929:
821:, the head of American intelligence, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Using the encipherment tables the Italian SIM was able to decipher Fellers’ communiques with Washington in a matter of hours often gleaning important information about the British in North Africa such as its current positions, sustained losses, expected reinforcements, current supply situation, future plans, morale, etc. which it quickly reported to the Italian and German military in North Africa. The leak ended on June 29, when Fellers switched to the new U.S. code system. During the 8 months or so of reading Fellers’ dispatches to Washington,
41:
273:. Within ten years, SIM evolved from a purely military intelligence and counter-intelligence service into a modern comprehensive structure capable of offering full intelligence coverage on domestic and overseas issues. On February 6, 1927, it was placed directly under the head of the High Command and charged with responsibility for internal and external security for all three armed forces. In 1934 funds available to the new service were doubled, as also was the number of specialised sections and personnel.
1653:
1596:
1539:
1485:
1429:
1372:
1315:
1258:
1203:
1148:
59:
1394:
1618:
1036:. SIM's cryptographic section concentrated on military and diplomatic traffic. By the time the war was at its peak, SIM's interception and decryption operations had taken on immense proportions. On average 8,000 radio messages were intercepted each month, 6,000 were studied and out of these 3,500 were translated. The flow was so large that Colonel Cesare Amè, the head of SIM, began to publish a daily bulletin -
759:
404:(OKW/Chi). The Germans agreed to share results on French diplomatic and military systems. This collaboration was expanded and provided the Germans with important cryptologic material like the U.S. Military Intelligence code. OKW/Chi had previously worked hard on solving the code, but had set it aside as too difficult. The Servizio Informazioni Militare provided also OKW/Chi with a captured Swedish diplomatic
1561:
1280:
346:
2922:
1337:
2260:
2052:
1978:
233:'s Chief Intelligence Officer, the Italians “made far more intelligent deductions from the information they received than did the Germans.” According to Thaddeus Holt the SIM was the ablest Axis secret service on the technical level, and it excelled by far any other secret service in Europe outside the
408:
and with a
Turkish code that Chi was trying hard to break. There was less cooperation between SIM and the Abwehr on the working level. The SIM did not trust the Abwehr to honour agreements such as not to run clandestine networks in Italy. They monitored German intelligence activities and agents in
841:
were threatened by a planned
Yugoslav strike, SIM operators sent coded messages to the Yugoslav divisions, ordering them to postpone the scheduled offensive and return to their start-lines. By the time the Yugoslavs realised they had been duped, the Italian defences had been restored. During the
2246:"Claim settlement under Nato-status of forces agreements, criminal justice, immunity of states, actions against insurers of persons entitled to diplomatic immunity, terrorism, patent and copyright, dispute processing by masters, and attorneys fees, and legal aid (Germany, Italy, and England"
331:, chief of the SIM, wrote a series of reports to Benito Mussolini wherein the Italian preparation to the war was described as inadequate. Carboni drafted pessimistic reports on Italian and German military capabilities. As a result Carboni was dismissed from his post at the SIM.
276:
During the second half of the 1930s the activities of SIM, in particular under the leadership of Mario Roatta, took a rather sinister direction: SIM was implicated in an impressive chain of crimes and acts of violence, including the assassination of the most active
633:
to its activities. In 1940, upon Italy's entrance into the war, SIM numbered 150 officers, 300 NCOs, and 400 other ranks. By the time the war was at its peak, it numbered over 300 officers, 1,200 NCOs and specialists, and directed the activities of more than 9,000
513:
Sezione DELTA (Defensive
Intelligence): this was the most important branch of SID, with the majority of its officers seconded from the Carabinieri. The Rome office of the section was headed by Carabinieri Captain Colombini, probably one of the few fervent
610:
Sezione
Bonsignore (Counterespionage). For a brief period in 1940-41 this section was detached from SIM and became an autonomous service under the name "CSMSS" (Controspionaggio Militare e Servizi Speciali). In January 1941, it was restored to
521:
Sezione SIGMA (Internal
Political Intelligence): this section collected information on civilian morale and the reactions of the various classes to the Mussolini regime and to the Germans, who were naturally keenly interested in its
599:
SIM was subordinate to the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for the performance of strictly military functions and to the
Undersecretary of War for the performance of duties of a non-military nature. SIM had five major sections:
471:, the new government established the SID (Defensive Information Service), the new Republic of Salò intelligence service. The SID was operational a month before its formal establishment, and its headquarters were located in
409:
Italy. Nor were the
Germans apprised of any of the doubling of Allied agents which SIM conducted with great success. As the war went on relations became strained since the Germans came to distrust the Italians. After the
211:. In the early years of the war, the SIM scored important intelligence successes. Rommel’s successful military operations in North Africa in 1942 were substantially facilitated by the SIM through the securing of the U.S.
