107:
2972:
52:
165:
1321:
442:
320:
3059:
119:
and human studies. Strong justification from the scientific literature, preliminary data or other relevant considerations must be provided for applications proposing to study only one sex." The review criteria should assess the extent to which the sex of participants has been incorporated into the research plan.
102:
In 2003, the
European Commission (EC) began influencing investigators to include sex and gender in their research methodologies. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) requires four approaches: sex and gender integration in research proposals, sex and gender expertise among research teams,
56:
184:
Research incorporating sex as a biological variable increases the rigor and reproducibility of results. After publishing the NIH published SABV policy, there were increases in the percentage of scientists understanding and recognizing its importance. Some investigators were critical of the NIH SABV
118:
designs and analyses, leading to an incomplete understanding of potential sex-based differences in basic biological function, disease processes, and treatment response. NIH expects that sex as a biological variable will be factored into research designs, analyses, and reporting in vertebrate animal
59:
58:
54:
53:
60:
1211:
Becker, Jill B.; Arnold, Arthur P.; Berkley, Karen J.; Blaustein, Jeffrey D.; Eckel, Lisa A.; Hampson, Elizabeth; Herman, James P.; Marts, Sherry; Sadee, Wolfgang; Steiner, Meir; Taylor, Jane (2005-04-01). "Strategies and
Methods for Research on Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior".
57:
169:
172:
171:
167:
166:
173:
99:(NIH) established policies on sex as a biological variable (SABV). Enrolling both men and women in clinical trials can impact the application of results and permit the identification of factors that affect the course of disease and the outcome of treatment.
170:
128:
26:) is a research policy recognizing sex as an important variable to consider when designing studies and assessing results. Research including SABV has strengthened the rigor and reproducibility of findings. Public research institutions including the
621:
De Castro, Paola; Heidari, Shirin; Babor, Thomas F. (April 2016). "Sex And Gender Equity in
Research (SAGER): reporting guidelines as a framework of innovation for an equitable approach to gender medicine. Commentary".
139:(APS) journals began requiring sex and gender to be reported in studies involving cells, tissues, animals, and humans. This APS editorial policy was not widely accepted by reviewers and researchers.
55:
168:
1887:
3008:
1356:
417:
3239:
38:
have instituted SABV policies. Editorial policies were established by various scientific journals recognizing the importance and requiring research to consider SABV.
200:, variability was the same among sexes. Studies following SABV policies can identify potential hormonal variability in earlier phases of biomedical research.
2545:
146:
established the gender policy committee (GPC) in 2012. The GPC published Sex and Gender Equity in
Research (SAGER) guidelines in 2016. In January 2017, the
1880:
1168:
Prendergast, Brian J.; Onishi, Kenneth G.; Zucker, Irving (March 2014). "Female mice liberated for inclusion in neuroscience and biomedical research".
3158:
114:
In May 2014, the NIH announced the formation of SABV policy. The policy came into effect in 2015 which specified that "SABV is frequently ignored in
2893:
1648:
1644:
3196:
3001:
2677:
2593:
1694:
1652:
1640:
1068:"Recommendations concerning the new U.S. National Institutes of Health initiative to balance the sex of cells and animals in preclinical research"
143:
423:
1349:
92:
31:
3191:
1873:
3266:
3206:
1815:
1731:
103:
sex and gender platform in large consortiums, and starting in
September 2015, the completion of sex and gender online training programs.
3048:
3297:
3109:
3084:
2994:
2378:
1007:
McCullough, Louise D; de Vries, Geert J; Miller, Virginia M; Becker, Jill B; Sandberg, Kathryn; McCarthy, Margaret M (December 2014).
3261:
1342:
1009:"NIH initiative to balance sex of animals in preclinical studies: generative questions to guide policy, implementation, and metrics"
3201:
3143:
3104:
3031:
2948:
2763:
2460:
1853:
148:
79:. In 2001, they presented a report that sex is an important variable in designing studies and assessing results. The quality and
3168:
3131:
3079:
428:
3121:
2871:
1698:
1420:
136:
1531:
3251:
3178:
3135:
3114:
3099:
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2550:
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204:
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193:
76:
3292:
3173:
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3094:
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2711:
2190:
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3229:
2652:
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1520:
1400:
2933:
2560:
2082:
1660:
1618:
1596:
1566:
1466:
1410:
1393:
1769:
1527:
459:
Kilkenny, Carol; Browne, William J.; Cuthill, Innes C.; Emerson, Michael; Altman, Douglas G. (2010-06-29).
299:
189:
and preclinical studies can reduce costs and time requirements to test sex differences in clinical trials.
