Puberty - Knowledge (XXG)

1020: 1542: 748:. As they physically develop, gaining weight in several areas of the body, early-maturing females usually look larger than females who have not yet entered puberty. A result of the social pressure to be thin, the early-maturing females develop a negative view of their body image. In addition, people may tease the females about their visible breasts, forcing the early-maturing female to hide her breasts by dressing differently. Embarrassment about a more developed body may also result in the refusal to undress for gym. These experiences lead to lower self-esteem, more depression and poorer body image in these early-maturing females. 567: 1094:, and back hair become heavier more gradually. There is a large range in amount of body hair among adult men, and significant differences in timing and quantity of hair growth among different racial groups. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, but may not appear until significantly later. Facial hair will continue to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty. Some men do not develop full facial hair for up to 10 years after the completion of puberty. Chest hair may appear during puberty or years after, though not all men develop it. 1643: 2624: 1635: 71: 1789:(BPA) is a chemical used to make plastics, and is frequently used to make baby bottles, water bottles, sports equipment, medical devices, and as a coating in food and beverage cans. Scientists are concerned about BPA's behavioral effects on fetuses, infants, and children at current exposure levels because it can affect the prostate gland, mammary gland, and lead to early puberty in females. BPA mimics and interferes with the action of estrogen—an important reproduction and development regulator. It 1145:. Before puberty, the larynx of males and females is about equally small. Occasionally, voice change is accompanied by unsteadiness of vocalization in the early stages of untrained voices. Most of the voice change happens during stage 3–4 of male puberty around the time of peak growth. Adult pitch is attained at an average age of 15 years, although the voice may not fully settle until early twenties. It usually precedes the development of significant facial hair by several months to years. 1154: 873: 1343: 917: 1334:, but may or may not accompany the earliest menses. In postmenarchal females, about 80% of the cycles were anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third year and 10% in the sixth year. Initiation of ovulation after menarche is not inevitable. A high proportion of females with continued irregularity in the menstrual cycle several years from menarche will continue to have prolonged irregularity and anovulation, and are at higher risk for reduced fertility. 896:, from stage I which represents a volume of less than 1.5 ml, to stage V which represents a testicular volume of greater than or equal to 20 ml. Testicular size reaches maximal adult size about 6 years after the onset of puberty. While 18–20 cm is an average adult size, there is wide variation in testicular size in the normal population. After the male's testicles have enlarged and developed for about one year, the length and then the breadth of the shaft of the 477:, occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially females, reach specific markers of puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for females and 17 for males (with age at first periods for females and voice-breaks for males being used as examples). This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to 548: 485:, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. However, more modern archeological research suggests that the rate of puberty as it occurs now is the intended way. Growth spurts began at around 10–12, but markers of later stages of puberty such as menarche had delays that correlated with severe environmental conditions such as poverty, poor nutrition, air and pollution. Puberty that starts earlier than usual is known as 1362:). Fat tissue increases to a greater percentage of the body composition than in males, especially in the typical female distribution of breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, upper arms, and pubis. Progressive differences in fat distribution as well as sex differences in local skeletal growth contribute to the typical female body shape by the end of puberty. On average, at 10 years, females have 6% more body fat than males. 1661: 2747: 2637: 1921: 1489: 786: 672:. Production of progesterone in the ovaries begins with the development of ovulatory cycles in females (during the lutheal phase of the cycle), before puberty low levels of progesterone are produced in the adrenal glands of both males and females. Estradiol levels rise earlier and reach higher levels in women than in men. While estradiol promotes growth of the breasts and 1797:(CDC) found measurable amounts of BPA in the bodies of more than 90 percent of the U.S. population studied. The highest estimated daily intakes of BPA occur in infants and children. Many plastic baby bottles contain BPA, and BPA is more likely to leach out of plastic when its temperature is increased, as when one warms a baby bottle or warms up food in the microwave. 1052: 2572:(GnRH) into the blood of the pituitary portal system. An American physiologist, Ernst Knobil, found that the GnRH signals from the hypothalamus induce pulsed secretion of LH (and to a lesser degree, FSH) at roughly 1–2 hour intervals. The LH pulses are the consequence of pulsatile GnRH secretion by the arcuate nucleus that, in turn, is the result of an 331: 1583:

genetic differences and can change within a few generations with a substantial change in diet. The median age of menarche for a population may be an index of the proportion of undernourished females in the population, and the width of the spread may reflect unevenness of wealth and food distribution in a population.

