Turkish coffee - Knowledge

3139:: '"It wasn't always this way," says Albert Arouh, a Greek food scholar who writes under a pen name, Epicurus. "When I was a kid in the 1960s, everyone in Greece called it Turkish coffee." Arouh says he began noticing a name change after 1974, when the Greek military junta pushed for a coup in Cyprus that provoked Turkey to invade the island.' "The invasion sparked a lot of nationalism and anti-Turkish feelings," he says. "Some people tried to erase the Turks entirely from the coffee's history, and re-baptized it Greek coffee. Some even took to calling it Byzantine coffee, even though it was introduced to this part of the world in the sixteenth century, long after the Byzantine Empire's demise." By the 1980s, Arouh noticed it was no longer politically correct to order a "Turkish coffee" in Greek cafes. By the early 1990s, Greek coffee companies like Bravo (now owned by DE Master Blenders 1753 of the Netherlands) were producing commercials of sea, sun and nostalgic village scenes and declaring "in the most beautiful country in the world, we drink Greek coffee."' 125: 722:

bride-to-be and the blessings of her parents upon the upcoming marriage. During this meeting, the bride-to-be must prepare and serve Turkish coffee to the guests. For the groom's coffee, the bride-to-be sometimes uses salt instead of sugar to gauge his character. If the bridegroom drinks his coffee without any sign of displeasure, the bride-to-be assumes that the groom is good-tempered and patient. As the groom already comes as the demanding party to the girl's house, in fact it is the boy who is passing an exam and etiquette requires him to receive with all smiles this particular present from the girl. In some regions, however, "if the coffee is brewed without any froth, it means 'You have no chance!'".

6506: 1062: 562:; it has been claimed that "This tree was destined to be the progenitor of most of the coffee of the French colonies, as well as those of South America, Central America, and Mexico", i.e. most of the coffee in the world, though it has been called "a neat story". By the time of the French Revolution, 80% of the world's coffee was grown in the Americas and French coffee was ousting the Yemeni product in Cairo, even being exported back to Mocha itself. The price of coffee fell so much that by mid-18th century it was accessible to French townspeople of all classes. 2008:. [Its preparation is very simple. After roasting the grain, it is pounded and reduced to a very fine powder in a wood, marble or bronze mortar. Five or six small spoonfuls of it are put in a tinned copper coffee pot, when the water is boiling, and care is taken to remove the pot from the heat every time the foam rises, until absorbed by water it presents with it a smooth surface". Roasted, ground coffee was stored in airtight leather bags or boxes, for "The fresher it is, the more pleasant it is; so in large houses we take care to roast it every day.] 272: 534: 40: 6684: 483:. It is sometimes stated that coffee was forbidden in Islam, albeit the ban was not very effective. However, it seems most Muslim religious scholars actually supported coffee, or were not averse to it on principle. It was governments who wanted to suppress coffee gatherings, fearing they were foci of political dissent. "What was condemned was not caffeine's physiological effects but rather the freedom of coffeehouse talk which rulers consided subversive". 566: 397: 688: 326: 3060:, p. 111 and footnote 26: "The eradication of symbolic relations with the 'Turk' was another sign of this reactivation: the success of an initiative to abolish the word 'Turkish' in one of the most widely consumed drinks in Greece, i.e. 'Turkish coffee', is indicative. In the aftermath of the Turkish intervention in Cyprus, the Greek coffee company Bravo introduced a widespread advertising campaign titled 'We Call It Greek' ( 4300: 731: 5990: 4287: 1174: 1791: 618:" and "their skins are exceedingly cleer and white". Despite this, Rosée's product was weak enough to be drunk a half pint (485 ml) at a time on an empty stomach, not an attribute of real Turkish coffee. If there were 'Turkish' coffeehouses in Oxford or Paris, the cited historical sources do not show they were serving coffee made in the Turkish manner. 443: 306:

the pleasure of being served coffee in beautiful cups, which are family heirlooms. The beverage is served together with a glass of water which should be sipped first to cleanse the mouth. Other cultural traditions affect the guest's appreciation of the beverage and the conviviality of the occasion, including story-telling, fortune-telling, and so forth.

5977: 984: 3064:), which succeeded in shifting the relatively neutral 'name' of a product, used in the vernacular for more than a century, into a reactivated symbol of identity. 'Turkish coffee' became 'Greek coffee' and the use of one name or the other became a source of dispute separating 'traitors' from 'patriots'." 589:

Despite this, the "Turkish" connection was strongly promoted, since its exotic connotations helped the new drink to sell. Coffeehouse keepers wore turbans, or called their shops "Turk's Head" and suchlike. Especially in France there was a craze for things Turkish: fashion plates depicted aristocratic

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However, most early modern Europeans did not like coffee, which is an acquired taste, and especially they did not like the black, bitter Turkish version. In any case it was too expensive: in France, coffee beans sold for the equivalent of $ 8,000 a kilo. Coffee did not become a popular beverage until

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If Turkish coffee is defined as "a very strong black coffee served with the fine grounds in it", then the method is generic in Middle Eastern cities (in rural areas a different method is used and is called Arabic coffee) and goes by various other names too, such as Egyptian coffee, Syrian coffee, and

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the Yemen Arab never uses coffee himself, contrary to general opinion and the reports of some travelers, but raises it almost wholly for export. He uses kishar, a beverage he brews from the dried hulls, in large quantities... So little is coffee used by the people that a few months after the new crop

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Pounding or grinding. The beans must be reduced into a very fine powder. The fineness of the powder is crucial to the success of Turkish coffee since it affects the foam and mouth feel. (According to one source, the particle size should be 75–125 microns.) Strict connoisseurs insist that they must be

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tried to prohibit or discourage coffeehouses in Turkish villages, saying they were places where men gathered to waste their time). Eventually the authorities found it to their advantage to tax the trade not suppress it. Fifteen years after coffee arrived in Istanbul there were over 600 coffeehouses,

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and it is put on the fire. The tapering shape of the vessel encourages the formation of foam and retains the volatile aromas. The coffee should never be allowed to come to a rolling boil, and must not be over-done. "This stage requires close monitoring and delicate timing since a good Turkish coffee

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has a spout by which it is poured into the serving cup. While the cup design might not seem to have anything to do with the taste of the beverage, connoisseurs say it makes a difference. The best cups are made of porcelain with a thin rim: it affects mouth feel. A long cultural tradition emphasises

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Another ancient tradition involves placing the cezve filled with coffee in a pan filled with hot sand. The pan is heated over an open flame, thereby letting the sand take total control of the heat. The heat created by the sand lets the coffee foam to the top almost immediately. The heat can also be

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There are inconsistent claims as to the origin of Turkish coffee. Without citing historical sources, some authors have asserted the method originated in the Yemen. or in Damascus (a plausible, if unsubstantiated claim, since the Middle Eastern coffeehouse did probably originate in Damascus and was

