Shaka - Knowledge (XXG)

1410:, the development of the view that Shaka was the monster responsible for the devastation is based on the need of apartheid era historians to justify the apartheid regime's racist policies. Other scholars acknowledge distortion of the historical record by apartheid supporters and shady European traders seeking to cover their tracks, but dispute the revisionist approach, noting that stories of cannibalism, raiding, burning of villages, or mass slaughter were not developed out of thin air but based on the clearly documented accounts of hundreds of black victims and refugees. Confirmation of such accounts can also be seen in modern archaeology of the village of Lepalong, an entire settlement built underground to shelter remnants of the Kwena people from 1827 to 1836 against the tide of disruption that engulfed the region during Shakan times. 1113:, instead of the throwing assegai which they had been accustomed to use, and kept them subject to an iron discipline. If a man was observed to show the slightest hesitation about coming to close quarters with the enemy, he was executed as soon as the fight was over. If a regiment had the misfortune to be defeated, whether by its own fault or not, it would on its return to headquarters find that a goodly proportion of the wives and children belonging to it had been beaten to death on Shaka's orders, and that he was waiting their arrival to complete his vengeance by dashing out their brains. The result was, that though Shaka's armies were occasionally defeated, they were rarely annihilated, and they never ran away. 1217:

dignity and distinction to established chiefdoms in their region, for example, the Hlubi, Ndwandwe, and Dlamini lines. Using different informants and genealogical charts, A.T. Bryant arrived at similar conclusions. The Zulu line – "a royal house of doubtful pedigree" – was very short in comparison to the Langene, Ndwandwe, Swazi, and Hlubi lines. Using his standard formula of eighteen years per reign, Bryant calculated that the Swazi, Ndwandwe, and Hlubi lines could be traced back to the beginning of the fifteenth century, while the eponymous chief Zulu had died at the beginning of the eighteenth century.

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opponents – especially the coalition grouped around his deadly enemy Zwide (d. 1822). The founders of the states which Omer-Cooper called "Zulu-type states," including the Ndebele, the Gasa, the Ngoni, and the Swazi had all been closely associated with Zwide. Instead of hypothesizing that they all chose to imitate Shaka, it is easier to imagine that he modeled his state on theirs. And as they stemmed from ancient families it is entirely possible that states of that type existed in a more remote past. Soga and Bryant related each of them to a larger grouping they called Mho.

900:, in October 1827 and the devastation caused by Shaka's subsequent erratic behavior. According to Donald Morris, Shaka ordered that no crops should be planted during the following year of mourning, no milk (the basis of the Zulu diet at the time) was to be used, and any woman who became pregnant was to be killed along with her husband. At least 7,000 people who were deemed to be insufficiently grief-stricken were executed, although the killing was not restricted to humans; cows were slaughtered so that their calves would know what losing a mother felt like. 769: 1030:, supplies such as cooking pots and sleeping mats, and extra weapons until they joined the main ranks. It is sometimes held that such support was used more for very light forces designed to extract tribute in cattle and slaves from neighbouring groups. Nevertheless, the concept of "light" forces is questionable. The fast-moving Zulu raiding party, or "ibutho lempi," on a mission invariably travelled light, driving cattle as provisions on the hoof, and were not weighed down with heavy weapons and supply packs. 845:, on the Mfolozi River. Shaka's troops maintained a strong position on the crest of the hill. A frontal assault by their opponents failed to dislodge them, and Shaka sealed the victory by sending his reserve forces in a sweep around the hill to attack the enemy's rear. Losses were high overall but the efficiency of the new Shakan innovations was proven. It is probable that, over time, the Zulus were able to hone and improve their encirclement tactics. 1686: 639: 1672: 1525:

of all pregnant women and their husbands. Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a single Zulu, a man named "Gala", eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in Zululand. Taken aback by such candid talk, the Zulu king is supposed to have called off the destructive edicts, rewarding the blunt teller-of-truths with a gift of cattle.

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best. Morris references a large number of sources, including Stuart, and A. T. Bryant's "Olden Times in Zululand and Natal", which is based on four decades of interviews of tribal sources. After sifting through these sources and noting their strengths and weaknesses, Morris generally credits Shaka with a large number of military and social innovations. This is the general consensus in the field.

971:, Shaka insisted that his warriors train with the weapon, which gave them a "terrifying advantage over opponents who clung to the traditional practice of throwing their spears and avoiding hand-to-hand conflict." The throwing spear was not discarded, but used as an initial missile weapon before close contact with the enemy, when the shorter stabbing spear was used in hand-to-hand combat. 32: 1010:

about 14 kilometres ." Furthermore, Zulus under Shaka sometimes advanced more slowly. They spent two whole days recuperating in one instance, and on another they rested for a day and two nights before pursuing their enemy. Several other historians of the Zulu and the Zulu military system, however, affirm the mobility rate of up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) per day.

1474: 131: 1700: 73: 209: 793: 978:. Furthermore, it is believed that he taught his warriors how to use the shield's left side to hook the enemy's shield to the right, exposing the enemy's ribs for a fatal spear stab. In Shaka's time, these cowhide shields were supplied by the king, and they remained the king's property. Different coloured shields distinguished different 590:, was killed by Shaka. Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her by locking her in a house with jackals or hyenas inside. They devoured her, and in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground. Shaka continued his pursuit of Zwide. It was not until around 1825 that the two military leaders met in the vicinity of 1002:. Implementation was typically blunt. Those who objected to going without sandals were simply killed. Shaka drilled his troops frequently, in forced marches that sometimes covered more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) a day in a fast trot over hot, rocky terrain. He also drilled the troops to carry out encirclement tactics. 896:, Shaka's half-brothers, appeared to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with support from the Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people. Shaka had made enough enemies among his own people to hasten his demise. It came relatively quickly after the death of his mother, 1714: 1378:, after clashing with European groups like the Boers. The settling of Mzilikazi's people, the AmaNdebele or Matabele, in the south of Zimbabwe with the concomitant driving of the Mashona into the north caused a tribal conflict that still resonates today. Other notable figures to arise from the Mfecane/Difaqane include 1137:

held, since his messengers stood under penalty of death should they bear inaccurate tidings. As for firearms, Shaka acknowledged their utility as missile weapons after seeing muzzle-loaders demonstrated, but he argued that in the time a gunman took to reload, he would be swamped by charging spear-wielding warriors.

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holds that the aggressive expansion of Shaka's armies caused a brutal chain reaction across the southern areas of the continent, as dispossessed tribe after tribe turned on their neighbours in a deadly cycle of fight and conquest. Some scholars contend that this theory must be treated with caution as

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At the time of his death, Shaka ruled over 250,000 people and could muster more than 50,000 warriors. His 10-year-long kingship resulted in a massive number of deaths, mostly due to the disruptions the Zulu caused in neighbouring tribes, although the exact death toll is a matter of scholarly dispute.