860:. During puberty, a male's erect penis becomes capable of ejaculating semen and impregnating a female. A male's first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development. On average, a male's first ejaculation occurs at age 13. Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep; this phenomenon is known as a 768:

to depression and other psychosocial issues. However, early puberty might also result in positive outcomes, such as popularity among peers, higher self-esteem and confidence, as a result of physical developments, such as taller height, developed muscles, muscular male breast and better athletic ability.

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Guízar-Vázquez JJ, Rosales-López A, Ortiz-Jalomo R, Nava-Delgado SE, Salamanca-Gómez F (1992). "Edad de aparición de la espermaturia (espermaquia) en 669 niños mexicanos y su relación con caracteres sexuales secundarios y talla" [Age of onset of spermaturia (spermache) in 669 Mexican children and

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The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually

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Another limitation of the social research is that nearly all of it has concerned females, partly because female puberty requires greater physiologic resources and partly because it involves a unique event (menarche) that makes survey research into female puberty much simpler than male. More detail is

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of puberty, this is stage 2 of breast development (stage 1 is a flat, prepubertal breast). Within 6–12 months, the swelling has clearly begun in both sides, softened, and can be felt and seen extending beyond the edges of the areolae. This is stage 3 of breast development. By another 12 months (stage

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Early-maturing males develop "more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol abusing" behaviors, which result in anger towards parents and trouble in school and with the police. Early puberty also correlates with increased sexual activity and a higher instance of teenage pregnancy, both of which can lead

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Several studies about puberty have examined the effects of an early or a late onset of puberty in males and females. In general, females who enter puberty late experience positive outcomes in adolescence and adulthood, while females who enter puberty early experience negative outcomes. Males who have

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which synthesizes GnRH. Individuals who are deficient in leptin fail to initiate puberty. The levels of leptin increase with the onset of puberty, and then decline to adult levels when puberty is completed. The rise in GnRH might also be caused by genetics. A study discovered that a mutation in genes

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LH stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to make testosterone and blood levels begin to rise. For much of puberty, nighttime levels of testosterone are higher than daytime. Regularity of frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin pulses seems to be less necessary for progression of male than female

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Normal puberty is initiated in the hypothalamus, with de-inhibition of the pulse generator in the arcuate nucleus. This inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is an ongoing active suppression by other areas of the brain. The signal and mechanism releasing the arcuate nucleus from inhibition have been the

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of fetal life. The testes and ovaries become briefly inactive around the time of birth but resume hormonal activity until several months after birth, when incompletely understood mechanisms in the brain begin to suppress the activity of the arcuate nucleus. This has been referred to as maturation of

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Although there is a wide range of normal ages, females typically begin puberty around age 10½ and end puberty around 15–17; males begin around ages 11—12 and end around 16–17. Females attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, males

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A 2006 study in Denmark found that puberty, as evidenced by breast development, started at an average age of 9 years and 10 months, a year earlier than when a similar study was done in 1991. Scientists believe the phenomenon could be linked to obesity or exposure to chemicals in the food chain, and

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The age at which puberty begins varies between individuals; usually, puberty begins between 10 and 13 years of age. The age at which puberty begins is affected by both genetic factors and by environmental factors such as nutritional state and social circumstances. An example of social circumstances

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Research by Øster (1968) found that with the onset and continuation of puberty, the proportion of males able to pull back their foreskins increased. At ages 12–13, Øster found that only 60% of males were able to retract their foreskins; this increased to 85% by ages 14–15, and 95% by 16–17. He also

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in females starts with production of testosterone, which is typically quickly converted to estradiol inside the ovaries. However the rate of conversion from testosterone to estradiol (driven by FSH/LH balance) during early puberty is highly individual, resulting in very diverse development patterns

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As the estradiol levels gradually rise and the other autoamplification processes occur, a point of maturation is reached when the feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic "gonadostat" becomes positive. This attainment of positive feedback is the hallmark of female sexual maturity, as it allows the

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activity of these granulosa cells, which converts most of the testosterone to estradiol for secretion into the circulation. The remaining testosterone, together with adrenal androgens is responsible for the typical androgenic changes of female puberty: pubic hair, other androgenic hair as outlined

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Some of the least understood environmental influences on timing of puberty are social and psychological. In comparison with the effects of genetics, nutrition, and general health, social influences are small, shifting timing by a few months rather than years. Mechanisms of these social effects are

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The definition of the onset of puberty may depend on perspective (e.g., hormonal versus physical) and purpose (establishing population normal standards, clinical care of early or late pubescent individuals, etc.). A common definition for the onset of puberty is physical changes to a person's body.