2849:
2844:
2640:
2635:
2579:
2555:
1606:
2953:
2530:
1610:
1497:
1488:
1435:
1405:
1369:
361:
337:
177:
153:
72:
2888:
2510:
2485:
2205:
1576:
898:
3256:
2785:
2753:
1993:
1483:
1415:
88:
27:
2898:
2876:
2861:
2383:
2262:
2140:
1736:
1686:
1501:
1430:
1388:
1193:
932:
753:
696:
518:
1066:
Sandberg, Kathryn; Umans, Jason G.; Group the
Georgetown Consensus Conference Work (May 2015).
830:"Does sex matter?: an update on the implementation of sex as a biological variable in research"
3246:
2903:
2689:
2618:
2343:
1998:
1983:
1810:
1774:
1741:
1666:
1588:
1365:
1304:
1286:
1247:
1239:
1185:
1150:
1142:
1107:
1089:
1048:
1030:
989:
971:
924:
916:
867:
849:
810:
792:
745:
737:
688:
647:
639:
603:
585:
546:
538:
500:
482:
461:"Improving Bioscience Research Reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research"
399:
300:"NOT-OD-15-102 Guidance: Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Research"
278:
260:
132:
80:
1265:
Arnegard, Matthew E.; Whitten, Lori A.; Hunter, Chyren; Clayton, Janine Austin (2020-06-01).
196:
impacting findings in animal studies. Other studies using mice models found that despite the
2856:
2738:
2358:
2215:
1584:
1505:
1459:
1454:
1334:
1294:
1278:
1229:
1221:
1177:
1134:
1097:
1079:
1038:
1020:
979:
963:
950:
Sandberg, Kathryn; Verbalis, Joseph G.; Yosten, Gina L. C.; Samson, Willis K. (2014-08-15).
906:
857:
841:
800:
784:
727:
678:
631:
593:
577:
530:
490:
472:
389:
381:
268:
252:
212:
64:
1325:
716:"Applying the new SABV (sex as a biological variable) policy to research and clinical care"
3211:
2938:
2920:
2866:
2810:
2445:
2424:
2331:
2311:
2280:
2249:
1988:
1978:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1779:
1602:
1557:
365:
83:
of biomedical research depends on the consideration of key biological variables, such as
902:
828:
Mannon, Elinor C.; Ray, Sarah C.; Ryan, Michael J.; Sullivan, Jennifer C. (2020-02-01).
2694:
2515:
2475:
2404:
2225:
1963:
1805:
1726:
1678:
1471:
1383:
1299:
1266:
1102:
1067:
1043:
1008:
984:
951:
862:
829:
805:
772:
598:
565:
495:
460:
394:
369:
273:
240:
186:
115:
3281:
2908:
2839:
2805:
2716:
2682:
2480:
2470:
2440:
2419:
2409:
2368:
2336:
2285:
2120:
1973:
1784:
1751:
1746:
446:
324:
197:
1181:
936:
700:
129:
National Centre for the
Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research
3287:
2975:
2827:
2704:
2699:
2645:
2465:
2455:
2363:
2175:
2077:
2052:
1626:
1510:
1197:
757:
338:"NIH Policy on Sex as a Biological Variable | Office of Research on Women's Health"
2388:
2135:
2025:
2008:
1138:
956:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
732:
715:
477:
256:
3183:
2520:
2275:
2185:
2170:
2150:
2130:
2042:
2020:
2003:
1953:
1820:
1674:
1547:
1537:
845:
185:
policy, saying it would increase cost and labor requirements. Including SABV in
1865:
1125:
Wald, C.; Wu, C. (2010-03-26). "Of Mice and Women: The Bias in Animal Models".
967:
581:
2414:
2306:
2270:
2220:
2125:
2062:
1622:
1614:
1580:
1542:
1449:
1025:
2165:
1290:
1243:
1146:
1093:
1034:
975:
920:
853:
796:
741:
643:
589:
542:
534:
486:
264:
2986:
2815:
2790:
2780:
2768:
2316:
2155:
2015:
1958:
1948:
1682:
1670:
1308:
1267:"Sex as a Biological Variable: A 5-Year Progress Report and Call to Action"
1251:
1189:
1154:
1111:
1052:
993:
928:
871:
814:
749:
692:
651:
607:
550:
504:
403:
282:
1282:
2832:
2733:
2525:
2490:
2235:
2098:
2030:
1716:
1234:
1225:
1084:
788:
635:
2800:
2773:
2353:
2348:
2326:
2200:
2160:
2145:
2035:
1721:
683:
666:
2822:
2795:
2628:
2301:
2230:
2195:
2108:
2103:
2067:
1968:
1943:
1920:
564:
Shah, Kalpit; McCormack, Charles E.; Bradbury, Neil A. (2014-01-01).
523:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
87:. To improve the rigor and reproducibility of research findings, the
911:
886:
385:
67:
in 2015 speaking on the importance of SABV in preclinical research.
2373:
2113:
2072:
1933:
521:(2012-05-01). "In pursuit of scientific excellence: sex matters".
163:
135:
which promotes incorporating SABV in animal studies. In 2012, the
105:
50:
445:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
323:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3058:
2623:
2180:
1938:
241:"Sex as an important biological variable in biomedical research"
2990:
2575:
1869:
1338:
2602:
2321:
1928:
84:
771:
Khosla, Sundeep; Amin, Shreyasee; Orwoll, Eric (2008-06-01).
152:
began requiring the consideration of SABV. The
December 2017
192:
Historically, there were concerns among researchers of the
667:"Addressing sex as a biological variable: Editor's Column"
75:
established a committee on understanding the biology of
370:"Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies"
2571:
215:: Integrating Sex and Gender to Improve Human Health.
211:
Office of Women's Health created an educational tool,
3222:
3130:
3066:
3024:
2919:
2752:
2609:
2503:
2433:
2397:
2294:
2261:
2248:
2051:
1919:
1908:
1798:
1760:
1709:
1659:
1633:
1595:
1565:
1556:
1482:
1429:
1376:
110:
The NIH 4 Cs of Studying Sex to Strengthen Science.
834:American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
570:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
3002:
2587:
1881:
1350:
8:
2546:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
952:"Sex and basic science. A Title IX position"
418:"Sex & Gender: Questions & Answers"
156:encouraged the use of SABV by researchers.
3009:
2995:
2987:
2594:
2580:
2572:
2258:
1916:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1562:
1357:
1343:
1335:
180:in 2016 explaining SABV in clinical trials
1298:
1233:
1101:
1083:
1042:
1024:
983:
910:
861:
804:
731:
682:
597:
494:
476:
393:
272:
1649:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
1645:Attributable fraction for the population
1170:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
624:Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di SanitĆ
1653:Preventable fraction for the population
1641:Attributable fraction among the exposed
224:
144:European Association of Science Editors
93:Canadian Institutes of Health Research
32:Canadian Institutes of Health Research
7:
1816:Correlation does not imply causation
1732:Animal testing on non-human primates
566:"Do you know the sex of your cells?"
424:Office of Research on Women's Health
294:
292:
234:
232:
230:
228:
2690:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1328:from websites or documents of the
887:"NIH policy: Mandate goes too far"
14:
714:Clayton, Janine A. (2018-04-01).
3057:
2971:
2970:
2764:Evolution of sexual reproduction
2461:Attraction to transgender people
1324: This article incorporates
1319:
885:Fields, R. Douglas (June 2014).
671:Journal of Neuroscience Research
440:
318:
149:Journal of Neuroscience Research
1182:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.001
3192:Age disparity in relationships
2872:Sexual reproduction in animals
1699:Pre- and post-test probability
1421:Patient and public involvement
239:Lee, Suk Kyeong (April 2018).
137:American Physiological Society
1:
2551:Social construction of gender
1330:National Institutes of Health
1139:10.1126/science.327.5973.1571
733:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.012
665:Prager, Eric M (2017-01-02).
307:National Institutes of Health
97:National Institutes of Health
36:National Institutes of Health
2744:Sex as a biological variable
2727:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
2536:Sex as a biological variable
1826:Sex as a biological variable
478:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412
257:10.5483/BMBRep.2018.51.4.034
209:Food and Drug Administration
47:Public research institutions
20:Sex as a biological variable
1790:Intention-to-treat analysis
1762:Analysis of clinical trials
1691:Specificity and sensitivity
1445:Randomized controlled trial
846:10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2019
3314:
2882:Penile-vaginal intercourse
2722:Sequential hermaphroditism
2451:Androphilia and gynephilia
1013:Biology of Sex Differences
968:10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2014
582:10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2013
194:female reproductive system
77:sex and gender differences
3298:Sex differences in humans
3055:
3018:Sex differences in humans
2966:
2712:Testis-determining factor
1834:
1799:Interpretation of results
1532:Nested caseācontrol study
1271:Journal of Women's Health
1026:10.1186/s13293-014-0015-5
720:Physiology & Behavior
2653:Sex-determination system
1999:Non-binary / genderqueer
1401:Academic clinical trials
535:10.1152/ajpgi.00101.2012
205:Office on Women's Health
2561:Transgender archaeology
1619:Relative risk reduction
1467:Adaptive clinical trial
1411:Evidence-based medicine
1394:Adaptive clinical trial
3159:Emotional intelligence
3032:Sexual differentiation
2636:Sexual differentiation
2556:Split attraction model
2541:Sexāgender distinction
1607:Number needed to treat
1326:public domain material
181:
111:
68:
2678:Temperature-dependent
2531:Queer heterosexuality
1611:Number needed to harm
1498:Cross-sectional study
1450:Scientific experiment
1406:Clinical study design
1283:10.1089/jwh.2019.8247
773:"Osteoporosis in Men"
178:Janine Austin Clayton
176:
154:ICMJE recommendations
109:
73:Institute Of Medicine
63:
2511:Anti-gender movement
2486:Romantic orientation
1577:Cumulative incidence
1226:10.1210/en.2004-1142
1085:10.1096/fj.14-269548
789:10.1210/er.2008-0002
636:10.4415/ANN_16_02_05
2894:Hormonal motivation
2867:Fungal reproduction
2786:Reproductive system
2263:Sexual orientations
1994:Masculine of center
1484:Observational study
1416:Real world evidence
1370:experimental design
1133:(5973): 1571ā1572.
