315:
because
Sendashonga had stolen $ 54 million in a criminal partnership with Kiwanuka's father, who the Nairobi police claimed to have been the Director of Immigration Services in Kigali, and who had subsequently been supposedly killed by Sendasonga so he would not have to share the loot. This story ran into serious problems when the actual Director of Immigration Services, a man named Charles Butera, surfaced to state that he was alive, that he had no son named Kiwanuka, that he knew Sendashonga only as a brief acquaintance, and that nobody had ever stolen $ 54 million.
138:. Sendashonga decided to take a stand against arbitrary arrests after 15 prisoners had suffocated to death after being detained some days after Kibeho, stating, while cautiously referring to detainees as 'criminals', "Of late many criminals have been arrested following the closure of Kibeho camp, thus making the prisons full beyond their capacity." This infuriated Kagame, who some days before had given a speech proclaiming, "Over 95% of the former Kibeho people have returned to their homes and are in good shape." Tensions in the cabinet worsened after
335:, would have been the first current or former member of the RPF to testify before the International Criminal Tribunal. Nikuze claims that the Rwandan embassy official Alphonse Mbayire, who was the acting ambassador at the time, organized the assassination. Mbayire was recalled by his government in January 2001, immediately after Nikuze's accusation and shortly before a new hearing was to begin, only to be shot dead by unidentified gunmen in a Kigali bar on 7 February 2001.
234:. His life was not endangered, but his nephew, who was with him, was seriously injured. Sendashonga recognized one of the would-be assassins as his former bodyguard from when he was a minister. The other was Francis Mgabo, a staff member at the local Rwandan embassy, who was subsequently discovered attempting to dispose of the pistol he had used in the attack in the
162:
the RPF began to accuse
Sendashonga's brother of various misdeeds. As things reached a breaking point, Twagiramungu called a special council of ministers on security matters that began on August 23. Running for three days, the meeting turned into a conflict between Kagame and Sendashonga, who received the backing of Twagiramungu, Ruganera and, somewhat surprisingly,
230:(FRD) with his old colleague and fellow Hutu moderate Faustin Twagiramungu. In February 1996, Sendashonga received a call from a fellow Rwandan exile offering to give him documents proving that there had been an attempted mutiny within the RPF. When he went to the appointment, he was met by two men who ambushed him, hitting him twice with bullets fired from
314:
name, while Muhaji and
Lubanga were identified as Ugandan. The three had been identified, in what Prunier derides as a story "obviously fed by rather untalented Kigali security operatives", by Kenyan taxi driver Ali Abdul Nasser, who claimed that the three men had tried to hire him as a paid killer
133:
After his attempt to seek redress for the victims of Kibeho was turned down, Sendashonga came to the conclusion that the 'Ugandan Tutsi' who controlled the RPF would not tolerate any dissent and were willing to carry out mass murder to achieve their goals. However, both
Sendashonga and Twagiramungu,
254:
states that the party platform, which included an in-depth critique of the 1994 genocide, was "a very valuable contribution because it was an honest and realistic assessment of the genocide from a mostly Hutu political group." However, Sendashonga's assertion that the enemy was not the Tutsi, but
161:
after the genocide but were subsequently linked to a large number of arrests, murders and disappearances. However, the LDF was the tool the RPF used to keep track of rural areas, further aggravating
Defense Minister Kagame. As a minister, the government could not attack Sendashonga directly, but
262:
However, Sendashonga realized that only the groups using violence were shaping events, stating to
Prunier, "Everybody uses a gun as a way of sitting at the negotiation table one day. If I always refuse to use guns, I'll be marginalized when the time comes." Sendashonga had attracted about 600
259:, "Their only political program is to kill Tutsis." At the same time, several of his old Tutsi colleagues in the RPF continued to feed him information about events within Rwanda, apparently in the belief that he would be needed once again once the violence had run its course.
322:
court which found that the murder was political and blamed the
Rwandan government. In a December 2000 hearing, Sendashonga's widow, Cyriaque Nikuze, claimed that the Rwandan government was behind the assassination and revealed that he had been scheduled to testify before the
146:, who were suspected of being associated with the old Hutu regime. This announcement panicked the Hutu populace, who rushed to get this vital document, before Sendashonga canceled the entire permit plan through his authority over the Interior Department.
