827:) and novel genetic defects. In recessive diseases, founder populations where underlying levels of genome-wide homozygosity are high due to shared common ancestry, but also for consanguineous populations that will have large genome-wide homozygous regions due to inbreeding. Having a catalog of disease-associated variation in these populations enables rapid, early, and accurate diagnoses that may improve patient outcomes due to informed clinical management and early interventions. Enclosed communities such as Amish communities, Ashkenazi communities, and relatively isolated islands allow scientists to better understand and further discover the mutated genes that cause these rare diseases and allow them to also discover protective genes as well.
259:
780:
effect and adaptive differentiation, which could eventually lead to peripatric speciation, were statistically and biologically significant between the island populations after a few years. The authors also point out that although adaptive differentiation is significant, the differences between island populations best reflect the differences between founders and their genetic diversity that has been passed down through the generations.
763:, decades after a severe bottleneck. They inhabit the Tyrrhenian islands and surrounding mainlands currently, and before the bottleneck, but Hajji and others wanted to know how the deer originally got to the islands, and from what parent population or species they were derived. Through molecular analysis, they were able to determine a possible lineage, with red deer from the islands of
38:
815:
common ancestry of race or ethnicity or the forced localizations caused by artificial countries inside the larger group of ancestry, hence causing an original founder effect. Race and specific founder effect mutation diseases are found in all races or ethnicities, and country-specific mutation diseases are caused by increasing
667:, although not only genetic drift, but also natural selection, gene flow and mutation all contribute to this divergence. This potential for relatively rapid changes in the colony's gene frequency led most scientists to consider the founder effect (and by extension, genetic drift) a significant driving force in the evolution of
683:
created many persuasive models to show that the decline in genetic variation and small population size accompanying the founder effect were critically important for new species to develop. However, much less support for this view is shown today, since the hypothesis has been tested repeatedly through
334:
When a newly formed colony is small, its founders can strongly affect the population's genetic makeup far into the future. In humans, who have a slow reproduction rate, the population will remain small for many generations, effectively amplifying the drift effect generation after generation until the
957:
individuals. As late as 1961, the majority of the genes in the gene pool on
Tristan were still derived from 15 original ancestors; as a consequence of the inbreeding, of 232 people tested in 1961, four were suffering from retinitis pigmentosa. This represents a prevalence of 1 in 58, compared with a
137:
of one or more individuals which are founders of a distinct population. Founder mutations initiate with changes that occur in the DNA and can be passed down to other generations. Any organismâfrom a simple virus to something complex like a mammalâwhose progeny carry its mutation has the potential to
688:
which in itself occurs in rare instances. It takes place when a random change in genetic frequency of population favours the survival of a few organisms of the species with rare genes which cause reproductive mutation. These surviving organisms then breed among themselves over a long period of time
582:
Alleles which were present but relatively rare in the original population can move to one of two extremes. The most common one is that the allele is soon lost altogether, but the other possibility is that the allele survives and within a few generations has become much more dispersed throughout the
2378:
People with Weyers acrofacial dysostosis have abnormally small or malformed fingernails and toenails. Most people with the condition are relatively short, and they may have extra fingers or toes (polydactyly). The features of Weyers acrofacial dysostosis overlap with those of another, more severe
843:
and migrants coming from the
British Isles. Since the 20th century, immigration in Quebec and mixing of French Canadians involve people from all over the world. While the French Canadians of Quebec today may be partly of other ancestries, the genetic contribution of the original French founders is
838:
are a classical example of founder population. Over 150 years of French colonization, between 1608 and 1760, an estimated 8,500 pioneers married and left at least one descendant on the territory. Following the takeover of the colony by the
British crown in 1760, immigration from France effectively
771:
being the most related to one another. These results are promising, as the island of
Corsica was repopulated with red deer from the Sardinian island after the original Corsican red deer population became extinct, and the deer now inhabiting the island of Corsica are diverging from those inhabiting
