739:(50.2%), with brooks and waterfalls common on many of the mountain slopes, in addition to several secondary tributaries (such as the Homem, Rabagão, Castro Laboreiro, and Arado rivers). The Lima cuts across the PNPG east to west, while the Cávado serves the southern limits of the districts of Vila Real and Braga. Fractures in the landscape have confined the rivers to deep, straight valleys and are visible in the younger granite outcrops visible in the uncovered higher altitudes. Owing to the number tributaries, the construction of hydroelectrical dams has been undertaken to generate electricity across six locations:
605:
2602:): to provide means of management and conservation that would allow the constant preservation of existing water-based environments. The park is located within mountainous granite geomorphology, characterized by narrow watercourses, irregular inclines and unmineralized, highly oxygenated, semi-acidic, cold waters, which are the base of the ecosystem. Its importance, therefore, resulted in three-level classification of freshwater environments characterized by the natural resources that existed, and those activities which were permitted in each environment.
2821:
2780:
inaccessibility and diminished exterior investment potential, has concentrated those activities in the region primarily in the exploration of forestry, the support of hydro-electrical generation and tourism. But this too is limited; tourism is concentrated generally in the vicinity of Caldas do Gerês, hydro-electrical transmission has not affected the local economy, and along with forestry, has not seen an appreciable re-investment or re-capitalization of wealth (with income generated transferred outside the local market).
56:
2630:
597:
2204:
2215:
2883:
2554:
569:
1933:
353:
1922:
760:
76:
2810:
331:
589:
342:
2193:
2792:
many dotting the settlement landscape of the park's limits, primarily in the area of Gerês. Other service sector activities are concentrated within the urbanized municipal seats and larger villages, with many of the more dynamic nuclei the centre of postal services, banks, posts for the G.N.R. or health centres.
751:
incorporation of biomass and elevated precipitation, along with the low autumn-winter temperatures give an origin to the alterations in pH levels. The elevated levels of incompletely decomposed organic material, low in phosphorus and intermittently low/high in potassium, are subject of alluvial deposition.
2787:
Industrial activities in the civil parishes within the park are poorly diversified and support familial businesses. Civil construction, although one of the larger economic supporters, has little effect on local incomes, since a majority of the employed come from outside the region. Although there are
2410:, which mostly live in the wild, but are a gentle breed with no significant fear of humans. For a long time these horses permeated the farms of Vilarinho das Furnas (before it was inundated with the dam's construction), but later began to freely move between the Portuguese-Spanish border after 1979.
774:
It falls in a part of
Portugal (and Europe) that is affected by extreme rainfall, obtaining precipitation levels of 3200 millimetres per year on higher altitudes, and 1600 millimetres at lower altitudes, with more than 130 rainy days per year. Average daily high temperatures range from 10 °C to
636:
The granitic rocks that dominate this shield were deposited during the process of continental collision that brought together the lower
Iberian peninsula with Europe, between 380 million and 275 million years; the oldest of them, at Amarela, date from 310 million years ago. The most extensive of the
2791:
Similarly, tertiary activities are limited small operators; commonly poorly diversified, dominated by commercial establishments and focused on local consumption, they are operated by families and do not generate much in employment. Cafés and restaurants, are a good example of entrepreneurship, with
2561:
The 1971 classification of Peneda-Gerês as a national park came from a group of rules/requirements established to allow: the prudent use of the park's resources, preservation of existing flora and fauna species, allowing for the continued cohabitation, while providing an environment for scientific,
670:
Gerês granite structures - includes Gerês, Paufito, Carris, Borrageiro and
Tieiras, and is composed of special mineralogical and geochemical intrusions that occurred through third phase of Hercynian faults, caused by a differentiating of basic magmas. The terrain in these regions include a vigorous
1948:
The floristic diversity includes 823 vascular taxa that occur in 128 types of natural vegetation. The oak forests which are common throughout the park, are especially concentrated in the
Ramiscal, Peneda, Gerês and Beredo river valleys. These forested areas are dominated by an alliance between the
2783:
The primary sector, although the largest contributor, is subsistence at best: supported by an ageing (mostly female) population; individual parcels are small and over-subdivided; producers that support familial or local clients; a production that is primarily concentrated on personal consumption;
2672:
These residents are concentrated primarily in various agglomerations: small nuclei separated from each other; an extension of buildings located along roadways; some isolated groups; constructions along agricultural roads in pasturelands; and three or more homes isolated by pastures. Consequently,
2620:
In 2011 a new management plan was published for Peneda-Gerês NP defining 5 levels of protection: total protection area, partial protection areas (levels I and II) and complementary protection areas (levels I and II). This management plan was based on a combination of biodiversity conservation and
750:
Soils within the elevated terrains and inclined spaces are non-existent, while the valleys are rich and deep, deposited and transported by pluvial action. These strata are textured, permeable, easily worked, albeit with a weak consistency, and marked by the peculiarities of local agriculture. The
493:
The creation of the national park (completed under decree no. 187/71, 8 May 1971) envisioned a planning area of mountainous spaces, in order to conserve the environment, while permitting human and natural resource activities, which would include educational, touristic and scientific projects. At
770:
The region of the Parque
Nacional Peneda Gerês falls within a transitional zone between the Atlantic and Mediterranean environments, and is influenced by various climatic systems: Atlantic, Mediterranean and Continental. Its climate is greatly influenced by the topography; the mountains exert a
2779:
The primary economic sector dominates the activities of residents that live within the park's territory. Although agricultural activity remains difficult, it still out-paces secondary and tertiary activities which, apart from the Terras de Bouro and Ponte da Barca, have been insignificant. The
2413:
There are 147 avian species that are associated with the Peneda-Gerês park, especially along the
Mourela region in the southern part of its frontier. In this region, although it might vary throughout the year (given climate and season), approximately 36 species make their nests in the area. Of
450:
The reoccupation of mountain areas started in the 12th century, intensifying in the 16th century with the introduction of maize, beans, and potatoes from the
Americas. Agricultural fields occupied former pastures, and these were displaced to more elevated areas resulting in a mosaic of fields,
454:
The reforestation of uncultivated lands, imposed by the government in 1935, reduced the available pastures, and contributed to a rural exodus that continued after the 1950s. Yet it was still common practice for the residents of mountain communities to spend part of the year in two locations,
786:
Consequently, the area is prone to various micro-climates, affected by variations in altitude, topographic characteristics, human occupation, different exposures and thermal variation. Similarly, this difference has resulted in an interchange of vegetation characteristic of
Mediterranean,
2735:
Mourela/Barroso
Plateau - extending south, southeast and southwest, the plateau is a series of agglomerations, connected by avenues of built-up occupation. The expansion of Várzea, owing to the construction of the Paradela Dam, resulted in the reduction of cultivatable lands, meadows and
665:
formed from quartz and aplite-pegmatites were mineralized resulting in tin, tungsten, molybdenum and gold (which would become the focus of mining in the human era, at the now-closed mines of Carris and
Borrageiro). Generally, the lithological structures can be divided into three layers:
2661:(-20.3%). There was a population of 9,099 according to the 1991 census, a 16% decrease from the 10,849 registered in 1981. There are no positive-negative variations between civil parishes; of those civil parishes that fell within the PNPG authority, their populations dropped from 0.8% (
2788:
a few larger operations (bread-making, construction and saw-milling/carpentry) most are small owner-operators, that support local consumption or occasional sales. Frequently, artisanal producers have disappeared, and have not been replaced by mass-produced or comparable vendors.