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stated that Shaka had killed 'a million people.' You will still find this figure, and higher, repeated in today's literature. However, Fynn had no way of knowing any such thing: it was a thumb-suck based in a particular view of Shaka—Shaka as a kind of genocidal maniac, an unresting killing-machine.

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Some scholars hold that popular depictions of Shaka as a suddenly appearing genius creating innovation are overstated, and that to the contrary, Shaka was a borrower and imitator of indigenous methods, customs and even ruler-lineages already in place. They also argue that Shaka's line was relatively

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The expanding Zulu power inevitably clashed with European hegemony in the decades after Shaka's death. In fact, European travellers to Shaka's kingdom demonstrated advanced technology such as firearms and writing, but the Zulu monarch was less than convinced. There was no need to record messages, he

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Some older histories have doubted the military and social innovations customarily attributed to Shaka, denying them outright, or attributing them variously to European influences. More modern researchers argue that such explanations fall short, and that the general Zulu culture, which included other

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Dingane assumed power and embarked on an extensive purge of pro-Shaka elements and chieftains, over the course of several years, in order to secure his position. The initial problem Dingane faced was maintaining the loyalty of the Zulu fighting regiments. He set up his main residence at Mgungundlovu

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Other Zulu sources are sometimes critical of Shaka, and numerous negative images abound in Zulu oral history. When Shaka's mother Nandi died for example, the monarch ordered a massive outpouring of grief including mass executions, forbidding the planting of crops or the use of milk, and the killing

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One element in Shaka's destruction was to create a vast artificial desert around his domain... 'to make the destruction complete, organized bands of Zulu murderers regularly patrolled the waste, hunting for any stray men and running them down like wild pig'... An area 200 miles to the north of the

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wrote that "Western guilt over colonialism, have also accounted for much of this distortion of what pre-literate societies actually were like, as does the wish to avoid anything which smacks of racism, even when this means distorting the actual and often appalling facts of life in many pre-literate

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It seems much more likely that Shaka, seeking to build the power of a previously insignificant chiefdom, drew on an existing heritage of statecraft known to his immediate neighbors. J.H. Soga implied as much when he used genealogical evidence to argue that the Zulu were an upstart group inferior in

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provided medical treatment to the king after an assassination attempt by a rival tribe member hidden in a crowd. To show his gratitude, Shaka permitted European settlers to enter and operate in the Zulu kingdom. Shaka observed several demonstrations of European technology and knowledge, but he held

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Shaka was able to form an alliance with the leaders of the Mthethwa clan and was able to establish himself amongst the Qwabe, after Phakathwayo was overthrown with relative ease. With Qwabe, Hlubi and Mkhize support, Shaka was finally able to summon a force capable of resisting the Ndwandwe (of the

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Shaka's hegemony was primarily based on military might, smashing rivals and incorporating scattered remnants into his own army. He supplemented this with a mixture of diplomacy and patronage, incorporating friendly chieftains, including Zihlandlo of the Mkhize, Jobe of the Sithole, and Mathubane of

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The figure of Shaka still sparks interest among not only the contemporary Zulu but many worldwide who have encountered the tribe and its history. The current tendency appears to be to lionise him; popular film and other media have certainly contributed to his appeal. Certain aspects of traditional

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Combined with Shaka's "buffalo horns" attack formation for surrounding and annihilating enemy forces, the Zulu combination of iklwa and shield—similar to the Roman legionaries' use of gladius and scutum—was devastating. By the time of Shaka's assassination in 1828, it had made the Zulu kingdom the

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As Shaka became more respected by his people, he was able to spread his ideas along with greater ease. Using his background as a soldier, Shaka taught the Zulus that the most effective way of gaining power quickly was by conquering and controlling other tribes. His teachings greatly influenced the

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Shaka's enemies described him as ugly in some respects. He had a big nose, according to Baleka of the Qwabe, as told by her father. He also had two prominent front teeth. Her father also told Baleka that Shaka spoke as though "his tongue were too big for his mouth." Many said that he spoke with a

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A number of historians argue that Shaka "changed the nature of warfare in Southern Africa" from "a ritualised exchange of taunts with minimal loss of life into a true method of subjugation by wholesale slaughter." Others dispute this characterization. A number of writers focus on Shaka's military

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Various modern historians writing on Shaka and the Zulu point to the uncertain nature of Fynn and Isaac's accounts of Shaka's reign. A general reference work in the field is Donald Morris's "The Washing of The Spears", which notes that the sources, as a whole, for this historical era are not the

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Laband also dismissed the idea of an 80-kilometre (50 mi) march in a single day as ridiculous. He further claims that even though these stories have been repeated by "astonished and admiring white commentators," the Zulu army covered "no more than 19 kilometres a day, and usually went only

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It argues that in many ways, the image of Shaka has been "invented" in the modern era according to whatever agenda persons hold. This "imagining of Shaka" it is held, should be balanced by a sober view of the historical record, and allow greater scope for the contributions of indigenous African

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South African historian Dan Wylie has expressed skepticism of the portrayal of Shaka as a pathological monster destroying everything within reach. He argues that attempts to distort his life and image have been systematic— beginning with the first European visitors to his kingdom. One visitor,

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Shaka's triumphs did not succeed in obliterating or diminishing the memories of his better-born rivals. The hypothesis that several states of a new kind arose about the same time does not take account of the contrast between the short line of Shaka and the long pedigrees of his most important

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raids from the north. The initial Zulu maneuvers were primarily defensive, as King Shaka preferred to apply pressure diplomatically, with an occasional strategic assassination. His reforms of local society built on existing structures. Although he preferred social and propagandistic political

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There is an anecdote that Shaka joked with one of his friends, Magaye, that he could not kill Magaye because he would be laughed at. Supposedly if he killed Magaye, it would appear to be out of jealousy because Magaye was so handsome and "Shaka himself was ugly, with a protruding forehead".

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Shaka was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available Zulu manpower had been sent on yet another mass sweep to the north. This left the royal kraal critically lacking in protection. It was all the conspirators needed. An

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land but, some years later, Dingiswayo was ambushed by Zwide's Ndwandwe and killed. There is no evidence to suggest that Shaka betrayed Dingiswayo. The core Zulus had to retreat before several Ndwandwe incursions; the Ndwandwe was clearly the most aggressive grouping in the sub-region.

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it generally neglects several other factors such as the impact of European encroachment, slave trading and expansion in that area of Southern Africa around the same time. Normal estimates for the death toll range from 1 million to 2 million. These numbers are, however, controversial.

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Shaka created ruthless determination in his army by instilling in his warriors the knowledge of what would happen if their courage failed them in battle or their regiments were defeated. A brutal fate awaited them and their families if they did not perform well in combat.