525:
The Centro
Raccolta e Elaborazione Notizie, which was purely an HQ section concerned with evaluating intelligence received. It included however a section carrying out the breaking of Allied codes and cyphers, headed by
1922:
General Carboni paints a very dark picture of our military preparedness, our meagre resources, disorganized command, and demoralization among the masses. Perhaps he exaggerates, but there is some truth in
668:
By the mid-1930s
Italian counterespionage, led by Colonel Santo Emanuele, had been involved in France through the Cagoule, taking advantage with great skill of the opportunities this provided to penetrate the
320:
and providing the
Italian command with a complete picture of the enemy forces. During the Ethiopian war it participated in the subversion of local chieftains who should have been loyal to Haile Selassie.
2933:
1945:
On February 6, 1940, General Carboni presented his superiors with a detailed report on the situation in Germany, the complete text of which was later published by Carboni himself in his book
1949:, published in 1955. The report said, among other things: "Germany appears as a country violently bent under a wind of madness, which drags it in a desperate race towards self-destruction".
909:. Major Max Harari, head of the British military intelligence, offered a reward for his capture. On 1 August 1942, while attempting to come back to Eritrea, De Martini was captured on
1936:
Conference with General Carboni, just returned from Germany. He makes a frank and pessimistic report on the state of the country. Lack of food and, above all, lack of enthusiasm.
401:
798:
1051:), while a good portion of the diplomatic traffic was sent to Count Galeazzo Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister. The codes of several countries were attacked including France,
2819:
564:
SIM elements committed a whole series of crimes. On the direct order of Mussolini SIM arranged the assassination of the Rosselli brothers. The murder was carried out by French
2979:
537:
Sezione KAPPA (Communications): this section installed W/T sets to enable Mussolini to keep in direct touch with SID HQ, and also similar facilities to the offices in Rome,
2974:
334:
During the war SIM, whose sphere of action was generally limited to military objectives, is credited with operational efficiency. This included the forecasting of the
838:
475:. The SID was the only RSI Armed Forces information body, with espionage, counterintelligence and military police tasks. It was headed by Vittorio Foschini, a former
456:
2959:
510:
Sezione OMEGA (Offensive Intelligence): supposed to run offensive intelligence operations abroad, but the Germans disapproved of this and it existed in name only.
614:
Sezione Crittografica (Cryptography): this section attacked foreign crypto-systems and produced enciphered codes for the Royal Italian Army and the Regia Marina;
956:). Borg Pisani was recognized by one of his childhood friends, Cpt. Tom Warrington, who denounced him. British Intelligence kept him under arrest in a house in
541:
and other important centres, using codes supplied by the cryptographic branch. There was, however, a sad deficiency in radio sets, both in quantity and quality.
2937:
742:
and border areas of Eritrea and Somalia would be ceded to Italy, and unconquered Ethiopia would be placed under a strong Italian protectorate on the model of
1067:. Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano noted in his diary that Sezione 5 cryptanalysts routinely read British, Romanian, and neutral Turkey's diplomatic traffic.
1909:
General Carboni, who has the reputation of being a deep student of military matters, today confirms the reports that our armament situation is disastrous.
1506:
1115:
2474:
1170:
1225:
249:. Its activity was supported by the Air Force Information Service (Servizio Informazioni Aeronautiche, SIA) and the Navy Secret Information Service (
1450:
380:
coordinated the Italian partisans' intelligence activities from the Jewish art historian Giorgio Castelfranco's house on the Lungarno Serristori in
842:
occupation of Yugoslavia, the SIM turned its attention to the communications of partisan groups and by mid-1943 had solved two systems used by the
2954:
928:
2926:
1028:, and was located in Rome. Also under Gamba was a subsection headed by the elderly Colonel Gino Mancini that produced codes and ciphers for the
368:
put his protégé Giacomo Carboni back in charge of SIM (September 1943). After the Armistice, many SIM agents continued to work on behalf of the
2984:
2509:
2969:
2964:
2769:
1040:- that summarized the most significant information. Copies of the bulletin were sent to Mussolini, to the Chief of General Staff and to king
693:
722:'s entourage. Jacir Bey offered to persuade the Emperor to reach a peace agreement with Italy, effectively turning Ethiopia into an Italian
2426:
813:, usually authored his dispatches in a less than favourable manner casting great doubt about the long-term success of the British and her
2797:
353:
SIM was dissolved in 1944 and was replaced for a few years by a small intelligence office within the General Staff. Only in 1949 did the
410:
2903:
2875:
2856:
778:
2742:
2723:
2664:
2540:
2397:
2341:
2310:
2108:
859:
579:
rifles and the promise of future shipments. Before the start of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War SIM supplied Ethiopians with faulty
673:. Information obtained by SIM in France enabled Italian authorities to arrest the members of a French spy ring in Italy in 1939.