2675:
De
Oliveira, Marcelo Zagonel; SchĂŒler-Faccini, LavĂnia; Demarchi, Dario A.; Alfaro, Emma L.; Dipierri, JosĂ© E.; Veronez, Mauricio R.; Colling Cassel, Marlise; Tagliani-Ribeiro, Alice; Silveira Matte, Ursula; Ramallo, Virginia (2013). "So Close, So Far Away: Analysis of Surnames in a Town of Twins
779:
on seven small islands to watch each new population's growth and adaptation to its new environment. Specifically, they were looking at the effects on limb length and perch width, both widely varying phenotypic ranges in the parent population. Unfortunately, immigration did occur, but the founder
814:
Genetic studies of founder effect have concentrated on discovering ancestral and novel genetic diseases caused by founder effect and, to a lesser degree, on ancestry-related founder effects on populations, races, and ancient migrations, as well other aspects. The founder population could be the
697:
Serial founder effects have occurred when populations migrate over long distances. Such long-distance migrations typically involve relatively rapid movements followed by periods of settlement. The populations in each migration carry only a subset of the genetic diversity carried from previous
749:
However, not all founder effect studies are initiated after a natural disaster; some scientists study the reinstatement of a species that became locally extinct or hadn't existed there before. A study has been in place since 1958 studying the wolf/moose interaction on
819:(the existence of same gene on both chromosomes pairs, hence a recessive disease may increase in just few generations). The genetic abnormality will increase incrementally with the decrease of number of isolated populations making tribe-specific diseases (such as
2467:
Jaworski, M. A.; Severini, A; Mansour, G; Konrad, H. M.; Slater, J; Hennig, K; Schlaut, J; Yoon, J. W.; Pak, C. Y.; MacLaren, N (1989). "Genetic conditions among
Canadian Mennonites: Evidence for a founder effect among the old colony (Chortitza) Mennonites".
88:
In the figure shown, the original population has nearly equal numbers of blue and red individuals. The three smaller founder populations show that one or the other color may predominate (founder effect), due to random sampling of the original population. A
844:
predominant, explaining about 90% of regional gene pools, while
Acadian (descended from other French settlers in eastern Canada) admixtures contributing 4% British and 2% Native American and other groups contributing less.
165:, occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one. The new colony may have less genetic variation than the original population, and through the random sampling of
2023:
Hajji, Ghaiet M.; Charfi-Cheikrouha, F.; Lorenzini, Rita; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Hartl, GĂŒnther B.; Zachos, Frank E. (2007). "Phylogeography and founder effect of the endangered
Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus)".
2240:
855:
populations in the United States exhibit founder effects because they have grown from a very few founders, have not recruited newcomers, and tend to marry within the community. Though still rare, phenomena such as
96:
The founder effect occurs when a small group of migrantsânot genetically representative of the population from which they cameâestablish in a new area. In addition to founder effects, the new population is often
2383:. In addition to tooth and nail abnormalities, people with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome have very short stature and are often born with heart defects. The two conditions are caused by mutations in the same genes.
2734:"Humanity's Ancestors Nearly Died Out, Genetic Study Suggests - The population crashed following climate change about 930,000 years ago, scientists concluded. Other experts aren't convinced by the analysis"
754:
in Lake
Superior after those animals naturally migrated there, perhaps on winter ice. Hajji and others, and Hundertmark & Van Daele, studied the current population statuses of past founder effects in
885:
1153:"The existence of species rests on a metastable equilibrium between inbreeding and outbreeding. An essay on the close relationship between speciation, inbreeding and recessive mutations"
642:
396:
702:
is characterized by serial founder effects. Africa has the highest degree of human genetic diversity of any continent, which is consistent with an
African origin of modern humans.
975:(from a possible 100,000 to 1000 individuals) occurred "around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago ... lasted for about 117,000 years and brought human ancestors close to extinction."
331:
equals heterozygosity. The population of the founders of the colony can also be calculated if the loss of heterozygosity from the bottleneck is known using the same equation.
2948:
872:
affects about one out of 180,000 infants in the general population. Due in part to the founder effect, however, the disease has a much higher prevalence in children of Amish,
309:
550:
213:
2094:
Kolbe, J. J.; Leal, M.; Schoener, T. W.; Spiller, D. A.; Losos, J. B. (2012). "Founder Effects Persist Despite Adaptive Differentiation: A Field Experiment with Lizards".