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Much evidence suggests that for most of the last few centuries, nutritional differences accounted for majority of variation of pubertal timing in different populations, and even among social classes in the same population. Recent worldwide increased consumption of animal protein, other changes in

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states there is "little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimal penile hygiene", various studies suggest that males be educated about the role of hygiene, including retracting the foreskin while urinating and rinsing under it and around the glans at each bathing

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The most important part of a child's psychosocial environment is the family, and most of the social influence research has investigated features of family structure and function in relation to earlier or later female puberty. Most of the studies have reported that menarche may occur a few months

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The average level of daily physical activity has also been shown to affect timing of puberty, especially in females. A high level of exercise, whether for athletic or body image purposes, or for daily subsistence, reduces energy calories available for reproduction and slows puberty. The exercise

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Researchers have identified an earlier age of the onset of puberty. However, they have based their conclusions on a comparison of data from 1999 with data from 1969. In the earlier example, the sample population was based on a small sample of white females (200, from Britain). The later study

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in various populations surveyed has ranged from 12 to 18 years. The earliest average onset of puberty is for African-American females and the latest average onset for high altitude subsistence populations in Asia. However, much of the higher age averages reflect nutritional limitations more than

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often appears on a male shortly after the genitalia begin to grow. The pubic hairs are usually first visible at the dorsal (abdominal) base of the penis. The first few hairs are described as stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too many to count. By

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In a general sense, the conclusion of puberty is reproductive maturity. Criteria for defining the conclusion may differ for different purposes: attainment of the ability to reproduce, achievement of maximal adult height, maximal gonadal size, or adult sex hormone levels. Maximal adult height is

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surveys. Statistical associations are not necessarily causal, and a variety of covariables and alternative explanations can be imagined. Effects of such small size can never be confirmed or refuted for any individual child. Furthermore, interpretations of the data are politically controversial

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If genetic factors account for half of the variation of pubertal timing, environment factors are clearly important as well. One of the first observed environmental effects is that puberty occurs later in children raised at higher altitudes. The most important of the environmental influences is

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are sometimes used in cattle farming but have been banned in chicken meat production for 40 years. Although agricultural laws regulate use to minimize accidental human consumption, the rules are largely self-enforced in the United States. Significant exposure of a child to hormones or other

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Furthermore, as physical and emotional differences set them apart from people in their same age group, early-maturing females develop relationships with older people. For instance, some early-maturing females have older malefriends, "attracted to the females' womanly physique and femaleish

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opportunity. Regular washing under the foreskin was found by Krueger and Osborn (1986) to reduce the risk of numerous penile disorders, however Birley et al. (1993) report excessive washing with soap should be avoided because it dries the oils out of the tissues and can cause non-specific

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years, erections occur much more frequently due to puberty. Erections can occur spontaneously at any time of day, and if clothed may cause a bulge or "hump". This can be disguised or hidden by wearing close-fitting underwear, a long shirt and baggier clothes. Erections are common for male

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levels rise throughout childhood and play a part in allowing the arcuate nucleus to resume operation. If the childhood inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is interrupted prematurely by injury to the brain, it may resume pulsatile gonadotropin release and puberty will begin at an early age.

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On the other hand, late-maturing males develop lower self-esteem and confidence and generally have lower popularity among peers, due to their less-developed physiques. Also, they experience problems with anxiety and depression and are more likely to be afraid of sex than other males.

688:, marking an increase of adrenal androgen production between ages 6–10. Adrenarche is sometimes accompanied by the early appearance of axillary and pubic hair. The first androgenic hair resulting from adrenarche can be also transient and disappear before the onset of true puberty. 3922:

MacGillivray MH, Morishima A, Conte F, Grumbach M, Smith EP (1998). "Pediatric endocrinology update: an overview. The essential roles of estrogens in pubertal growth, epiphyseal fusion and bone turnover: lessons from mutations in the genes for aromatase and the estrogen receptor".

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This muscle develops mainly during the later stages of puberty, and muscle growth can continue even after males are biologically adult. The peak of the so-called "strength spurt", the rate of muscle growth, is attained about one year after a male experiences his peak growth rate.

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In the past, early onset of puberty in males has been associated with positive outcomes, such as leadership in high school and success in adulthood. However, recent studies have revealed that the risks and problems of early maturation in males might outweigh the benefits.