553:
384:(now the Casa Siviero museum). Today he is known mainly for his role in the recovery of artworks stolen from Italy during the
2687:
1695:
246:
1680:
444:
440:
250:
2558:
1024:. This section was headed by General Vittorio Gamba, a published student of cryptology who had been breaking codes since
2753:
1041:
1001:
941:
185:
583:. During the Spanish Civil War, it sunk Spanish Republican ships by loading explosives in the holds and it introduced
400:
In 1938 General Gamba, chief of the SIM Cryptographic Bureau, requested cooperation in the cryptanalytic field at the
373:
2245:
2702:
1842:
689:
459:. The Hungarians maintained liaison officers in Rome and made the results of their work available to the Italians.
305:
111:
2030:
424:, however, forbade any further liaison, and from that point on, no agency contact was made or material exchanged.
2810:
Jenner, C. J. (2008). "Turning the Hinge of Fate: Good Source and the UK–U.S. Intelligence Alliance, 1940–1942".
2679:
662:
604:
Sezione Calderini (concerned with 'offensive' intelligence operations including sabotage beyond Italy's borders).
2885:
Pasqualini, Maria Gabriella (2014). "Carte Segrete dell'Intelligence Italiana. Il S.I.M. in archivi stranieri".
2780:
2389:
622:
515:
417:
was deposed on 24–25 July 1943, the Servizio Informazioni Militare turned to OKW/Chi for help and cooperation.
2459:
2569:
980:
by returning his passport and acquisition of Italian citizenship (which would have granted him the status of
2823:
814:
468:
317:
1617:
1393:
2752:
Wagner, Margaret E.; Osborne, Linda Barrett; Reyburn, Susan; the Staff of the Library of Congress (2007).
1731:
1719:
969:
952:
mission to Malta, to check British defences and help prepare for the planned Axis invasion of the island (
810:
658:
354:
503:, but SID activities were hampered by Nazi Germany's intense hostility toward Italy after the armistice.
1741:
1726:
1279:
834:
818:
715:, head of the special SIM section for East Africa (AO), infiltrated Palestinian agent Jacir Bey in
222:
Italian SIM was highly efficient and even compared favourably with its German counterpart. According to
173:
74:
677:
1892:
Sullivan, Brian R. “The Italian Armed Forces, 1918-1940.” Millet, Allan R. and Williamson Murray. ed.
1560:
1860:
1675:
863:
369:
258:
530:
Luigi Donini - a very lukewarm Republican who had an English wife and was closely supervised by the
2451:
1996:
1336:
1005:
977:
973:
945:
867:
790:
2227:
2192:
2184:
1706:: French fascist-leaning and anti-communist terrorist group that regularly collaborated with SIM.
1658:
1601:
1544:
1490:
1434:
1377:
1320:
1263:
1208:
1153:
1029:
985:
953:
492:
230:
177:
64:
2126:"Le reti di spionaggio e sabotaggio nazifasciste nell'Italia occupata dagli Alleati (1943-1945)"
730:
on the throne and continuance of Ethiopian sovereignty over an independent but reduced state in
700:
and the subsequent start of unilateral Italian military operation for the conquest of Ethiopia.
692:. The surfacing of the draft of this pact brought about its failure and the resignation of both
670:
2430:
1505:
785:, head of the SIM. These tables were used by U.S. Ambassadors worldwide to communicate back to
2899:
2871:
2852:
2835:
2765:
2738:
2719:
2683:
2660:
2536:
2530:
2393:
2337:
2306:
2104:
797:
and was to report to his American superiors the details of British military activities in the
705:
545:
325:
309:
115:
2735:
Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad. Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935-1940
1114:
1000:
took place at 7:30AM on Saturday, 28 November 1942. Borg Pisani was posthumously awarded the
968:. On 12 November 1942, he stood trial under closed doors in front of three judges, headed by
427:
During the war SIM also cooperated with other Axis intelligence agencies, including those of
2827:
2711:
2219:
2176:
2147:
2137:
1960:
1293:
961:
805:, were very accommodating to Fellers giving him nearly full access to British operations in
786:
681:
499:
officer described as 'capable and unscrupulous'. De Leo signed an agreement with the German
484:
414:
385:
313:
262:
201:
193:
159:
46:
1169:
2647:
1735:
1715:
1574:
1224:
981:
847:
712:
701:
647:
527:
479:
known for his anti-German attitudes. In late February 1944, Foschini was kidnapped by the
472:
377:
365:
335:
328:
301:
100:
1449:
342:. However, this service often was not consulted by Mussolini and the military hierarchy.