2399:"How are genetic conditions and genes named? / "Genetics Home Reference" ("Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions"), from the "US National Library of Medicine""
698:
migrations. As a result, genetic differentiation tends to increase with geographic distance as described by the "isolation by distance" model. The migration of humans
949:, a group of small islands in the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Africa and South America. One of the early colonists apparently carried a rare, recessive allele for
577:
839:
stopped, but descendants of French settlers continued to grow in number mainly due to their high fertility rate. Intermarriage occurred mostly with the deported
2905:
496:
476:
456:
436:
416:
329:
253:
233:
2410:
2357:
149:
is the whole chromosome. As the generations progress, the proportion of the haplotype that is common to all carriers of the mutation is shortened (due to
2346:"Weyers acrofacial dysostosis / "Genetics Home Reference" ("Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions"), from the "US National Library of Medicine""
2743:
718:. A natural "blank slate" is not easily found, but a classic series of studies on founder population effects was done following the catastrophic
3198:
3056:
1674:
699:
2953:
2862:
2557:
2284:
1707:
1658:
1630:
1572:
1547:
1219:
791:), the percentage of unique songs within a repertoire and withinâsong complexity were significantly lower in birds from founder populations.
2365:
1250:
938:
also suffered a population bottleneck in 1775 following a typhoon that had reduced the population to only 20 people. As a result, complete
2558:
Forbidden Fruit:Inbreeding among polygamists along the Arizona-Utah border is producing a caste of severely retarded and deformed children
2059:
Hundertmark, Kris J.; Van Daele, Larry J. (2009). "Founder effect and bottleneck signatures in an introduced, insular population of elk".
2418:
1792:"Explaining worldwide patterns of human genetic variation using a coalescent-based serial founder model of migration outward from Africa"
1725:"Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa"
830:
Due to various migrations throughout human history, founder effects are somewhat common among humans in different times and places. The
1275:
1960:
OâConnell, Kyle A.; Oaks, Jamie R.; Hamidy, Amir; Shaney, Kyle J.; Kurniawan, Nia; Smith, Eric N.; Fujita, Matthew K. (August 2020).
262:
The small founding population experiences a loss of heterozygosity after multiple generations. (âGenetic Driftâ by Boundless, 2015.)
2898:
2155:
Hill, Samuel D.; Pawley, Matthew D. M. (2019). "Reduced song complexity in founder populations of a widely distributed songbird".
734:
in Sumatra about 73,000 years ago, covered some parts of India with 3â6 m (10â20 ft) of ash, and must have coated the
2993:
2440:
McKusick, V. A.; Egeland, J. A.; Eldridge, R; Krusen, D. E. (1964). "Dwarfism in the Amish I. The Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome".
751:
2380:
1435:"Founder and Recurrent Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Latin American Countries: State of the Art and Literature Review"
865:
689:
to create a whole new species whose reproductive systems or behaviors are no longer compatible with the original population.
2998:
170:
1962:"Impacts of the Toba eruption and montane forest expansion on diversification in Sumatran parachuting frogs ( Rhacophorus )"
2804:
2575:
802:) after founding events on small islands in the Pacific Ocean closely matched theoretical calculations upon examination of
3224:
2406:
2353:
2200:"Founder events and variation at microsatellite loci in an insular passerine bird, the Laysan finch ( Telespiza cantans )"
2928:
1528:
Allendorf, Fred W.; Funk, W. Chris; Aitken, Sally N.; Byrne, Margaret; Luikart, Gordon; Antunes, Agostinho (2022-02-10).
645:
3234:
2891:
2402:
2349:
2973:
1306:
684:
experimental research, and the results have been equivocal at best. Speciation by genetic drift is a specific case of
77:, from the parent population from which it is derived. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to the
1353:"Consuming transgenic goats' milk containing the antimicrobial protein lysozyme helps resolve diarrhea in young pigs"
942:
has a current rate of occurrence of roughly 10%, with an additional 30% being carriers of this recessive condition.
3094:
861:
2968:
1723:
Ramachandran, S.; Deshpande, O.; Roseman, C. C.; Rosenberg, N. A.; Feldman, M. W.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2005).
869:
719:
3146:
2300:
Bherer, Claude; Labuda, Damian; Roy-Gagnon, Marie-HĂ©lĂšne; Houde, Louis; Tremblay, Marc; VĂ©zina, HĂ©lĂšne (2011).
