940:
832:, the head of American intelligence, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Using the encipherment tables the Italian SIM was able to decipher Fellers’ communiques with Washington in a matter of hours often gleaning important information about the British in North Africa such as its current positions, sustained losses, expected reinforcements, current supply situation, future plans, morale, etc. which it quickly reported to the Italian and German military in North Africa. The leak ended on June 29, when Fellers switched to the new U.S. code system. During the 8 months or so of reading Fellers’ dispatches to Washington,
52:
284:. Within ten years, SIM evolved from a purely military intelligence and counter-intelligence service into a modern comprehensive structure capable of offering full intelligence coverage on domestic and overseas issues. On February 6, 1927, it was placed directly under the head of the High Command and charged with responsibility for internal and external security for all three armed forces. In 1934 funds available to the new service were doubled, as also was the number of specialised sections and personnel.
1664:
1607:
1550:
1496:
1440:
1383:
1326:
1269:
1214:
1159:
70:
1405:
1629:
1047:. SIM's cryptographic section concentrated on military and diplomatic traffic. By the time the war was at its peak, SIM's interception and decryption operations had taken on immense proportions. On average 8,000 radio messages were intercepted each month, 6,000 were studied and out of these 3,500 were translated. The flow was so large that Colonel Cesare Amè, the head of SIM, began to publish a daily bulletin -
770:
415:(OKW/Chi). The Germans agreed to share results on French diplomatic and military systems. This collaboration was expanded and provided the Germans with important cryptologic material like the U.S. Military Intelligence code. OKW/Chi had previously worked hard on solving the code, but had set it aside as too difficult. The Servizio Informazioni Militare provided also OKW/Chi with a captured Swedish diplomatic
1572:
1291:
357:
2933:
1348:
2271:
2063:
1989:
244:'s Chief Intelligence Officer, the Italians “made far more intelligent deductions from the information they received than did the Germans.” According to Thaddeus Holt the SIM was the ablest Axis secret service on the technical level, and it excelled by far any other secret service in Europe outside the
419:
and with a
Turkish code that Chi was trying hard to break. There was less cooperation between SIM and the Abwehr on the working level. The SIM did not trust the Abwehr to honour agreements such as not to run clandestine networks in Italy. They monitored German intelligence activities and agents in
852:
were threatened by a planned
Yugoslav strike, SIM operators sent coded messages to the Yugoslav divisions, ordering them to postpone the scheduled offensive and return to their start-lines. By the time the Yugoslavs realised they had been duped, the Italian defences had been restored. During the
2257:"Claim settlement under Nato-status of forces agreements, criminal justice, immunity of states, actions against insurers of persons entitled to diplomatic immunity, terrorism, patent and copyright, dispute processing by masters, and attorneys fees, and legal aid (Germany, Italy, and England"
342:, chief of the SIM, wrote a series of reports to Benito Mussolini wherein the Italian preparation to the war was described as inadequate. Carboni drafted pessimistic reports on Italian and German military capabilities. As a result Carboni was dismissed from his post at the SIM.
287:
During the second half of the 1930s the activities of SIM, in particular under the leadership of Mario Roatta, took a rather sinister direction: SIM was implicated in an impressive chain of crimes and acts of violence, including the assassination of the most active
644:
to its activities. In 1940, upon Italy's entrance into the war, SIM numbered 150 officers, 300 NCOs, and 400 other ranks. By the time the war was at its peak, it numbered over 300 officers, 1,200 NCOs and specialists, and directed the activities of more than 9,000
524:
Sezione DELTA (Defensive
Intelligence): this was the most important branch of SID, with the majority of its officers seconded from the Carabinieri. The Rome office of the section was headed by Carabinieri Captain Colombini, probably one of the few fervent
621:
Sezione
Bonsignore (Counterespionage). For a brief period in 1940-41 this section was detached from SIM and became an autonomous service under the name "CSMSS" (Controspionaggio Militare e Servizi Speciali). In January 1941, it was restored to
532:
Sezione SIGMA (Internal
Political Intelligence): this section collected information on civilian morale and the reactions of the various classes to the Mussolini regime and to the Germans, who were naturally keenly interested in its
610:
SIM was subordinate to the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for the performance of strictly military functions and to the
Undersecretary of War for the performance of duties of a non-military nature. SIM had five major sections:
482:, the new government established the SID (Defensive Information Service), the new Republic of Salò intelligence service. The SID was operational a month before its formal establishment, and its headquarters were located in
420:
Italy. Nor were the
Germans apprised of any of the doubling of Allied agents which SIM conducted with great success. As the war went on relations became strained since the Germans came to distrust the Italians. After the
222:. In the early years of the war, the SIM scored important intelligence successes. Rommel’s successful military operations in North Africa in 1942 were substantially facilitated by the SIM through the securing of the U.S.