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As well as being an everyday beverage, Turkish coffee is also a part of the traditional Turkish wedding custom. As a prologue to marriage, the bridegroom's parents (in the lack of his father, his mother and an elderly member of his family) must visit the young girl's family to ask the hand of the

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When coffee was eventually popularised, what was served was not genuine Turkish coffee, but a product heavily diluted with water (much weaker than modern espresso) or milk, and sweetened with sugar. "Combining coffee with fresh milk turned a Turkish drink into a French one". Already in 1689, in a

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and other substances. Habits changed; the old coffee culture declined; the epicurean coffee aficionado was less to be seen. Although still important in Turkish tradition, today Turks drink more tea than coffee. A survey of Turkish regions found that in some areas "coffee" was made without using

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elsewhere. As soon as the mixture begins to froth, and before it boils over, it is taken off the heat; it may be briefly reheated twice more to increase the desired froth. Sometimes about one-third of the coffee is distributed to individual cups; the remaining amount is returned to the fire and

546:: gentleman-scholars curious about the outside world and willing to try exotic products. Since these early adopters were trying to recreate the genuine article, probably they were making proper Turkish coffee, or at least something like it. For example, Jean de Thévenot imported authentic 2637:

If an Ounce be ground, and boil'd in something more than a quart of Water, till it be fully impregnated by the fine Particles of the Coffee, and the rest is grown so ponderous, as it will subside and leave the Liquor clear, and of a reddish Colour, it will make about a Quart of very good

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it appears Turks were using it at least a century before that. He mentions that they drank it black; some added cloves, cardamom or sugar, but it was thought to be less healthy, and until recently, an older generation of connoisseurs disdained the habit of sugaring Turkish coffee.

367:'s house had a coffee chamber. It appears that the first coffeehouse in Istanbul was opened in 1554 (some say 1551) by Hakem of Aleppo and Șems of Damascus (they may have been separate establishments at first). Soon, coffeehouses spread all over Istanbul and even to small towns in 310:

While some of these stages may be curtailed in modern coffee drinking, for example the coffee might be purchased already roasted and ground, the rituals and paraphernalia (e.g. the anticipatory smell of the roasting beans) do act on the imagination and have a psychological effect.

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at all levels became strained, 'Turkish coffee' became 'Greek coffee' by substitution of one Greek word for another while leaving the Arabic loan-word, for which there is no Greek equivalent, unchanged." There were even advertising campaigns promoting the name

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mystics in that region who needed to stay awake for their nocturnal vigils. However a 1762 Danish scientific expedition noted that Yemenis did not like coffee made the "Turkish" way, and rarely drank it, thinking it bad for the health: they much preferred

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The real Ottoman influence was on European coffee house culture. "The coffeehouse and café, far from being English and French creations, were at heart an import from Mecca, Cairo, and Constantinople", a topic outside the scope of this article.

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Kafadar, Cemal (2014). "How dark is the history of the night, how black the story of coffee, how bitter the tale of love: The changing measure of leisure and pleasure in early modern Istanbul". In Öztürkmen, Arzu; Vitz, Evelyn Burge (eds.).

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has inscribed Turkish coffee culture and tradition on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and "there still exist serious aficionados who would never trade the taste of Turkish coffee with anything else".

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From the Ottoman empire, coffee-drinking spread to western Europe, probably being first introduced into Venice, where it was consumed as a medicine. Early consumers were travellers who imported it for their own use. Other early users were

3173: 360:. In the 18th century Egypt was the richest province of the Ottoman empire, and the chief commodity it traded was Yemeni coffee. Cairo merchants were responsible for moving it from the Yemen to markets in the Islamic world. 265:

hand-pounded in a wooden mortar, although it is difficult to do this while achieving a uniform fineness. Consequently it has become more usual to grind them in a brass or copper mill, though it does make for drier particles.

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is usually no longer served in cafés, but it is prepared in pubs and kiosks, and in homes. The Czech and Slovak form of Turkish coffee is different from Turkish coffee in Turkey, the Arab world or Balkan countries, since a

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Roasting. Ideally the best green Arabica beans are medium-roasted in small quantities over steady heat in a shallow, wrought-iron roasting pan. It is crucial to stop at the right moment, then transfer the beans to the next

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The Yemeni coffee monopoly was broken by the Dutch, who managed to obtain viable coffee plants from Mocha and propagated them to their empire in Java. They were followed by the French, who planted a tree at the

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will make one cup of coffee, and they can easily be ordered online in many western countries.) Cold water, several teaspoons of the ground coffee (at least 7 grams per person) and any sugar are put in the

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though stressing coffee's Ottoman origins, said very good coffee was made by boiling the grounds in plenty of water and letting them settle, leaving a clear, reddish liquor: which is not Turkish coffee.

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or chief coffee-cook, and it became a traditional practice for sultans. To demonstrate the civility of their rule, they built magnificent coffeehouses in newly conquered parts of the Ottoman empire.

356:, by deliberately destroying their ability to germinate). For nearly a century (1538–1636) the Ottoman empire controlled the southern coastal region of the Yemen, notably its famous coffee port 1103:

again, which only takes a couple of seconds since the coffee is already very hot. Coffee drinking in Bosnia is a traditional daily custom and plays an important role during social gatherings.

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In a paper for the 2013 Oxford Food Symposium, Tan and Bursa identified the features of the art or craft of making and serving Turkish coffee, according to the traditional procedures:

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when they settled the island, where it is known as "eastern coffee" due to its Eastern origin. Corfu, which had never been part of the Ottoman holdings, did not have an established

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is not used; instead the desired amount of ground coffee is put in a cup and boiling or almost boiling water is poured over it. In recent years, Turkish coffee is also made in a

421:(1774), French visitors to the Yemeni royal court noticed that only a version was drunk made from coffee husks with a colour like beer. In 1910, the U.S. consul at Aden reported 172:

adjusted by the depth of the cezve in the sand. This process is usually repeated three to four times and then the coffee is finally served in small cups called demitasse cups.

4050: 124: 352:, having been introduced there from the rainforests of Ethiopia where it grew wild. For a long time Yemenis had a world monopoly on the export of coffee beans (according to 408:

Yemenis may have been the first to consume coffee as a hot beverage (instead of chewing the bean, or adding it to solid food) and the earliest social users were probably

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In the 20th century, especially in wartime and the 1950s, shortages in Turkey meant that coffee was scarcely available for years at a time, or was adulterated with

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Their chauvinism may sometimes take you a little aback. Now that they are quarrelling with the Turks over Cyprus, Turkish coffee has been renamed Greek coffee;

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Cooling. The beans are allowed to cool down in a wooden box and absorb excess oil. The kind of wood is claimed to affect the taste, walnut being the best.

