1265:
1157:
1277:
1169:
1339:
1324:
1241:
1217:
1289:
828:). The asbestos content can be released into the air when serpentine is excavated and if it is used as a road surface, forming a long-term health hazard by breathing. Asbestos from serpentine can also appear at low levels in water supplies through normal weathering processes, but there is as yet no fully proven health hazard associated with use or ingestion, although the EPA states an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps can occur. In its natural state, some forms of serpentine react with carbon dioxide and re-release oxygen into the atmosphere.
1229:
1253:
814:
1205:
1193:
1032:
806:
1181:
503:
1309:
2880:
278:
36:
1264:
1067:, a variety of antigorite, is an especially hard serpentine (5.5) of light to dark apple green color, often mottled with cloudy white patches and darker veining. It is the serpentine most frequently encountered in carving and jewelry. The name 'retinalite' is sometimes applied to yellow bowenite. The New Zealand material is called
645:
of serpentine that most commonly forms during metamorphism of wet ultramafic rocks and is stable at the highest temperatures—to over 600 °C (1,100 °F) at depths of 60 km (37 mi) or so. In contrast, lizardite and chrysotile typically form near the Earth's surface and break down at
1168:
869:, or 'false jade' in English, and was used for generations by Indian craftsmen for lapidary work. It is easily carved, taking a good polish, and is said to have a pleasingly greasy feel. Less valuable serpentine ores of varying hardness and clarity are also sometimes dyed to imitate
609:
Serpentine minerals are ubiquitous in many geological systems where hydrothermal alteration of ultramafic rocks is possible, in both terrestrial (oceanic hydrothermalism, subduction zones and transform faulting) and extraterrestrial environments. The process of alteration from
1276:
1156:
1288:
1228:
428:, serpentine may refer to any of the 20 varieties belonging to the serpentine subgroup. Owing to admixture, these varieties are not always easy to individualize, and distinctions are not usually made. There are three important mineral
1039:
Lamellated antigorite occurs in tough, pleated masses. It is usually dark green, but may also be yellowish, gray, brown or black. It has a hardness of 3.5–4 and its luster is greasy. The monoclinic crystals show micaceous
653:
rocks there commonly contain abundant serpentine. Antigorite contains water in its structure, about 13 percent by weight. Hence, antigorite may play an important role in the transport of water into the earth in
1252:
1240:
1216:
646:
relatively low temperatures, probably well below 400 °C (800 °F). It has been suggested that chrysotile is never stable relative to either of the other two serpentine polymorphs.
538:
may be vitreous, silky or greasy. Colors range from white to grey, yellow to green, and brown to black, and are often splotchy or veined. Many are intergrown with other minerals, such as
1338:
824:
Serpentines find use in industry for several purposes, such as railway ballasts, building materials, and the asbestiform types find use as thermal and electrical insulation (chrysotile
1323:
581:
between the layers. H-bonding tries to maintain flat layers, but this competes with the requirements of misfit compensation. As a result, the layers are locally either curved or flat.
1966:
622:-rich ultramafic rocks at relatively low temperatures (0 to ~600 °C). The chemical reaction turns olivine into serpentine minerals. They may also have their origins in
1777:
1706:
1661:
1624:
1571:
1204:
1192:
1538:
Hunter, Sir
William Wilson and Burn, Sir Richard, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 3, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, Henry Frowde Publishers (1907), p. 242
1234:
Genthite (antigorite) from Wood's Chrome Mine. The bright green, lustrous antigorite richly covering this specimen has an unusual knobby/bubbly/drusy form.
1518:
1180:
2056:
1549:
1994:
831:
The more attractive and durable varieties (all of the antigorite) are termed "noble" or "precious" serpentine and are used extensively as
1720:
J. F. Mustard, F. Poulet, A. Gendrin, J.-P. Bibring, Y. Lagevin, B. Gondet, N. Mangold, G. Bellucci, And F. Altieri (March 11, 2005).