536:
The Centro
Raccolta e Elaborazione Notizie, which was purely an HQ section concerned with evaluating intelligence received. It included however a section carrying out the breaking of Allied codes and cyphers, headed by
1933:
General Carboni paints a very dark picture of our military preparedness, our meagre resources, disorganized command, and demoralization among the masses. Perhaps he exaggerates, but there is some truth in
679:
By the mid-1930s
Italian counterespionage, led by Colonel Santo Emanuele, had been involved in France through the Cagoule, taking advantage with great skill of the opportunities this provided to penetrate the
331:
and providing the
Italian command with a complete picture of the enemy forces. During the Ethiopian war it participated in the subversion of local chieftains who should have been loyal to Haile Selassie.
2944:
1956:
On February 6, 1940, General Carboni presented his superiors with a detailed report on the situation in Germany, the complete text of which was later published by Carboni himself in his book
1960:, published in 1955. The report said, among other things: "Germany appears as a country violently bent under a wind of madness, which drags it in a desperate race towards self-destruction".
920:. Major Max Harari, head of the British military intelligence, offered a reward for his capture. On 1 August 1942, while attempting to come back to Eritrea, De Martini was captured on
1947:
Conference with General Carboni, just returned from Germany. He makes a frank and pessimistic report on the state of the country. Lack of food and, above all, lack of enthusiasm.
412:
809:
1062:), while a good portion of the diplomatic traffic was sent to Count Galeazzo Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister. The codes of several countries were attacked including France,
2830:
575:
SIM elements committed a whole series of crimes. On the direct order of Mussolini SIM arranged the assassination of the Rosselli brothers. The murder was carried out by French
2990:
548:
Sezione KAPPA (Communications): this section installed W/T sets to enable Mussolini to keep in direct touch with SID HQ, and also similar facilities to the offices in Rome,
2985:
345:
During the war SIM, whose sphere of action was generally limited to military objectives, is credited with operational efficiency. This included the forecasting of the
849:
486:. The SID was the only RSI Armed Forces information body, with espionage, counterintelligence and military police tasks. It was headed by Vittorio Foschini, a former
467:
2970:
521:
Sezione OMEGA (Offensive Intelligence): supposed to run offensive intelligence operations abroad, but the Germans disapproved of this and it existed in name only.
625:
Sezione Crittografica (Cryptography): this section attacked foreign crypto-systems and produced enciphered codes for the Royal Italian Army and the Regia Marina;
967:). Borg Pisani was recognized by one of his childhood friends, Cpt. Tom Warrington, who denounced him. British Intelligence kept him under arrest in a house in
552:
and other important centres, using codes supplied by the cryptographic branch. There was, however, a sad deficiency in radio sets, both in quantity and quality.
2948:
753:
and border areas of Eritrea and Somalia would be ceded to Italy, and unconquered Ethiopia would be placed under a strong Italian protectorate on the model of
1078:. Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano noted in his diary that Sezione 5 cryptanalysts routinely read British, Romanian, and neutral Turkey's diplomatic traffic.
1920:
General Carboni, who has the reputation of being a deep student of military matters, today confirms the reports that our armament situation is disastrous.
1517:
1126:
2485:
1181:
1236:
260:. Its activity was supported by the Air Force Information Service (Servizio Informazioni Aeronautiche, SIA) and the Navy Secret Information Service (
1461:
391:
coordinated the Italian partisans' intelligence activities from the Jewish art historian Giorgio Castelfranco's house on the Lungarno Serristori in
853:
occupation of Yugoslavia, the SIM turned its attention to the communications of partisan groups and by mid-1943 had solved two systems used by the
2965:
939:
2937:
1039:, and was located in Rome. Also under Gamba was a subsection headed by the elderly Colonel Gino Mancini that produced codes and ciphers for the
379:
put his protégé Giacomo Carboni back in charge of SIM (September 1943). After the Armistice, many SIM agents continued to work on behalf of the
2995:
2520:
2980:
2975:
2780:
1051:- that summarized the most significant information. Copies of the bulletin were sent to Mussolini, to the Chief of General Staff and to king
704:
733:'s entourage. Jacir Bey offered to persuade the Emperor to reach a peace agreement with Italy, effectively turning Ethiopia into an Italian
2437:
824:, usually authored his dispatches in a less than favourable manner casting great doubt about the long-term success of the British and her
2808:
364:
SIM was dissolved in 1944 and was replaced for a few years by a small intelligence office within the General Staff. Only in 1949 did the
421:
2914:
2886:
2867:
789:
2753:
2734:
2675:
2551:
2408:
2352:
2321:
2119:
870:
590:
rifles and the promise of future shipments. Before the start of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War SIM supplied Ethiopians with faulty
684:. Information obtained by SIM in France enabled Italian authorities to arrest the members of a French spy ring in Italy in 1939.