7520: 6138: 2829: 6546: 6037: 4338: 2651:Çaksu, Ali (2018). ""Turkish Coffee as a Political Drink from the Early Modern Period to Today". In Blaszczyk, Arkadiusz; Rohdewald, Stefan (eds.). 1862:(2015). "Coffee and qat on the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia – botanical, ethnobotanical and commercial observations made in Yemen 1762–1763". 383:, 1789). His description, translated in this note, closely resembles the present day version, including the production of foam. From the traveller 7524: 6142: 6006: 4020: 921: 738:

There is controversy about its name e.g. in some ex-Ottoman dependencies, mostly due to nationalistic feelings or political rivalry with Turkey.

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made for the very fine grind, ground to order by coffee merchants in most parts of the world, or bought ready-ground from many shops.

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was good for the health. In England, the earliest advertisement (1652) for a coffee house — owned by Pasqua Rosée, an Armenian from

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tried to suppress coffee houses as seditious gatherings - the ban lasted a few days - and, much later, the republican government of

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Tamer, Canan Ece; Yolci Ömeroğlu, Perihan; Çopur, Ömer Utku (2019). "Functional and Traditional Nonalcoholic Beverages in Turkey".

1242: 8036: 7953: 7544: 7242: 7035: 6635: 6162: 5911: 3218: 3057: 1469: 572:, Paris, 1694: the Princesse de Bournonville takes coffee in 'Turkish' attire (Nicolas Bonnart: Bibliothéque Nationale de France) 2776:

Köse, Yavuz (2019). ""The fact is, that Turks can't live without coffee…" the introduction of Nescafé into Turkey (1952–1987)".

286:. This vessel is a conical flask, being wider at the base than at the neck, and is made of thick forged copper. (A common sized 7867: 6485: 2860: 2171: 6630: 4721: 2975: 1942:

Karababa, Emİnegül; Ger, Gülİz (2011). "Early Modern Ottoman Coffeehouse Culture and the Formation of the Consumer Subject".

7918: 1991: 1578: 594:, attended by servants in Moorish costume. Its medical value was stressed: it became popular in France when doctors advised 374: 1624:

Faroqhi, Suraiya (1986). "Coffee and Spices: Official Ottoman Reactions to Egyptian Trade in the Later Sixteenth Century".

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To prepare Turkish coffee very well is not easy, and prominent Ottoman Turks kept specialist coffee cooks for the purpose.

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it arrived in Cairo; from thence it went to Syria and Istanbul. The coffee tree was first cultivated commercially in the

8196: 7786: 7467: 6779: 6404: 6085: 1299: 770:, an Armenian opened a coffee shop in Europe in 1674, at a time when coffee was first becoming fashionable in the West. 5052: 938: 8146: 7827: 6445: 1268: 767: 559: 117:

or a blend is also used. The coffee grounds are left in the coffee when served. The coffee may be ground at home in a

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has the thickest possible layer of froth at the top". Some think that the metallic copper helps to improve the taste.

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Ginio, Eyal (2006). "When Coffee Brought about Wealth and Prestige: The Impact of Egyptian Trade on Salonica".

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Already in 1543 several ships were ordered to be sunk in Istanbul harbour for importing coffee. Under Sultan

8211: 8136: 8061: 5388: 3974: 3148: 1951: 418: 417:, a beverage made of the coffee shells which more closely resembled a tea; Likewise, according to scientist 7948: 6515: 2516:

Landweber, Julia (2015). ""This Marvelous Bean": Adopting Coffee into Old Regime French Culture and Diet".

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Vahedi, Massoud (2021). "Coffee was once Ḥarām? Dispelling Popular Myths regarding a Nuanced Legal Issue".

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distributed to the cups as soon as it comes to the boil. The coffee is traditionally served in a small

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usually means the method described above. Coffee is prepared in the same way in Poland and Lithuania.

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The World Coffee Market in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, from Colonial to National Regimes

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Some supermarkets sell coffee that is pre-ground, marketed as Turkish coffee, and usually robusta.

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Typical Czech or Slovak Turkish coffee made of ground coffee beans poured with boiling water

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it was altered to appeal to European palates and its price drastically lowered, as follows.

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has been gathered it is impossible for one passing through the country to buy a single pound

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Turkish coffee is very finely ground coffee brewed by boiling. Any coffee bean may be used;

7195: 6659: 6580: 5296: 5207: 5112: 1138:). It is nearly identical to the Turkish version. In Serbia, Turkish coffee is also called 565: 396: 8221: 8003: 7993: 7607: 7347: 6850: 6840: 6755: 6615: 6225: 5956: 5931: 5926: 5543: 4977: 4852: 4711: 4656: 4347: 4304: 4171: 3868: 3433: 3419: 3374: 3309: 3204: 1115: 702: 591: 325: 212: 8051: 7652: 7402: 6270: 5613: 5513: 5493: 5463: 5329: 5276: 5217: 5097: 5027: 4837: 4504: 4464: 3718: 3703: 595: 1591:

Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookey 2013

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for a second. These bans were sporadic and often ignored. (Similarly, the government of

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Coffee was in use in Istanbul by 1539, for a legal document mentions Ottoman admiral

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Turkish-Greek Relations: Rapprochement, Civil Society and the Politics of Friendship

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Barbour, Philip L. (1957). "Captain John Smith's Route through Turkey and Russia".

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Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East

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brought to Istanbul by Syrians, see above); or with the Turkish people themselves.

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Coffee is the New Wine : An Ethnographic Study of Third Wave Coffee in Ankara

2367:Öztürk, Sedar (2008). "The Struggle over Turkish Village Coffeehouses (1923–45)". 1652:

Quickel, Anthony T. (2022). "Cairo and Coffee in the Transottoman Trade Network".

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The amount of sugar is specified when ordering the coffee. It may be unsweetened (

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have become more popular in the last few decades, decreasing the popularity of

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and, since he had been in Turkish service (he had been enslaved and given to a

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The Blue Bottle Craft of Coffee: Growing, Roasting, and Drinking, With Recipes

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Joanna Kakissis, "Don't Call It 'Turkish' Coffee, Unless, Of Course, It Is",

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Coffee drinking spread in the Islamic world in the 16th century. From the

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it is called 'Turkish coffee' (turška kava / turska kava / турска кафа /

1111: 862: 858: 751: 487: 368: 216: 211:). Coffee is often served with something small and sweet to eat, such as 3034:

Lietuviška kava griauna mitus: lenkia italus, vejasi pasaulio geriausius

2993: 2418: 2388: 2316: 2201:. Washington DC, USA: Department of Commerce and Labor. pp. 954–956 1902: 1842: 1749: 1633: 1512:"The starting point of Turkish coffee: Istanbul's historic coffeehouses" 914:

In Greece, Turkish coffee was formerly referred to simply as 'Turkish' (

442: 430:

and it has been said that Yemenis do not drink much coffee to this day.

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Koz, M. Sabri; Kuzucu, Kemalettin (May 2014) . Kovulmaz, Begüm (ed.).