1308:
1970:
2029:
2015:
1920:
597:, but their different layer of curvatures result in lamellar agglomerated antigorite and lizardite and fibrous chrysotile elongated
1876:
1586:
642:
448:
429:
569:. The second level of the structure organized into different serpentine species originates partly to compensate the intra-layer
1846:
1270:
Turban ornament, North India, Delhi or Jaipur, 18th–19th century, antigorite, gold, pearls, glass. Ethnological Museum, Berlin
2921:
161:
2049:
1294:
Necklace and earring set made from semiprecious stones. The spherical green beads are
Russian serpentine. Also used are
1116:
638:
replace other magnesium silicates. Incomplete alteration causes the physical properties of serpentines to vary widely.
2916:
20:
292:-serpentine group in the category of phyllosilicates) are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in
2911:
1315:
1099:
often included. Somewhat resembling fine jade, williamsite is cut into cabochons and beads. It is found mainly in
2906:
2181:
562:
2042:
1258:
Polished slab of bowenite serpentine, a variety of antigorite. Typical cloudy patches and veining are apparent.
1515:
2156:
1345:
1330:
92:
851:
was known for centuries for finishing a relatively pure form of green serpentine obtained from quarries in
813:
304:, and as decorative stone. The name comes from the greenish color and smooth or scaly appearance from the
2171:
558:
1771:
1700:
1655:
1618:
1565:
151:
2383:
1091:
Williamsite is an
American local varietal name for antigorite that is oil-green with black crystals of
2316:
1676:
566:
2161:
1804:
1733:
1598:
594:
2850:
2779:
2547:
2406:
2336:
859:
work, cups, ornamental sword hilts, and dagger handles. This high-grade serpentine ore was known as
2855:
2620:
2577:
2266:
2221:
2211:
2136:
2116:
1044:
and fuse with difficulty. Antigorite is named after its type locality, the
Geisspfad serpentinite,
809:
Dish of serpentine with inlaid gold fish, 1st century BC to 1st century AD, with 9th-century mounts
535:
515:
200:
190:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2562:
2291:
2236:
1145:
Legislature designated the mineral serpentine as "the official State Rock and lithologic emblem".
2822:
2817:
2794:
2567:
2509:
2494:
2464:
2364:
2326:
2196:
2166:
2131:
2101:
1828:
1759:
1437:
1174:
Serpentinite from East Dover
Ultramafic Body, Ordovician; roadcut east of East Dover, Vermont, US
1041:
1014:
570:
550:
543:
141:
2615:
2552:
2534:
2311:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2121:
805:
2756:
2582:
2306:
2146:
912:
873:. Misleading synonyms for this material include "Suzhou jade", "Styrian jade", and "New jade".
502:
2592:
2572:
2499:
2331:
2261:
2226:
2081:
2025:
2011:
1820:
1751:
1085:
836:
762:
491:
452:
330:
2557:
2186:
1470:
1084:
featured as part of the "Our
Mineral Heritage Brooch", was presented to U.S. First Lady Mrs.
1812:
1741:
1688:
1606:
1031:
928:
866:
623:
615:
523:
511:
456:
401:
228:
210:
58:
577:, with the larger octahedral sheet on the convex side. However, such curvature weakens the
2884:
2845:
2625:
1924:
1522:
994:
51:
1917:
1675:
Shiwei Zhou, Yonggang Wei, Bo Li, Baozhong Ma, Chengyan Wang, Hua Wang (August 5, 2017).