564:
395:(now the Casa Siviero museum). Today he is known mainly for his role in the recovery of artworks stolen from Italy during the
2698:
1706:
257:
1691:
455:
451:
261:
2569:
1035:. This section was headed by General Vittorio Gamba, a published student of cryptology who had been breaking codes since
2764:
1052:
1012:
952:
196:
594:. During the Spanish Civil War, it sunk Spanish Republican ships by loading explosives in the holds and it introduced
411:
In 1938 General Gamba, chief of the SIM Cryptographic Bureau, requested cooperation in the cryptanalytic field at the
384:
2256:
2713:
1853:
700:
470:. The Hungarians maintained liaison officers in Rome and made the results of their work available to the Italians.
316:
122:
2041:
435:, however, forbade any further liaison, and from that point on, no agency contact was made or material exchanged.
2821:
Jenner, C. J. (2008). "Turning the Hinge of Fate: Good Source and the UK–U.S. Intelligence Alliance, 1940–1942".
2690:
673:
615:
Sezione Calderini (concerned with 'offensive' intelligence operations including sabotage beyond Italy's borders).
2896:
Pasqualini, Maria Gabriella (2014). "Carte Segrete dell'Intelligence Italiana. Il S.I.M. in archivi stranieri".
2791:
2400:
633:
526:
428:
was deposed on 24–25 July 1943, the Servizio Informazioni Militare turned to OKW/Chi for help and cooperation.
2470:
2580:
991:
by returning his passport and acquisition of Italian citizenship (which would have granted him the status of
2834:
825:
479:
328:
1628:
1404:
2763:
Wagner, Margaret E.; Osborne, Linda Barrett; Reyburn, Susan; the Staff of the Library of Congress (2007).
1742:
1730:
980:
963:
mission to Malta, to check British defences and help prepare for the planned Axis invasion of the island (
821:
669:
365:
514:, but SID activities were hampered by Nazi Germany's intense hostility toward Italy after the armistice.
1752:
1737:
1290:
845:
829:
726:, head of the special SIM section for East Africa (AO), infiltrated Palestinian agent Jacir Bey in
233:
Italian SIM was highly efficient and even compared favourably with its German counterpart. According to
184:
85:
688:
1903:
Sullivan, Brian R. “The Italian Armed Forces, 1918-1940.” Millet, Allan R. and Williamson Murray. ed.
1571:
1871:
1686:
874:
380:
269:
541:
Luigi Donini - a very lukewarm Republican who had an English wife and was closely supervised by the
2462:
2007:
1347:
1016:
988:
984:
956:
878:
801:
2238:
2203:
2195:
1717:: French fascist-leaning and anti-communist terrorist group that regularly collaborated with SIM.
1669:
1612:
1555:
1501:
1445:
1388:
1331:
1274:
1219:
1164:
1040:
996:
964:
503:
241:
188:
75:
2137:"Le reti di spionaggio e sabotaggio nazifasciste nell'Italia occupata dagli Alleati (1943-1945)"
741:
on the throne and continuance of Ethiopian sovereignty over an independent but reduced state in
711:
and the subsequent start of unilateral Italian military operation for the conquest of Ethiopia.
703:. The surfacing of the draft of this pact brought about its failure and the resignation of both
681:
2441:
1516:
796:, head of the SIM. These tables were used by U.S. Ambassadors worldwide to communicate back to
2910:
2882:
2863:
2846:
2776:
2749:
2730:
2694:
2671:
2547:
2541:
2404:
2348:
2317:
2115:
808:
and was to report to his American superiors the details of British military activities in the
716:
556:
336:
320:
126:
17:
2746:
Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad. Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935-1940
1125:
1011:
took place at 7:30AM on Saturday, 28 November 1942. Borg Pisani was posthumously awarded the
979:. On 12 November 1942, he stood trial under closed doors in front of three judges, headed by
438:
During the war SIM also cooperated with other Axis intelligence agencies, including those of
2838:
2722:
2230:
2187:
2158:
2148:
1971:
1304:
972:
816:, were very accommodating to Fellers giving him nearly full access to British operations in
797:
692:
510:
officer described as 'capable and unscrupulous'. De Leo signed an agreement with the German
495:
425:
396:
324:
273:
212:
204:
170:
57:
1180:
2658:
1746:
1726:
1585:
1235:
992:
858:
723:
712:
658:
538:
490:
known for his anti-German attitudes. In late February 1944, Foschini was kidnapped by the
483:
388:
376:
346:
339:
312:
111:
1460:
353:. However, this service often was not consulted by Mussolini and the military hierarchy.