237:

to the cup; in the cup, some settle on the bottom but much remains in

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The grounds left after drinking Turkish coffee are sometimes used to

670: 491: 88: 56: 6595: 2693: 2000:(in French). Paris, France: L'Imprimerie de Monsieur. pp. 84–85 2641:(NB. That would be 28 g of ground coffee in a litre of water.) 2554:

The Social Life of Coffee: the Emergence of the British Coffeehouse

1959: 1736:

Hathaway, Jane (2006). "The Ottomans and the Yemeni Coffee Trade".

377:

described for French readers the Turkish method of brewing coffee (

8071: 7968: 7837: 7657: 7561: 7556: 7443: 7170: 7115: 7090: 6985: 6950: 6820: 6716: 6455: 6275: 6179: 6174: 6061: 5850: 5824: 5789: 5759: 5682: 5548: 5538: 5458: 5316: 5269: 5252: 5222: 5197: 5062: 4741: 4731: 4671: 4661: 4595: 4570: 4540: 4429: 4414: 4379: 4316: 4161: 4133: 3888: 3873: 3843: 3574: 3532: 2951:

Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture

1926:

Medieval and Early Modern Performance in the Eastern Mediterranean

1094: 1060: 817:) in Armenia, but more commonly it is brewed with a little sugar ( 755: 729: 686: 635: 564: 532: 441: 395: 357: 345: 324: 276: 270: 224: 151: 145: 140: 123: 93: 45: 1330:

Freeman, James; Freeman, Caitlin; Duggan, Tara (9 October 2012).

713:

to cool, and the patterns of the coffee grounds are interpreted.

515: 7566: 7397: 7140: 7065: 7025: 6825: 6798: 6590: 6184: 5875: 5716: 5701: 4624: 4575: 4424: 4183: 1221:, but it was not adapted for human consumption until much later. 607: 409: 231:. A lot of the powdered coffee grounds are transferred from the 6519: 6010: 4320: 3200: 2274:. Seattle, USA and London, UK: University of Washington Press. 754:

is used in Armenian coffee. Armenians introduced the coffee to

400:

Outside an Istanbul coffeehouse (1910 postcard, British Museum)

7200: 2720:"Spatial distribution of Türkiye's local Turkish coffee kinds" 2409:

Ervin, Marita (2014). "Coffee and the Ottoman Social Sphere".

1272: 977: 920:). But political tensions with Turkey in the 1950s led to the 1656:. V&R unipress / Brill Deutschland GmbH. pp. 83–98. 630:

The first person who brought coffee to America may have been

2921:

Broglin, Sharon; Allen Park Historical Museum (9 May 2007).

657:

coffee beans at all. By 2018 there were said to be over 400

537:

Oriental room, Caffè Florian, Venice, in business since 1720

7909:

Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella

661:

stores in Istanbul alone, and younger Turks were embracing

644:

was complaining about the price of coffee in Pennsylvania.

2653:

From Kebab to Ćevapčići: Foodways in (Post) Ottoman Europe

2052:"Don't Call It 'Turkish' Coffee, Unless, Of Course, It Is" 3196: 3174:

Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık Ticaret ve Sanayi A.Ş.

2948:

Roufs, Timothy G.; Smyth Roufs, Kathleen (29 July 2014).

2805:"Coffee grounds brewed trouble for Israeli fortuneteller" 2446:. New York, USA: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company 1541:

Yılmaz, Birsen; Acar-Tek, Nilüfer; Sözlü, Saniye (2017).

1429:

Hattam, Jennifer; Larson, Vanessa; Newman, Scott (2012).

1150:), which means 'Serbian coffee'. The most common name is 946:

in the 1990s. The name for a coffee pot remains either a

762:

before it was introduced by the Armenians. According to

2222:"The term of Turkish coffee – a semasiological approach" 2195:

Moser, Charles K. (1910). "Production of Mocha Coffee".

1487:"Where To Drink Coffees From Around The World In London" 1300:"Making Turkish Coffee with a Turkish Barista Champion" 494:

for a first offence, sewn in a bag and thrown into the

2861:"A Forgotten Armenian History on a Small Greek Island" 812: 800: 788: 1157: 1145: 861:, although other forms of coffee preparation such as 434:

so forth, though there may be some local variations.

2229:

Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies

7890: 7420: 6768: 6691: 6554: 5894: 5843: 5691: 5358: 5261: 4965: 4881: 4775: 4614: 4528: 4354: 4218: 4192: 4142: 4074: 3993: 3967: 3659: 3498: 3457: 3333: 3275: 3234: 446:Sultan's chief coffee-cook in his ceremonial robes 72: 62: 52: 2976:Czech baristas compete in the art of coffee-making 2411:University of Puget Sound Collins Memorial Library 1430: 1825:Topik, Steven (2009). "Coffee as a Social Drug". 1626:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 1130:), 'domestic coffee' (domača kava, домаћа кафа / 1025:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 143:, is brought to the boil in a special pot called 2757:(M.Sc. thesis). Middle East Technical University 2110:"Turkish coffee, not just a drink but a culture" 1768:"The Coffee Tree - Genetic Diversity and Origin" 1134:/ domaća kava) or simply 'coffee' (kava, кафа / 3044: 3042: 2620:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1366:. New York, USA: Hippocrene Books. p. 37. 423: 1766:Herrera, Juan Carlos; Lambot, Charles (2017). 1587:, Paraphernalia of a Ritual from Ember to Cup" 1416:"Turkish Sand Coffee: Preparation and History" 837:Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Lithuania 806: 794: 782: 44:A cup of Turkish coffee, served from a copper 6531: 6022: 4332: 3212: 2511: 2509: 1151: 1139: 933:)," which became even more popular after the 890: 883: 821:). Armenians will sometimes serve a plate of 462: 232: 198: 192: 162: 8: 6038:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible 3127: 3125: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2045: 2043: 1895:Istituto per l'Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino 1893:. Anno 25 (86) (1: The Ottomans and Trade). 1742:Istituto per l'Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino 1740:. Anno 25 (86) (1: The Ottomans and Trade). 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1543:"Turkish cultural heritage: a cup of coffee" 1262: 1260: 746:This type of strong coffee is a standard of 468: 378: 32: 2778:Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 2591:. First GEHN Conference, Bankside, London. 2463: 2461: 1937: 1935: 1731: 1729: 1269:"The complicated culture of Bosnian coffee" 965: 959: 953: 947: 928: 915: 897: 875: 867: 848: 842: 7896: 7521:Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia 7426: 6772: 6695: 6558: 6538: 6524: 6516: 6139:Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia 6029: 6015: 6007: 4339: 4325: 4317: 3219: 3205: 3197: 2900:. Bradt Travel Guides. 2019. p. 104. 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1761: 1759: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1619: 1617: 38: 31: 3149:Turska Kafa: Serbian Turkish-Style Coffee 2735: 2265: 2263: 2257:, noun, etymology, accessed 4 April 2024. 1967: 1558: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1217:species originated further south, in the 282:Brewing. It is essential to use a proper 8207:Coffee culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina 4251:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment 2713: 2711: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2472:. London, UK and New York, USA: Hamlyn. 2432: 2430: 2428: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2165: 2163: 1854: 1852: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1093:. Then, the coffee is added to the pot ( 750:households. The main difference is that 7525:Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia 6143:Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia 4021:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2220:Abraham-Barna, Corina Georgeta (2013). 1385: 1383: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1325: 1323: 1243:"Getting Your Buzz with Turkish coffee" 1234: 1204: 777:is still used in many languages but in 490:those found keeping a coffeehouse were 3305:List of countries by coffee production 3186:. MPN 3820. Certificates 12034, 12334. 2176:. London, UK: Edward and Charles Dilly 1577:Tan, Aylin Öney; Bursa, Nihal (2014). 1572: 1570: 665:. The most popular brand in Turkey is 590:ladies taking coffee while dressed as 2878:Percy, Reuben; Percy, Sholto (1823). 2718:Demir, Yeliz; Bertan, Serkan (2023). 1485:Sukhadwala, Sejal (11 October 2016). 139:Coffee and water, usually with added 27:Coffee brewing method without filters 7: 2028:. London, UK: Fairthorne. p. 33 1593:. Prospect Books. pp. 314–324. 7580:La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival 6547:UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage 6198:La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival 2843:"Armenian Coffee vs Turkish Coffee" 1997:Tableau Général de l'Empire Othoman 1057:Coffee culture in former Yugoslavia 577:paper for fellow scientists at the 380:Tableau Général de l'Empire Othoman 113:varieties are considered best, but 7472:Baltic song and dance celebrations 6090:Baltic song and dance celebrations 4200:United States Barista Championship 3008:"Kawa po turecku – jak ją parzyć?" 2253:Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2086:10.1016/B978-0-12-815270-6.00015-3 2050:Kakissis, Joanna (27 April 2013). 1015:for transliterated languages, and 995:of its non-English content, using 709:. The cup is turned over into the 183:), with little or moderate sugar ( 25: 2881:The Percy Anecdotes: Conviviality 2803:Nissenbaum, Dion (20 July 2007). 241:and is consumed with the coffee. 215:. It is sometimes flavoured with 7858:Violins craftsmanship of Cremona 7545:Dancing procession of Echternach 7243:Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals 7036:Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut 6682: 6636:Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island 6504: 6476:Violins craftsmanship of Cremona 6163:Dancing procession of Echternach 5988: 5975: 4299: 4298: 4285: 2198:Daily Consular and Trade Reports 1797:from the original on 5 July 2024 1298:Agca, Nisan (22 November 2017). 1172: 1077:, Turkish coffee is also called 982: 793:, 'Armenian coffee', or 8067:South Pacific Colombian marimba 7868:Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje 6486:Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje 1773:The Craft and Science of Coffee 1437:. Fodor's Travel Publications. 1279:from the original on 1 May 2024 7782:Petrykivka decorative painting 7594:French timber framing scribing 6631:Ritual dance of the royal drum 6400:Petrykivka decorative painting 6212:French timber framing scribing 2682:The William and Mary Quarterly 2173:A Historical Account of Coffee 2144:10.1163/ej.9789004171022.i-536 1390:Akin, Engin (6 October 2015). 1162:), meaning 'domestic coffee'. 1031:multilingual support templates 1: 8157:Guest greeting food and drink 8037:Popayán Holy Week processions 7530:Copper craftsmanship of Lahij 6148:Copper craftsmanship of Lahij 6040:Cultural Heritage of Humanity 3651:Single-serve coffee container 3036:, retrieved 16 February 2018. 2552:Cowan, Brian William (2005). 1589:. In McWilliams, Mark (ed.). 1267:Cohen, Brad (16 July 2014) . 507:wrote an Armenian historian. 447: 330: 7919:Carnaval de Negros y Blancos 7787:Procession of the Holy Blood 6826:Baul tradition of Bangladesh 6405:Procession of the Holy Blood 3080:Eureka!: Rummaging in Greece 1992:d'Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea 1944:Journal of Consumer Research 1891:Oriente Moderno, Nuova Serie 1738:Oriente Moderno, Nuova Serie 1464:. I.B. Tauris. p. 218. 1271:. Travel: Food & Drink. 516: 392:Origin of the Turkish method 149:in Turkey, and often called 7924:Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão 1864:Archives of Natural History 1770:. In Folmer, Britta (ed.). 1158: 1146: 960: 948: 813: 801: 789: 560:Jardin des Plantes de Paris 469: 8238: 7994:Indigenous Day of the Dead 6549:: Representative List 5409:Cevizli kuru incir tatlısı 4205:World Barista Championship 3631:Neapolitan flip coffee pot 3106:Cambridge University Press 3083:. p. 29. p. 29: 2737:10.1186/s42779-023-00200-8 2593:London School of Economics 2468:Montagné, Prosper (1961). 