1417:
877:
1808:
1737:
1602:
2670:
2301:
2286:
2065:
1246:
Bowenite (Antigorite) from
Asbestos mine, Thurman Township, Warren County, New York, US
1124:
990:
742:
710:
317:
102:
2900:
2860:
2832:
2321:
1851:
JONES, Jeri L., presented to the
Geological Society of America's Northeastern Section
904:
844:
694:
666:
578:
573:
due to this dimensional misfit. Good compensation results in a nearly constant layer
527:
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238:
1832:
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2201:
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686:
393:
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251:
1854:
1692:
1491:
1393:
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Samples of the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle from ocean basins document that
277:
35:
1677:"Kinetics study on the dehydroxylation and phase transformation of Mg3Si2O5(OH)4"
1222:
Picrolite (antigorite) from Quebec looking in color and form like a bit of celery
2774:
2746:
2693:
2650:
2606:
2514:
2484:
2469:
2459:
2421:
1053:
1045:
993:
is generally very distinctive, with specialized, slow-growing species. Areas of
881:
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690:
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472:
248:
1816:
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2542:
2524:
2504:
2426:
2398:
2246:
2231:
1746:
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1210:
Slab of curiously patterned antigorite from the
Jeffrey Mine, Quebec, Canada
1096:
1006:
998:
986:
974:
932:
586:
574:
554:
480:
437:
409:
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336:
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176:
127:
1755:
1198:
Antigorite from Lord
Brassey Mine, Heazlewood district, Tasmania, Australia
1115:
Gymnite is an amorphous form of antigorite. It was originally found in the
2022:
Geology and Plant Life: the Effects of Landforms and Rock Types on Plants.
1035:
Bowenite from Asbestos mine, Thurman Township, Warren County, New York, US
2812:
2698:
2635:
2602:
2276:
2151:
2086:
1299:
1120:
1100:
1092:
1081:
1064:
966:
916:
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popular as a decorative facing stone. In classical times it was mined at
856:
832:
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718:
698:
631:
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425:
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321:
301:
1371:
2723:
2519:
2449:
2431:
2411:
2111:
2106:
982:
936:
908:
884:
once carved beautiful objects from local serpentine, which they called
778:
774:
754:
722:
619:
598:
539:
531:
487:
389:
352:
1937:
1080:, United States: this is also the variety's type locality. A bowenite
945:
from Italy. Use is limited to indoor settings as serpentinites do not
2713:
2206:
2091:
1585:
Bernard W. Evans, Keiko Hattori, and Alain Baronnet (April 1, 2013).
1295:
1010:
970:
962:
924:
920:
790:
758:
746:
738:
726:
674:
670:
417:
413:
363:
1076:
Although not an official species, bowenite is the state mineral of
2034:
1793:"The Serpentinite Multisystem Revisited: Chrysotile Is Metastable"
1049:
1030:
958:
848:
840:
817:
812:
804:
794:
782:
770:
766:
750:
734:
611:
565:, regardless of the 3–5% larger lateral lattice dimensions of the
501:
467:, is one polymorph of serpentine and is one of the more important
397:
305:
276:
2001:
The Serpentinite Multisystem Revisited: Chrysotile is Metastable.
658:
zones and in the subsequent release of water to create magmas in
471:
minerals. Other polymorphs in the serpentine subgroup may have a
2359:
2346:
2176:
2073:
1002:
870:
519:
340:
327:
2038:
1639:
1186:
Antigorite from Clay Geo, Unst, Shetland Islands, Scotland, UK
876:
New Caledonian serpentine is particularly rich in nickel. The
662:, and some of the water may be carried to yet greater depths.
1492:"Serpentine: The mineral Serpentine information and pictures"
1438:"Serpentine: The mineral Serpentine information and pictures"
404:. They may contain minor amounts of other elements including
1550:"A reappraisal of the structures of the serpentine minerals"
2873:
Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified
973:; growth of many plants is also inhibited by low levels of
678:
618:. Serpentine minerals are often formed by the hydration of
455:, but the atoms are arranged into different structures, or
494:, sometimes under the name "false jade" or "Teton jade".
2003:
In: International Geology Review, v. 46, pages 479–506
1918:
http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/dietr1rv/serpentine.htm
820:
carved from serpentine, height 8 cm (3.1 in)
1847:"Slate – The Delta Story: A Heritage To Be Preserved"
1722:"Olivine and Pyroxene Diversity in the Crust of Mars"
860:
1471:"Serpentine definition in the Dictionary of Geology"
665:
Occurrence is worldwide, notable localities include
2831:
2793:
2765:
2732:
2669:
2601:
2533:
2440:
2397:
2373:
2345:
2072:
1128:
510:
Most serpentines are opaque to translucent, light (
268:
260:
256:
SWUV: inert to weak blue; LWUV: inert to weak green
247:
237:
227:
219:
209:
199:
189:
160:
150:
140:
116:
111:
101:
91:
57:
47:
42:
28:
1548:F. J. Wicks; E. J. W. Whittaker (August 1, 1975).