594:
651:
The variation in gene frequency between the original population and colony may also trigger the two groups to
338:
61:
is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by
2958:
2733:
1015:
731:
676:
2414:
2361:
2943:
2111:
722:, which erased all life on the island. Another continuing study has been following the biocolonization of
675:
was the first to attach this significance to random drift and small, newly isolated populations with his
3185:
3079:
3074:
2978:
1030:
1005:
972:
685:
150:
98:
90:
69:. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may be distinctively different, both
41:
Founder effect: The original population (left) could give rise to different founder populations (right).
1202:
Hartwell, Leland; Hood, Leroy; Goldberg, Michael; Reynolds, Ann E.; Silver, Lee; Veres, Ruth C (2004).
255:
equals population size. This consequence of inbreeding makes the colony more vulnerable to extinction.
31:
269:
3031:
2780:
2211:
2103:
1973:
1803:
1736:
1366:
1054:
950:
584:
501:
176:
1678:
1103:
3175:
3051:
2938:
2914:
2878:
1907:
1025:
901:
881:
711:
335:
population reaches a certain size. The post-bottleneck population growth rate can be calculated as
46:
2767:"Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition"
2116:
1413:
962:
3165:
3161:
3021:
2738:
2711:
2526:
2345:
2180:
2137:
2076:
2041:
2005:
1821:
1754:
995:
760:
742:, much nearer in the ash fallout cone, with life-smothering layers, forcing the restart of their
652:
1699:
1693:
1254:
1930:
3229:
3156:
3151:
3089:
3016:
3008:
2983:
2858:
2837:
2796:
2771:
2703:
2657:
2616:
2583:
2518:
2477:
2449:
2398:
2324:
2280:
2172:
2129:
1997:
1989:
1888:
1880:
1839:
1772:
1703:
1654:
1626:
1578:
1568:
1543:
1499:
1464:
1394:
1333:
1215:
1184:
1133:
1084:
1010:
990:
756:
258:
110:
54:
2272:
3219:
3115:
3026:
2788:
2693:
2685:
2647:
2508:
2316:
2219:
2164:
2121:
2068:
2033:
1981:
1942:
1870:
1829:
1811:
1762:
1744:
1535:
1491:
1454:
1446:
1384:
1374:
1323:
1315:
1174:
1164:
1123:
1115:
1074:
1066:
946:
831:
656:
1279:
730:, a new volcanic island that erupted offshore between 1963 and 1967. An earlier event, the
555:
2933:
2301:
1020:
985:
896:, where an estimated 75-80% of the community are blood relatives of just two menâfounders
739:
735:
1539:
912:
and the Pattapu Kapu have estimated founder effects about 10 times as strong as those of
591:
for certain recessive traits. The equation to calculate reccessive allele frequencies is
2784:
2215:
2107:
1977:
1961:
1875:
1858:
1807:
1740:
1370:
3180:
3170:
2963:
2652:
2635:
1834:
1791:
1767:
1724:
1459:
1434:
1389:
1352:
1328:
1301:
1179:
1152:
1128:
1079:
969:
917:
897:
803:
715:
481:
461:
441:
421:
401:
314:
238:
218:
1596:
1495:
3213:
3120:
3110:
3066:
2851:
2766:
2715:
2224:
2199:
2009:
1000:
939:
909:
775:
Kolbe and others set up a pair of genetically sequenced and morphologically examined
672:
162:
102:
66:
17:
2530:
2184:
2141:
2080:
2045:
1450:
659:, increases, the two separated populations may become distinctively different, both
3136:
2988:
1050:
928:
816:
795:
743:
2544:
2271:
Charbonneau, Hubert; Desjardins, Bertrand; Légaré, Jacques; Denis, Hubert (2010).
1211:
1070:
153:). This shortening allows scientists to roughly estimate the age of the mutation.
1379:
1119:
868:) are more common in Amish communities than in the American population at large.
2729:
857:
784:
2832:(1954). "Change of genetic environment and evolution". In Julian Huxley (ed.).
1931:"Le repeuplement végétal et animal des ßles Krakatoa depuis l'éruption de 1883"
1302:"Bottlenecks in HIV-1 transmission: insights from the study of founder viruses"
2829:
2072:
2037:
1646:
954:
847:
In humans, founder effects can arise from cultural isolation, and inevitably,
680:
668:
588:
142:
106:
78:
62:
58:
2607:
Farrell HB (1984). "The two-toed Wadoma--familial ectrodactyly in Zimbabwe".