1363:The Middle Eastern Kitchen 1054: 935:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 764:The Reuben Percy Anecdotes 694: 338:Victoria and Albert Museum 318: 7899: 7701:Moldovan Christmas Carols 7663:Lithuanian cross crafting 7585:Festivity of Saint Blaise 7429: 7353:Tugging rituals and games 7101:Ladkah Buddhist chantings 6961:Gangneung Danoje Festival 6775: 6698: 6680: 6561: 6502: 6319:Moldovan Christmas Carols 6281:Lithuanian cross crafting 6203:Festivity of Saint Blaise 6047: 5970: 4279: 3102:Medieval and Modern Greek 2790:10.1108/JHRM-03-2018-0012 2556:. Yale University Press. 2518:French Historical Studies 2381:10.1080/00263200802021590 2330:Ayvazoğlu, Beşir (2011). 2309:10.52541/isiri.v60i2.1459 2270:Hattox, Ralph S. (1988). 2136:Letters of a Sufi Scholar 1696:Ayvazoğlu, Beşir (2011). 1662:10.14220/9783737011686.83 1560:10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.003 1392:Essential Turkish Cuisine 1152: 1140: 966: 958:) in mainland Greek or a 954: 929: 916: 807: 795: 783: 550:from the Ottoman empire. 467:, which came from Arabic 438:Illegality and acceptance 245:According to connoisseurs 97:using very finely ground 37: 7904:Carnaval de Barranquilla 7797:Sauna culture in Finland 7603:Georgian vocal polyphony 7283:Royal ballet of Cambodia 6670:Zambian Makishi Festival 6646:Ugandan barkcloth making 6415:Sauna culture in Finland 6221:Georgian vocal polyphony 5093:Ispanaklı Selanik Böreği 4762:Turkish cold bulgur soup 4657:Deniz börülcesi salatası 3257:International Coffee Day 3135:, National Public Radio 2954:. Abc-Clio. p. 11. 2832:. Ege University. (2008) 2530:10.1215/00161071-2842542 1188:List of coffee beverages 1065:Cup of coffee made in a 365:Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha 8062:San Basilio de Palenque 7076:Koshikijima no Toshidon 6901:Chinese shadow puppetry 6665:Zafimaniry woodcrafting 4361:Non-alcoholic beverages 4051:Historical coffeehouses 3062:Emeis ton leme Elliniko 3048:Leonidas Karakatsanis, 2724:Journal of Ethnic Foods 2078:Non-Alcoholic Beverages 2025:Travels into the Levant 1952:Oxford University Press 1547:Journal of Ethnic Foods 1461:Classic Turkish Cookery 1458:Basan, Ghillie (1997). 1360:Basan, Ghillie (2006). 939:Greek–Turkish relations 853:is very popular in the 766:compiled by journalist 524:International diffusion 336:(unknown Greek artist, 275:Greek coffee next to a 64:Country of origin 7959:Danza de los Voladores 7954:Dancing Devils of Yare 7576:Falles of the Pyrenees 7434:Albanian iso-polyphony 7348:Thathera utensil craft 7293:Royal Ancestral Ritual 6896:Chinese seal engraving 6881:Chinese block printing 6708:Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah 6194:Falles of the Pyrenees 6052:Albanian iso-polyphony 6042:/Europe and N. America 5053:Kabaklı peynirli börek 4261:Coffee vending machine 3485:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol 2927:. Arcadia Publishing. 2830:Kula Düğün Gelenekleri 2655:. Wiesbaden, Germany: 2633:10.1098/rstl.1699.0056 2582:Topik, Steven (2004). 2470:Larousse Gastronomique 2369:Middle Eastern Studies 2333:Turkish Coffee Culture 2134:Akkach, Samer (2010). 1699:Turkish Coffee Culture 1086: 1075:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1070: 898: 891: 884: 876: 868: 849: 843: 833:alongside the coffee. 760:Ottoman coffee culture 735: 705:, a practice known as 692: 573: 538: 463: 454: 428: 401: 379: 341: 329:Istanbul coffeehouse, 280: 233: 208: 199: 193: 188: 180: 163: 136: 7949:Costa Rican oxherding 7833:The Song of the Sibyl 7736:Mystery Play of Elche 7551:Daredevils of Sassoun 6936:Durga Puja in Kolkata 6891:Chinese paper cutting 6651:Vimbuza healing dance 6451:The Song of the Sibyl 6354:Mystery Play of Elche 6169:Daredevils of Sassoun 5499:Kavala Almond Cookies 5414:Cevizli Irmik Tatlısı 4066:Viennese coffee house 3597:Karlsbad coffee maker 1876:10.3366/anh.2015.0283 1064: 1055:Further information: 733: 690: 568: 536: 504:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 500:Charles II of England 461:derives from Turkish 445: 399: 328: 319:Further information: 274: 127: 7838:Suiti Cultural Space 7439:Ashiqs of Azerbaijan 7328:Songkran in Thailand 7233:Oku-noto no Aenokoto 6926:Dragon Boat Festival 6876:Chinese architecture 6751:Taghribat Bani Hilal 6456:Suiti Cultural Space 6057:Ashiqs of Azerbaijan 5692:Frequent ingredients 5038:Corn poppy with lamb 5013:Şevketibostan yemeği 4687:Kabak çiçeği dolması 4226:Coffee and doughnuts 3829:Indian filter coffee 3262:Single-origin coffee 3170:Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2991:Piccolo neexistuje, 2659:. pp. 124–143. 2170:Ellis, John (1774). 2080:. pp. 483–521. 1654:Transottoman Matters 993:specify the language 991:This section should 970:) in Cypriot Greek. 781:it is either called 8197:Palestinian cuisine 7628:Karagöz and Hacivat 7535:Croatian lacemaking 7131:Manipuri Sankirtana 6886:Chinese calligraphy 6606:Kamablon re-roofing 6246:Karagöz and Hacivat 6153:Croatian lacemaking 5484:İzmir Bomb Kurabiye 5374:Acıbadem kurabiyesi 5183:Patlıcan kızartması 5033:Colocasia with lamb 4818:Kars gravyer cheese 4470:Distilled beverages 4410:Fermented beverages 4266:Used coffee grounds 3052:, Routledge, 2014, 2974:Lazarová, Daniela, 2865:The Armenian Weekly 2751:Ayöz, Sila (2018). 2657:Harrassowitz Verlag 1928:. pp. 243–269. 1334:. Ten Speed Press. 1304:Resources.urnex.com 922:political euphemism 473:, which could mean 321:Ottoman coffeehouse 101:without filtering. 34: 8147:Coffee preparation 7720:Mediterranean diet 7501:Carnival of Binche 7456:Azerbaijani carpet 7136:Mangal Shobhajatra 6941:Epic of King Gesar 6794:Akiu no Taue Odori 6736:Palestinian hikaye 6338:Mediterranean diet 6119:Carnival of Binche 6074:Azerbaijani carpet 5844:Unique instruments 5736:Herbs & spices 5569:Murabbalı mecidiye 5282:Akçaabat meatballs 4917:Kuzukulağı çorbası 4271:Sustainable coffee 3968:Organization lists 3929:Rüdesheimer Kaffee 3709:Café com cheirinho 3298:Sustainable coffee 3293:Shade-grown coffee 3014:. 26 February 2018 2828:Köse, Nerin (nd). 2138:. pp. 29–30. 1835:10.1353/cul.0.0027 1516:The Istanbul Guide 1071: 841:A beverage called 736: 726:Names and variants 693: 632:Captain John Smith 574: 539: 455: 402: 342: 281: 194:orta şekerli kahve 137: 8202:Culture of Turkey 8187:Levantine cuisine 8162:History of coffee 8114: 8113: 8110: 8109: 7999:Kallawaya culture 7929:Carnaval de Oruro 7886: 7885: 7802:Semeiskie culture 7451:Aubusson tapestry 7416: 7415: 7151:Mibu no Hana Taue 7011:Hitachi Furyumono 6916:Dainichido Bugaku 6764: 6763: 6678: 6677: 6626:Mbende Jerusarema 6513: 6512: 6420:Semeiskie culture 6069:Aubusson tapestry 6004: 6003: 5389:Balparmak tatlısı 5143:Libje lebje basta 5003:Bursa Cantik Pide 4873:Van herbed cheese 4793:Circassian cheese 4722:Patlıcan salatası 4314: 4313: 4292:Coffee portal 4210:World Brewers Cup 3834:Ipoh white coffee 3315:Coffee wastewater 3283:Coffee production 3267:Third-wave coffee 3183:978-975-08-2474-6 2934:978-1-4396-1884-4 2867:. 28 August 2019. 2438:Ukers, William H. 2346:978-975-17-3567-6 2153:978-90-474-2433-8 2095:978-0-12-815270-6 2020:Thévenot, Jean de 1827:Cultural Critique 1787:978-0-12-803520-7 1780:. pp. 1, 2. 