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Already at this time, Shaka had grown famous for his use of the short stabbing spear. It was deadly and easy to thrust, whereas before, tribesmen barely tried to customize or improve their weapons. Shaka's innovative tactics, among them the bull horn tactic, devastated

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But why the inventive lie? ... Fynn was bidding for a stretch of land, which allegedly had been depopulated by Shaka.. , Shaka didn't deserve that land anyway because he was such a brute, while he—Fynn— was a lonely, morally upright pioneer of civilisation.

873:), moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to pay tribute. Shaka later had to contend again with Zwide's son, Sikhunyane, in 1826. 1322:

and Robert Edgerton. General histories of Southern Africa include Noel Mostert's "Frontiers" and a detailed account of the results from the Zulu expansion, J.D. Omer-Cooper's "The Zulu Aftermath", which advances the traditional Mfecane/Difaqane theory.

1050:, and quartered them in special military kraals, with regiments having their own distinctive names and insignia. The regimental system clearly built on existing tribal cultural elements that could be adapted and shaped to fit an expansionist agenda. 864:

of Zwide, ruler of the Ndwandwe, and destroyed it. Zwide himself escaped with a handful of followers before falling afoul of a chieftain named Mjanji, ruler of a Babelu clan. (He died in mysterious circumstances soon afterwards.) Zwide's general,

1148:. The second major clash was against the British during 1879. Once again, most Zulu successes rested on their mobility, ability to screen their forces and to close when their opponents were unfavourably deployed. Their major victory at the 1305:

A 1998 study by historian Carolyn Hamilton summarizes much of the scholarship on Shaka towards the dawn of the 21st century in areas ranging from ideology, politics and culture, to the use of his name and image in a popular South African

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The "loins," a large reserve, was hidden, seated, behind the "chest" with their backs to the battle, for the sake of them not losing any confidence. The "loins" would be committed wherever the enemy impi threatened to break out of the

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Historian John Laband dismisses these stories as myth, writing: "What are we to make, then, of Fynn's statement that once the Zulu army reached hard and stony ground in 1826, Shaka ordered sandals of ox-hide to be made for himself?"

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king. He was the eldest of many sons, but was considered to be a bastard child and was sent away to live in another neighboring tribe known as the Elangeni, where his mother was originally from, leaving his half-brother to rule the

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named Mbopa created a diversion, and Dingane and Mhlangana struck the fatal blows. Shaka's corpse was dumped by his assassins in an empty grain pit, which was then filled with stones and mud. The exact location is unknown. A

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Much controversy still surrounds the character, methods and activities of the Zulu king. From a military standpoint, historian John Keegan notes exaggerations and myths that surround Shaka, but nevertheless maintains:

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Fynn, according to Wylie, complied with the request, and Wylie notes that he had an additional motive to distort Shaka's image— he applied for a huge grant of land— an area allegedly depopulated by Shaka's savagery.

1274:. Stuart's early 20th century work was continued by D. McK. Malcolm in 1950. These and other sources such as A.T. Bryant gives us a more Zulu-centred picture. Most popular accounts are based on E.A. Ritter's novel 1253:

Scholarship in recent years has revised views of the sources on Shaka's reign. The earliest are two eyewitness accounts written by European adventurer-traders who met Shaka during the last four years of his reign.

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Fanciful commentators called him Shaka, the Black Napoleon, and allowing for different societies and customs, the comparison is apt. Shaka is without doubt the greatest commander to have come out of Africa.

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to his people, Shaka likely did not invent it himself. He most likely outsourced it from Nzama, who later had a feud with him because he did not want to pay for the spears. According to Zulu scholar

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from the Cape. Initial Zulu success rested on fast-moving surprise attacks and ambushes, but the Voortrekkers recovered and dealt the Zulu a severe defeat from their fortified wagon laager at the

2514: 583:, a respected warrior and chief of the clan. When Inkosi Dingiswayo discovered Shaka was royalty, he put him in charge of a regiment, helping to develop Shaka's military tactics and strategy. 942:

tribes and clans, contained a number of practices that Shaka could have drawn on to fulfill his objectives, whether in raiding, conquest or hegemony. Some of these practices are shown below.

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nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other. This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death.

1156:, by deploying fast-moving regiments over a wide area of rugged ravines and gullies, and attacking the British who were forced into a rapid disorderly fighting retreat, back to the town of 1488:

Zulu culture still revere the dead monarch. The praise song is one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa, applying not only to spirits but to men, animals, plants and even towns.

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In his initial years, Shaka had neither the influence nor reputation to compel any but the smallest of groups to join him, and upon Dingiswayo's death, he moved southwards across the

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the Impi from both sides and encircle it; in conjunction with the "chest" they would then destroy the trapped force. The warriors who formed the "horns" were young and fast juniors.

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within Shaka's army. Some had black shields, others used white shields with black spots, and some had white shields with brown spots, while others used pure brown or white shields.

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territory. He never returned to the traditional Zulu heartland. In Qwabe, Shaka may have intervened in an existing succession dispute to help his own choice, Nqetho, into power.

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stream. In the two-day running battle, the Zulus inflicted a resounding defeat on their opponents. Shaka then led a fresh reserve some 110 kilometres (70 mi) to the royal

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As Shaka conquered a tribe, he enrolled its remnants in his army, so that they might in their turn help to conquer others. He armed his regiments with the short stabbing

598:, a province in South Africa. Shaka was victorious in battle, although his forces sustained heavy casualties, including his military commander, Mgobhozi Ovela Entabeni. 1342:

The increased military efficiency led to more and more clans being incorporated into Shaka's Zulu empire, while other tribes moved away to be out of range of Shaka's

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only in 1950. Their accounts may be balanced by the rich resource of oral histories collected around 1900 by the same James Stuart, now published in six volumes as

575:. At the time, the Zulu were a regional tribe relying on pastoral livestock, maize, and milk. When Shaka reached a suitable age, he and his mother were sent to the 1453:

Though much remains unknown about Shaka's personal appearance, sources tend to agree he had a strong, muscular body. He was tall and his skin tone was dark brown.

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were responsible for a variety of activities, from guarding the camp, to cattle herding, to certain rituals and ceremonies. Shaka organised various grades into

546:("upheaval" or "crushing"), a period of devastating warfare and chaos in southern Africa between 1815 and 1840 that depopulated the region. His role in the 809:

and reward. As for the ruling of Qwabe, they began re-inventing their genealogies to give the impression that Qwabe and Zulu were closely related (i.e. as

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in 1836, creating a picture of Shaka as a degenerate and pathological monster, which survives in modified forms to this day. Isaacs was aided in this by

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of the amaXhosa kingdom. They were assimilated into the amaMpondo, abaThembu and amaXhosa cultural ways of life and lived under the protection of the

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and established his authority over the Zulu kingdom. Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the

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the Thuli. These people were never defeated in battle by the Zulus; they did not have to be. Shaka won them over with subtler tactics, such as

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The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic,

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Etherington, Norman (2014). "Were There Large States in the Coastal Regions of Southeast Africa Before the Rise of the Zulu Kingdom?".