2587:
2176:
1993:
1884:
1582:
93:
may also cause a founder effect, though it is not strictly a new population.
3141:
2792:
2125:
1816:
1749:
873:
820:
664:
146:
82:
74:
37:
2800:
2707:
2522:
2497:"Genetic heritage of the Old Order Mennonites of southeastern Pennsylvania"
2453:
2328:
2242:
Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics and Genomics
2133:
2001:
1892:
1843:
1776:
1503:
1468:
1398:
1337:
1188:
1169:
1088:
2841:
2661:
2620:
2481:
1946:
1137:
968:
On 31 August 2023, researchers reported, based on genetic studies, that a
794:
It was found by Tarr et al. (1998) that the loss of heterozygosity of the
783:
Founder effects can affect complex traits, such as song diversity. In the
583:
population. The new colony can experience an increase in the frequency of
2513:
2496:
1357:
1204:
935:
893:
889:
848:
840:
768:
660:
130:
122:
70:
1825:
1698:(Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. p.
1651:
Systematics and the Origin of Species: on Ernst Mayr's 100th anniversary
1319:
945:
Around 1814, a small group of British colonists founded a settlement on
759:
and Alaskan elk, respectively. Corsican red deer are still listed as an
169:
during reproduction of subsequent generations, continue rapidly towards
2698:
2320:
1758:
1351:
Cooper, C. A.; Garas Klobas, L. C.; Maga, E. A.; Murray, J. D. (2013).
824:
764:
727:
723:
655:
significantly over the course of many generations. As the variance, or
2883:
2689:
2256:
Puffenberger, Erik (2021). "Recessive diseases and founder genetics".
2168:
1985:
1529:
924:
905:
877:
835:
776:
166:
2302:"Admixed ancestry and stratification of Quebec regional populations"
1300:
Joseph, S. B.; Swanstrom, R.; Kashuba, A. D.; Cohen, M. S. (2015).
913:
852:
257:
36:
1567:(9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education/Benjamin Cummings.
1482:
Drayna, Dennis (2005). "Founder Mutations: Scientific American".
141:
Founder mutations originate in long stretches of DNA on a single
2576:"In South Asian Social Castes, a Living Lab for Genetic Disease"
2887:
1653:(Illustrated ed.). National Academies Press. p. 367.
587:
alleles, as well, and as a result, an increased number who are
266:
The per generation loss of heterozygosity can be calculated as
1859:"Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa"
134:
1649:; Hey, Jody; Fitch, Walter M.; Ayala, Francisco José (2005).
138:
express the founder effect, for instance a goat or a human.
2545:"Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) - Jewish Genetic Disease"
1235:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (1999).
886:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
860:(extra fingers and toes, a symptom of a condition such as
65:
in 1942, using existing theoretical work by those such as
1621:
Wade, Michael S.; Wolf, Jason; Brodie, Edmund D. (2000).
2857:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1857:
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018-08-31).
1597:"File:Founder effect Illustration.jpg - Knowledge (XXG)"
1790:
Degiorgio, M.; Jakobsson, M.; Rosenberg, N. A. (2009).
931:, giving them the nickname of the âtwo-toed tribeâ.
2393:
2391:
2273:"The Population of the St. Lawrence Valley 1608â1760"
597:
558:
504:
484:
464:
444:
424:
404:
341:
317:
272:
241:
221:
179:
2275:. In Haines, Michael R.; Stecke, Richard H. (eds.).
1918:: 213â223 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1104:"The theory of speciation via the founder principle"
3129:
3103:
3065:
3040:
3007:
2921:
2850:
2340:
2338:
2198:Tarr, C. L.; Conant, S.; Fleischer, R. C. (1998).
1203:
710:Founder populations are essential to the study of
636:
571:
544:
490:
470:
450:
430:
410:
390:
323:
303:
247:
227:
207:
1692:Howard, Daniel J.; Berlocher, Steward H. (1998).
1625:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 330.
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
173:. The homozygosity increase can be calculated as
953:, a progressive form of blindness that afflicts
2279:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99â142.
1796:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1729:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
579:is the original size of the founding colony.
2899:
8:
2411:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
2358:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1863:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1531:Conservation and the Genomics of Populations
2765:Hu, Wangjie; et al. (31 August 2023).