1162:Serpentinite from the Precambrian of Michigan, US
957:Soils derived from serpentine are toxic to many
614:minerals to serpentine group minerals is called
1938:"Gymnite: Gymnite mineral information and data"
1893:, London: John Murray Publishers (1908), p. 561
1640:"The thermophysical properties of serpentinite"
2008:Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, 2nd edition
1282:Serpentine that has turned green, 17th century
506:Serpentine chemical structure, single molecule
2050:
1877:"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations"
940:
549:The basic structural unit of serpentine is a
8:
1776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1660:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1623:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1570:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
486:Many types of serpentine have been used for
1068:
894:
885:
308:
2057:
2043:
2035:
1995:Mineral description from Mineral galleries
561:is tightly linked on one side to a single
2024:Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1745:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1460:Serpentine, American Heritage Dictionary
81:
77:
73:
69:
1358:
1152:
316:Serpentine subgroup is a set of common
1901:
1899:
1769:
1698:
1653:
1616:
1563:
396:of the minerals that are contained in
120:Green, yellowish-green, blueish-gray (
25:
1638:D. Hršak, G. Sučik, L. Lazić (2008).
1534:
1532:
1530:
1394:"pyrophyllite | mineral | Britannica"
518:2.5–4), infusible and susceptible to
483:are the polymorphs with platy habit.
126:Green, brown, light yellow to white (
7:
1961:California Government Code § 425.2;
907:, or verde antic, is a serpentinite
939:(and many other sources), and red
451:, meaning that they have the same
233:1.538–1.57 (Tolerance:0.004/–0.07)
14:
1587:"Serpentinite: What, Why, Where?"
2878:
1906:The Stone Age Jewels: Serpentine
1891:The Commercial Products of India
1791:Evans, Bernard W. (2004-06-01).
1337:
1322:
1307:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
34:
16:Group of phyllosilicate minerals
1681:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
931:(or 'Irish green marble') from
296:. They are used as a source of
2020:Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (2002).
1927:Gemrocks, R. V. Dietrich, 2005
1418:"Serpentine | NOVA Mineralogy"
1013:areas; these areas are called
530:, never being found as single
1:
1693:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.162
1133:, meaning "bare" or "naked".
195:Vitreous, silky, greasy, waxy
1853:. March 2005. Archived from
1797:International Geology Review
961:, because of high levels of
927:are also widely used: Green
514:between 2.2 and 2.9), soft (
1908:, retrieved 2 October 2011
1129:
861:
87:with X = Mg, Fe, Ni, Mn, Zn
2940:
2182:Fluorotetraferriphlogopite
1999:Evans, Bernard W. (2004).
1967:"CA Codes (Gov:420-429.8)"
1817:10.2747/0020-6814.46.6.479
1316:University of Pennsylvania
1024:
1001:and open, scattered small
563:tetrahedral silicate sheet
169:2.5–6 (original) 3.5–4.0 (
18:
2869:
1611:10.2113/gselements.9.2.99
1554:The Canadian Mineralogist
33:
2010:. Blackwell Publishing.
1329:Old Library Building at
1123:, and is named from the
1048:in the border region of
498:Properties and structure
447:Serpentine minerals are
313:, meaning "snake-like".
132:Greyish green to white (
1747:10.1126/science.1109098
1346:West Chester University
1331:West Chester University
997:will show as strips of
995:serpentine-derived soil
942:Rosso di Levanto marble
634:. Serpentines may also
2157:Ferroaluminoceladonite
1069:
1036:
941:
895:
886:
821:
810:
553:0.72 nm thick. A
507:
309:
282:
281:Serpentine from Poland
2922:Symbols of California
1516:National Park Service
1372:"Serpentine Subgroup"
1034:
816:
808:
505:
392:, resulting from the
280:
595:chemical composition
205:White,greenish-white
19:For other uses, see
2885:Minerals portal
2172:Fluorokinoshitalite
1879:. 30 November 2015.
1809:2004IGRv...46..479E
1738:2005Sci...307.1594M
1732:(5715): 1594–1597.