674:
older granite structures - includes a very heterogeneous group of Mezio, Soajo, Serra Amarela, Linhoso, Parada, Tourém, Pedrada e Ermida, Germil, Sezelhe and Frades, with a texture and composition that quite variable, from the crustal fusion of various materials with surface
2728:
Gerês Valley - development of tourism, around the Caniçada Dam and Thermal baths, resulted in uncontrolled re-construction, re-modelling and expansion of existing residences, although there already existed a tendency for expansion along the avenues and accessways along the
718:. These sedminentary deposits are prominently preserved in two linear patches: Vale das Antas and Louriça, near Castro Laboreiro, between two granite structures. The most recent geological formations are those created by fluvial, torrential and glacial deposits.
2756:
Over the last 50 years, the Peneda-Gerês National Park has been one of the most important sites for ecological research in Portugal, but also for other natural and social sciences. A number of studies have been conducted from the Peneda Field Station in
501:
network, and in 1999, designated a Special Protection Area for Wild Birds. Moreover, it also encompasses an important area of natural forest, which forms part of the European Network of Biogenetic Reserves, and is recognized as a national park by the
726:
products (U-shaped valleys, moraines, glacial deposits, polished and natural granite surfaces) are identified in the Serra da Peneda, Serra do Soajo and Serra do Gerês mountain ranges. The principal watersheds that cross the park are those of the
1944:
Biomass coverage of the Serra do Gerês, Serra Amarela, Serra do Peneda and Serra do Soajo, as well as the Mourela and Castro Laboreiro plateaus, are dominated by four distinct biomes: oak forest, shrubbery, marshes and riparian vegetation.
628:
in the east. The highest peaks are Peneda (1340 m), Soajo (1430 m), Amarelo (1350 m), Gerês (1545 m) and Altar dos Cabrões (1,538 m) located on the border with Galicia, continuing into this territory as part of the
2677:
Castro Laboreiro and Rio Laboreiro Valley - consisting of small agglomerations separated by short distances. It was still common practice for the residents of mountain communities to spend part of the year in two locations, primarily near
4261:
Brilha, J.B.; Dias, G.; Mendes, A.; Henriques, R.; Azevedo, I.; Pereira, R. (1999), "The geological title of the Peneda-Gerês National Park (NW Portugal) and its electronic divulgation", in Barettino, D.; Vallejo, M.; Gallego, E. (eds.),
2172:). Based on the protection list of botanical species, and UICN categories: 18 are considered in risk of extinction, 17 are vulnerable and one is rare. They also identified two species as extinct within the park boundaries: a geranium (
2765:. These studies have looked at patterns of species diversity at multiple scales and their response to the habitat composition of the landscape and multiple land-uses. They have also documented a new moth species for science in 2015,
282:
massifs, the Serra da Peneda and the Serra do Gerês which, with the Serra Amarela and the Serra do Soajo, constitute the park's highest peaks. On the other hand, the precipitous valleys, crossed by high flowing streams, host lush
619:
by geological forces, wind and water, and extends from the Castro Laboreiro to the Mourela plateaus, encompassing the Serra da Peneda, Serra do Soajo, Serra Amarela and the Serra do Gerês. These form a barrier between the ocean
2338:) whose habitat is restricted and marginal in continental Portugal, is another species that is common to the park. After four centuries absent from Portuguese territory, its population began to be recorded in 1985–1986, in
2327:
2261:
Approximately 235 vertebrate species were identified within the boundaries of the park, of which 200 are threatened or under protection. These include three species of bat under pressure (of the eight that exist):
779:, while areas in the valleys (such as the Homem, Lima and Cávado river valleys) have warmer climates, with daily max temperatures ranging from 12 to 28 °C (with an average of 20 °C), transitioning into a
4496:
4118:
Beilin, Ruth; Lindborg, Regina; Stenseke, Marie; Pereira, Henrique Miguel; Llausàs, Albert; Slätmo, Elin; Cerqueira, Yvonne; Navarro, Laetitia; Rodrigues, Patrícia; Reichelt, Nicole; Munro, Nicola (January 2014).
2854:
In 2018 the Barroso Agro-sylvo-pastoral System (BASP) where trees are cultivated alongside crops was amongst the first European sites designated as 'Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System' (GIAHS) by the
2724:
Lima Valley and Serra Amarela - where the Lima Valley consists of two or more agglomerations connected by lines of residences between them, while in the Serra Amarela populations are concentrated in isolated
318:
The area now occupied by the park has had a long history, reflected by its countless megalithic structures and Roman remains. Presently it is home to around 9,000 people scattered throughout small villages.
4564:
2862:. The BASP is integrated into the Peneda-Gerês National Park as it is farming in harmony with nature. Of the 57 GIAHS that existed in the world 2018, only six were designated in Europe. The autochthonous
2184:). There are three endemic species. Those factors that have been identified that threaten these habitats include: natural and manmade fires, use of forest for fuel wood and agricultural use of habitats.
2470:). For the winchat, the area of Mourela is the unique nesting ground in Portugal, while the red-backed shrike and yellowhammer are limited to Castro Laboreiro plateau and northern corners of the park.
722:
During the Pleistocene (approximately 1.8 to 0.001 Ma ago) climatic variations resulted in an extension of glacial fields to the mid-latitudes. While there are no remnants of glaciers now, their
4612:
2948:
Some of the two most known and visited features are the many waterfalls, including the one near the old frontier station at Portela do Homem, and the Vilarinho das Furnas village, whenever the
2732:
Cabril-Gerês - steep areas along the River Cávado and Salamonde Dam, where buildings are concentrated along the accessways, and Cabril River, with pasturelands located between agglomerations;
4780:
3157:
2945:)). Soajo is a typical Portuguese village, located on one of the slopes of Peneda Mountains. The 24 espigueiros were erected on a granite slab and are still used today for drying corn.
490:
was flooded with the construction of a dam on the Homem River. During years with low rainfall, the village ruins stands above the water, attracting a considerable number of tourists.
3430:
3542:
Arntzen, J., Bosch, J., Denoel, M., Tejedo, M., Edgar, P., Lizana, M., Martinez Solano, I., Salvador, A., García París, M., Recuero Gil, E., Sá-Sousa, P. & Márquez, R. (2009).
2866:
cattle with long curved horns, which can grow well over 100 cm in length. The animals graze freely on traditional pastures and marshes in conditions that are ideal for their
4345:
4463:
775:
21 °C, with some variation; the high lands have an average high temperature of about 11 °C, ranging from 4 to 20 °C, one of the few places in Portugal with an
4579:
3457:"Secas e precipitações em Portugal Continental a diferentes escalas temporais: intensidade, magnitude, duração e frequência das secas e tendências em séries de precipitação"
2027:). These oaks have been, over the course of human settlement, the object of intense use, resulting in a general degradation of the spaces into nothing more than shrubbery.
4790:
4574:
2230:
Many of the studies conducted on the species that inhabitant the park have been concentrated in the area of Matas de Albergaria/Palheiros, traditionally identified as the
494:
heart is the conservation of soils, water, flora and fauna, in addition to the preservation of landscapes within the vast mountainous region in the northwest of Portugal.
1905:
Rivas-Martinez defined the foothills of both the Serra do Gerês and the Serra da Cabreira (lands below the Tâmega, Ave and Cávado watersheds) as the frontier between the
375:
and Mourela. Human activities consisted of animal husbandry and incipient agriculture, and archaeological evidence points to the beginning of a decrease in forest cover.