134:
also a Hutu, thought that the situation might be salvaged as the political split did not precisely mirror ethnic lines; some
Francophone Tutsi politicians in the RPF felt excluded by the English-speaking Tutsis who had come from
157:, all Hutus, were under their watch. As the killings and disappearances continued without any pause, Sendashonga made the dramatic decision to disband the Local Defense Forces (LDF), which had been set up to replace the
201:
were fired. Sendashonga and
Twagiramungu were placed under house arrest and their documents examined for any incriminating evidence, but were eventually allowed to leave the country unharmed by the end of the year.
246:
so he could be arrested and put on trial. Rwanda refused, resulting in a row between the two countries in which Kenya closed the Rwanda embassy and the two countries temporarily broke off diplomatic relations.
142:, mayor of Kigali, announced the creation of city residency permits that would be given "only to blameless persons" and would be color-coded green for old residents and blue for refugees returning from
307:. Twagiramungu, still in Brussels, declared, "I'm pointing to the RPF and its government" and was echoed by a number of other exiled political groups, though the RPF government denied any involvement.
185:
Two days later, Prime
Minister Twagiramungu resigned, but was outmaneuvered by President Bizimungu, who did not want him to leave the government on his own terms. On 28 August, Bizimungu came before
255:
rather the RPF under Kagame, was subject to harsh criticism by other Hutu politicians who accused him of being weak. Conversely, Sendashonga said of the former genocidaire Hutu leadership in
287:'s brother, on 3 May 1998. Relations between Uganda and Rwanda had deteriorated and Salim was open to the idea of a new force to counter the RPF. Sendashonga then met Eva Rodgers of the
818:
170:
appointed by the RPF, 117 were Tutsi, to which Kagame left the room, ending the meeting. Over 95% of the February/March nominees for posts at the local administration levels of
310:
Three men, David Kiwanuka, Charles Muhaji and Christopher Lubanga were arrested by the Kenyan police. Kiwanuka was claimed to be Rwandan, despite his typically
46:, he became increasingly disenchanted with the RPF and was eventually forced from office in 1995 after criticizing government policies. After surviving a 1996
324:
823:
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58:(FRD). Sendashonga was killed by unidentified gunmen in May 1998. The Rwandan government is widely believed to be responsible for the assassination.
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Despite the problems with the Kenyan criminal case, the three men remained in jail until 31 May 2001, when they were released from jail by a
425:
149:
By this point, the RPF Department of Military Intelligence had leaked a memo to the press that stated that Sendashonga, Minister of Finance
808:
189:
and asked for a public vote that succeeded in firing Twagiramungu. The next day, Sendashonga, Minister of Transport and Communications
98:, to be the Minister of the Interior. For much of his tenure, Sendashonga had written a barrage of memos to Kagame about killings and
102:
that were reported to have been carried out by elements of the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). On 19 April 1995, Sendashonga rushed to
94:
Following their victory, the RPF created a Government of National Unity in July 1994, and invited Sendashonga, a politically moderate
803:
754:
705:
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After recovering from his wounds, Sendashonga carried out his plan to start the FRD opposition party in Brussels. French historian
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86:. Sendashonga was able to use his considerable personal prestige to convince other Hutu moderates to joint the RPF government.
227:
55:
23:
166:, the Tutsi minister of women's affairs. In the final showdown, Twagiramungu confronted Kagame about how, of the 145
107:
43:
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agreed to host Sendashonga's rebel training camps, he used his contacts with Prunier to go to Uganda and talk to
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car when he was shot and killed, along with his driver Jean-Bosco Nkurubukeye, by two gunmen firing
267:, who were willing to fight for him because they saw him as an alternative to the RPF and the Hutu
243:
150:
469:"Rwanda/Kenya: Inquiry into assassination of Rwandese opposition leader in exile urgently needed"
446:
430:
154:
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of a large number of IDPs at Kibeho on the 22nd, the RPA refused Sendashonga entry to the area.
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Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
83:
35:
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291:, who was noncommittal but did not outright oppose the formation of the new armed group.