1603:2013Eleme...9...99E
1344:Recitation Hall at
1009:) within otherwise
981:and a low ratio of
890:, meaning "tears".
849:Indian subcontinent
837:ornamental carvings
559:trioctahedral sheet
286:Serpentine subgroup
261:Diagnostic features
2917:Magnesium minerals
1923:2004-06-22 at the
1889:Watt, Sir George,
1521:2010-09-30 at the
1398:www.britannica.com
1037:
1021:Antigorite variety
1015:serpentine barrens
822:
811:
641:Antigorite is the
508:
283:
220:Optical properties
2912:Iron(II) minerals
2894:
2893:
2384:Ferripyrophyllite
2227:Manganiceladonite
2082:Aluminoceladonite
2006:Myron G. (2003).
1086:Lady Bird Johnson
492:hardstone carving
453:chemical formulae
275:
274:
2929:
2907:Serpentine group
2883:
2882:
2881:
2317:Tetraferriannite
2177:Fluorophlogopite
2059:
2052:
2045:
2036:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:. Archived from
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1880:
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1864:
1862:
1857:on July 14, 2011
1843:
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1496:www.minerals.net
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1442:www.minerals.net
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1314:College Hall at
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1243:
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1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1132:
1072:
944:
929:Connemara marble
898:
889:
864:
843:in the historic
636:pseudomorphously
616:serpentinization
567:octahedral sheet
524:microcrystalline
512:specific gravity
457:crystal lattices
402:ultramafic rocks
387:
386:
385:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
350:
312:
229:Refractive index
211:Specific gravity
166:
84:
64:
63:(repeating unit)
38:
26:
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2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2897:
2896:
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2890:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2846:Franklinphilite
2827:
2789:
2761:
2728:
2665:
2626:Montmorillonite
2597:
2529:
2436:
2393:
2369:
2341:
2162:Ferroceladonite
2068:
2066:Phyllosilicates
2063:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1965:
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1925:Wayback Machine
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1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1151:
1139:
1113:
1062:
1046:Valle Antigorio
1029:
1023:
955:
923:. Serpentinite
903:, now known as
845:Punjab province
803:
626:alterations of
607:
526:and massive in
500:
432:of serpentine:
384:
381:
380:
379:
371:
368:
367:
366:
360:
357:
356:
355:
349:
346:
345:
344:
334:
264:Color, cleavage
180:
174:
164:
131:
125:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
61:
52:Phyllosilicates
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:Lennilenapeite
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2833:Stilpnomelanes
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:Ferrisepiolite
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Brinrobertsite
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Bismutoferrite
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2337:Yangzhumingite
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Siderophyllite
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Polylithionite
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1989:External links
1987:
1984:
1983:
1954:
1942:www.mindat.org
1929:
1910:
1895:
1882:
1868:
1838:
1803:(6): 479–506.
1783:
1712:
1667:
1630:
1577:
1540:
1526:
1508:
1483:
1462:
1453:
1429:
1409:
1385:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1112:
1109:
1061:
1058:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
954:
953:Potential harm
951:
896:lapis atracius
839:. The town of
802:
799:
743:Ural Mountains
606:
603:
593:have the same
499:
496:
463:, which has a
382:
369:
358:
347:
331:phyllosilicate
273:
272:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
245:
244:
241:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
207:
206:
203:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
167:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
146:Almost perfect
144:
138:
137:
118:
114:
113:
112:Identification
109:
108:
105:
103:Crystal system
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
65:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2861:Stilpnomelane
2859:
2857:
2856:Parsettensite
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Ferrosaponite
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Lunijianlaite
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Trilithionite
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Oxyphlogopite
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Luanshiweiite
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Kinoshitalite
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Chromphyllite
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Boromuscovite
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:0-295-98452-X
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:1-4051-0588-7
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1973:on 2009-06-28
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:(2): 99–106.
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1560:(3): 227–243.