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Here you are about to publish. Do make Shaka out to be as bloodthirsty as you can; it helps swell out the work and make it interesting.

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Shaka's army set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. His

813:) in the past. In this way, a greater sense of cohesion was created, though it never became complete, as subsequent civil wars attest. 509:, he was spurned as an illegitimate son. Shaka spent part of his childhood in his mother's settlements, where he was initiated into an 3964: 2969: 1242: 3954: 3949: 3934: 3622: 3590: 3567: 3388: 3132: 2903:

Travels and adventures in eastern Africa, descriptive of the Zoolus, their manners, customs, etc. etc. : with a sketch of Natal

2658: 2571: 1278:(1955), a potboiling romance that was re-edited into something more closely resembling a history. John Wright (history professor at 177: 112: 59: 2979:

Leśniewski, Michał (2011). "Myth (De)Constructed: Some Reflections Provoked by Dan Wylie's Book Myth of Iron: Shaka in History".

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was built at one alleged site. Historian Donald Morris holds that the true site is somewhere on Couper Street in the village of

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The story that sandals were discarded to toughen the feet of Zulu warriors has been noted in various military accounts such as

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Most historians credit Shaka with initial development of the famous "bull horn" formation. It was composed of three elements:

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under Shaka forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa. Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone

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After Inkosi Zwide murdered Dingiswayo, Shaka sought to avenge his death. During that encounter, Zwide's mother, Ntombazi, a

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1824 European artist's impression of Shaka with a long throwing assegai and heavy shield. No drawings from life are known.

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The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879

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social outlook of the Zulus. The Zulu tribe soon developed a warrior outlook, which Shaka used to his advantage.

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short-lived and receives undue attention, compared to other, longer established lines and rulers in the region.

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greatest power in southern Africa and a force to be reckoned with, even against Britain's modern army in 1879.

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Terror and resistance: a study of political violence, with case studies of some primitive African communities

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The first major clash after Shaka's death took place under his successor Dingane, against expanding European

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A muster and dance of Zulu regiments at Shaka's Isibaya, as recorded by European abavakashi to his kingdom,

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clan, the most powerful regional tribe. There, he matured, and served as a warrior under Jobe, and then for

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Michal Lesniewski has criticised Wylie for some of his attempts to revise Western thinking about Shaka.

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center of the state, 300 miles to the west, and 500 miles to the south was ravaged and depopulated...

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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Mahoney, Michael R. (2003). "Racial formation and ethnogenesis from below: The Zulu Case, 1879-1906".

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Cetywayo and His White Neighbours: Or, Remarks on Recent Events in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal

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Chanaiwa, David Shingirai (1980). "The Zulu Revolution: State Formation in a Pastoralist Society".

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Olden Times in Zululand and Natal: Containing Earlier Political History of the Eastern-Ngu̇ni Clans

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it in position, engaging in melee combat. The warriors who formed the "chest" were senior veterans.

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Shaka granted permission to Europeans to enter Zulu territory on rare occasions. In the mid-1820s,

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Military historians of the Zulu War describe Zulu fighting methods and tactics, including authors

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of the Khumalo, a general of Shaka's. He fled Shaka's employ, and in turn conquered an empire in

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Wylie, Dan (1995). "'Proprietor of Natal:' Henry Francis Fynn and the Mythography of Shaka".

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Nathaniel Isaacs, wrote to Henry Fynn, a white adventurer, trader and quasi-local chieftain:

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Further unquantifiable deaths occurred during mass tribal migrations to escape his armies.

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A military history of South Africa : from the Dutch-Khoi wars to the end of apartheid

3192: 3113: 3075: 1691: 1621: 1458: 853: 486:, he ordered wide-reaching reforms that reorganized the military into a formidable force. 1797: 2846: 2598:"'King Shaka': Charmaine Bingwa & Nkeki Obi-Melekwe Among 5 Cast In Showtime Series" 1685: 690:

This map illustrates the rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka (1816–1828) in present-day

638: 3801: 3791: 3321: 2681: 1705: 1407: 1307: 1287: 1174: 1131: 910: 470: 3913: 3891: 3857: 3807: 3776: 3579: 3556: 3505: 3369: 2797: 1783: 1645: 1596: 1588: 1249:. Regimental deployments and lines of the attack showed his classic template at work. 1039: 918: 834: 777: 614: 603: 576: 381: 276: 686: 3823: 3796: 3722: 1767: 1657: 1652: 1581: 1082: 975: 926: 810: 758: 718: 691: 572: 550:

is highly controversial. He was ultimately assassinated by his half-brothers, King

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Newitt, Malyn D.D. The Gaza Empire. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library, 2005. DVD

1627:

Shaka has been featured as a playable leader for the Zulu civilization in all six

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Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention

2857: 2809: 2748: 2737: 2716: 2648: 1940:"Shaka Zulu's Linkage of Strategy and Tactics: An Early Form of Operational Art?" 1863: 3713: 1387: 1363:(warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death. 1295: 1141: 1067: 968: 893: 825: 742: 710: 567: 330: 1939: 1099:

learned about Shaka's methods from his nephew and late 19th-century Zulu king,

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Like Lions They Fought: The Zulu War and the Last Black Empire in South Africa

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was the most prominent one, but they also forced back a British column at the

1019: 866: 817: 773: 706: 660: 595: 580: 516: 396: 51: 3489: 3353: 3286: 3092: 2910: 2789: 1266:, whose diary (actually a rewritten collage of various papers) was edited by 429: 416: 3846: 3398: 3301: 3071: 1584:

and dub record producer and sound engineer was named in honour of Shaka Zulu

1573: 1371: 1043: 806: 722: 555: 407: 308: 293: 3546: 3406: 3196: 3142: 3079: 2918:

Johanneson, B.; Fernandez, M.; Roberts, B.; Jacobs, M.; Seleti, Y. (2011).

1241: 974:

It is also supposed that Shaka introduced a larger, heavier version of the

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Ngubane, Jordan K (1976). "Shaka's social, political and military ideas".

1473: 954:, and is credited with having introduced a new variant of the weapon: the 3865: 3812: 1742: 1375: 870: 838: 531: 3836: 3538: 3361: 3021: 2992: 1529: 1399: 1350: 1332: 1157: 1109: 951: 914: 785: 587: 551: 541: 346: 3497: 2546:"The Zulu are coming to Civilization 6 in the Rise and Fall expansion" 1042:

culture of the day, and indeed are still important in much of Africa.