961:The abnormally high rate of twin births in
958:worldwide prevalence of around 1 in 4,000.
2906:
2892:
2884:
1908:"Notice sur la nouvelle flore de Krakatau"
965:could be explained by the founder effect.
2697:
2651:
2512:
2309:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2223:
2115:
1912:Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg
1874:
1833:
1815:
1766:
1748:
1458:
1388:
1378:
1327:
1178:
1168:
1127:
1078:
637:{\displaystyle {\hat {q}}=\surd N_{22}/N}
626:
620:
599:
598:
596:
563:
557:
536:
527:
518:
503:
483:
463:
443:
423:
403:
376:
357:
340:
316:
290:
276:
271:
240:
220:
194:
183:
178:
1677:. evolution.berkeley.edu. Archived from
1276:"Colorectal Cancer Research Definitions"
1210:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p.
880:descent. Similarly, a high frequency of
679:of speciation. Following behind Wright,
391:{\displaystyle N(t)={K \over 1+be^{rt}}}
1534:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
1239:. W H Freeman and Company. p. 241.
1042:
884:exists among the 10,000 members of the
101:, so it shows increased sensitivity to
3199:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2442:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
1623:Epistasis and the evolutionary process
30:For the concept in organizations, see
2807:from the original on 1 September 2023
2277:A Population History of North America
1055:"Ernst Mayr: Genetics and speciation"
7:
2836:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
2501:American Journal of Medical Genetics
458:is the population equilibrium size,
2746:from the original on 31 August 2023
2636:"Genetical changes in mice and men"
2470:Clinical and Investigative Medicine
1876:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759
888:, a community which practices both
478:is the natural logarithm base, and
2368:from the original on June 27, 2017
1540:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.001.0001
418:equals the number of generations,
273:
235:equals inbreeding coefficient and
180:
25:
2421:from the original on July 9, 2017
1496:10.1038/scientificamerican1005-78
1278:. www.mshri.on.ca. Archived from
904:. In South Asia, castes like the
2417:the original.)). July 18, 2017.
2364:the original.)). July 18, 2017.
2225:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00385.x
1433:Ossa, C. A.; Torres, D. (2016).
1412:Molteni, Megan (June 30, 2016).
304:{\displaystyle \Delta {h}=-1/2N}
161:The founder effect is a type of
1451:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0416
1206:Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
923:In Africa, many members of the
545:{\displaystyle (K-N_{0})/N_{0}}
208:{\displaystyle \Delta {f}=1/2N}
2999:Constructive neutral evolution
613:
604:
524:
505:
351:
345:
1:
2407:National Institutes of Health
2354:National Institutes of Health
2026:Biodiversity and Conservation
27:Effect in population genetics
2949:Fisher's fundamental theorem
2853:Animal Species and Evolution
2564:, December 29, 2005, page 2.
2405:(NLM), which is part of the
2403:National Library of Medicine
2352:(NLM), which is part of the
2350:National Library of Medicine
1565:Campbell biology, AP edition
1380:10.1371/journal.pone.0058409
862:Weyers acrodental dysostosis
2974:Coefficient of relationship
2495:Puffenberger, E.G. (2003).
1307:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1071:10.1093/genetics/167.3.1041
3251:
2676:(CĂąndido GodĂłi, Brazil)".
2562:The Phoenix New Times News
2413:... ((Note: archived from
2381:EllisâVan Creveld syndrome
2360:... ((Note: archived from
1253:. bscs.org. Archived from
1120:10.1093/genetics/94.4.1011
866:EllisâVan Creveld syndrome
29:
3194:
2969:Coefficient of inbreeding
2574:Yin, Steph (2017-07-17).
2258:Genomics of Rare Diseases
2245:(Seventh ed.). 2020.
2073:10.1007/s10592-009-0013-z
2038:10.1007/s10531-007-9297-9
1251:"Bioinformatics Glossary"
1102:Templeton, A. R. (1980).
870:Maple syrup urine disease
720:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
3147:Evolutionary game theory
2929:HardyâWeinberg principle
2678:Annals of Human Genetics
1929:Bordage, Edmond (1916).
1906:Treub, Melchior (1888).
1151:Joly E (December 2011).