4516:
251:. Created in May 1971, it is the oldest protected area and the only national park in Portugal. It covers an area of 695.9 km (268.7 sq mi), occupying the
3579:
4765:
2641:, there has been a general population decrease in those administrative units that fell within the Peneda-Gerês National Park (1981–1991), in the municipalities of
4785:
2342:. There were also registered sightings in Albergaria, Lamas de Mouro and Serra da Paneda, while comparable encounters in Spain were identified across the border.
503:
105:
2910:
at Castro Laboreiro and Calcedónia and the monastery at Pitões das Júnias. The trail at Mézio as a particular concern in describing some of the local features.
2784:
poor commercial networks; and physical and social isolation, with limited educational supports. Between 60 and 70% of the production is supported by subsidies.
4184:
3405:
2160:
There are 627 flora species identified by Serra and Carvalho (1989) as under pressure and considered endangered, which included two medicinal plants: tutsan (
4755:
1757:
1358:
4121:"Analysing how drivers of agricultural land abandonment affect biodiversity and cultural landscapes using case studies from Scandinavia, Iberia and Oceania"
292:
2874:
of the landscape as well as to the rural economic sustainability. Barrosã cattle have been extensively studied because of their ancient genetic heritage.
322:
The aims of the park are to protect the soil, water, flora, fauna and landscape, while preserving its value to the existent human and natural resources.
4338:
2621:
wilderness protection approaches. The plan was based on an up-to-date synthesis of all information and literature available about the protected area.
2913:
Locations near the few major roads are the most visited. Many of them are related to the religiousness of the people in northern Portugal namely the
4775:
4453:
4750:
4589:
2748:
roofs, shape the landscape with an indelible, harmonious, human mark in some of the most isolated villages such as Pitões das Júnias and Ermida.
2524:), a carnivore well adapted to waters of the park, but in decline throughout Europe, it inhabits the watercourses and uses the banks for shelter;
771:
barrier effect to the passage of hot and wet air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in elevated precipitation throughout the year.
641:
which is an exposed relief that became exposed around 290-296 Ma by the Gerês-Lovios fault. Sedimentary layers laid down between 435 and 408 Ma (
510:
network that certifies the quality protected areas, according to rigorous criteria of nature conservation, cultural services and sustainability.
2361:, the wolf was seen as a threat to livestock, and was almost hunted to extinction, although protected by law since the end of the 20th century.
4617:
3456:
2844:
4283:
1925:
284:
2222:, a native of the park, is highly dependent on clear, well-oxygenated streams in mountainous humid areas. Although common in Gerês, it is a
568:
4770:
4637:
4331:
4678:
4594:
4521:
268:
4745:
4559:
4448:
2534:), endemic to the western portions of the Iberian peninsula, it inhabits mountainous river valleys, where it is protected by vegetation;
2346:, which are a symbol of the park are encountered in prolific quantity, along the margins of the park, where they find shelter and food.
475:, meaning 'mild' or 'gentle'). In the remaining part of the year, these inhabitants would occupy homes in the river valley, known as
4569:
4252:
4234:
2859:
2642:
519:
4311:
4795:
4531:
4413:
4408:
2481:) a species endemic to the northwest Iberian peninsula, typically associated with mountainous areas with elevated precipitation.
1910:
1906:
780:
575:
2580:
Integrated reserves: to preserve habitats and natural elements that were unique, vulnerable, rare, threatened or representative;
363:
Probably due to the inhospitality of the Gerês Mountains, the oldest signs of human presence date only from 6000 BC to 3000 BC;
4760:
630:
4584:
4428:
3639:
2646:
523:
41:
4536:
3947:"Habitat amount, not patch size and isolation, drives species richness of macro-moth communities in countryside landscapes"
2870:. The cattle enjoy a purity of nature that is characteristic of these places, contributing greatly to the preservation and
604:
4541:
4526:
4491:
4443:
3463:
2840:
2339:
447:). The move from the terraced cliffs and slopes to the lowland river valleys brought-on a patterned of new deforestation.
4632:
4622:
4511:
4433:
4403:
2654:
535:
440:
4658:
4313:
Galicio-Portuguese oak forest of Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica: biodiversity patterns and forest response to fire
4458:
4354:
2650:
2279:
527:
4501:
2662:
396:, crossed what is now the park. Long stretches of the road along the Homem River are still preserved, as are several
4398:
2820:
4698:
4627:
3388:
2030:
The bush and shrublands, which characterize the remainder of the spaces (74% of the park), are dominated by dwarf (
4714:
2721:
Serras da Peneda and Serras do Soajo - small pastoral agglomerations, with different summer and winter residences;
4740:
4486:
531:
256:
3136:
518:
The Peneda-Gerês National Park is located in the northwest of Portugal, extending through the municipalities of
4688:
4438:
2918:
2258:), reptiles and fish. These studies looked into the numbers of species and factors influencing their habitats.
272:
4668:
4393:
4276:
3745:
2922:
4673:
4423:
2976:
2658:
2474:
2311:
2219:
543:
312:
4693:
2137:
2666:
2638:
2527:
2423:
2174:
345:
248:
89:
2706:). In the remaining part of the year, these inhabitants would occupy homes in the river valley, known as
4683:
3573:
2898:, since the park's nature would not resist a massive flow of tourists. Accordingly, there are six small
2741:
2263:
2162:
2147:
2098:
405:
252:
4388:
3994:
Dantas de Miranda, Murilo; Pereira, Henrique M.; Corley, Martin F. V.; Merckx, Thomas (December 2019).
3371:
3654:
678:
sedimentary formations - includes sediments deposited in Silurian waters and metamorphosed during the
4418:
4072:
4059:
Dantas de Miranda, Murilo; Borda-de-Água, Luís; Pereira, Henrique Miguel; Merckx, Thomas (May 2019).
4007:
3958:
3891:
3852:
3813:
3693:
2975:
cattle, used in agriculture, is nowadays endangered because it is losing its utility; as is also the
2949:
2295:
2271:
2168:
2153:
2092:
2357:) have collapsed with human encroachment, while the number of exemplars are limited. Along with the
4551:
4292:
2762:
2629:
2609:
2595:
2570:
2239:
2235:
2180:
2119:
2003:
1987:
740:
723:
596:
239:
227:
4061:"Species traits shape the relationship between local and regional species abundance distributions"
55:
4120:
3841:"Plant and bird diversity in natural forests and in native and exotic plantations in NW Portugal"
3840:
3802:"Resistance to wildfire and early regeneration in natural broadleaved forest and pine plantation"
3801:
3132:
2744:, built to make better use of these scarce lands, and traditional houses, with granite walls and
2223:
2064:
744:
547:
487:
436:
264:
2203:
794:
Climate data for Cabril, elevation: 585 m or 1,919 ft, 1981-2010 normals and extremes
2117:
Riparian and marshlands along the river courses are also sites of rare species of chain ferns (
2019:). In upper altitudes there are patches of European oak that enter into their own association (
4263:
4248:
4230:
4100:
4041:
4023:
3976:
3927:
3909:
3727:
3709:
2906:
are marked, making it relatively easy to find many of the most interesting spots, such as the
2767:
2439:
1993:
1961:) oaks, which themselves are differentiated among the lower altitudes and exposed flanks (the
1951:
1710:
1311:
600:
The rounded rocks and boulders of the Gerês granite structure, surrounding a small kettle lake
413:
300:
185:
3996:"Beta diversity patterns reveal positive effects of farmland abandonment on moth communities"
4663:
4604:
4291:(in Portuguese), Braga, Portugal: Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, 1995, archived from
4132:
4090:
4080:
4031:
4015:
3966:
3917:
3899:
3860:
3821:
3717:
3701:
3353:
2907:
2758:
2679:
2407:
2378:
2303:
2131:
2110:
2058:
1981:
616:
555:
456:
372:
4265:
Towards a balanced management and conservation of the geological heritage in the millennium
2507:
2386:
2366:
2319:
2243:
2104:
2070:
2052:
2015:
776:
764:
608:
551:
428:
421:
389:
368:
304:
288:
3878:
Guilherme, João Lopes; Miguel Pereira, Henrique (2 September 2013). Russo, Danilo (ed.).