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Shaka is often said to have been dissatisfied with the long throwing

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Shaka's methods reached their high point during the Zulu victory at

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The Zulu aftermath: a nineteenth-century revolution in Bantu Africa

960:, a short stabbing spear with a long, broad, sword-like spearhead. 2880:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

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While the enemy impi was pinned by the "chest," the "horns" would

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Shaka (roughly translated as "intestinal beetle") was born to the

1298:) are among a number of writers who have modified these stories. 772:

Large statue representing Shaka (rather obviously based on actor

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Colenso, Frances; Durnford, Edward (2011), "The Putini Tribe",

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The battle-axe that excels over other battle-axes in sharpness,

2449: 2447: 1604:. Haggard refers to him using the alternate spelling of Chaka. 632: 124: 66: 25: 2365: 2363: 1559:

city centre was opened on 1 May 2010 in preparation for the

515:(fighting unit/regiment), serving as a warrior under Inkosi 3383:(Illustrated ed.). University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. 2314: 2312: 2010:

Indilinga – African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems

84:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3425:"The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879" 2251: 2249: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 881:

that the Zulu way was superior to that of the foreigners.

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after a protracted debate over the naming of the airport.

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Jeqe, the Bodyservant of King Tshaka: (Insila Ka Tshaka)

1038:

Age-grade groupings of various sorts were common in the

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A large wooden statue representing Shaka is located at

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The United Service Journal and Naval Military Magazine

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Traditional Zulu praise song, English translation by

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Anglo-Zulu War, 1879 : a selected bibliography

3002:

International Journal of African Historical Studies

2029:"Zulu Tribe or Zulu Nation? An Historical Analysis" 2006:"ZULU TRIBE OR ZULU NATION? AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS" 1382:, who expanded from the Zulu area into what is now 1062:The main force, the "chest," closed with the enemy 538:King Shaka's reign coincided with the start of the 403: 391: 377: 367: 357: 345: 329: 319: 303: 287: 257: 253: 243: 233: 225: 218: 194: 3578: 3555: 3320: 1555:at La Mercy, 35 km (22 mi) north of the 1125: 833:Nxumalo clan). Shaka's first major battle against 535:methods, he also engaged in a number of battles. 1506:He is the great hubbub like the rocks of Nkandla 1967: 1491: 1419: 1214: 1194: 1179: 1105: 1018:Boys aged six and over joined Shaka's force as 737:. A number of tribes fled to the lands of King 482:from 1816 to 1828. One of the most influential 3024:– via Humanities International Complete. 2711:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–77, 2004:Mbatha, Mthandeni; Cebekhulu, Mxolisi (2022). 3694: 2267: 2183: 1864:"History of Shaka (Tshaka), King of the Zulu" 1620:in the title role. The series was written by 1502:He is the long-strided pursuer, son of Ndaba, 963:Although he is credited with introducing the 8: 3435:(4). South African Military History Society 2354: 2255: 824:clan, as overlord after he returned to the 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3701: 3687: 3679: 3642: 2653:. Cape Town: Longmans, Green and Company. 2489: 2453: 2342: 2240: 1580:sound system operator, prolific conscious 1126:Shaka's methods versus European technology 796:A sketch of a Zulu warrior, drawn in 1913. 629:Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide 539: 489:King Shaka was born in the lunar month of 207: 191: 1955: 1616:TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred 1600:(1892), an historical adventure novel by 1548:on the Durban beach front opened in 2004. 1498:He is the bird that preys on other birds, 178:Learn how and when to remove this message 113:Learn how and when to remove this message 2438: 2402: 2318: 2291: 2159: 1260:Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa 1164:Creator of a revolutionary warfare style 155:of all important aspects of the article. 3180:Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire 2921:Focus History: Learner's book. Grade 10 2426: 2369: 2228: 1991: 1979: 1827: 1118: 3109: 3098: 2709:History of the Zulu War and Its Origin 2414: 2390: 2303: 2279: 2216: 2204: 2171: 2147: 2132: 2091: 2079: 2064: 2052: 1900: 1846: 1656:, 13-episode South African TV show on 1175:reorganised Roman legions under Marius 316: 151:Please consider expanding the lead to 2504:, 1974 ed. "African Peoples, arts of" 2477: 2465: 2330: 2027:Mbatha, Mthandeni (1 December 2022). 1496:Thunderer-while-sitting, son of Menzi 469: 7: 2962:The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation 2939:Knight, Ian; McBride, Angus (1989). 2924:. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. 2883:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2596:Petski, Denise (29 September 2022). 1753:African military systems (1800–1900) 929:, and against another half-brother, 16:King of the Zulu Kingdom (1787–1828) 2877:Hanson, Victor (18 December 2007). 1758:African military systems after 1900 1417:societies". Rubinstein also notes: 1394:Disruptions of the Mfecane/Difaqane 461:–24 September 1828), also known as 3267:Stapleton, Timothy Joseph (2010). 2676:. Part III. London: Henry Colburn. 1648:directing and executive producing. 14: 3614: (archived 30 September 2007) 3127:. Northwestern University Press. 3056:(New ed.). London: Pimlico. 1914:"The Colenso family and Elangeni" 1504:Who pursued the sun and the moon. 650:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s 594:, near the present-day border of 41:This article has multiple issues. 3639: (archived 14 December 2007) 2829:Guttman, Jon (June 2008). "??". 1748:African military systems to 1800 1712: 1698: 1684: 1670: 1553:King Shaka International Airport 637: 129: 71: 30: 3940:19th-century monarchs in Africa 3892:Misuzulu Sinqobile kaZwelithini 3881:Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu 3225:Rubinstein, William D. (2014). 2811:The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn 2570:Otterson, Joe (16 March 2021). 2544:Chalk, Andy (6 February 2018). 1207:As a borrower, not an innovator 741:of the amaMpondo kingdom, King 522:King Shaka further refined the 143:may be too short to adequately 49:or discuss these issues on the 3945:19th-century murdered monarchs 3629: (archived 10 August 2007) 3380:Myth of Iron: Shaka in History 3319:Walter, Eugene Victor (1969). 937:Social and military revolution 745:of abaThembu kingdom and King 694:. The rise of the Zulu Empire 153:provide an accessible overview 1: 3448:Carroll, Rory (22 May 2006). 3423:Bourquin, S. (January 1979). 3121:Omer-Cooper, John D. (1966). 2016:(2): 145 – via Sabinet. 1636:A television series entitled 1478: 856:, at the confluence with the 852:eventually took place on the 455: 261: 2747:Edgerton, Robert B. (1988). 2717:10.1017/cbo9781139058001.006 2629:"The Rise and Fall of Shaka" 1508:Where elephants take shelter 1494:He is Shaka the unshakeable, 1026:) and served as carriers of 617:, establishing his capital, 493:(July) in the year 1787, in 325:Shaka Sigidi kaSenzangakhona 3876:Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon 3246:Samkange, Stanlake (1973). 3050:Morris, Donald R. (1994) . 1968:Colenso & Durnford 2011 1280:University of KwaZulu-Natal 1034:Age-grade regimental system 505:. The son of the Zulu King 3996: 3960:Monarchies of South Africa 3633:"Shaka Zulu", Carpe Noctem 3327:. Oxford University Press. 3294:Vandervort, Bruce (2015). 3204:Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). 3183:. London: Longmans Green. 2856:Hamilton, Carolyn (1998). 2687:Journal of African History 2647:Bryant, Alfred T. (1929). 1510:When the heavens frown... 1330: 1129: 1014:Logistic support by youths 679: 291:24 September 1828 (age 41) 18: 3965:People from KwaZulu-Natal 3900: 3667: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3297:Wars of Imperial Conquest 3150:Raugh, Harold E. (2011). 2782:10.1017/S0361541300003442 2700:10.1017/S0021853700030590 2268:Knight & McBride 1989 2184:Knight & McBride 1989 992:The Washing of the Spears 526:military system with the 445: 387: 336: 324: 315: 206: 199: 3955:History of KwaZulu-Natal 3950:19th-century Zulu people 3935:18th-century Zulu people 3813:Sigujana kaSenzangakhona 3654:Sigujana kaSenzangakhona 3558:Anatomy of the Zulu Army 3513:Deflem, Mathieu (1999). 3429:Military History Journal 3231:. Taylor & Francis. 2734:Dube, John Langalibalele 1272:The James Stuart Archive 1169:innovations such as the 1000:Anatomy of the Zulu Army 663:may contain suggestions. 648:may need to be rewritten 606:forces at the battle of 3837:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 3765:Chieftains of the Zulus 3671:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 3661:King of the Zulu Nation 3029:Mofolo, Thomas (1981). 2627:Bishop, Dennis (n.d.). 2502:Encyclopædia Britannica 2033:Sabinet African Journal 1791:Emperor Shaka the Great 816:Shaka still recognised 248:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 3975:South African animists 3930:1828 murders in Africa 3842:Mpande kaSenzangakhona 3577:Mostert, Noel (1992). 3470:African Studies Review 3177:Ritter, E. A. (1955). 3108:Cite journal requires 2814:. Shuter and Shooter. 2104:Johanneson et al. 2011 1835:Johanneson et al. 2011 1778:List of South Africans 1640:is being developed at 1513: 1484: 1424: 1250: 1225: 1204: 1189: 1123: 996:Like Lions They Fought 797: 789: 765: 558:and Mbopha kaSithayi. 540: 499:KwaZulu-Natal Province 478:, was the king of the 476:Sigidi kaSenzangakhona 93:by rewriting it in an 21:Shaka (disambiguation) 3832:Shaka kaSenzangakhona 3608:Shaka: Zulu chieftain 2964:. Arms & Armour. 2960:Laband, John (1997). 1938:Allen, MAJ Calvin R. 1476: 1449:Physical descriptions 1370:The Mfecane produced 1244: 1146:Battle of Blood River 1054:"Bull horn" formation 843:Battle of Gqokli Hill 795: 771: 689: 452:Shaka kaSenzangakhona 430:29.34000°S 31.29444°E 201:ISilo Samabandla Onke 3866:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo 3808:Senzangakhona kaJama 3756:Ntombela kaMalandela 3751:Malandela kaLuzumana 3618:The History of Shaka 3554:Knight, Ian (1995). 