2959:Shifting balance theory
2793:10.1126/science.abq7487
2126:10.1126/science.1209566
1817:10.1073/pnas.0903341106
1750:10.1073/pnas.0507611102
1675:"Peripatric Speciation"
1563:Reece, Jane B. (2011).
1016:Neolithic founder crops
810:Among human populations
677:shifting balance theory
145:; indeed, the original
57:that occurs when a new
2944:Linkage disequilibrium
2834:Evolution as a Process
1170:10.1186/1745-6150-6-62
638:
573:
546:
492:
472:
452:
432:
412:
392:
325:
305:
263:
249:
229:
209:
42:
3186:Quantitative genetics
3095:BaldingâNichols model
3080:Population bottleneck
3075:Small population size
2979:Selection coefficient
2560:, by John Dougherty,
2415:an earlier version of
2362:an earlier version of
2061:Conservation Genetics
1947:10.3406/geo.1916.8848
1935:Annales de géographie
1601:commons.wikimedia.org
1031:Small population size
1006:Inbreeding depression
973:population bottleneck
693:Serial founder effect
686:peripatric speciation
639:
574:
572:{\displaystyle N_{0}}
547:
493:
473:
453:
433:
413:
393:
326:
306:
261:
250:
230:
210:
151:genetic recombination
109:, and relatively low
91:population bottleneck
40:
18:Serial founder effect
3225:Evolutionary biology
3057:Background selection
3044:on genomic variation
3042:Effects of selection
2994:Population structure
2849:Mayr, Ernst (1963).
2514:10.1002/ajmg.c.20003
951:retinitis pigmentosa
789:Acridotheres tristis
595:
556:
502:
482:
462:
442:
438:is the growth rate,
422:
402:
339:
315:
270:
239:
219:
177:
133:that appears in the
3235:Population genetics
3176:Population genomics
3052:Genetic hitchhiking
2939:Identity by descent
2915:Population genetics
2785:2023Sci...381..979H
2409:, an agency of the
2356:, an agency of the
2216:1998MolEc...7..719T
2108:2012Sci...335.1086K
1978:2020MolEc..29.2994O
1808:2009PNAS..10616057D
1741:2005PNAS..10215942R
1484:Scientific American
1371:2013PLoSO...858409C
1320:10.1038/nrmicro3471
1026:Popular sire effect
902:Joseph Smith Jessop
882:fumarase deficiency
851:. For example, the
712:island biogeography
47:population genetics
3162:Landscape genetics
2739:the New York Times
2732:(31 August 2023).
2634:Berry, RJ (1967).
2580:The New York Times
2321:10.1002/ajpa.21424
2239:"founder effect".
1681:on April 23, 2004.
996:Genetic bottleneck
761:endangered species
634:
569:
542:
488:
468:
448:
428:
408:
388:
321:
301:
264:
245:
225:
205:
43:
32:Founder's syndrome
3207:
3206:
3157:Genetic genealogy
3152:Fitness landscape
2864:978-0-674-03750-2
2779:(6661): 979â984.
2690:10.1111/ahg.12001
2379:condition called
2286:978-0-521-49666-7
2204:Molecular Ecology
2169:10.1111/ibi.12692
1986:10.1111/mec.15541
1972:(16): 2994â3009.
1966:Molecular Ecology
1709:978-0-19-510901-6
1660:978-0-309-09536-5
1632:978-0-19-512806-2
1574:978-0-13-137504-8
1549:978-0-19-885656-6
1257:on March 25, 2009
1237:Biology of Plants
1221:978-0-07-121468-1
1011:Mitochondrial Eve
991:Founder takes all
800:Telespiza cantans
757:Corsican red deer
706:In island ecology
607:
491:{\displaystyle b}
471:{\displaystyle e}
451:{\displaystyle K}
431:{\displaystyle r}
411:{\displaystyle t}
386:
324:{\displaystyle h}
248:{\displaystyle N}
228:{\displaystyle f}
111:genetic variation
105:, an increase in
55:genetic variation
16:(Redirected from
3242:
3116:J. B. S. Haldane
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2868:
2856:
2845:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2701:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2516:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2119:
2102:(6072): 1086â9.
2091:
2085:
2084:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1819:
1802:(38): 16057â62.