1790:
758:
219:
to communicate plans for British military operations to his Headquarters in Washington.
2758:
1350:
933:
727:
719:
569:
286:
282:
226:
216:
2167:
Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1997). "Death in Exile: The Assassination of Carlo Rosselli".
2948:
2831:
2329:
2264:
2196:
2056:
1982:
1691:
1631:
1060:
1048:
1017:
817:
allies fight against the Italo-German army in North Africa. His reports were read by
782:
777:
was the acquisition of U.S. encipherment tables obtained through the break-in of the
762:
739:
626:
480:
452:
418:
294:
270:
140:
2580:
David Alvarez, "Axis Sigint Collaboration: A Limited Partnership," in Alvarez, ed.,
2013:
David Alvarez, "Axis Sigint Collaboration: A Limited Partnership," in Alvarez, ed.,
2334:
Fighting the Nazis. French Military Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 1935-1945
1463:
1407:
1064:
1045:
1033:
1021:
910:
886:
822:
806:
774:
723:
697:
448:
389:
278:
254:
234:
212:
205:
136:
119:
84:
over 300 officers, 1,200 NCOs and specialists, and more than 9,000 secret agents (
2896:
Cesare Amé e i suoi Agenti. L'intelligence italiana nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale
746:. The plan, however, never materialized, and Italian troops entered the capital,
621:
In 1934 Mussolini doubled SIM's budget to fund a greatly expanded effort against
2514:
1025:
802:
747:
496:
439:. At regular intervals, technological and information exchanges occurred at the
421:
2180:
801:. The British, hoping to eventually get the Americans into the war against the
345:
1702:
902:
630:
572:
488:
476:
2839:
2101:
Across the Lines. Axis Intelligence and Sabotage Operations in Italy, 1943-45
984:) was not upheld by the military court. On 19 November 1942, he was publicly
1710:
989:
949:
914:
879:
743:
635:
290:
266:
245:
The Servizio Informazioni Militari was instituted in October 1925 under the
223:
2805:. Vol. II: 1919-1949. Rome: Ministero della Difesa – RUD. p. 156.
2142:
2125:
889:. He made contact with the Italian consulate in that country, and from the
654:
534:. This section enjoyed constant and close German supervision at all levels.
2921:
2788:
2152:
843:
588:
584:
580:
538:
405:
381:
2676:
Guerra di spie. I servizi segreti fascisti, nazisti e alleati. 1939-1943
2559:
The Santa Marija Convoy: Faith and Endurance in Wartime Malta, 1940–1942
2231:
2510:"Carmelo Borg Pisani, eroe di guerra: ma l'Italia non gli dĂ sepoltura"
1056:
997:
993:
965:
906:
875:
871:
576:
565:
531:
436:
432:
197:
2188:
1961:"Study of the Restructured Italian Intelligence and Security Services"
866:, captain of the SIM, was one of the leaders of Italian insurgency in
2223:
1052:
957:
893:
coast organized a group of Eritrean sailors (with small boats called
685:
651:
500:
339:
208:
2849:
In silenzio gioite e soffrite. Storia dei servizi segreti italiani
927:
890:
794:
757:
735:
731:
716:
680:, which sanctioned an Anglo-French agreement for the partition of
676:
Before the Ethiopian campaign, SIM secured the text of the secret
428:
358:
344:
152:
2263:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2055:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1981:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2699:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
2083:
Spie per la libertĂ : i servizi segreti della Resistenza italiana
1686:
898:
548:
throughout Republican Italy, using mainly retired Army officers.
2498:
War Office Claims Commission, 4 January 1950, rif. CC/ME/812/E.
825:
would refer to Fellers as “die gute Quelle” (the good source).
976:, and defended by two lawyers. His plea that he had renounced
1769:
1767:
2475:"Storie di uomini, di navi e di guerra nel mar delle Dahlak"
293:
of King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister
2764:. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Symon & Schuster.
2427:"Intercepted Communications for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel"
870:. In January 1942, he blew up a British ammunition dump in
506:
In March 1944 the SID departments were briefly as follows:
289:, on 9 June 1937. SIM was also behind the assassination in
2620:
Boatti, Giorgio (1968). "Servizio informazioni militari".
833:
Shortly before the start of World War II, SIM had broken
750:, on 5 May 1936. Ethiopia was annexed to Italy on 7 May.