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1141:In 1965, the
1136:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:verde antique
902:
897:
891:
888:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
819:
815:
807:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:peninsula in
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:and southern
700:
696:
695:Massachusetts
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:New Caledonia
663:
661:
657:
652:
647:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
497:
495:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:fibrous habit
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
377:
365:
354:
342:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:(part of the
287:
279:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
250:
246:
242:
240:
239:Birefringence
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
178:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
129:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
66:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2876:
2841:Bannisterite
2795:Pyrosmalites
2684:Borocookeite
2679:Baileychlore
2661:Yakhontovite
2656:Volkonskoite
2646:Swinefordite
2563:Hydrobiotite
2480:Cronstedtite
2441:
2389:Pyrophyllite
2375:Pyrophyllite
2355:Minnesotaite
2292:Preiswerkite
2237:Masutomilite
2202:Hendricksite
2021:
2007:
2000:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1962:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1913:
1905:
1890:
1885:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1850:
1841:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1772:cite journal
1729:
1725:
1715:
1701:cite journal
1684:
1680:
1670:
1656:cite journal
1647:
1643:
1633:
1619:cite journal
1594:
1590:
1580:
1566:cite journal
1557:
1553:
1543:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1374:. mindat.org
1140:
1137:State emblem
1114:
1105:Pennsylvania
1090:
1078:Rhode Island
1075:
1063:
1038:
956:
892:
875:
862:sang-i-yashm
830:
823:
703:Pennsylvania
687:Rhode Island
664:
648:
640:
608:
548:
509:
485:
449:polymorphous
446:
394:metamorphism
315:
294:serpentinite
285:
284:
252:fluorescence
2823:Schallerite
2818:Pyrosmalite
2775:Falcondoite
2747:Chrysocolla
2694:Clinochlore
2651:Vermiculite
2607:vermiculite
2568:Karpinskite
2535:Corrensites
2510:Manandonite
2495:Guidottiite
2485:Fraipontite
2470:Caryopilite
2465:Brindleyite
2460:Berthierine
2442:Serpentines
2422:Hisingerite
2365:Willemseite
2327:Voloshinite
2197:Gorbunovite
2167:Fluorannite
2132:Chernykhite
2102:Balestraite
1687:: 180–186.
1644:Metalurgija
1054:Switzerland
882:New Zealand
853:Afghanistan
787:New Zealand
707:Afghanistan
691:Connecticut
660:island arcs
624:metamorphic
601:particles.
551:polar layer
473:platy habit
310:serpentinus
249:Ultraviolet
243:0.005–0.012
223:Biaxial (–)
2901:Categories
2803:Friedelite
2767:Sepiolites
2734:Allophanes
2719:Pennantite
2704:Donbassite
2631:Nontronite
2616:Beidellite
2553:Corrensite
2490:Greenalite
2475:Chrysotile
2455:Antigorite
2417:Halloysite
2399:Kaolinites
2312:Tainiolite
2297:Roscoelite
2282:Phlogopite
2272:Paragonite
2257:Norrishite
2252:Nanpingite
2242:Montdorite
2217:Lepidolite
2192:Glauconite
2142:Clintonite
2127:Celadonite
2122:Bramallite
2097:Aspidolite
1977:2009-12-24
1447:2022-11-15
1423:2022-11-15
1403:2022-11-15
1353:References
1298:(red) and
1143:California
1117:Bare Hills
1027:Antigorite
979:phosphorus
683:California
681:(northern
656:subduction
651:ultramafic
628:peridotite
605:Occurrence
591:chrysotile
583:Antigorite
522:. All are
477:Antigorite
461:Chrysotile
442:chrysotile
434:antigorite
430:polymorphs
422:mineralogy
269:References
183:chrysotile
171:antigorite
162:Mohs scale
134:chrysotile
122:antigorite
107:Monoclinic
93:IMA symbol
29:Serpentine
21:Serpentine
2808:Mcgillite
2785:Sepiolite
2757:Neotocite
2752:Imogolite
2742:Allophane
2709:Gonyerite
2689:Chamosite
2671:Chlorites
2641:Sauconite
2603:Smectites
2588:Saliotite
2583:Rectorite
2543:Aliettite
2525:Pecoraite
2505:Lizardite
2427:Kaolinite
2307:Suhailite
2247:Muscovite
2232:Margarite
2147:Eastonite
1825:0020-6814
1097:magnetite
1088:in 1967.