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1752:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1525:
1508:
1507:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:on July 24, 2009
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1209:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1047:
947:Tristan da Cunha
832:French Canadians
657:genetic distance
643:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
624:
609:
608:
600:
578:
576:
575:
570:
568:
567:
551:
549:
548:
543:
541:
540:
531:
523:
522:
498:is the constant
497:
495:
494:
489:
477:
475:
474:
469:
457:
455:
454:
449:
437:
435:
434:
429:
417:
415:
414:
409:
397:
395:
394:
389:
387:
385:
384:
383:
358:
330:
328:
327:
322:
310:
308:
307:
302:
294:
280:
254:
252:
251:
246:
234:
232:
231:
226:
214:
212:
211:
206:
198:
187:
127:founder mutation
117:Founder mutation
85:of new species.
21:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3190:
3125:
3099:
3061:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3003:
2934:Genetic linkage
2917:
2912:
2875:
2865:
2848:
2828:
2825:
2823:Further reading
2820:
2810:
2808:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2371:
2369:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1735:(44): 15942â7.
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1021:Persister cells
986:Cousin marriage
981:
812:
740:Andaman Islands
736:Nicobar Islands
708:
695:
616:
593:
592:
559:
554:
553:
532:
514:
500:
499:
480:
479:
460:
459:
440:
439:
420:
419:
400:
399:
372:
362:
337:
336:
313:
312:
268:
267:
237:
236:
217:
216:
175:
174:
159:
119:
81:and subsequent
53:is the loss of
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3181:Phylogeography
3178:
3173:
3171:Microevolution
3168:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3130:Related topics
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Founder effect
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Price equation
2961:
2956:
2954:Neutral theory
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:Founder effect
2874:
2873:External links
2871:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2846:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2757:
2721:
2667:
2626:
2609:S. Afr. Med. J
2599:
2566:
2550:
2536:
2487:
2459:
2432:
2387:
2334:
2292:
2285:
2263:
2248:
2231:
2210:(6): 719â731.
2190:
2163:(2): 435â440.
2147:
2086:
2051:
2015:
1952:
1921:
1898:
1869:(1): 405â428.
1849:
1782:
1715:
1708:
1684:
1666:
1659:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1588:
1573:
1555:
1548:
1509:
1474:
1445:(7): 832â839.
1439:The Oncologist
1425:
1414:"Spilled Milk"
1404:
1343:
1314:(7): 414â425.
1292:
1267:
1242:
1227:
1220:
1194:
1157:Biology Direct
1143:
1114:(4): 1011â38.
1094:
1051:Provine, W. B.
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
977:
970:human ancestor
934:The island of
927:tribe inherit
918:Ashkenazi Jews
898:John Y. Barlow
811:
808:
804:microsatellite
716:island ecology
707:
704:
694:
691:
665:phenotypically
648:assumptions.
646:Hardy-Wienberg
633:
629:
623:
619:
615:
612:
606:
603:
566:
562:
539:
535:
530:
526:
521:
517:
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510:
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487:
467:
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407:
382:
379:
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371:
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365:
361:
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350:
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320:
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297:
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289:
286:
283:
279:
275:
244:
224:
204:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
158:
155:
118:
115:
75:phenotypically
51:founder effect
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3121:Sewall Wright
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3067:Genetic drift
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:(2): 125â36.
2683:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2615:(13): 531â3.
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2476:(2): 127â41.
2475:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:(3): 432â41.
2314:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:10.1.1.363.77
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:(3): 659â73.
2031:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:(133): 1â22.
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
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2989:Heritability
2922:Key concepts
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2730:Zimmer, Carl
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2750:2 September
2699:11336/11007
1647:Mayr, Ernst
858:polydactyly
785:Common Myna
752:Isle Royale
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661:genetically
3214:Categories
3032:Ecological
3022:Artificial
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1607:2023-03-16
1419:2017-01-12
1286:2009-03-23
1261:2009-03-23
1038:References
955:homozygous
821:Ashkenazis
772:Sardinia.
681:Ernst Mayr
589:homozygous
143:chromosome
107:inbreeding
99:very small
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3142:Evolution
3009:Selection
2716:206980257
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2588:0362-4331
2177:1474-919X
2112:CiteSeerX
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1994:0962-1083
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614:√
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585:recessive
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285:−
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936:Pingelap
894:polygyny
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825:Bedouins
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