthatswana
802:
794:
786:
778:
770:
766:Klein Vrystaat
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
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690:
682:
674:
666:
651:
636:
628:
605:
603:
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586:
579:
572:
564:
556:
555:
512:
505:
487:
445:
444:
442:
439:
417:
414:
377:Johannes Brand
372:
369:
343:
340:
244:Phuthaditjhaba
199:
196:
192:British Empire
147:
146:
144:Johannes Brand
141:
134:
133:
129:
128:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
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56:
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37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2703:
2692:
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2476:Die Spoorbund
2473:
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2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:Workers Party
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
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2250:
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2222:
2219:
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2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:Radio Freedom
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
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2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:Oranjewerkers
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
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2068:
2065:
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2058:
2054:
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2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
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1918:
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1911:
1907:
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1900:
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1816:
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1809:
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1799:
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1792:
1788:
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1783:organisations
1779:
1776:
1774:organisations
1770:
1763:
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1757:
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1571:Tshwane riots
1568:
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1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:Project Coast
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:Mafeje affair
1271:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:Durban Moment
1241:
1238:
1237:Rivonia Trial
1234:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:Disinvestment
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
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1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
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1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
946:1820 Settlers
943:
940:
936:
935:
933:
931:
927:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
874:
873:
871:
869:
865:
858:
854:
851:
847:
846:
844:
842:
838:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
656:
652:
641:
637:
633:
629:
611:
607:
606:
604:
602:
597:
593:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:
562:
543:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:0-313-27917-9
502:
498:
491:
488:
475:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
447:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
413:
410:
405:
400:
398:
394:
388:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
364:
362:
356:
354:
350:
342:Senekal's War
339:
337:
331:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:Caledon River
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
261:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
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185:
181:
177:
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168:
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158:
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145:
142:
140:
136:
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130:
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116:
113:
112:
107:
99:
94:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2634:
2594:Histories of
2288:United Party
2197:Reform Party
2134:Orangia Unie
1759:
1750:
1743:Swart gevaar
1741:
1725:
1681:
1672:
1613:
1515:Blikkiesdorp
841:Pre-colonial
694:Natal Colony
678:Zulu Kingdom
592:South Africa
546:. Retrieved
496:
490:
478:. Retrieved
433:(previously
419:
401:
389:
374:
365:
357:
345:
332:
316:
304:
289:
280:Orange River
269:
262:(a group of
257:
229:
201:
169:
157:Moshoeshoe I
152:
150:
139:Moshoeshoe I
109:Belligerents
76:South Africa
40:Part of the
29:
1727:Rooi gevaar
1606:2021 unrest
1536:Nkandlagate
1365:Third Force
1226:Rugby union
824:(1981–1994)
816:(1979–1994)
808:(1977–1994)
800:(1976–1994)
792:(1910–1961)
784:(1902–1910)
776:(1902–1910)
768:(1886–1891)
760:(1885–1887)
752:(1884–1888)
744:(1882–1885)
736:(1882–1883)
728:(1870–1873)
720:(1861–1879)
712:(1856–1902)
704:(1854–1902)
696:(1843–1910)
688:(1839–1843)
680:(1816–1897)
672:(1795–1910)
670:Cape Colony
662: 1780
647: 1780
634:(1652–1806)
624: 1220
617: 1075
423:Cape Colony
296:Vaal Rivers
284:Cape Colony
253:Thaba Bosiu
95:Territorial
2650:Categories
2545:Greyshirts
2309:Volksparty
1840:Black Sash
1501:Xenophobia
1494:Travelgate
1251:Border War
1055:Bantustans
953:Great Trek
898:Xhosa Wars
758:Upingtonia
742:Stellaland
441:References
435:Basutoland
404:Johan Fick
371:Seqiti War
276:Great Trek
204:Mokhachane
198:Background
188:Harrismith
165:Free State
18:Seqiti War
1761:Volkstaat
1752:Uitlander
1683:Boerehaat
1659:Anarchism
1466:Arms Deal
1429:apartheid
1089:Pass laws
1066:Apartheid
1011:1910–1948
930:1815–1910
868:1652–1815
409:Ladybrand
387:in 1861.
282:from the
66:1858-1868
42:Boer Wars
2636:Category
2538:Boeremag
2029:Jeugkrag
1980:Het Volk
1674:Baasskap
1616:incident
1219:Olympics
798:Transkei
601:polities
599:Defunct
321:General
264:Khoikhoi
71:Location
2441:SAAPAWU
1772:Defunct
1735:Slavery
939:Mfecane
548:27 July
431:Lesotho
393:Sesotho
361:Sesotho
353:Senekal
319:British
292:British
248:Qwa-Qwa
236:Shaka's
220:Sesotho
212:Mfecane
184:Zastron
180:Wepener
172:Caledon
97:changes
80:Lesotho
2392:FOSATU
2239:SAYRCO
2211:SADECO
2127:Occupy
1666:Azania
1614:Lady R
1543:Racism
1372:CODESA
833:Events
822:Ciskei
734:Goshen
664:–1819)
649:–1817)
503:
480:9 June
327:battle
260:Korana
224:Africa
176:Orange
123:
87:Result
2666:Sotho
2573:PAGAD
2469:SATUC
2462:SARHU
2448:SACTU
2427:NURHS
2385:FNETU
2371:CTSWU
2364:CNETU
2357:BLATU
2232:SAYCO
2120:NUSAS
2001:IDASA
1812:AITUP
1427:Post-
814:Venda
272:Boers
240:Boers
232:Nguni
208:Koena
137:King
2580:SANF
2510:APLA
2455:SAIF
2434:PAWE
2420:NEUM
2413:MUSA
2378:FCWU
2323:WOSA
2267:TNIP
2225:SASO
2218:SAIC
2204:SABP
2155:PAVN
1889:COSG
1868:CTEG
1861:CNIP
550:2020
501:ISBN
482:2017
385:Cape
290:The
216:Zulu
174:and
151:The
63:Date
2531:BBB
2524:AWB
2517:ARM
2483:UDF
2406:IWW
2399:ICU
2350:BCM
2343:APF
2281:UFP
2183:PRP
2162:PFP
2113:NRP
2106:NPP
2092:NNP
2085:NLP
2071:NCP
2022:ISL
1973:GNP
1945:ECC
1938:DSM
1931:DPP
1903:DLF
1875:COD
1854:CDA
1833:BPC
1826:AVF
1819:APO
399:.
182:to
2652::
2552:MK
2099:NP
2064:NA
2015:IP
2008:ID
1959:FD
1952:FA
1896:CP
659:c.
644:c.
621:c.
614:c.
515:^
449:^
355:.
194:.
78:,
1001:)
997:(
657:(
642:(
626:)
619:–
612:(
583:e
576:t
569:v
552:.
509:.
484:.
20:)
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