1801:
769:
230:
to communicate plans for British military operations to his Headquarters in Washington.
2769:
1361:
944:
738:
730:
580:
297:
293:
237:
227:
2178:
Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1997). "Death in Exile: The Assassination of Carlo Rosselli".
2959:
2842:
2340:
2275:
2207:
2067:
1993:
1702:
1642:
1071:
1059:
1028:
828:
allies fight against the Italo-German army in North Africa. His reports were read by
793:
788:
was the acquisition of U.S. encipherment tables obtained through the break-in of the
773:
750:
637:
491:
463:
429:
305:
281:
151:
2591:
David Alvarez, "Axis Sigint Collaboration: A Limited Partnership," in Alvarez, ed.,
2024:
David Alvarez, "Axis Sigint Collaboration: A Limited Partnership," in Alvarez, ed.,
2345:
Fighting the Nazis. French Military Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 1935-1945
1474:
1418:
1075:
1056:
1044:
1032:
921:
897:
833:
817:
785:
734:
708:
459:
400:
289:
265:
245:
223:
216:
147:
130:
95:
over 300 officers, 1,200 NCOs and specialists, and more than 9,000 secret agents (
2907:
Cesare Amé e i suoi Agenti. L'intelligence italiana nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale
757:. The plan, however, never materialized, and Italian troops entered the capital,
632:
In 1934 Mussolini doubled SIM's budget to fund a greatly expanded effort against
2525:
1036:
813:
758:
507:
450:. At regular intervals, technological and information exchanges occurred at the
432:
2191:
812:. The British, hoping to eventually get the Americans into the war against the
356:
1713:
913:
641:
583:
499:
487:
2850:
2112:
Across the Lines. Axis Intelligence and Sabotage Operations in Italy, 1943-45
995:) was not upheld by the military court. On 19 November 1942, he was publicly
1721:
1000:
960:
925:
890:
754:
646:
301:
277:
256:
The Servizio Informazioni Militari was instituted in October 1925 under the
234:
2816:. Vol. II: 1919-1949. Rome: Ministero della Difesa – RUD. p. 156.
2153:
2136:
900:. He made contact with the Italian consulate in that country, and from the
665:
545:. This section enjoyed constant and close German supervision at all levels.
2932:
2799:
2163:
854:
599:
595:
591:
549:
416:
392:
2687:
Guerra di spie. I servizi segreti fascisti, nazisti e alleati. 1939-1943
2570:
The Santa Marija Convoy: Faith and Endurance in Wartime Malta, 1940–1942
2242:
2521:"Carmelo Borg Pisani, eroe di guerra: ma l'Italia non gli dĂ sepoltura"
1067:
1008:
1004:
976:
917:
886:
882:
587:
576:
542:
447:
443:
208:
2199:
1972:"Study of the Restructured Italian Intelligence and Security Services"
877:, captain of the SIM, was one of the leaders of Italian insurgency in
2234:
1063:
968:
904:
coast organized a group of Eritrean sailors (with small boats called
696:
662:
511:
350:
219:
2860:
In silenzio gioite e soffrite. Storia dei servizi segreti italiani
938:
901:
805:
768:
746:
742:
727:
691:, which sanctioned an Anglo-French agreement for the partition of
687:
Before the Ethiopian campaign, SIM secured the text of the secret
439:
369:
355:
163:
2274:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2066:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1992:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2710:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
2094:
Spie per la libertĂ : i servizi segreti della Resistenza italiana
1697:
909:
559:
throughout Republican Italy, using mainly retired Army officers.
2509:
War Office Claims Commission, 4 January 1950, rif. CC/ME/812/E.
836:
would refer to Fellers as “die gute Quelle” (the good source).
987:, and defended by two lawyers. His plea that he had renounced
1780:
1778:
2486:"Storie di uomini, di navi e di guerra nel mar delle Dahlak"
304:
of King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister
2775:. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Symon & Schuster.