994:
forming part of a conspiracy to overthrow the government
789:
In October 1940, Colonel Bonner Fellers was assigned as
2716:
Hitler and His Generals: Military Conferences 1942-1945
837:
military codes. When, in April 1941, Italian forces in
773:
The biggest Italian intelligence victory scored during
2657:
I servizi segreti del Duce: i persecutori e le vittime
402:
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht
2386:
Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations
1825:
1823:
2820:
Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
2582:
Allied and Axis Signals Intelligence in World War II
2015:
Allied and Axis Signals Intelligence in World War II
447:, which served Axis submarine forces of the Italian
1894:
Military Effectiveness, Vol. 2: The Interwar Period
607:
Sezione Zuretti (Data analysis and interpretation);
130:
125:
107:
95:
80:
70:
52:
34:
26:
18:
2757:
2637:. Vol. I (2 ed.). Rome: Adnkronos Libri.
920:and imprisoned in Sudan until the end of the war.
2622:Enciclopedia dell'antifascismo e della Resistenza
2103:. Turnbridge Wells, U.K.: Parapress. p. 70.
1933:Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943, February 6, 1940.
992:, for taking up arms against the Government and
661:in Yugoslavia and arranged the assassination of
324:Shortly before Italy's entry into World War II,
491:and disappeared to Germany. He was replaced by
312:, managing to cut off the flow of arms to both
2554:
2552:
2529:Uwe Jens Rudolf; Warren G. Berg, eds. (2010).
1020:department, Sezione 5, which attacked foreign
1004:, the highest Italian military award, by King
704:argued that it was the event that "killed the
587:in food destined for Spain in order to spread
467:On 1 December 1943, after the creation of the
2570:Italian Republic official list and motivation
2456:The Codebreakers. The Story of Secret Writing
8:
2870:. Reggio Calabria: CittĂ del Sole Edizioni.
2210:Agronsky, Martin (1939). "Racism in Italy".
1997:"La Germania e i dipinti rubati dai nazisti"
1919:Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943, September 5, 1939.
1867:. Ballinger Publishing Company. p. 104.
1773:
2887:Ufficio Storico Stato Maggiore della Difesa
2760:The Library Congress World War II Companion
2324:
2322:
1843:"L'Arma nel Servizio Informazioni Militare"
1086:Chief of the Servizio Informazioni Militare
2980:Government agencies disestablished in 1949
2593:
2276:
1888:
1886:
1074:
1032:and higher-level enciphered codes for the
734:with a corridor to the sea at the port of
357:allow the service to be re-established as
2934:"Servizio di Informazioni Militare (SIM)"
2248:. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1978
2151:
2141:
2094:
2092:
1786:
1784:
1782:
2799:Carte segrete dell'intelligence italiana
2031:"TICOM I-206:Homework by Wilhelm Fenner"
1877:
1744:: a German admiral and the chief of the
960:till August. He was then transferred to
781:in September 1941 authorized by General
2975:Government agencies established in 1925
2288:
2025:
2023:
1763:
1082:
2412:
2371:
1995:Lazzerini, Marcello (8 January 2019).
688:, Britain and Italy on the eve of the
552:The SID was dismantled soon after the
338:, a contingency not considered by the
15:
2960:Intelligence services of World War II
2785:Enciclopedia Italiana - VII Appendice
1906:Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943, 2 May 1939.
7:
2796:Pasqualini, Maria Gabriella (2007).
2644:Storia dei servizi segreti in Italia
2068:
1829:
1814:
1802:
1101:
726:. Terms involved the maintenance of
575:, in exchange for 100 semiautomatic
2868:Storia dei servizi segreti italiani
2635:Servizi segreti italiani. 1815-1985
2508:De Lorenzo, Giuseppe (1 May 2016).
2359:The Origins of the Second World War
897:) in order to identify, and notify
809:. Fellers, who was something of an
799:Mediterranean Theater of Operations
617:Sezione personale e amministrativa.
411:Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
364:Just before the Italian surrender,
192:) from 1925 until 1946, and of the
2866:Colonna Vilasi, Antonella (2013).
2613:Guerra segreta in Italia 1940-1943
1865:Foreign Intelligence Organizations
14:
2429:. The History Net. Archived from
1966:. Library of Congress Law Library
1896:(Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 192.
860:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia
665:during a visit to France (1934).
2920:
2832:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00688.x
2258:
2050:
1976:
1959:Pisano, Vittorfranco S. (1978).
1651:
1616:
1594:
1559:
1537:
1504:
1483:
1448:
1427:
1392:
1370:
1335:
1313:
1278:
1256:
1223:
1201:
1168:
1146:
1113:
1016:SIM had a large, well-organized
858:SIM played an important role in
57:
39:
2535:. Scarecrow Press. p. 44.
2169:Journal of Contemporary History
2955:Military intelligence agencies
2927:Servizio Informazioni Militare
2898:. Rome: Idrovolante Edizioni.