903:2014Natur.510..340F
519:Miller, Virginia M.
366:Collins, Francis S.
123:Scientific journals
89:European Commission
28:European Commission
2899:Human reproduction
2877:Sexual intercourse
2862:Plant reproduction
2384:Same gender loving
2295:Alternative labels
1770:Riskābenefit ratio
1737:First-in-man study
1687:Case fatality rate
1528:Caseācontrol study
1502:Longitudinal study
362:Clayton, Janine A.
182:
112:
69:
3275:
3274:
3247:Gender inequality
2984:
2983:
2904:Lordosis behavior
2619:Sexual dimorphism
2569:
2568:
2516:Gender assignment
2499:
2498:
2244:
2243:
1984:Gender neutrality
1863:
1862:
1811:Survivorship bias
1775:Systematic review
1742:Multicenter trial
1705:
1704:
1695:Likelihood-ratios
1667:Clinical endpoint
1635:Population impact
1589:Period prevalence
1366:Clinical research
1072:The FASEB Journal
777:Endocrine Reviews
684:10.1002/jnr.23979
203:In 2020, the NIH
174:
133:ARRIVE guidelines
61:
3305:
3293:Medical research
3090:Mental disorders
3061:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2934:Animal sexuality
2857:Sexual selection
2596:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2359:Non-heterosexual
2259:
1917:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1710:Trial/test types
1585:Point prevalence
1563:
1506:Ecological study
1489:EBM II-2 to II-3
1460:Open-label trial
1455:Blind experiment
1431:Controlled study
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1220:(4): 1650ā1673.
1208:
1202:
1201:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1087:
1078:(5): 1646ā1652.
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1028:
1004:
998:
997:
987:
962:(4): R361āR365.
947:
941:
940:
914:
882:
876:
875:
865:
840:(2): F329āF331.
825:
819:
818:
808:
768:
762:
761:
735:
711:
705:
704:
686:
662:
656:
655:
618:
612:
611:
601:
561:
555:
554:
529:(9): G907āG908.
515:
509:
508:
498:
480:
456:
450:
444:
443:
439:
437:
436:
427:. Archived from
414:
408:
407:
397:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
334:
328:
322:
321:
317:
315:
314:
304:
296:
287:
286:
276:
236:
213:Bench-to-Bedside
175:
81:generalizability
65:Gillian Einstein
62:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3218:
3126:
3110:Substance abuse
3085:Life expectancy
3062:
3053:
3020:
3015:
2985:
2980:
2962:
2949:Differentiation
2939:Human sexuality
2929:Plant sexuality
2915:
2811:Spermatogenesis
2755:
2748:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2570:
2565:
2495:
2446:Analloeroticism
2429:
2425:Heterosociality
2393:
2290:
2253:
2251:
2240:
2055:
2047:
1989:Gender variance
1979:Gender fluidity
1911:
1904:
1894:
1864:
1859:
1830:
1794:
1756:
1701:
1655:
1629:
1603:Risk difference
1591:
1552:
1486:
1478:
1433:
1425:
1389:Trial protocols
1372:
1363:
1333:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1210:
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1167:
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1124:
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1065:
1064:
1060:
1006:
1005:
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949:
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912:10.1038/510340a
884:
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827:
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770:
769:
765:
713:
712:
708:
664:
663:
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620:
619:
615:
563:
562:
558:
517:
516:
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471:(6): e1000412.
458:
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453:
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434:
432:
416:
415:
411:
386:10.1038/509282a
380:(7500): 282ā3.