2438:"Intercepted Communications for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel"
881:. In January 1942, he blew up a British ammunition dump in
517:
In March 1944 the SID departments were briefly as follows:
300:, on 9 June 1937. SIM was also behind the assassination in
2631:
Boatti, Giorgio (1968). "Servizio informazioni militari".
844:
Shortly before the start of World War II, SIM had broken
761:, on 5 May 1936. Ethiopia was annexed to Italy on 7 May.
1005:
forming part of a conspiracy to overthrow the government
800:
In October 1940, Colonel Bonner Fellers was assigned as
2727:
Hitler and His Generals: Military Conferences 1942-1945
848:
military codes. When, in April 1941, Italian forces in
784:
The biggest Italian intelligence victory scored during
2668:
I servizi segreti del Duce: i persecutori e le vittime
413:
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht
2397:
Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations
1836:
1834:
2831:
Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
2593:
Allied and Axis Signals Intelligence in World War II
2026:
Allied and Axis Signals Intelligence in World War II
458:, which served Axis submarine forces of the Italian
1905:
Military Effectiveness, Vol. 2: The Interwar Period
618:
Sezione Zuretti (Data analysis and interpretation);
141:
136:
118:
106:
91:
81:
63:
45:
37:
29:
2768:
2648:. Vol. I (2 ed.). Rome: Adnkronos Libri.
931:and imprisoned in Sudan until the end of the war.
2633:Enciclopedia dell'antifascismo e della Resistenza
2114:. Turnbridge Wells, U.K.: Parapress. p. 70.
1944:Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943, February 6, 1940.
1003:, for taking up arms against the Government and
672:in Yugoslavia and arranged the assassination of
335:Shortly before Italy's entry into World War II,
502:and disappeared to Germany. He was replaced by
323:, managing to cut off the flow of arms to both
2565:
2563:
2540:Uwe Jens Rudolf; Warren G. Berg, eds. (2010).
1031:department, Sezione 5, which attacked foreign
1015:, the highest Italian military award, by King
715:argued that it was the event that "killed the
598:in food destined for Spain in order to spread
478:On 1 December 1943, after the creation of the
2581:Italian Republic official list and motivation
2467:The Codebreakers. The Story of Secret Writing
8:
2881:. Reggio Calabria: CittĂ del Sole Edizioni.
2221:Agronsky, Martin (1939). "Racism in Italy".
2008:"La Germania e i dipinti rubati dai nazisti"
1930:Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943, September 5, 1939.
1878:. Ballinger Publishing Company. p. 104.
1784:
2898:Ufficio Storico Stato Maggiore della Difesa
2771:The Library Congress World War II Companion
2335:
2333:
1854:"L'Arma nel Servizio Informazioni Militare"
1097:Chief of the Servizio Informazioni Militare
2991:Government agencies disestablished in 1949
2604:
2287:
1899:
1897:
1085:
1043:and higher-level enciphered codes for the
745:with a corridor to the sea at the port of
368:allow the service to be re-established as
2945:"Servizio di Informazioni Militare (SIM)"
2259:. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1978
2162:
2152:
2105:
2103:
1797:
1795:
1793:
2810:Carte segrete dell'intelligence italiana
2042:"TICOM I-206:Homework by Wilhelm Fenner"
1888:
1755:: a German admiral and the chief of the
971:till August. He was then transferred to
792:in September 1941 authorized by General
2986:Government agencies established in 1925
2299:
2036:
2034:
1774:
1093:
2423:
2382:
2006:Lazzerini, Marcello (8 January 2019).
699:, Britain and Italy on the eve of the
563:The SID was dismantled soon after the
349:, a contingency not considered by the
26:
2971:Intelligence services of World War II
2796:Enciclopedia Italiana - VII Appendice
1917:Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943, 2 May 1939.
7:
2807:Pasqualini, Maria Gabriella (2007).
2655:Storia dei servizi segreti in Italia
2079:
1840:
1825:
1813:
1112:
737:. Terms involved the maintenance of
586:, in exchange for 100 semiautomatic
2879:Storia dei servizi segreti italiani
2646:Servizi segreti italiani. 1815-1985
2519:De Lorenzo, Giuseppe (1 May 2016).
2370:The Origins of the Second World War
908:) in order to identify, and notify
820:. Fellers, who was something of an
810:Mediterranean Theater of Operations
628:Sezione personale e amministrativa.
422:Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
375:Just before the Italian surrender,
203:) from 1925 until 1946, and of the
2877:Colonna Vilasi, Antonella (2013).
2624:Guerra segreta in Italia 1940-1943
1876:Foreign Intelligence Organizations
25:
2440:. The History Net. Archived from
1977:. Library of Congress Law Library
1907:(Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 192.
871:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia
676:during a visit to France (1934).
2931:
2843:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00688.x
2269:
2061:
1987:
1970:Pisano, Vittorfranco S. (1978).
1662:
1627:
1605:
1570:
1548:
1515:
1494:
1459:
1438:
1403:
1381:
1346:
1324:
1289:
1267:
1234:
1212:
1179:
1157:
1124:
1027:SIM had a large, well-organized
869:SIM played an important role in
68:
50:
2546:. Scarecrow Press. p. 44.
2180:Journal of Contemporary History
2966:Military intelligence agencies
2938:Servizio Informazioni Militare
2909:. Rome: Idrovolante Edizioni.
2543:Historical Dictionary of Malta
1089:
885:(Eritrea). After crossing the
780:The cracking of the Black Code
347:Allied landing in North Africa
176:Servizio Informazioni Militare
31:Servizio Informazioni Militare
18:Servizio Informazioni Militari
1:
2996:Defunct intelligence agencies
1692:Italian intelligence agencies
947:about Borg Pisani's execution
311:SIM experienced its greatest
262:Servizio Informazioni Segrete
96:
2981:1925 establishments in Italy
2976:Counterintelligence agencies
2790:De Lutiis, Giuseppe (2007).
2653:De Lutiis, Giuseppe (1991).
2639:. Milan: La Pietra: 484–488.
1019:a few days after his death.
1013:Gold Medal of Military Valor
296:, together with his brother
167:Military Information Service
2685:Franzinelli, Mimmo (2004).
1658:2 years, 332 days
1434:2 years, 244 days
1320:2 years, 153 days
657:SIM was very active in the
3012:
2905:Bagnoli, Gabriele (2019).
2744:Williams, Manuela (2006).
2729:. New York: Enigma Books.
2644:Viviani, Ambrogio (1986).
2192:10.1177/002200949703200302
1544:2 years, 47 days
701:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
123:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2691:Arnoldo Mondadori Editore
2471:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
2426:, pp. 170 & 199.
2135:Tonietto, Nicola (2016).
2028:(London , 1999), pp. 5-6.
1958:Memorie segrete 1935-1948
1377:2 years, 0 days
916:movements throughout the
674:Alexander I of Yugoslavia
661:. It oversaw support for
636:and to permit SIM to add
2862:. Milan: il Saggiatore.
2748:. Taylor & Francis.
2401:Hoover Institution Press
2395:Baer, George W. (1976).
2368:A. J. P. Taylor (1991).
1785:Heiber & Glantz 2005
865:Guerrilla in East Africa
840:Operations in Yugoslavia
456:Japanese-occupied Malaya
264:, SIS). The SIM had its
207:until 1949. The SIM was
2835:Oxford University Press
2714:Charles Scribner's Sons
2708:Holt, Thaddeus (2004).
2666:Canosa, Romano (2000).
2372:. Penguin. p. 128.
2347:. Enigma. p. 223.
2316:. Rizzoli. p. 42.
2312:Ciuni, Roberto (1993).
2110:Gurrey, Donald (1994).
935:The Borg Pisani affaire
912:with his radio, of the
804:to the U.S. embassy in
670:Macedonian nationalists
480:Italian Social Republic
407:Intra-Axis co-operation
2858:Vento, Andrea (2011).
2595:(London , 1999), p. 6.
2154:10.4000/diacronie.4718
2096:. Mursia. p. 374.
2092:Fucci, Franco (1983).
2051:. TICOM. 7 August 1947
1743:Imperial Japanese Navy
1731:Imperial Japanese Army
981:Chief Justice of Malta
948:
943:Excerpt of the Sunday
776:
468:Imperial Japanese Navy
361:
174:
1753:Wilhelm Franz Canaris
1738:Tokubetsu Keisatsutai
942:
896:, De Martini fled to
830:Franklin D. Roosevelt
772:
452:Penang submarine-base
359:
315:successes during the
215:'s equivalent to the
187:organization for the
185:military intelligence
86:Military intelligence
2940:at Wikimedia Commons
2622:Amè, Cesare (1954).
2403:. pp. 249–250.
2314:L'Italia di Badoglio
2141:La Voce del Silenzio
1687:History of espionage
1314:July 1929
875:Francesco De Martini
790:U.S. Embassy in Rome
749:. In return, all of
567:, on 25 April 1945.
506:Candeloro De Leo, a
460:Italian Regia Marina
381:Kingdom of the South
2473:. pp. 469–470.
2385:, pp. 321–322.