2514:), commonly restricted to northern portions of the Iberian Peninsula and French Pyrenees;
736:
432:
4076:
4011:
3962:
3895:
3856:
3817:
3697:
4481:
4473:
4036:
3995:
3922:
3879:
3722:
3681:
2867:
2856:
2517:
2455:
2247:
2086:
2076:
2038:
1373:
662:
658:
539:
260:
4211:
Characterization of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in Europe
3839:
Proença, Vânia M.; Pereira, Henrique M.; Guilherme, João; Vicente, Luís (March 2010).
2214:
348:, a Roman bridge built in the first century AD, refined during the 7th or 8th century.
4734:
4362:
4136:
3552:
2403:
2287:
2047:
2009:
1975:
1957:
1913:, granting a significant floral and phytogeographic importance to the National Park.
1820:
1636:
45:
3543:
3081:
3055:
3030:
2882:
2553:
4642:
2960:
2942:
2871:
2537:
2447:
2431:
2382:
2358:
2350:
2331:
2125:
2074:) in the upper altitudes, while lower altitude bush includes cross-leaved heather (
1932:
397:
352:
308:
3005:
1921:
759:
3904:
4380:
3880:"Adaptation of Bird Communities to Farmland Abandonment in a Mountain Landscape"
3864:
3825:
3504:
2980:
2953:
2616:): areas identified for avian species conservation were prepared by Neves et al.
2415:
728:
715:
498:
337:
in Serra do Soajo, used by early inhabitants in the inhospitable high elevations
75:
4208:
4019:
2586:
Complementary areas: a transition zones between natural and rural environments.
4719:
4323:
3705:
2965:
2863:
2836:
2362:
2032:
732:
711:
707:
683:
379:
357:
296:
17:
4104:
4027:
3980:
3913:
3746:"Plano de Ordenamento do Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês - Documentos – ICNF"
3713:
3682:"Conservation Planning for Biodiversity and Wilderness: A Real-World Example"
3637:
Mueller, Tom (July 2011), "The Delicate Balance of Portugal's Premier Park",
2690:, residents would live in homes above 1,000 m above sea level, known as
1770:
Climate data for Leonte, elevation: 862 m or 2,828 ft, (1984–2004)
120:
107:
3945:
Merckx, Thomas; Dantas de Miranda, Murilo; Pereira, Henrique M. (May 2019).
2890:
of Soajo are 24 granite granaries classified as property of public interest.
2809:
2745:
2687:
2255:
703:
699:
654:
650:
507:
467:, residents would live in homes over 1,000 m above sea level, known as
464:
417:
401:
4045:
3931:
3731:
1997:), while the second association unites the European and Pyrenean oaks with
550:). The park includes an area of 702.90 km, of which 52.75 km are
330:
4319:, Lisbon, Portugal: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, p. 172
2740:
Some of the villages in the high lands are located near the arable lands.
682:
period, as well as carbon and more recent sediments, resulting during the
4095:
2583:
Partial reserves: to allow conservation and environmental interpretation;
2463:
2343:
2251:
1998:
695:
679:
642:
625:
424:
93:
3106:
2557:
The Peneda-Gerês logo overlooking one of the scenic belvedres near Gerês
2328:
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
4506:
2971:
2926:
2899:
2895:
2832:
2394:
2196:
2142:
588:
559:
384:
341:
279:
4085:
4060:
3971:
3946:
2192:
671:
relief, a rounded granite petrography, such as in the Serra da Peneda;
181:
80:
Location of the Peneda-Gerês National Park within continental Portugal
3800:
Proença, Vânia; Pereira, Henrique M.; Vicente, Luís (November 2010).
3059:
2914:
2903:
2683:
2497:
2399:
691:
687:
646:
638:
460:
364:
334:
2917:
at Senhora da Peneda and São Bento da Porta Aberta. Others, such as
2377:, was last seen in the 1890s. More than a century later, its vacant
2503:
Species well represented in the biotopes of Peneda-Gerês include:
4271:, Salamanca, Spain: Sociedad Geológica de Espanã, pp. 315–318
3680:
Ceauşu, Silvia; Gomes, Inês; Pereira, Henrique Miguel (May 2015).
2881:
2628:
2552:
2493:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2191:
2043:
1937:
1931:
1920:
758:
621:
603:
595:
587:
409:
393:
351:
340:
329:
287:
of oak and pine, being one of the last strongholds of the typical
2544:), common to Portugal, northwestern Iberia, and mountainous lands
2365:
disappeared from the region in the 17th century, and the extinct
615:
The park is a vast amphitheatre-shaped space sculpted during the
3357:
3034:
203:
4327:
2484:
The waters of the park teem with various species, often called
637:
granitic rocks that occur within the park are the Peneda-Gerês
592:
A view of the Lima River and landscape within the national park
1969:). The first association is commonly found with European oak (
3056:"Geres-Xures Transboundary Biosphere Reserve, Portugal/Spain"
2199:
wild horses have lived in this region since Prehistoric times
184:
where the national park extends between Serra da Peneda and
4279:- Documentos – ICNF (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 May 2021.
2389:, and their population numbered about 100 animals by 2011.
4580:
Litoral De Vila Do Conde e Reserva Ornitológica Do Mindelo
3655:"Resolução do Conselho de Ministros 11-A/2011, 2011-02-04"
3031:"Número de visitantes que contactaram as áreas protegidas"
2562:
educational and touristic investigation. These specified:
3406:"Plano de Gestão da Região hidrográfica do Minho e Lima"
4277:
Plano de Ordenamento do Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês
4189:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2894:
The park tries to simultaneously encourage and control
2637:
Although there has been variable growth throughout the
4285:
Plano de Ordenamento do Parque Natural da Peneda-Gerês
371:
remain interspersed within the region, including near
214:
4229:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Editorial Verbo,
2500:
populations still spawns in the rivers of the park.
2349:
Meanwhile, other mammals, such as the population of
2234:
of the park. Work by the Faculty of Sciences at the
4707:
4651:
4603:
4550:
4472:
4379:
4361:
2326:). A few of the local species are protected by the
209:
199:
191:
176:
168:
160:
152:
144:
136:
99:
85:
34:
4497:Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António Marsh
1376:, 1980-1990, altitude 880 m (2,890 ft)
657:(such as in the area of Castro Laboreiro). Also,
4781:Tourist attractions in Viana do Castelo District
4243:Abreu, Maurício; Fernandes, José Manuel (1994),
2577:), these were defined in 1991 into three zones:
1940:. There are over 24 species of fern in the park.