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Sendashonga was a leader of a student movement opposed to the rule of Rwandan president
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in an attempt to calm the situation after RPA soldiers shot several Hutus in an
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On 16 May 1998, at about 5 pm, Sendashonga was being driven home in his wife's
79:
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and been forced to leave the country in 1975. In 1992 Sendashonga joined the
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against the Habyarimana government. The RPF took power after defeating the
426:"Human Rights Watch and the FIDH Condemn Assassination of Seth Sendashonga"
331:. Sendashonga, who had agreed to testify for the defense in the trial of
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and sought assurances that the RPA would exercise restraint. Following
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A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It
271:, whom they felt were motivated by opposing forms of violent
22:(1951 – 16 May 1998) was the Minister of the Interior in the
242:. The government of Kenya asked Rwanda to withdraw Mgabo's
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606:
498:
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in IRIN Update No. 418 for Central and Eastern Africa,
625:"KENYA: Former Rwandan minister Sendashonga murdered"
447:"Slain Rwandan was to testify at genocide court"
226:to launch a new opposition movement called the
819:African politicians assassinated in the 1990s
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348:
54:, he launched a new opposition movement, the
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747:Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda
698:Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda
329:French Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry
325:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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30:, following the military victory of the
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228:Forces de RĂ©sistance pour la DĂ©mocratie
56:Forces de RĂ©sistance pour la DĂ©mocratie
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301:United Nations Environmental Programme
529:"Rwanda: Update to End November 1995"
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82:-led government that carried out the
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263:soldiers and 40 officers of the old
122:and Vice President/Defense Minister
74:, the rebel group then fighting the
527:Prunier, GĂ©rard (1 December 1995).
356:"Court acquits Sendashonga accused"
38:. One of the politically moderate
14:
289:United States Department of State
269:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
824:Politicians assassinated in 1998
794:Assassinated Rwandan politicians
110:(IDP) camp. After returning to
477:. 18 May 1998. AFR 32/016/1998.
210:Sendashonga went into exile in
206:Exile and assassination attempt
749:. Cambridge University Press.
700:. Cambridge University Press.
218:. There he planned to fly to
1:
153:and Vice Prime Minister Col.
784:Interior ministers of Rwanda
197:and Minister of Information
114:, he briefed Prime Minister
108:internally displaced persons
24:government of national unity
840:
809:Deaths by firearm in Kenya
199:Jean-Baptiste Nkuriyingoma
50:attempt while in exile in
745:Reyntjens, Filip (2013).
804:People murdered in Kenya
90:Minister of the Interior
799:Assassinated dissidents
728:Oxford University Press
678:. London: Wiley Books.
72:Rwandan Patriotic Front
32:Rwandan Patriotic Front
814:Rwandan murder victims
257:refugee camps of Zaire
195:Alphonse-Marie Nkubito
193:, Minister of Justice
182:were 'foreign' Tutsi.
44:National Unity Cabinet
490:, pp. 40–41, 43.
474:Amnesty International
100:forced disappearances
265:Rwandan Armed Forces
116:Faustin Twagiramungu
645:, pp. 367–368.
600:, pp. 366–367.
576:, pp. 365–366.
244:diplomatic immunity
68:Juvénal Habyarimana
431:Human Rights Watch
155:Alexis Kanyarengwe
16:Rwandan politician
737:978-0-19-537420-9
685:978-0-470-12015-6
552:, pp. 45–46.
517:, pp. 44–45.
377:, pp. 365ff.
191:Immaculée Kayumba
120:Pasteur Bizimungu
76:Rwandan Civil War
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387:Reyntjens 2013
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364:. 31 May 2001.
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333:Obed Ruzindana
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533:. Retrieved
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128:the massacre
118:, President
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779:1998 deaths
774:1951 births
399:Kinzer 2008
281:Salim Saleh
240:gas station
238:of a local
140:Rose Kabuye
124:Paul Kagame
768:Categories
665:References
531:. WRITENET
187:Parliament
180:préfecture
80:Hutu Power
339:Footnotes
275:. After
62:Biography
718:(2009).
696:(2017).
674:(2008).
327:and the
277:Tanzania
236:restroom
220:Brussels
172:paroisse
535:11 June
312:Muganda
232:pistols
224:Belgium
212:Nairobi
176:commune
42:in the
753:
734:
724:Oxford
704:
682:
320:Kenyan
305:AK-47s
273:racism
178:, and
159:police
136:Uganda
112:Kigali
104:Kibeho
28:Rwanda
295:Death
216:Kenya
144:Zaire
52:Kenya
40:Hutus
751:ISBN
732:ISBN
702:ISBN
680:ISBN
630:IRIN
537:2017
361:IRIN
96:Hutu
452:CNN
26:in
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