2532:Historical Dictionary of Malta
1078:
874:(Eritrea). After crossing the
769:The cracking of the Black Code
336:Allied landing in North Africa
165:Servizio Informazioni Militare
20:Servizio Informazioni Militare
1:
2985:Defunct intelligence agencies
1681:Italian intelligence agencies
936:about Borg Pisani's execution
300:SIM experienced its greatest
251:Servizio Informazioni Segrete
85:
2970:1925 establishments in Italy
2965:Counterintelligence agencies
2779:De Lutiis, Giuseppe (2007).
2642:De Lutiis, Giuseppe (1991).
2628:. Milan: La Pietra: 484–488.
1008:a few days after his death.
1002:Gold Medal of Military Valor
285:, together with his brother
156:Military Information Service
2674:Franzinelli, Mimmo (2004).
1647:2 years, 332 days
1423:2 years, 244 days
1309:2 years, 153 days
646:SIM was very active in the
3001:
2894:Bagnoli, Gabriele (2019).
2733:Williams, Manuela (2006).
2718:. New York: Enigma Books.
2633:Viviani, Ambrogio (1986).
2181:10.1177/002200949703200302
1533:2 years, 47 days
690:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
112:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2680:Arnoldo Mondadori Editore
2460:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
2415:, pp. 170 & 199.
2124:Tonietto, Nicola (2016).
2017:(London , 1999), pp. 5-6.
1947:Memorie segrete 1935-1948
1366:2 years, 0 days
905:movements throughout the
663:Alexander I of Yugoslavia
650:. It oversaw support for
625:and to permit SIM to add
2851:. Milan: il Saggiatore.
2737:. Taylor & Francis.
2390:Hoover Institution Press
2384:Baer, George W. (1976).
2357:A. J. P. Taylor (1991).
1774:Heiber & Glantz 2005
854:Guerrilla in East Africa
829:Operations in Yugoslavia
445:Japanese-occupied Malaya
253:, SIS). The SIM had its
196:until 1949. The SIM was
2824:Oxford University Press
2703:Charles Scribner's Sons
2697:Holt, Thaddeus (2004).
2655:Canosa, Romano (2000).
2361:. Penguin. p. 128.
2336:. Enigma. p. 223.
2305:. Rizzoli. p. 42.
2301:Ciuni, Roberto (1993).
2099:Gurrey, Donald (1994).
924:The Borg Pisani affaire
901:with his radio, of the
793:to the U.S. embassy in
659:Macedonian nationalists
469:Italian Social Republic
396:Intra-Axis co-operation
2847:Vento, Andrea (2011).
2584:(London , 1999), p. 6.
2143:10.4000/diacronie.4718
2085:. Mursia. p. 374.
2081:Fucci, Franco (1983).
2040:. TICOM. 7 August 1947
1732:Imperial Japanese Navy
1720:Imperial Japanese Army
970:Chief Justice of Malta
937:
932:Excerpt of the Sunday
765:
457:Imperial Japanese Navy
350:
163:
1742:Wilhelm Franz Canaris
1727:Tokubetsu Keisatsutai
931:
885:, De Martini fled to
819:Franklin D. Roosevelt
761:
441:Penang submarine-base
348:
304:successes during the
204:'s equivalent to the
176:organization for the
174:military intelligence
75:Military intelligence
2929:at Wikimedia Commons
2611:Amè, Cesare (1954).
2392:. pp. 249–250.
2303:L'Italia di Badoglio
2130:La Voce del Silenzio
1676:History of espionage
1303:July 1929
864:Francesco De Martini
779:U.S. Embassy in Rome
738:. In return, all of
556:, on 25 April 1945.
495:Candeloro De Leo, a
449:Italian Regia Marina
370:Kingdom of the South
2462:. pp. 469–470.
2374:, pp. 321–322.
1514:Tripiccione, Donato
1006:Victor Emmanuel III
996:. His execution by
978:British citizenship
946:Carmelo Borg Pisani
942:Maltese irredentist
754:During World War II
560:Human rights abuses
554:liberation of Italy
516:Republican Fascists
453:German Kriegsmarine
2940:on 14 August 2020.
2812:Diplomatic History
2473:Meleca, Vincenzo.
1861:Richelson, Jeffrey
1791:Wagner et al. 2007
1748:from 1935 to 1944.
1722:from 1881 to 1945.
1659:Royal Italian Army
1602:Royal Italian Army
1545:Royal Italian Army
1519:Donato Tripiccione
1516:Divisional general
1491:Royal Italian Army
1435:Royal Italian Army
1378:Royal Italian Army
1321:Royal Italian Army
1264:Royal Italian Army
1209:Royal Italian Army
1154:Royal Italian Army
1063:, Britain and the
1030:Royal Italian Army
986:sentenced to death
938:
766:
642:Pre-war operations
374:Italian resistance
351:
306:Ethiopian Campaign
65:Royal Italian Army
2925:Media related to
2781:"Servizi segreti"
2771:978-0-7432-5219-5
2754:Kennedy, David M.