1712:978-975-17-3567-6 1600:978-1-909248-40-3 1579:"Turkish Coffee: 1444:978-0-307-92843-6 1401:978-1-61312-871-8 1373:978-0-7818-1190-3 1341:978-1-60774-118-3 1053: 1052: 1033:may also be used. 974:Former Yugoslavia 663:third-wave coffee 457:The English word 375:Ignatius d'Ohsson 209:çok şekerli kahve 82: 81: 16:(Redirected from 8229: 8182:Lebanese cuisine 8177:Jordanian drinks 8077:Taquile textiles 7974:Garifuna culture 7964:Danza de tijeras 7897: 7822:Slovácko Verbuňk 7697:Makishi Festival 7613:Houtem Jaarmarkt 7491:Cante Alentejano 7427: 7121:Longquan celadon 7006:Hayachine Kagura 6931:Drametse Ngacham 6773: 6769:Asia and Pacific 6696: 6686: 6601:Ijele Masquerade 6576:Garifuna culture 6559: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6517: 6508: 6440:Slovácko Verbuňk 6315:Makishi Festival 6231:Houtem Jaarmarkt 6109:Cante Alentejano 6031: 6024: 6017: 6008: 5993: 5992: 5979: 5895:Related cuisines 5367:Turkish desserts 5307:İnegöl meatballs 5178:Patlıcan dolması 5148:Mallow with lamb 5088:Harput meatballs 4897:Analı kızlı soup 4707:Mercimek köftesi 4341: 4334: 4327: 4318: 4305:Category: Coffee 4302: 4301: 4290: 4289: 4241:Coffee leaf rust 4114:Dandelion coffee 3980:Coffee companies 3819:Gassosa al caffè 3587:Espresso machine 3221: 3214: 3207: 3198: 3187: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3098:Browning, Robert 3094: 3088: 3087: 3071: 3065: 3046: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2961:978-1-61069221-2 2945: 2939: 2938: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2907:978-1-78477079-2 2892: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2666:978-3-44711107-2 2648: 2642: 2640: 2627:(256): 311–317. 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2579: 2568: 2567: 2549: 2534: 2533: 2513: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2443:All About Coffee 2434: 2423: 2422: 2406: 2393: 2392: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2267: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1920: 1907: 1906: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1822: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1704: 1693: 1676: 1675: 1671:978-3-84711168-9 1649: 1638: 1637: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1538: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1436: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1418:. December 2022. 1412: 1406: 1405: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1357: 1346: 1345: 1327: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1245:. ricksteves.com 1239: 1222: 1209: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1004: 998: 986: 985: 978: 969: 968: 963: 957: 956: 951: 932: 931: 919: 918: 901: 894: 887: 879: 871: 852: 846: 816: 810: 809: 804: 798: 797: 792: 786: 785: 717:Turkish weddings 519: 482: 479: 476: 472: 466: 453:(British Museum) 452: 449: 385:Jean de Thévenot 382: 335: 332: 236: 202: 196: 189:az şekerli kahve 166: 65: 42: 35: 21: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8217:Armenian drinks 8192:Ottoman cuisine 8172:Israeli cuisine 8132:Albanian drinks 8117: 8116: 8115: 8106: 8012:Maroon Heritage 8004:Mexican cuisine 7939:Círio de Nazaré 7892: 7882: 7608:Horezu ceramics 7516:Christmas Tsars 7468:Azerbaijani tar 7422: 7412: 7363:Vedic chantings 7026:Indonesian kris 6851:Cantonese opera 6841:Boysun District 6760: 6756:Tan-Tan Moussem 6687: 6674: 6581:Afounkaha Gbofe 6550: 6544: 6514: 6509: 6500: 6226:Horezu ceramics 6134:Christmas Tsars 6086:Azerbaijani tar 6043: 6039: 6035: 6005: 6000: 5987: 5966: 5890: 5839: 5687: 5574:Nevzine tatlısı 5354: 5257: 5188:Patlıcan kebabı 5043:Domates dolması 4961: 4877: 4853:Saganaki cheese 4828:Kaşkaval cheese 4771: 4616: 4610: 4524: 4350: 4348:Turkish cuisine 4345: 4315: 4310: 4284: 4275: 4214: 4188: 4143:Serving vessels 4138: 4070: 3989: 3963: 3869:Latte macchiato 3739:Caffè macchiato 3655: 3494: 3453: 3338: 3329: 3310:Coffee roasting 3271: 3230: 3225: 3195: 3184: 3163: 3160: 3158:Further reading 3155: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3047: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2847:Coffee Explorer 2841: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2694:10.2307/1915649 2688:(3): 358–369 . 2679: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635:. p. 314: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2595:. pp. 1–31 2588: 2581: 2580: 2571: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2537: 2515: 2514: 2487: 2480: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2436: 2435: 2426: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2336: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2297:Islamic Studies 2294: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1824: 1823: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1735: 1734: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1679: 1672: 1651: 1650: 1641: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1605: 1603: 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8102:Záparo culture 8099: 8094: 8092:Wajãpi culture 8089: 8084: 8082:Tumba francesa 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8027:Peña de Bernal 8024: 8019: 8014: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7979:Gióng Festival 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7863:Wajãpi culture 7860: 7855: 7853:Turkish coffee 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7777:Opera dei Pupi 7774: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7699: 7694: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7496:Cantu a tenore 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7446: 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6033: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5984: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5947:Middle Eastern 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5514:Kestane şekeri 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5449:Fenike tatlısı 5446: 5441: 5439:Ekmek kadayıfı 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5370:(main article) 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5350:Tire meatballs 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5325:Eggplant kebab 5322: 5319: 5314: 5312:İskender kebab 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Alinazik kebab 5284: 5279: 5274: 5273:(main article) 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5163:Mirik meatball 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5008:Çorbalık kesme 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Arnavut ciğeri 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4893:(main article) 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4858:Teleme peyniri 4855: 4850: 4848:Mihaliç cheese 4845: 4840: 4835: 4833:Künefe peyniri 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4788:Braided cheese 4785: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628:(main article) 4620: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4510:Kalecik Karası 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491:(main article) 4484: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4447:(main article) 4444:Beer in Turkey 4440: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4400:Turkish coffee 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4295: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4236:Coffee service 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4036:Coffee cupping 4033: 4031:Coffee culture 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4006:Bikini barista 4003: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3954:Wiener Melange 3951: 3946: 3941: 3939:Turkish coffee 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3879:Liqueur coffee 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864:Kurdish coffee 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3779:Dalgona coffee 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3759:Coffee cabinet 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3729:Caffè corretto 3726: 3721: 3716: 3714:Café con leche 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3641:Turkish coffee 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3609:Instant coffee 3606: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3437: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3416: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3344: 3342: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3320:Decaffeination 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3288:Organic coffee 3279: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3194: 3193:External links 3191: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3166:Turkish Coffee 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3141: 3121: 3114: 3108:. p. 16. 