2843:Haggard, Henry Rider 1602:Sir H. Rider Haggard 1237:Biographical sources 1150:Battle of Isandlwana 986:Mobility of the army 528:Mthethwa Paramountcy 507:Senzankakhona kaJama 484:monarchs of the Zulu 362:Senzangakhona kaJama 269:Mthethwa Paramountcy 238:Senzangakhona kaJama 19:For other uses, see 3562:. Greenhill Books. 3377:Wylie, Dan (2006). 3249:Origins of Rhodesia 3210:. Pearson Longman. 3207:Genocide: A History 2806:Fynn, Henry Francis 2372:, pp. 487–519. 2306:, pp. 617–620. 2219:, pp. 467–545. 1994:, pp. 559–583. 1678:South Africa portal 1561:2010 FIFA World Cup 1542:uShaka Marine World 467:Zulu pronunciation: 435:-29.34000; 31.29444 426: / 392:Cause of death 3871:Solomon kaDinuzulu 3847:Cetshwayo kaMpande 2945:. Bloomsbury USA. 2441:, pp. 36–130. 1738:Amathole Mountains 1728:List of Zulu kings 1594:Shaka features in 1568:In popular culture 1485: 1414:William Rubinstein 1398:The theory of the 1338:History and legacy 1264:Henry Francis Fynn 1251: 1101:Cetshwayo kaMpande 878:Henry Francis Fynn 798: 790: 766: 95:encyclopedic style 82:is written like a 3907: 3906: 3886:Mantfombi Dlamini 3677: 3676: 3668:Succeeded by 3334:History in Africa 3311:978-1-134-22374-9 3278:978-0-313-36589-8 3259:978-0-435-32791-0 3238:978-1-317-86995-5 3217:978-0-582-50601-5 3161:978-0-8108-7467-1 3063:978-0-7126-6105-8 3042:978-0-435-90229-2 2952:978-0-85045-864-0 2931:978-0-636-11449-4 2899:Isaacs, Nathaniel 2890:978-0-307-42518-8 2869:978-0-86486-421-5 2821:978-0-86985-904-9 2770:History in Africa 2760:978-0-02-908910-1 2742:. Lovedale Press. 2726:978-1-139-05800-1 2668:Charters (1839). 2480:, pp. 14–15. 2468:, pp. 14–46. 2357:, pp. 12–86. 2207:, pp. 50–53. 2174:, pp. 15–69. 2055:, pp. 61–67. 1903:, pp. 17–69. 1763:Legends of Africa 1612:, a 10-part 1986 1518:Ezekiel Mphahlele 1459:speech impediment 1292:Rhodes University 1154:Battle of Hlobane 682:Ndwandwe–Zulu War 678: 677: 652:quality standards 449: 448: 341: 340: 220:King of the Zulus 188: 187: 180: 170: 169: 123: 122: 115: 64: 3987: 3772:Zulu kaMalandela 3703: 3696: 3689: 3680: 3651:Preceded by 3643: 3596: 3584: 3573: 3561: 3550: 3509: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3410: 3373: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3290: 3263: 3242: 3221: 3200: 3173: 3146: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3083: 3046: 3025: 2996: 2975: 2956: 2935: 2914: 2894: 2873: 2852: 2838: 2831:Military History 2825: 2801: 2764: 2743: 2729: 2703: 2677: 2664: 2643: 2633: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2521:. Archived from 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2456:, p. 21–23. 2451: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2355:Omer-Cooper 1966 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2321:, pp. 3–47. 2316: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2294:, pp. 7–35. 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2256:Etherington 2014 2253: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2130: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1868:bulawayo1872.com 1860: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1733:Hintsa kaKhawuta 1722: 1720:Biography portal 1717: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1578:British Jamaican 1520: 1483: 1480: 1354:(annihilation). 1351:Mfecane/Difaqane 1284:Pietermaritzburg 1256:Nathaniel Isaacs 1223: 1202: 1187: 1121: 1097:H. Rider Haggard 921:, South Africa. 763: 704: 702: 697: 673: 670: 664: 641: 633: 548:Mfecane/Difaqane 545: 542:Mfecane/Difaqane 473: 471:[ˈʃaːɠa] 468: 460: 457: 441: 440: 438: 437: 436: 431: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 317: 266: 265: July 1787 263: 211: 192: 183: 176: 165: 162: 156: 133: 125: 118: 111: 107: 104: 98: 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3851: 3817: 3787:Mageba kaGumede 3782:Phunga kaGumede 3760: 3716: 3707: 3673: 3664: 3656: 3637:Wayback Machine 3627:Wayback Machine 3623:Statue proposal 3612:Wayback Machine 3604: 3599: 3593: 3576: 3570: 3553: 3531:10.2307/3773913 3512: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3422: 3418: 3416:Further reading 3413: 3391: 3376: 3346:10.2307/3171924 3331: 3318: 3312: 3293: 3279: 3266: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3203: 3176: 3162: 3149: 3135: 3120: 3107: 3097: 3086: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3028: 3014:10.2307/3559434 2999: 2978: 2972: 2959: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2855: 2841: 2828: 2822: 2804: 2767: 2761: 2746: 2732: 2727: 2706: 2682:Cobbing, Julian 2680: 2667: 2661: 2646: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2525:on 2 April 2015 2513: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2490:Leśniewski 2011 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2454:Rubinstein 2004 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2343:Rubinstein 2014 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2241:Vandervort 2015 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1918:Amersham Museum 1912: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692:Monarchy portal 1690: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1622:Joshua Sinclair 1570: 1538: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1481: 1471: 1469:In Zulu culture 1451: 1396: 1340: 1335: 1329: 1290:and Dan Wylie ( 1239: 1234: 1224: 1221: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1188: 1186: 1166: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1092: 1056: 1036: 1016: 988: 948: 946:Weapons changes 939: 887: 850:decisive battle 820:and his larger 761: 700: 699: 695: 684: 674: 668: 665: 655: 642: 631: 564: 466: 458: 434: 432: 428: 425: 420: 417: 415: 413: 412: 411: 395:Assassination ( 311: 298:Kingdom of Zulu 292: 267: 264: 214: 184: 173: 172: 171: 166: 160: 157: 150: 138:This article's 134: 119: 108: 102: 99: 91:help improve it 88: 76: 72: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3802:Mkabayi kaJama 3799: 3794: 3792:Ndaba kaMageba 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3646:Regnal titles 3641: 3640: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3603: 3602:External links 3600: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3574: 3568: 3551: 3525:(4): 371–391. 3510: 3482:10.2307/523668 3465: 3445: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3389: 3374: 3329: 3316: 3310: 3291: 3277: 3264: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3174: 3160: 3147: 3133: 3118: 3110:|journal= 3084: 3062: 3047: 3041: 3026: 3008:(3): 559–583. 2997: 2976: 2971:978-1854094216 2970: 2957: 2951: 2936: 2930: 2915: 2905:. 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Free Press. 2744: 2730: 2725: 2704: 2694:(3): 487–519. 2678: 2665: 2659: 2644: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2588: 2562: 2536: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2417:, p. 313. 2407: 2395: 2383: 2374: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2137: 2108: 2106:, p. 145. 2096: 2084: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2019: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1956:Stapleton 2010 1948: 1930: 1905: 1880: 1855: 1839: 1837:, p. 150. 1826: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1709: 1706:History portal 1695: 1681: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1649: 1634: 1625: 1605: 1592: 1585: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1537: 1534: 1492: 1490: 1470: 1467: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1408:Julian Cobbing 1395: 1392: 1339: 1336: 1331:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1288:Julian Cobbing 1258:published his 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1219: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1184: 1165: 1162: 1132:Anglo-Zulu War 1130:Main article: 1127: 1124: 1115: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1071: 1055: 1052: 1035: 1032: 1015: 1012: 987: 984: 947: 944: 938: 935: 886: 883: 854:Mhlatuze River 778:Camden markets 680:Main article: 676: 675: 645: 643: 636: 630: 627: 563: 560: 447: 446: 443: 442: 410:, South Africa 405: 401: 400: 393: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 375: 374: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 349: 343: 342: 339: 338: 334: 333: 327: 326: 322: 321: 313: 312: 307: 305: 301: 300: 289: 285: 284: 259: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 216: 215: 212: 204: 203: 197: 196: 186: 185: 168: 167: 147:the key points 137: 135: 128: 121: 120: 103:September 2017 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3992: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3822:Kings of the 3820: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777:Gumede kaZulu 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3592:9780679401360 3588: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3569:9781853672132 3565: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3390:9781869140472 3386: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252:. Heinemann. 