1667:
1666:
1641:20 September 1940
1638:
1587:20 September 1940
1581:
1571:Brigadier General
1524:
1470:
1414:
1357:
1300:
1290:Brigadier general
1288:Vercellino, Mario
1243:
1188:
1133:
1123:Vigevano, Attilio
711:In February 1936
706:League of Nations
546:Postal Censorship
326:Brigadier general
310:Spanish Civil War
146:
145:
116:Spanish Civil War
2992:
2941:
2936:. Archived from
2924:
2909:
2890:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2806:
2804:
2792:
2775:
2763:
2748:
2729:
2710:Heiber, Helmut;
2706:
2693:
2670:
2651:
2638:
2629:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2572:
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2526:
2520:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:storiaverita.org
2470:
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2298:
2292:
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2280:
2274:
2268:
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2257:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2224:10.2307/20028925
2207:
2201:
2200:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2145:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1570:
1569:Carboni, Giacomo
1563:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1294:Mario Vercellino
1289:
1282:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1128:Attilio Vigevano
1124:
1117:
1103:
1080:
1075:
962:Corradino prison
940:On 18 May 1942,
913:by sailors from
846:and one used by
791:military attaché
787:Washington, D.C.
678:Hoare–Laval Pact
485:Rodolfo Graziani
415:Benito Mussolini
388:as part of the '
386:Second World War
318:Spanish Republic
215:used by Colonel
202:Benito Mussolini
194:Italian Republic
186:Kingdom of Italy
90:
87:
63:
61:
60:
47:Kingdom of Italy
45:
43:
42:
16:
3000:
2999:
2995:
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2989:
2945:
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2846:
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2778:
2772:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2726:
2709:
2696:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2648:Editori Riuniti
2641:
2632:
2619:
2615:. Roma: Casini.
2610:
2601:
2600:
2594:Pasqualini 2007
2592:
2588:
2579:
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2287:
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2277:Pasqualini 2007
2275:
2271:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2212:Foreign Affairs
2209:
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1940:
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1913:
1908:
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1900:
1891:
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1876:
1872:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1736:military police
1716:military police
1672:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1595:
1593:
1584:3 November 1939
1578:
1575:Giacomo Carboni
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
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1484:
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1467:
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1457:
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1428:
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1411:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1371:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1345:Sogno, Vittorio
1344:
1341:
1340:
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1257:
1255:
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1229:
1228:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1178:Barbieri, Carlo
1177:
1174:
1173:
1147:
1145:
1136:15 October 1925
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1073:
1042:Victor Emmanuel
1014:
982:prisoner of war
948:was sent on an
926:
856:
831:
771:
756:
713:Emilio Faldella
702:A. J. P. Taylor
671:Deuxième Bureau
648:interwar period
644:
638:spread abroad.
597:
562:
528:Frigate captain
473:Volta Mantovana
465:
398:
378:Rodolfo Siviero
366:Pietro Badoglio
349:Rodolfo Siviero
329:Giacomo Carboni
243:
149:
139:
132:
118:
114:
101:Comando Supremo
88:
58:
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40:
38:
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2916:
2915:External links
2913:
2911:
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2905:978-8899564360
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2330:Paillole, Paul
2318:
2311:
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2291:, p. 226.
2281:
2279:, p. 156.
2269:
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2218:(2): 391–401.
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1847:Il Carabiniere
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934:Times of Malta
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283:Carlo Rosselli
247:Fascist regime
242:
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227:Edgar Williams
217:Bonner Fellers
190:Regno d'Italia
182:Regio Esercito
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271:Municipio XIV
269:, within the
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2701:. New York:
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2483:. Retrieved
2481:(in Italian)
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2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
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2296:
2289:Viviani 1986
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2250:. Retrieved
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2168:
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2133:
2129:
2119:
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2076:
2064:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:Google drive
2037:
2014:
2009:
2000:
1990:
1968:. Retrieved
1954:
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1941:
1932:
1928:
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1914:
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1473:October 1936
1464:Paolo Angioy
1462:
1417:January 1934
1408:Mario Roatta
1406:
1363:January 1934
1360:January 1932
1349:
1292:
1237:
1182:
1127:
1046:aide-de-camp
1037:
1034:Regia Marina
1015:
944:and SIM spy
939:
916:
894:
887:Saudi Arabia
882:
857:
832:
815:Commonwealth
807:North Africa
775:World War II
772:
724:protectorate
710:
698:Pierre Laval
694:Samuel Hoare
675:
667:
645:
620:
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595:Organization
563:
551:
505:
487:'s villa on
466:
426:
399:
390:Nazi plunder
363:
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279:anti-Fascist
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255:headquarters
244:
221:
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169:
164:
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150:
137:Mario Roatta
120:World War II
99:
96:Part of
19:
2515:il Giornale
2452:Kahn, David
2425:Deac, Wil.