3089: 3066: 3038: 3025: 2999: 2984: 2982:, 12 May 2011. 2967: 2960: 2940: 2933: 2913: 2906: 2887: 2870: 2852: 2849:. 6 July 2023. 2834: 2821: 2795: 2784:(3): 295–316. 2768: 2743: 2707: 2672: 2665: 2643: 2615:Houghton, John 2606: 2569: 2562: 2535: 2524:(2): 193–223. 2485: 2478: 2457: 2424: 2394: 2375:(3): 435–454. 2359: 2345: 2322: 2303:(2): 125–156. 2287: 2280: 2259: 2246: 2212: 2187: 2159: 2152: 2126: 2101: 2094: 2068: 2039: 2011: 1983: 1978:10.1086/656422 1960:10.1086/656422 1931: 1908: 1881: 1870:(1): 101–112. 1848: 1808: 1786: 1778:Academic Press 1755: 1725: 1711: 1677: 1670: 1639: 1613: 1599: 1566: 1528: 1503: 1477: 1470: 1450: 1443: 1421: 1407: 1400: 1379: 1372: 1347: 1340: 1319: 1290: 1256: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1193:Kurdish coffee 1190: 1184: 1183: 1167: 1164: 1087:bosanska kahva 1079:Bosnian coffee 1051: 1050: 1029:. Knowledge's 990: 988: 981: 975: 972: 911: 908: 904:Turkish coffee 855:Czech Republic 838: 835: 784:հայկական սուրճ 775:Turkish coffee 768:Thomas Byerley 743: 740: 727: 724: 718: 715: 695:Main article: 691:Turkish coffee 684: 681: 679: 676: 649: 646: 627: 624: 530: 529:Western Europe 527: 525: 522: 439: 436: 393: 390: 316: 313: 308: 307: 298: 297: 267: 266: 261: 260: 256: 255: 246: 243: 168:'coffee cup'. 119:manual grinder 106: 103: 91:prepared in a 87:is a style of 85:Turkish coffee 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49: 43: 33:Turkish coffee 26: 24: 18:Serbian coffee 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8234: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Iraqi cuisine 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8152:Greek cuisine 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Coffee drinks 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8127:Arabic drinks 8125: 8124: 8122: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8057:Samba de Roda 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7893:Latin America 7891:Caribbean and 7889: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7648:Kihnu culture 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618:Istrian scale 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7423:North America 7419: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7298:Sada Shin Noh 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021:Hudhud Chants 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Darangen Epic 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6831:Beijing opera 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:Bakhshi music 6814: 6811: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6731:Jemaa el-Fnaa 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571:Chopi timbila 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Kihnu culture 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236:Istrian scale 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6041: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6009: 5997: 5996: 5995:Turkey Portal 5991: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5942:Mediterranean 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Central Asian 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Dried apricot 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678:Vezir parmağı 5676: 5674: 5673:Un kurabiyesi 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Muğla halkası 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Köylü pastası 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489:Kabak tatlısı 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5479:Ispanaklı kek 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5424:Dilber dudağı 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404:Cevizli sucuk 5402: 5400: 5399:Bülbül yuvası 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262:Grilled meats 5260: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Perdeli pilav 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4937:Yayla çorbası 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902:Balık çorbası 4900: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Tomas peyniri 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803:Çömlek cheese 4801: 4799: 4798:Civil peyniri 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556:Kandil simidi 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4546:Çerkes simidi 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:Canned coffee 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104:Cereal coffee 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Barley coffee 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4041:Coffee palace 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Caffè sospeso 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3949:White Russian 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3799:Frappé coffee 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699:Cà phê sữa đá 3697: 3695: 3694:Black Russian 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3679:Beaten coffee 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3661:Coffee drinks 3658: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3523:Brewed coffee 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513:Arabic coffee 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3360:Blue Mountain 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3325:Home roasting 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 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However, 517:kahvecibasi 451: 1790 334: 1809 105:Preparation 8121:Categories 8042:Pütchipü'ü 8017:Panama hat 7843:Sutartinės 7807:Seto leelo 7421:Europe and 7378:Xuan paper 7358:Urtiin Duu 7323:Shiraz rug 7111:Lenj boats 7081:Kumbh Mela 7056:Kashan rug 6981:Grand Song 6906:Daemokjang 6866:Cheoyongmu 6861:Chakkirako 6789:Ainu dance 6741:Shashmaqam 6641:Sosso Bala 6461:Sutartinės 6425:Seto leelo 5820:Red pepper 5698:Vegetables 5658:Tavukgöğsü 5208:Puf Böreği 5113:Karnıyarık 5078:Kuru köfte 5068:Kelle Paça 4952:Kelle paça 4942:Erişte aşı 4932:Toyga soup 4843:Lor cheese 4677:İçli köfte 4617:and salads 4615:Appetizers 4467:(inactive) 4231:Coffee bag 4150:Coffee cup 4089:Barley tea 3914:Raf coffee 3894:Marocchino 3884:Long black 3854:Kopi luwak 3794:Flat white 3784:Egg coffee 3749:Cappuccino 3724:Café Touba 3636:Percolator 3538:Chorreador 3458:Components 3390:Maragogipe 3276:Production 3247:Fair trade 3018:6 December 2924:Allen Park 2884:. T. Boys. 1897:: 93–107. 1521:26 October 1496:26 October 1394:. 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3508:AeroPress 3365:Bonifieur 3340:varieties 3242:Economics 2061:5 October 1860:Friis, Ib 1491:Londonist 1283:19 August 1249:19 August 917:τούρκικος 796:սեւ սուրճ 773:The term 659:Starbucks 654:chickpeas 496:Bosphorus 492:cudgelled 229:ambergris 158:porcelain 7914:Candombe 7878:Zvončari 7826:Turkish 7692:Kraljice 7673:La Patum 7643:Khachkar 7590:Flamenco 7572:Falconry 7486:Călușari 7383:Yamahoko 7196:Nhã nhạc 7166:Mudiyett 7126:Mak yong 7106:Lakalaka 7051:Kalbelia 6804:Angklung 6721:Wadi Rum 6496:Zvončari 6444:Turkish 6310:Kraljice 6291:La Patum 6261:Khachkar 6208:Flamenco 6190:Falconry 6104:Călușari 5775:Hazelnut 5755:Cinnamon 5750:Chestnut 5712:Eggplant 5619:Supangle 5584:Pepeçura 5529:Kurabiye 5474:Hoşmerim 5444:Fig roll 5434:Dondurma 5359:Desserts 5203:Piyaziye 5173:Papucaki 5133:Lahmacun 4922:Mercimek 4907:Ezogelin 4717:Pastırma 4515:Öküzgözü 4461:GaraGuzu 4375:Rize tea 4124:Maya nut 3899:Mazagran 3789:Espresso 3669:Affogato 3626:Moka pot 3621:Knockbox 3565:Espresso 3475:Caffeine 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