291:flora of Portugal, contrasting with an evolving
278:Peneda-Gerês was given its name by its two main
271:natural park to the north, with which forms the
3505:"Species of Fern in Peneda-Gerês National Park"
2286:). Other species of particular importance: the
3215:Vânia Andreia Malheiro Proença (2009), p.19-20
2952:Dam is low enough, and the cascades along the
1965:) and those of typical Atlantic environments (
504:International Union for Conservation of Nature
431:). The Buri settled in the region between the
4339:
8:
4209:https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/4/1611/pdf
3578:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2963:also deserve being noted. The autochthonous
645:epoch) were deformed and metamorphosed into
3340:Vânia Andreia Malheiro Proença (2009), p.22
3326:Vânia Andreia Malheiro Proença (2009), p.21
3253:Vânia Andreia Malheiro Proença (2009), p.20
3201:Vânia Andreia Malheiro Proença (2009), p.24
3187:Vânia Andreia Malheiro Proença (2009), p.23
2023:), which is integrated into another group (
4346:
4332:
4324:
3158:"Ponte Nova ou da Cava da Velha - detalhe"
1766:
1368:
790:
497:In 1997, Peneda-Gerês was included in the
31:
4791:Tourist attractions in Vila Real District
4565:Bertiandos and São Pedro de Arcos Lagoons
4094:
4084:
4035:
3970:
3921:
3903:
3721:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
1758:Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera
1359:Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera
60:A view of the yellowish landscape of the
4613:Pegadas de Dinossáurios da Serra de Aire
4310:Proença, Vânia Andreia Malheiro (2009),
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
578:Panorama of the Vilarinho das Furnas Dam
240:[ˈpaɾkɨnɐsjuˈnaldɐpɨˈneðɐʒɨˈɾeʃ]
4227:Parques e reservas naturais de Portugal
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3348:
3346:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
2997:
2496:. Although stocks have diminished, the
787:Euro-Siberian and Alpine environments.
686:. The first group includes principally
156:695.93 km (268.70 sq mi)
4766:Geography of Viana do Castelo District
4464:Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast
4247:(in Portuguese), Círculo de Leitores,
3571:
3389:"Climate normals Cabril, São Lourenço"
3372:"Climate normals Cabril, São Lourenço"
2549:Ecoregions, zoning and management plan
2414:particular note in this park are the:
2062:), with a mixtures of common juniper (
295:. The park is also home to around 220
4786:Tourist attractions in Braga District
1926:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
558:and the remaining 455.77 km are
382:, which formerly connected the Roman
285:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
238:
7:
4185:"Barroso Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral System"
3354:"Normais Climatológicas - 1971-2000"
2242:have concentrated on a few mammals (
1893:Source: Leonte pluviometric station
84:
4756:Protected areas established in 1971
3553:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2473:Also important to highlight is the
2398:(or Minho horse), a breed of small
439:rivers, in the area later known as
2796:Barroso Agro-sylvo-pastoral System
2402:species who were ancestors of the
506:. In 2007, it was accepted in the
25:
4679:Dunas de Mira, Gândara e Gafanhas
3239:Brilha, J.B. et al. (1999), p.316
2860:Food and Agriculture Organization
2673:there are six homogeneous zones:
2143:Portuguese enchanter's nightshade
299:species, some only native to the
4225:Henriques, Pedro Castro (1990),
4137:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.07.003
2819:
2808:
2614:Sítios de Interesse Orintológico
2606:Sites of Ornithological Interest
781:Hot-summer Mediterranean climate
567:
356:Marking of the Via Nova (Geira)
74:
54:
4776:Geography of Vila Real District
2633:One of the settlements of Gerês
232:Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês
167:
4751:Biosphere reserves of Portugal
4575:Costa da Caparica Fossil Cliff
4517:Santo André and Sancha Lagoons
3659:Diário da República Eletrónico
3010:dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu
3006:"Peneda-Gerês | DOPA Explorer"
215:Parque Natural da Peneda-Gerês
1:
3411:. APA. pp. 103, 115, 119
2925:, display small, traditional
2841:protected geographical status
2567:Areas of Natural Environments
1193:Average rainfall mm (inches)
763:Fog forms over the valley in
148:45.34 km (28.17 mi)
140:45.44 km (28.24 mi)
3905:10.1371/journal.pone.0073619
3394:. Instituto de Meteorologia.
3377:. Instituto de Meteorologia.
3133:"Decreto 187/71, 1971-05-08"
3107:"Peneda Gerês National Park"
2381:was reoccupied naturally by
731:(occupying 2% of the park),
706:with meta-crystals, such as
404:. The Germanic tribe of the
269:Baixa Limia – Serra do Xurés
164:1,546 m (5,072 ft)
4771:Geography of Braga District
4454:Serras de Aire e Candeeiros
4355:Protected areas of Portugal
3865:10.1016/j.actao.2010.01.002
3826:10.1016/j.actao.2010.09.008
3160:. patrimoniocultural.gov.pt
2280:Mediterranean horseshoe bat
1967:Myretillo-Quercetum roboris
1565:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1425:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1361:(1982-2000 sunshine hours)
1053:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
913:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
4812:
4746:National parks of Portugal
4020:10.1038/s41598-018-38200-3
3464:Instituto Superior Técnico
2392:Worthy of mention are the
2371:Capra pyrenaica lusitanica
2226:regarding its distribution
1892:
1769:
1755:
1371:
1356:
793:
267:and bordering the Spanish
224:Peneda-Gerês National Park
195:92,777 (2017-2020 average)
35:Peneda-Gerês National Park
3706:10.1007/s00267-015-0453-9
2575:Áreas de Ambiente Natural
2268:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
2108:) and purple moor grass (
2021:Holco-Quercetum pyrenacia
1991:) and Portuguese laurel (
1963:Rusceto-Quercetum roboris
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1708:
1634:
1564:
1494:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1309:
1262:
1192:
1122:
1052:
982:
912:
842:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
412:in their invasion of the
303:including the threatened
236:Portuguese pronunciation:
73:
53:
39:
29:National park in Portugal
3686:Environmental Management
3455:Albuquerque, F. A.d. E.
3082:"Serra do Gerês - Fauna"
2276:Rhinolophus hipposideros
486:In 1970, the village of
273:UNESCO biosphere reserve
247:, is a national park in
243:), also known simply as
121:41.7303389°N 8.1616806°W
4796:Natura 2000 in Portugal
4537:Sítio da Rocha do Navio
3951:Journal of Biogeography
2839:breeds. The latter has
2600:Ambientes Dulçaquícolas
2592:Freshwater Environments
2492:) for the abundance of
2475:gold-striped salamander
2312:gold-striped salamander
2220:gold-striped salamander
2178:) and fragrant orchid (
747:, Touvedo and Lindoso.
451:pastures, and forests.
346:Bridge of Cava da Velha
313:gold-striped salamander
4761:Norte Region, Portugal
2929:built of granite, the
2891:
2634:
2613:
2599:
2574:
2558:
2528:Iberian emerald lizard
2424:European honey buzzard
2227:
2211:
2200:
2151:) and angelica herbs (
2025:Quericon robri-patraea
2013:) and European holly (
1941:
1936:Mountain colonized by
1929:
767:
743:, Paradela, Caniçada,
612:
601:
593:
360:
349:
338:
249:Norte Region, Portugal
231:
126:41.7303389; -8.1616806
3546:Chioglossa lusitanica
2933:(from the Portuguese
2885:
2710:(from the Portuguese
2694:(from the Portuguese
2632:
2556:
2479:Chioglossa lusitanica
2316:Chioglossa lusitanica
2264:greater horseshoe bat
2217:
2206:
2195:
2163:Hypericum androsaemum
2138:Spiraea hypericifolia
2135:), deciduous shrubs (
2099:Pinguicula lusitanica
2068:), southern heather (
1935:
1924:
1911:Mediterranean regions
762:
609:Glaciar carved valley
607:
599:
591:
554:, 194.38 km are
483:, meaning 'winter').