360:
359:
355:
346:
344:
342:orwh.od.nih.gov
336:
335:
331:
319:
312:
310:
302:
298:
297:
290:
238:
237:
226:
221:
164:
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125:
95:, and the U.S.
51:
49:
44:
34:, and the U.S.
17:
16:Research policy
12:
11:
5:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3267:Social support
3264:
3262:Social capital
3259:
3254:
3249:
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3243:
3242:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
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3217:
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3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2695:Sex chromosome
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Plurisexuality
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Sociosexuality
2401:
2399:
2398:Social aspects
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Heteroflexible
2341:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Vakasalewalewa
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1854:List of topics
1850:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Selection bias
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Animal testing
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1679:Mortality rate
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1494:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:Platform trial
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1441:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1384:Clinical trial
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1277:(6): 858ā864.
1257:
1203:
1160:
1117:
1058:
999:
942:
877:
820:
783:(4): 441ā464.
763:
706:
657:
630:(2): 154ā157.
613:
556:
510:
451:
409:
368:(2014-05-15).
353:
329:
288:
251:(4): 167ā173.
223:
222:
220:
217:
187:basic research
161:
158:
131:published the
124:
121:
48:
45:
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Schizophrenia
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2909:Pelvic thrust
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:Fertilization
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:Gametogenesis
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:parasexuality
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:Hermaphrodite
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:Haplodiploidy
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Postgenderism
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Monosexuality
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Allosexuality
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Homosociality
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Antisexuality
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:Bugis genders
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:Third genders
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Gender bender
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Cross-dresser
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Meta-analysis
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1752:Vaccine trial
1750:
1748:
1747:Seeding trial
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Retrospective
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:EBM I to II-1
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:2027.42/49483
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Endocrinology
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
897:(7505): 340.
896:
892:
888:
881:
878:
873:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
614:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:(1): C3āC18.
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
511:
506:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
455:
452:
448:
447:public domain
431:on 2018-07-30
430:
426:
425:
419:
413:
410:
405:
401:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
354:
343:
339:
333:
330:
326:
325:public domain
308:
301:
295:
293:
289:
284:
280:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
233:
231:
229:
225:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
198:estrous cycle
195:
190:
188:
179:
159:
157:
155:
151:
150:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:In 2010, the
122:
120:
117:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:In 1999, the
66:
46:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3169:Intelligence
3132:Neuroscience
3080:Autoimmunity
3043:
2828:spermatozoon
2756:reproduction
2743:
2705:Y chromosome
2700:X chromosome
2646:Virilization
2641:Feminization
2535:
2521:Gender roles
2466:Kinsey scale
2456:Aromanticism
2332:Gray asexual
2281:Heterosexual
2206:Sworn virgin
2176:Mukhannathun
2078:Binabinaaine
1852:
1845:
1838:
1825:
1627:Hazard ratio
1511:Cohort study
1274:
1270:
1260:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1016:
1012:
1002:
959:
955:
945:
894:
890:
880:
837:
833:
823:
780:
776:
766:
723:
719:
709:
674:
670:
660:
627:
623:
616:
573:
569:
559:
526:
522:
513:
468:
465:PLOS Biology
464:
454:
433:. Retrieved
429:the original
421:
412:
377:
373:
356:
345:. Retrieved
341:
332:
311:. Retrieved
306:
248:
244:
202:
191:
183:
147:
141:
126:
116:animal study
113:
101:
70:
23:
19:
18:
3240:in the U.S.
3184:Neurosexism
3122:Stroke care
3044:In research
2379:Questioning
2252:orientation
2171:Mudoko dako
2131:Femminiello
2043:Transsexual
2021:Trans woman
2004:Transgender
1821:Null result
1780:Replication
1675:Infectivity
1597:Association
1548:Case report
1538:Case series
1521:Prospective
677:(1ā2): 11.
374:Nature News
245:BMB Reports
3282:Categories
3252:Leadership
3197:Attraction
3188:Sexuality
3179:Narcissism
3144:Aggression
3136:Psychology
3100:Depression
3049:Physiology
2889:Copulation
2610:Biological
2415:Asociality
2369:Polysexual
2337:Demisexual
2307:Bi-curious
2286:Homosexual
2254:identities
2221:Two-spirit
2126:Fakafifine
2121:Fa'afafine
2063:Androgynos
1912:identities
1903:identities
1623:Odds ratio
1615:Risk ratio
1581:Prevalence
1567:Occurrence
1543:Case study
435:2021-02-26
347:2021-02-26
313:2021-02-26
219:References
42:Background
3235:Education
3223:Sociology
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