2413:Jenner 2008
2372:Canosa 2000
2252:29 November
1970:29 November
1718:arm of the
1637:(1892–1983)
1626:Amè, Cesare
1580:(1889–1973)
1523:(1889–1943)
1469:(1890–1975)
1413:(1887–1968)
1356:(1885–1971)
1299:(1879–1961)
1242:(1876–1941)
1187:(1883–1951)
1132:(1874–1927)
1092:Left office
1089:Took office
1026:World War I
974:George Borg
868:East Africa
803:Axis powers
748:Addis Ababa
497:Carabinieri
483:as he left
422:Alfred Jodl
372:and of the
108:Engagements
89: 1943
2949:Categories
2689:8804534656
2485:2020-04-12
2437:2014-10-06
1753:References
1703:La Cagoule
1632:Cesare Amè
1191:April 1926
1139:April 1926
1038:Bulletin I
903:Royal Navy
811:Anglophobe
783:Cesare Amè
763:Cesare Amè
631:subversion
573:Cagoulards
493:Lt-Colonel
489:Lake Garda
477:journalist
376:. SIM spy
231:Montgomery
213:Black Code
178:Royal Army
172:) was the
141:Cesare Amè
133:commanders
126:Commanders
2840:0145-2096
2678:. Milan:
2197:154546885
2069:Holt 2004
1830:Holt 2004
1815:Holt 2004
1803:Holt 2004
1711:Kenpeitai
1527:July 1937
1476:June 1937
1249:July 1929
1083:Portrait
1044:(via his
1012:Sezione 5
990:espionage
950:espionage
880:motorboat
744:Manchukuo
589:epidemics
581:gas masks
291:Marseille
267:Trionfale
261:, in the
224:Brigadier
200:dictator
184:) of the
35:Countries
30:1925–1949
2789:Treccani
2714:(2005).
2646:. Rome:
2454:(1967).
2332:(2003).
2232:20028925
1863:(1988).
1670:See also
844:Chetniks
835:Yugoslav
682:Ethiopia
652:Croatian
585:bacteria
539:Florence
522:reports.
406:codebook
382:Florence
316:and the
314:Ethiopia
308:and the
302:interwar
2756:(ed.).
2001:L'indro
1628:Colonel
1460:Colonel
1404:Colonel
1347:Colonel
1235:Colonel
1180:Colonel
1125:Colonel
1065:Vatican
1057:Romania
998:hanging
966:treason
907:Red Sea
895:sambuco
883:Zam Zam
878:in the
876:Red Sea
872:Massaua
839:Albania
577:Beretta
566:fascist
532:Gestapo
518:in SlD.
437:Hungary
433:Finland
281:exile,
265:Q. XIV
263:Quarter
241:History
198:Fascist
160:Italian
153:Italian
131:Notable
2902:
2874:
2855:
2838:
2768:
2741:
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2686:
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2539:
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2189:260963
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2107:
2044:8 June
1746:Abwehr
1730:: the
1714:: the
1690:: the
1656:
1599:
1542:
1488:
1432:
1375:
1318:
1261:
1206:
1151:
1071:Chiefs
1053:Turkey
958:Sliema
891:Yemeni
823:Rommel
740:Tigray
686:France
684:among
655:Ustaše
501:Abwehr
355:Allies
340:Abwehr
209:Abwehr
206:German
62:
53:Branch
44:
27:Active
2803:(PDF)
2228:JSTOR
2193:S2CID
2185:JSTOR
2136:(4).
2034:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1758:Notes
917:Arpha
795:Egypt
736:Assab
732:Shewa
717:Negus
429:Japan
413:when
359:SIFAR
287:Nello
168:, or
22:(SIM)
2900:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2836:ISSN
2766:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2254:2022
2105:ISBN
2046:2018
1972:2022
1687:OVRA
1246:1927
1194:1927
1102:Ref.
988:for
972:Sir
915:HMS
899:Rome
848:Tito
696:and
657:and
629:and
611:SIM.
455:and
435:and
235:USSR
151:The
81:Size
71:Type
2828:doi
2220:doi
2177:doi
2148:hdl
2138:doi
1923:it.
1734:'s
1694:of
1079:No.
708:".
463:SID
443:in
392:'.
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257:at
170:SIM
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1985:.
1974:.
1738:.
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