1525:Tripiccione, Donato
1017:Victor Emmanuel III
1007:. His execution by
989:British citizenship
957:Carmelo Borg Pisani
953:Maltese irredentist
765:During World War II
571:Human rights abuses
565:liberation of Italy
527:Republican Fascists
464:German Kriegsmarine
2951:on 14 August 2020.
2823:Diplomatic History
2484:Meleca, Vincenzo.
1872:Richelson, Jeffrey
1802:Wagner et al. 2007
1759:from 1935 to 1944.
1733:from 1881 to 1945.
1670:Royal Italian Army
1613:Royal Italian Army
1556:Royal Italian Army
1530:Donato Tripiccione
1527:Divisional general
1502:Royal Italian Army
1446:Royal Italian Army
1389:Royal Italian Army
1332:Royal Italian Army
1275:Royal Italian Army
1220:Royal Italian Army
1165:Royal Italian Army
1074:, Britain and the
1041:Royal Italian Army
997:sentenced to death
949:
777:
653:Pre-war operations
385:Italian resistance
362:
317:Ethiopian Campaign
76:Royal Italian Army
2936:Media related to
2792:"Servizi segreti"
2782:978-0-7432-5219-5
2765:Kennedy, David M.
1678:
1677:
1652:20 September 1940
1649:
1598:20 September 1940
1592:
1582:Brigadier General
1535:
1481:
1425:
1368:
1311:
1301:Brigadier general
1299:Vercellino, Mario
1254:
1199:
1144:
1134:Vigevano, Attilio
722:In February 1936
717:League of Nations
557:Postal Censorship
337:Brigadier general
321:Spanish Civil War
157:
156:
127:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
3003:
2952:
2947:. Archived from
2935:
2920:
2901:
2892:
2873:
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2817:
2815:
2803:
2786:
2774:
2759:
2740:
2721:Heiber, Helmut;
2717:
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1580:Carboni, Giacomo
1574:
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1305:Mario Vercellino
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1139:Attilio Vigevano
1135:
1128:
1114:
1091:
1086:
973:Corradino prison
951:On 18 May 1942,
924:by sailors from
857:and one used by
802:military attaché
798:Washington, D.C.
689:Hoare–Laval Pact
496:Rodolfo Graziani
426:Benito Mussolini
399:as part of the '
397:Second World War
329:Spanish Republic
226:used by Colonel
213:Benito Mussolini
205:Italian Republic
197:Kingdom of Italy
101:
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74:
72:
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58:Kingdom of Italy
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2659:Editori Riuniti
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2288:Pasqualini 2007
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1727:military police
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1595:3 November 1939
1589:
1586:Giacomo Carboni
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1189:Barbieri, Carlo
1188:
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1147:15 October 1925
1141:
1137:
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1129:
1084:
1053:Victor Emmanuel
1025:
993:prisoner of war
959:was sent on an
937:
867:
842:
782:
767:
724:Emilio Faldella
713:A. J. P. Taylor
682:Deuxième Bureau
659:interwar period
655:
649:spread abroad.
608:
573:
539:Frigate captain
484:Volta Mantovana
476:
409:
389:Rodolfo Siviero
377:Pietro Badoglio
360:Rodolfo Siviero
340:Giacomo Carboni
254:
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112:Comando Supremo
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2926:External links
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2916:978-8899564360
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2229:(2): 391–401.
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2186:(3): 305–319.
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1858:Il Carabiniere
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258:Fascist regime
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1249:Luigi Toselli
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1060:Paolo Puntoni
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1034:
1030:
1029:cryptanalytic
1022:
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965:Operazione C3
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280:, within the
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270:Forte Braschi
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2712:. New York:
2709:
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2615:Bibliography
2614:
2613:
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2535:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2492:(in Italian)
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2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:the original
2431:
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2396:
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2313:
2307:
2300:Viviani 1986
2295:
2283:
2261:. Retrieved
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2183:
2179:
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2144:
2140:
2130:
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2093:
2087:
2075:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:Google drive
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2020:
2011:
2001:
1979:. Retrieved
1965:
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1939:
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1484:October 1936
1475:Paolo Angioy
1473:
1428:January 1934
1419:Mario Roatta
1417:
1374:January 1934
1371:January 1932
1360:
1303:
1248:
1193:
1138:
1057:aide-de-camp
1048:
1045:Regia Marina
1026:
955:and SIM spy
950:
927:
905:
898:Saudi Arabia
893:
868:
843:
826:Commonwealth
818:North Africa
786:World War II
783:
735:protectorate
721:
709:Pierre Laval
705:Samuel Hoare
686:
678:
656:
631:
609:
606:Organization
574:
562:
516:
498:'s villa on
477:
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410:
401:Nazi plunder
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290:anti-Fascist
286:
266:headquarters
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232:
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180:
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166:
161:
148:Mario Roatta
131:World War II
110:
107:Part of
30:
2526:il Giornale
2463:Kahn, David
2436:Deac, Wil.