479:(from the Portuguese
471:(from the Portuguese
416:and establishment in
355:
344:
333:
4552:Protected landscapes
2977:Castro Laboreiro dog
2950:Vilarinho das Furnas
2373:), locally known as
2355:Canis lupus signatus
2296:European pine marten
2272:lesser horseshoe bat
2175:Geranium lanuginosum
2169:Drosera rotundifolia
2096:), pale butterwort (
2093:Drosera rotundifolia
2007:), strawberry tree (
1979:), butcher's broom (
843:Record high °C (°F)
624:to its west and the
530:(in the district of
488:Vilarinho das Furnas
4638:Pedreira do Avelino
4590:Serra de Montejunto
4449:Serra de São Mamede
4414:Tagus International
4409:Douro International
4077:2019Ecosp..10E2750D
4012:2019NatSR...9.1549D
3963:2019JBiog..46..956M
3896:2013PLoSO...873619G
3857:2010AcO....36..219P
3818:2010AcO....36..626P
3770:ICN (1995), p.35-36
3698:2015EnMan..55.1168C
3640:National Geographic
3435:snirh.apambiente.pt
3431:"Leonte (03I/03UG)"
3137:Diário da República
2763:Henrique M. Pereira
2452:Emberiza citrinella
2436:Gallinago gallinago
2284:Rhinoloplus euryale
2240:University of Minho
2236:University of Porto
2181:Gymnadenia conopsea
2120:Woodwardia radicans
2004:Vaccinium myrtillus
1988:Acer pseudoplatanus
1495:Daily mean °C (°F)
1263:Average rainy days
1123:Record low °C (°F)
983:Daily mean °C (°F)
402:millenarium markers
378:The Roman Geira, a
293:Mediterranean biome
200:Governing body
117: /
4245:Serras de Portugal
4000:Scientific Reports
3560:: e.T4657A86596175
2902:sites and several
2892:
2635:
2559:
2532:Lacerta schreiberi
2512:Galemys pyrenaicus
2228:
2224:vulnerable species
2212:
2201:
2148:Circaea lusitanica
2090:), common sundew (
2065:Juniperus communis
1942:
1930:
768:
745:Vilarinho da Furna
613:
611:of the Homem river
602:
594:
584:Physical geography
361:
350:
339:
4728:
4727:
4659:Barão de São João
4605:Natural monuments
4522:São Jacinto Dunes
4429:Northern Littoral
4298:on 8 October 2011
4086:10.1002/ecs2.2750
3972:10.1111/jbi.13544
3135:(in Portuguese).
2768:Isotrias penedana
2647:Arcos de Valdevez
2440:red-backed shrike
2102:), marsh violet (
2084:), Dorset heath (
1994:Prunus lusitanica
1952:Quercus pyrenaica
1897:
1896:
1763:
1762:
1372:Climate data for
1365:
1364:
524:Arcos de Valdevez
414:Iberian Peninsula
301:Iberian Peninsula
289:Atlantic European
221:
220:
16:(Redirected from
4803:
4741:IUCN Category II
4684:Pinhal de Leiria
4652:National forests
4532:Serra da Malcata
4444:Serra da Estrela
4348:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4272:
4270:
4257:
4239:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4181:
4175:
4174:ICN (1995), p.15
4172:
4157:
4156:ICN (1995), p.14
4154:
4141:
4140:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4088:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4039:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3907:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3797:
3791:
3790:ICN (1995), p.36
3788:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3692:(5): 1168–1180.
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3627:ICN (1995), p.26
3625:
3606:
3605:ICN (1995), p.25
3603:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3539:
3533:
3532:ICN (1995), p.24
3530:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3494:ICN (1995), p.23
3492:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3350:
3341:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3292:
3289:
3272:
3269:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3216:
3213:
3202:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3086:serradogeres.com
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3002:
2969:and the smaller
2961:domestic animals
2823:
2812:
2759:Castro Laboreiro
2680:Castro Laboreiro
2486:"Rios truteiros"
2468:Saxicola rubetra
2408:Andalusian horse
2379:ecological niche
2340:Viana do Castelo
2336:Sciurus vulgaris
2320:snub-nosed viper
2308:Felis silvestris
2304:European wildcat
2210:cows of the park
2132:Betula pubescens
2129:), downy birch (
2111:Molinia caerulea
2080:), dwarf gorse (
2059:Calluna vulgaris
2036:) and European (
1982:Ruscus aculeatus
1955:) and European (
1767:
1369:
1266:
791:
617:Variscan orogeny
571:
556:private property
532:Viana do Castelo
457:Castro Laboreiro
445:Land of the Buri
408:accompanied the
394:Braccara Augusta
390:Asturica Augusta
373:Castro Laboreiro
369:megalithic tombs
275:of Gerês-Xurés.
257:Viana do Castelo
242:
237:
217:
180:The two extreme
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
78:
58:
32:
21:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4703:
4647:
4618:Portas de Ródão
4599:
4560:Azibo Reservoir
4546:
4474:Nature reserves
4468:
4404:Guadiana Valley
4375:
4357:
4352:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4268:
4260:
4255:
4242:
4237:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4160:
4155:
4144:
4125:Land Use Policy
4117:
4116:
4112:
4058:
4057:
4053:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3845:Acta Oecologica
3838:
3837:
3833:
3806:Acta Oecologica
3799:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3752:(in Portuguese)
3744:
3743:
3739:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3661:(in Portuguese)
3653:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3609:
3604:
3587:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:ICN (1995), p.8
3316:
3295:
3291:ICN (1995), p.7
3290:
3275:
3271:ICN (1995), p.6
3270:
3257:
3252:
3243:
3238:
3219:
3214:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3186:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3113:(in Portuguese)
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2880:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2777:
2754:
2655:Terras de Bouro
2627:
2625:Human geography
2551:
2508:Pyrenean desman
2444:Lanius collurio
2428:Pernis apivorus
2367:Portuguese ibex
2324:Vipera latastei
2292:Sorex granarius
2244:Pyrenean desman
2190:
2154:Angelica laevis
2105:Viola palustris
2071:Erica australis
2053:Erica umbellata
2016:Ilex aquifolium
1928:of Peneda-Gerês
1919:
1903:
1898:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1764:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1366:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
777:oceanic climate
765:Terras de Bouro
757:
586:
581:
580:
579:
577:
572:
536:Terras de Bouro
516:
455:primarily near
441:Terras de Bouro
328:
305:Pyrenean desman
235:
213:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
81:
69:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Savage Islands
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:Sintra-Cascais
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Ponta Do Pargo
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4307:
4280:
4274:
4258:
4253:
4240:
4235:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4176:
4158:
4142:
4110:
4051:
3986:
3957:(5): 956–967.
3937:
3870:
3851:(2): 219–226.
3831:
3812:(6): 626–633.