999:shrubland
987:magnesium
975:potassium
933:Connemara
913:Casambala
763:Carinthia
643:polymorph
587:lizardite
579:H-bonding
575:curvature
481:lizardite
438:lizardite
410:manganese
325:magnesium
320:-forming
298:magnesium
290:kaolinite
181:2.5–3.0 (
177:lizardite
128:lizardite
2813:Nelenite
2699:Cookeite
2636:Saponite
2593:Tosudite
2573:Kulkeite
2515:Népouite
2500:Kellyite
2332:Wonesite
2277:Phengite
2262:Orlovite
2152:Ephesite
2087:Anandite
1921:Archived
1833:98271088
1764:15548016
1756:15718427
1591:Elements
1519:Archived
1378:30 April
1300:fluorite
1130:'gymnos'
1121:Maryland
1101:Maryland
1093:chromite
1082:cabochon
1070:tangiwai
1065:Bowenite
1060:Bowenite
1042:cleavage
1011:forested
1007:conifers
967:chromium
917:Thessaly
887:tangiwai
857:lapidary
826:asbestos
731:Thessaly
719:Cornwall
699:Maryland
632:pyroxene
544:dolomite
532:crystals
516:hardness
469:asbestos
426:gemology
406:chromium
390:minerals
302:asbestos
165:hardness
152:Fracture
142:Cleavage
48:Category
2724:Sudoite
2558:Dozyite
2520:Odinite
2450:Amesite
2432:Nacrite
2412:Dickite
2187:Garmite
2112:Biotite
2107:Bityite
1947:4 April
1861:June 3,
1805:Bibcode
1734:Bibcode
1726:Science
1599:Bibcode
1501:4 April
1302:(blue).
1149:Gallery
1111:Gymnite
1005:(often
983:calcium
947:weather
937:Ireland
925:marbles
909:breccia
899:of the
867:Persian
847:of the
835:and in
779:Myanmar
775:Manipur
755:Austria
723:Ireland
711:Britain
620:olivine
599:mineral
540:calcite
488:jewelry
322:hydrous
215:2.2–2.9
156:Brittle
59:Formula
43:General
2714:Nimite
2609:family
2377:series
2207:Illite
2092:Annite
2028:
2014:
1831:
1823:
1762:
1754:
1476:9 July
1296:jasper
989:. The
971:cobalt
969:, and
963:nickel
959:plants
949:well.
921:Greece
901:Romans
791:Norway
773:, and
759:Styria
747:France
739:Russia
727:Greece
715:Lizard
675:Quebec
671:Canada
571:stress
557:-rich
536:Lustre
418:nickel
414:cobalt
201:Streak
191:Luster
2347:Talcs
2074:Micas
1829:S2CID
1760:S2CID
1125:Greek
1050:Italy
1003:trees
991:flora
878:Māori
855:into
841:Bhera
818:Budai
795:Italy
783:Burma
771:Assam
767:India
751:Korea
735:China
713:(the
612:mafic
528:habit
520:acids
420:. In
398:mafic
306:Latin
175:2.5 (
117:Color
2605:and
2360:Talc
2026:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1949:2018
1863:2010
1821:ISSN
1778:link
1752:PMID
1707:link
1662:link
1650:(1).
1625:link
1572:link
1503:2018
1478:2018
1380:2021
1103:and
977:and
893:The
871:jade
833:gems
801:Uses
793:and
761:and
630:and
589:and
542:and
490:and
479:and
440:and
424:and
328:iron
318:rock
300:and
80:(OH)
1963:see
1813:doi
1742:doi
1730:307
1689:doi
1685:713
1607:doi
1119:of
1095:or
880:of
865:in
785:),
777:),
765:),
745:),
733:),
721:),
705:),
677:),
416:or
400:to
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697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
679:US
669:,
585:,
555:Mg
546:.
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475:.
459:.
444:.
436:,
412:,
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376:OH
353:Si
341:Fe
337:Mg
72:Si
2058:e
2051:t
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