2424:Jenner 2008
2383:Canosa 2000
2263:29 November
1981:29 November
1729:arm of the
1648:(1892–1983)
1637:Amè, Cesare
1591:(1889–1973)
1534:(1889–1943)
1480:(1890–1975)
1424:(1887–1968)
1367:(1885–1971)
1310:(1879–1961)
1253:(1876–1941)
1198:(1883–1951)
1143:(1874–1927)
1103:Left office
1100:Took office
1037:World War I
985:George Borg
879:East Africa
814:Axis powers
759:Addis Ababa
508:Carabinieri
494:as he left
433:Alfred Jodl
383:and of the
119:Engagements
100: 1943
2960:Categories
2700:8804534656
2496:2020-04-12
2448:2014-10-06
1764:References
1714:La Cagoule
1643:Cesare Amè
1202:April 1926
1150:April 1926
1049:Bulletin I
914:Royal Navy
822:Anglophobe
794:Cesare Amè
774:Cesare Amè
642:subversion
584:Cagoulards
504:Lt-Colonel
500:Lake Garda
488:journalist
387:. SIM spy
242:Montgomery
224:Black Code
189:Royal Army
183:) was the
152:Cesare Amè
144:commanders
137:Commanders
2851:0145-2096
2689:. Milan:
2208:154546885
2080:Holt 2004
1841:Holt 2004
1826:Holt 2004
1814:Holt 2004
1722:Kenpeitai
1538:July 1937
1487:June 1937
1260:July 1929
1094:Portrait
1055:(via his
1023:Sezione 5
1001:espionage
961:espionage
891:motorboat
755:Manchukuo
600:epidemics
592:gas masks
302:Marseille
278:Trionfale
272:, in the
235:Brigadier
211:dictator
195:) of the
46:Countries
41:1925–1949
2800:Treccani
2725:(2005).
2657:. Rome:
2465:(1967).
2343:(2003).
2243:20028925
1874:(1988).
1681:See also
855:Chetniks
846:Yugoslav
693:Ethiopia
663:Croatian
596:bacteria
550:Florence
533:reports.
417:codebook
393:Florence
327:and the
325:Ethiopia
319:and the
313:interwar
2767:(ed.).
2012:L'indro
1639:Colonel
1471:Colonel
1415:Colonel
1358:Colonel
1246:Colonel
1191:Colonel
1136:Colonel
1076:Vatican
1068:Romania
1009:hanging
977:treason
918:Red Sea
906:sambuco
894:Zam Zam
889:in the
887:Red Sea
883:Massaua
850:Albania
588:Beretta
577:fascist
543:Gestapo
529:in SlD.
448:Hungary
444:Finland
292:exile,
276:Q. XIV
274:Quarter
252:History
209:Fascist
171:Italian
164:Italian
142:Notable
2913:
2885:
2866:
2849:
2779:
2752:
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2118:
2055:8 June
1757:Abwehr
1741:: the
1725:: the
1701:: the
1667:
1610:
1553:
1499:
1443:
1386:
1329:
1272:
1217:
1162:
1082:Chiefs
1064:Turkey
969:Sliema
902:Yemeni
834:Rommel
751:Tigray
697:France
695:among
666:Ustaše
512:Abwehr
366:Allies
351:Abwehr
220:Abwehr
217:German
73:
64:Branch
55:
38:Active
2814:(PDF)
2239:JSTOR
2204:S2CID
2196:JSTOR
2147:(4).
2045:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1769:Notes
928:Arpha
806:Egypt
747:Assab
743:Shewa
728:Negus
440:Japan
424:when
370:SIFAR
298:Nello
179:, or
33:(SIM)
2911:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2847:ISSN
2777:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2265:2022
2116:ISBN
2057:2018
1983:2022
1698:OVRA
1257:1927
1205:1927
1113:Ref.
999:for
983:Sir
926:HMS
910:Rome
859:Tito
707:and
668:and
640:and
622:SIM.
466:and
446:and
246:USSR
162:The
92:Size
82:Type
2839:doi
2231:doi
2188:doi
2159:hdl
2149:doi
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1745:'s
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1090:No.
719:".
474:SID
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268:at
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