3792:
3772:
3763:
3737:
3672:
3646:
3629:
3607:
3585:
3534:
3518:
3496:
3476:
3447:
3422:
3397:
3380:
3363:
3342:
3328:
3319:
3293:
3273:
3255:
3241:
3217:
3203:
3189:
3171:
3149:
3124:
3098:
3073:
3047:
3022:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2879:
2876:
2857:United Nations
2830:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2776:
2773:
2753:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2663:Vilar da Veiga
2651:Ponte da Barca
2626:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2518:European otter
2515:
2456:garden warbler
2420:Circus cyaneus
2248:European otter
2189:
2186:
2166:) and sundew (
2087:Erica ciliaris
2077:Erica tetralix
2039:Ulex europaeus
1918:
1915:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:sunshine hours
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:Lamas de Mouro
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:sunshine hours
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
789:
756:
753:
720:
719:
676:
675:contamination;
672:
631:Serra do Xurés
585:
582:
574:
573:
566:
565:
564:
528:Ponte da Barca
515:
512:
327:
324:
219:
218:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
186:Serra do Gerês
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
161:Max. elevation
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
101:
97:
96:
87:
83:
82:
79:
71:
70:
59:
51:
50:
40:
37:
36:
28:
24:
18:Serra do Gerês
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4808:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4699:Vale de Canas
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4595:Serra do Açor
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Rocha da Pena
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Corno do Bico
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4542:Tagus Estuary
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Boquilobo Bog
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4363:National park
4360:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4254:972-42-0975-X
4250:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4236:972-22-1289-3
4232:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4096:10400.5/18064
4092:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:(9): e73619.
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2822:
2811:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2761:run by Prof.
2760:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:. From about
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:(-7.2%), and
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:Galician pony
2401:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:Martes martes
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:Iberian shrew
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:Arbutus unedo
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:Quercus suber
1973:), cork oak (
1972:
1971:Quercus rober
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:Quercus robur
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:Euro-Siberian
1900:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1821:precipitation
1817:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:Mean monthly
1707:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1637:precipitation
1633:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:Mean monthly
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
981:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
911:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
841:
797:
792:
788:
784:
782:
778:
772:
766:
761:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
632:
627:
623:
618:
610:
606:
598:
590:
583:
576:
570:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:(district of
545:
541:
538:(district of
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
500:
495:
491:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:. From about
458:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:and numerous
399:
398:Roman bridges
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
359:
354:
347:
343:
336:
332:
325:
323:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
233:
229:
225:
216:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
109:41°43′49.22″N
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
77:
72:
67:
63:
62:Serra Amarela
57:
52:
47:
46:national park
43:
42:IUCN category
38:
33:
27:
19:
4643:Cabo Mondego
4628:Pedra da Mua
4512:Sado Estuary
4381:Nature parks
4371:Peneda-Gerês
4370:
4312:
4300:, retrieved
4293:the original
4284:
4264:
4244:
4226:
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4188:
4179:
4128:
4124:
4113:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:www2.icnf.pt
3749:
3740:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3658:
3649:
3638:
3632:
3574:cite journal
3562:. Retrieved
3557:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3509:. Retrieved
3499:
3467:. Retrieved
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3400:
3383:
3366:
3322:
3162:. Retrieved
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:
3000:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2912:
2904:hikingtrails
2893:
2887:
2872:biodiversity
2853:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2755:
2739:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2671:
2665:) to 38.6% (
2639:Norte region
2636:
2619:
2605:
2591:
2566:
2560:
2542:Rana iberica
2541:
2538:Iberian frog
2531:
2521:
2511:
2502:
2490:Trout Rivers
2489:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2467:
2460:Sylvia borin
2459:
2451:
2448:yellowhammer
2443:
2435:
2432:common snipe
2427:
2419:
2412:
2393:
2391:
2385:coming from
2383:Spanish ibex
2374:
2370:
2359:golden eagle
2354:
2351:Iberian wolf
2348:
2335:
2332:red squirrel
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2231:
2229:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2136:
2130:
2126:Salix repens
2124:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1904:
1823:mm (inches)
1639:mm (inches)
785:
773:
769:
749:
741:Alto Rabagão
735:(47.8%) and
721:
635:
614:
552:public lands
517:
496:
492:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
453:
449:
444:
383:
377:
362:
321:
317:
309:Iberian frog
277:
244:
223:
222:
66:Yellow Range
65:
61:
26:
4633:Lagosteiros
4439:Ria Formosa
4006:(1): 1549.
2981:hunting dog
2954:Arado river
2931:espigueiros
2888:Espigueiros
2522:Lutra lutra
2416:hen harrier
2363:Brown bears
2123:), willow (
716:sillimanite
499:Natura 2000
169:Established
124: /
112:8°9′42.05″W
100:Coordinates
4735:Categories
4720:Faia Brava
4715:Cambarinho
4482:Arzila Bog
4424:Montesinho
4399:Cape Girão
3564:17 January
3511:16 January
3507:. Flora-on
3469:16 January
3164:16 January
2987:References
2937:, meaning
2714:, meaning
2708:inverneira
2698:, meaning
2659:Montalegre
2649:(-13.4%),
2645:(-16.8%),
2610:Portuguese
2596:Portuguese
2571:Portuguese
2375:Gerês goat
2318:) and the
2082:Ulex minor
2033:Ulex minor
1985:), maple (
1949:Pyrenean (
712:cordierite
708:andalusite
704:quartzites
700:greywackes
684:Quaternary
655:quartzites
651:greywackes
544:Montalegre
477:inverneira
380:Roman road
367:and other
358:Roman road
297:vertebrate
228:Portuguese
172:8 May 1971
4689:Margaraça
4487:Berlengas
4131:: 60–72.
4105:2150-8925
4065:Ecosphere
4028:2045-2322
3981:0305-0270
3914:1932-6203
3714:0364-152X
3111:go2nature
2927:granaries
2688:Christmas
2686:to about
2653:(-6.1%),
2256:wild boar
1888:(106.63)
548:Vila Real
514:Geography
508:PAN Parks
465:Christmas
463:to about
418:Gallaecia
385:civitates
265:Vila Real
253:Districts
177:Named for
4669:Camarido
4623:Carenque
4502:Desertas
4394:Arrábida
4302:2 August
4046:30733589
3932:24023892
3884:PLOS ONE
3732:25835944
2752:Research
2742:Terraces
2736:marshes.