3251: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154:. Scarecrow. 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3134:9780810105881 3130: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3035:. Heinemann. 3034: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862:. D. Philip. 2861: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2660:9780598896391 2656: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Hamilton 1998 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2405:, p. 19. 2404: 2403:Charters 1839 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2319:Hamilton 1998 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2292:Hamilton 1998 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2270:, p. 49. 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2243:, p. 21. 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231:, p. 23. 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2186:, p. 17. 2185: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2162:, p. 39. 2161: 2160:Edgerton 1988 2156: 2153: 2150:, p. 51. 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2082:, p. 99. 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2067:, p. 61. 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1710: 1707: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1646:Antoine Fuqua 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1597:Nada the Lily 1593: 1590: 1589:Camden Market 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544:, an aquatic 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1511: 1489: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1406:According to 1404: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1222:Etherington, 1218: 1213: 1206: 1198: 1193: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 985: 983: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 961: 959: 958: 953: 945: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 922: 920: 919:KwaZulu-Natal 916: 912: 907: 901: 899: 895: 891: 884: 882: 879: 874: 872: 868: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 830: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 802: 794: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705:included the 693: 688: 683: 672: 669:December 2023 662: 658: 653: 649: 646:This section 644: 640: 635: 634: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 615:Thukela River 611: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 569: 561: 559: 557: 553: 549: 544: 543: 536: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 514: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 472: 464: 453: 444: 439: 409: 406: 404:Resting place 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383: 382:Zulu religion 380: 376: 373: 370: 366: 363: 360: 356: 353: 352:House of Zulu 350: 348: 344: 335: 332: 328: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:KwaZulu-Natal 274: 270: 260: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 239: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 217: 210: 205: 202: 198: 193: 190: 182: 179: 164: 161:December 2023 154: 148: 146: 141: 136: 132: 127: 126: 117: 114: 106: 96: 92: 86: 85: 80:This article 78: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 3920:1780s births 3831: 3824:Zulu Kingdom 3797:Jama kaNdaba 3659: 3580: 3557: 3522: 3518: 3473: 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3454:The Guardian 3453: 3437:. Retrieved 3432: 3428: 3379: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3296: 3268: 3248: 3227: 3206: 3179: 3151: 3123: 3101:cite journal 3052: 3031: 3005: 3001: 2987:(2): 55–69. 2984: 2980: 2961: 2941: 2920: 2902: 2879: 2858: 2851:. AMS Press. 2847: 2834: 2830: 2810: 2773: 2769: 2749: 2738: 2708: 2691: 2685: 2673: 2649: 2639: 2636:Old Soldiers 2635: 2605:. Retrieved 2601: 2591: 2579:. Retrieved 2575: 2565: 2553:. Retrieved 2549: 2539: 2527:. Retrieved 2523:the original 2518: 2515:"Shaka Zulu" 2509: 2501: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2434: 2427:Cobbing 1988 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2377: 2370:Cobbing 1988 2350: 2338: 2326: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2236: 2229:Guttman 2008 2224: 2212: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2099: 2094:, p. 9. 2087: 2060: 2048: 2036:. Retrieved 2032: 2022: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1992:Mahoney 2003 1987: 1980:Ngubane 1976 1975: 1963: 1951: 1933: 1921:. Retrieved 1917: 1908: 1873:15 September 1871:. 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Praeger. 2993:10593/13652 2776:: 157–183. 2415:Hanson 2007 2391:Walter 1969 2304:Morris 1994 2280:Isaacs 1836 2217:Morris 1994 2205:Morris 1994 2172:Morris 1994 2148:Morris 1994 2133:Laband 1997 2092:Morris 1994 2080:Morris 1994 2065:Bishop n.d. 2053:Morris 1994 1901:Morris 1994 1847:Morris 1994 1482: 1827 1388:Zwangendaba 1327:The Mfecane 1315:discourse. 1296:Grahamstown 1247:Isandhlwana 1232:Scholarship 969:John Laband 743:Ngubengcuka 711:Zwangendaba 554:and Prince 495:Mthonjaneni 459: 1787 433: / 331:Regnal name 234:Predecessor 3970:Zulu kings 3914:Categories 3736:Nkosinkulu 3665:1816–1828 3170:1004124072 2981:Werkwinkel 2519:sabc.co.za 2478:Wylie 2006 2466:Wylie 2006 2331:Raugh 2011 1923:1 February 1849:, p. 1812:References 1638:King Shaka 1618:Henry Cele 1609:Shaka Zulu 1591:in London. 1546:theme park 1384:Mozambique 1380:Soshangane 1320:Ian Knight 1312:Shakaland. 1308:theme park 1276:Shaka Zulu 1090:Discipline 1044:Age grades 1022:warriors ( 1020:apprentice 867:Soshangane 841:, was the 818:Dingiswayo 774:Henry Cele 707:Soshangane 596:Mpumalanga 581:Dingiswayo 562:Early life 517:Dingiswayo 491:uNtulikazi 463:Shaka Zulu 421:31°17′40″E 418:29°20′24″S 397:fratricide 195:King Shaka 46:improve it 3856:Kings of 3721:Kings of 3581:Frontiers 3519:Ethnology 3506:145190863 3490:0002-0206 3439:14 August 3370:153865008 3354:0361-5413 3302:Routledge 3287:490811014 3093:661145240 2942:The Zulus 2911:156120553 2798:162610479 2790:0361-5413 1822:Citations 1574:Jah Shaka 1372:Mzilikazi 1048:regiments 894:Mhlangana 837:, of the 807:patronage 776:) at the 661:talk page 556:Mhlangana 408:KwaDukuza 309:KwaDukuza 294:KwaDukuza 244:Successor 229:1816–1828 145:summarize 52:talk page 3858:Zululand 3746:Luzumana 3710:Monarchs 3547:20503540 3407:8648993M 3399:65188289 3228:Genocide 3197:6173522M 3080:7794339M 3072:59939927 2901:(1836). 2845:(1882). 2837:(4): 23. 2808:(1986). 2736:(1951). 2642:(2): 61. 2602:Deadline 2550:PC Gamer 2038:24 April 1743:Matiwane 1664:See also 1642:Showtime 1376:Zimbabwe 1220:— 1200:— 1185:— 1116:— 980:amabutho 911:monument 871:Shangaan 869:(of the 848:Another 839:Ndwandwe 822:Mthethwa 619:Bulawayo 577:Mthethwa 532:Ndwandwe 378:Religion 3980:Mfecane 3902:*Regent 3712:of the 3635:at the 3625:at the 3610:at the 3539:3773913 3362:3171924 3143:2361338 3022:3559434 2620:Sources 2581:3 April 2576:Variety 2555:1 April 1773:Ndebele 1644:, with 1530:protean 1400:Mfecane 1333:Mfecane 1158:Kambula 1028:rations 952:assegai 915:Stanger 890:Dingane 858:Mvuzane 786:England 751:Mpondos 715:Ndebele 610:Hill. 604:Zwide's 592:Pongola 588:sangoma 552:Dingane 273:Melmoth 89:Please 3741:Mdlani 3731:Mnguni 3589: 3566: 3545: 3537: 3504: 3498:523668 3496: 3488: 3459:1 July 3405: 3397: 3387: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3308: 3285: 3275: 3256: 3235: 3214: 3195: 3189:666024 3187: 3168: 3158: 3141: 3131: 3091: 3078: 3070: 3060: 3039: 3020: 2968: 2949: 2928: 2909: 2887: 2866: 2818: 2796: 2788: 2757: 2723: 2657: 2607:7 June 2529:1 July 1633:games. 1557:Durban 1536:Legacy 1386:, and 1068:pinned 998:, and 931:Mpande 906:iNduna 898:Nandi 782:London 762: 759:Xhosas 755:Thembu 747:Hintsa 735:Mfengu 731:Zotsho 723:Ngwane 703: 701: 696: 659:. 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