2725:pockets;
2464:whinchat
2344:Roe deer
2252:roe deer
1999:bilberry
1883:(15.72)
1878:(14.36)
1873:(12.00)
1828:(14.26)
1819:Average
1756:Source:
1635:Average
1357:Source:
1265:(≥ 1 mm)
1258:(60.27)
908:(103.8)
888:(100.4)
883:(103.8)
878:(101.8)
696:feldspar
680:Devonian
643:Silurian
626:plateaus
425:Portugal
422:northern
420:(modern
192:Visitors
94:Portugal
86:Location
4674:Choupal
4507:Garajau
4419:Madeira
4219:Sources
4194:10 June
4073:Bibcode
4037:6367322
4008:Bibcode
3959:Bibcode
3923:3759457
3892:Bibcode
3853:Bibcode
3814:Bibcode
3723:4392121
3694:Bibcode
3440:10 June
3415:25 June
3142:26 June
3117:26 June
3091:26 June
3066:26 June
2972:Cachena
2966:Barrosã
2923:Lindoso
2915:shrines
2908:castros
2900:camping
2896:tourism
2878:Tourism
2868:welfare
2864:Barrosã
2837:Barrosã
2833:Cachena
2775:Economy
2729:valley;
2712:Inverno
2667:Sezelhe
2643:Melgaço
2395:Garrano
2387:Galicia
2310:), the
2302:), the
2294:), the
2232:"heart"
2197:Garrano
2048:heather
1886:2,708.3
1868:(6.75)
1863:(2.44)
1858:(2.37)
1853:(3.61)
1848:(7.59)
1843:(9.74)
1838:(8.15)
1833:(9.64)
1704:(64.9)
1630:(39.4)
1625:(33.6)
1620:(37.9)
1615:(41.2)
1610:(45.3)
1605:(47.3)
1600:(48.4)
1595:(45.7)
1590:(39.7)
1585:(36.5)
1580:(34.0)
1575:(32.4)
1570:(30.4)
1560:(49.3)
1555:(42.3)
1550:(46.0)
1545:(51.1)
1540:(57.9)
1535:(59.7)
1530:(59.9)
1525:(56.1)
1520:(49.1)
1515:(45.5)
1510:(43.7)
1505:(40.5)
1500:(39.4)
1490:(59.2)
1485:(50.5)
1480:(54.1)
1475:(61.0)
1470:(70.7)
1465:(72.0)
1460:(71.8)
1455:(66.7)
1450:(58.6)
1445:(54.5)
1440:(53.2)
1435:(48.7)
1430:(48.4)
1256:1,531.2
1253:(9.40)
1248:(7.57)
1243:(7.74)
1238:(2.68)
1233:(1.46)
1228:(1.06)
1223:(2.09)
1218:(4.14)
1213:(5.29)
1208:(5.52)
1203:(5.57)
1198:(7.75)
1188:(21.2)
1183:(23.9)
1178:(30.0)
1173:(38.7)
1168:(41.0)
1163:(46.4)
1158:(44.4)
1153:(41.0)
1148:(34.7)
1143:(30.2)
1138:(23.5)
1133:(26.2)
1128:(21.2)
1118:(48.9)
1113:(41.5)
1108:(45.3)
1103:(50.9)
1098:(56.7)
1093:(59.5)
1088:(59.0)
1083:(55.8)
1078:(49.5)
1073:(45.1)
1068:(43.7)
1063:(40.5)
1058:(39.9)
1048:(57.5)
1043:(47.7)
1038:(51.6)
1033:(58.6)
1028:(66.4)
1023:(70.7)
1018:(70.2)
1013:(66.0)
1008:(58.6)
1003:(53.8)
998:(52.2)
993:(47.7)
988:(46.2)
978:(65.9)
973:(53.6)
968:(57.9)
963:(66.2)
958:(76.3)
953:(81.9)
948:(81.1)
943:(76.1)
938:(67.6)
933:(62.4)
928:(60.4)
923:(54.7)
918:(52.5)
903:(71.6)
898:(76.1)
893:(89.1)
873:(97.3)
868:(93.6)
863:(86.0)
858:(81.3)
853:(73.4)
848:(74.5)
755:Climate
724:Ice Age
688:schists
647:schists
560:commons
542:), and
520:Melgaço
481:inverno
429:Galicia
365:dolmens
335:Dolmens
326:History
280:granite
210:Website
4708:Others
4664:Buçaco
4251:
4233:
4103:
4044:
4034:
4026:
3979:
3930:
3920:
3912:
3756:21 May
3730:
3720:
3712:
3665:21 May
3062:. 2019
3060:UNESCO
3040:30 May
3015:30 May
2935:espiga
2746:thatch
2716:winter
2704:gentle
2696:brando
2692:branda
2684:Easter
2498:salmon
2462:) and
2400:equine
2330:. The
2278:) and
2254:, and
1775:Month
1751:1,890
1699:(9.1)
1694:(8.0)
1689:(6.6)
1684:(3.5)
1679:(1.5)
1674:(1.0)
1669:(2.3)
1664:(4.9)
1659:(4.8)
1654:(6.3)
1649:(7.9)
1644:(9.0)
1381:Month
1352:2,333
1346:113.5
1343:160.5
1340:228.4
1337:297.4
1334:313.7
1331:270.8
1328:222.6
1325:174.2
1322:193.9
1319:127.9
1316:130.6
1305:107.9
799:Month
737:Cávado
692:quartz
639:pluton
622:plains
473:brando
469:branda
461:Easter
433:Cávado
263:, and
182:serras
137:Length
4694:Medos
4389:Alvão
4317:(PDF)
4296:(PDF)
4289:(PDF)
4269:(PDF)
4071:(5).
3643:: 139
3460:(PDF)
3409:(PDF)
3392:(PDF)
3375:(PDF)
2992:Notes
2939:spike
2919:Soajo
2494:trout
2208:Feral
2188:Fauna
2044:gorse
1938:ferns
1917:Flora
1901:Biome
1881:399.2
1876:364.8
1871:304.8
1866:171.5
1846:192.7
1841:247.5
1836:206.9
1831:244.9
1826:362.3
1814:Year
1702:1,650
1420:Year
1349:99.5
1302:12.7
1299:12.1
1296:11.8
1281:10.2
1278:11.2
1269:12.5
1251:238.7
1246:192.4
1241:196.5
1216:105.2
1211:134.4
1206:140.3
1201:141.6
1196:196.9
838:Year
729:Minho
663:sills
659:dykes
540:Braga
437:Homem
410:Suebi
311:, or
261:Braga
245:Gerês
145:Width
90:Norte
4304:2011
4249:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4196:2019
4101:ISSN
4042:PMID
4024:ISSN
3977:ISSN
3928:PMID
3910:ISSN
3758:2021
3728:PMID
3710:ISSN
3667:2021
3580:link
3566:2021
3558:2009
3513:2021
3471:2021
3442:2021
3417:2021
3358:IPMA
3166:2021
3144:2021
3119:2021
3093:2021
3068:2021
3042:2021
3035:ICNF
3017:2021
2979:, a
2959:The
2921:and
2886:The
2835:and
2831:The
2700:mild
2406:and
2238:and
2218:The
2056:and
2046:and
1909:and
1861:61.9
1856:60.1
1851:91.7
1811:Dec
1808:Nov
1805:Oct
1802:Sep
1799:Aug
1796:Jul
1793:Jun
1790:May
1787:Apr
1784:Mar
1781:Feb
1778:Jan
1742:143
1739:216
1736:259
1733:260
1730:218
1727:175
1724:137
1721:155
1568:−0.9
1543:10.6
1538:14.4
1533:15.4
1528:15.5
1523:13.4
1488:15.1
1483:10.3
1478:12.3
1473:16.1
1468:21.5
1463:22.2
1458:22.1
1453:19.3
1448:14.8
1443:12.5
1438:11.8
1417:Dec
1414:Nov
1411:Oct
1408:Sep
1405:Aug
1402:Jul
1399:Jun
1396:May
1393:Apr
1390:Mar
1387:Feb
1384:Jan
1293:5.8
1290:3.8
1287:3.3
1284:5.5
1275:9.5
1272:9.5
1236:68.0
1231:37.2
1226:26.9
1221:53.1
1186:−6.0
1181:−4.5
1176:−1.1
1141:−1.0
1136:−4.7
1131:−3.2
1126:−6.0
1101:10.5
1096:13.7
1091:15.3
1086:15.0
1081:13.2
1046:14.2
1036:10.9
1031:14.8
1026:19.1
1021:21.5
1016:21.2
1011:18.9
1006:14.8
1001:12.1
996:11.2
976:18.8
971:12.0
966:14.4
961:19.0
956:24.6
951:27.7
946:27.3
941:24.5
936:19.8
931:16.9
926:15.8
921:12.6
916:11.4
906:39.9
901:22.0
896:24.5
891:31.7
886:38.0
881:39.9
876:38.8
871:36.3
866:34.2
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