932:. Some of the bone growth (e.g. shoulder width and jaw) is disproportionately greater, resulting in noticeably different male and female skeletal shapes. The average adult male has about 150% of the lean body mass of an average female, and about 50% of the body fat. 3534:

On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on

6926:. in Bourguignon, Jean Pierre & Tony M. Plant. The Onset of Puberty in Perspective: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Control of the Onset of Puberty, Held in Liège, Belgium, 26–28 September 1999. Elsevier. Amsterdam & New York 2000. 2615:, and other androgenic changes in both sexes. The primary clinical significance of the distinction between adrenarche and gonadarche is that pubic hair and body odor changes by themselves do not prove that central puberty is underway for an individual child. 999:(1996) on a sample of over 600 males, and Ishikawa and Kawakita (2004) found that by age 15, 77% of their sample of males could retract their foreskins. Beaugé (1997) reports that males may assist the development of retractile foreskin by manual stretching. 987:, which ultimately should be possible without pain or difficulty. The membrane that bonds the inner surface of the foreskin with the glans disintegrates and releases the foreskin to separate from the glans. The foreskin then gradually becomes retractable. 967:

prepubescent children and infants, and can even occur before birth. Spontaneous erections are also known as involuntary or unwanted erections and are normal. Such erections can be embarrassing if they happen in public, such as a classroom or living room.

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forming a secondary mound. In most young women, this mound disappears into the contour of the mature breast (stage 5), although there is so much variation in sizes and shapes of adult breasts that stages 4 and 5 are not always separately identifiable.

639:. The conversion of testosterone to estradiol depends on the amount of body fat and estradiol levels in males are typically much lower than in females. The male "growth spurt" also begins later, accelerates more slowly, and lasts longer before the 6878:

Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG, et al. (1997). "Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network".

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Another hormonal change in males takes place during the teenage years for most young men. At this point in a male's life the testosterone levels slowly rise, and most of the effects are mediated through the androgen receptors by way of conversion

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and its relationship to maturation of the hypothalamic-gonadal axis is not fully understood, and some evidence suggests it is a parallel but largely independent process coincident with or even preceding central puberty. Rising levels of adrenal

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discovered that the gonadotropin pulses occur only during sleep, but as puberty progresses they can be detected during the day. By the end of puberty, there is little day-night difference in the amplitude and frequency of gonadotropin pulses.

2548:) for approximately another 8 to 10 years of childhood. Evidence is accumulating that the reproductive system is not totally inactive during the childhood years. Subtle increases in gonadotropin pulses occur, and ovarian follicles surrounding 6912:. Bristol: Society for Endocrinology, 1995. Proceedings of the latest (4th) International Conference on the Control of the Onset of Puberty, containing summaries of current theories of physiological control, as well as GnRH analog treatment. 1808:

factors are the strongest and most obvious environmental factors affecting timing of puberty. females are especially sensitive to nutritional regulation because they must contribute all of the nutritional support to a growing fetus. Surplus

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Various studies have found direct genetic effects to account for at least 46% of the variation of timing of puberty in well-nourished populations. The genetic association of timing is strongest between mothers and daughters. The specific

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The average age at which the onset of puberty occurs has dropped significantly since the 1840s. In every decade from 1840 to 1950 there was a drop of four months in the average age of menarche among Western European females. In

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More extreme degrees of environmental stress, such as wartime refugee status with threat to physical survival, have been found to be associated with delay of maturation, an effect that may be compounded by dietary inadequacy.

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than women. Most of this sex difference in adult heights is attributable to a later onset of the growth spurt and a slower progression to completion, a direct result of the later rise and lower adult male levels of estradiol.

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with an earlier onset of puberty in females. They have cited obesity as a cause of breast development before nine years and menarche before twelve years. Early puberty in females can be a harbinger of later health problems.

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in prepubertal males change little in size from about 1 year of age to the onset of puberty, averaging about 2–3 cm in length and about 1.5–2 cm in width. The size of the testicles is among the parameters of the

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in adolescent males is converted to estradiol. Estradiol mediates the growth spurt, bone maturation, and epiphyseal closure in males just as in females. Estradiol also induces at least modest development of breast tissue

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changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of secondary sex characteristics, the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man. Derived from the

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innocence." While having an older malefriend might improve popularity among peers, it also increases the risk of alcohol and drug use, increased sexual relations (often unprotected), eating disorders and bullying.

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On average, females begin puberty around age 10½ and complete puberty at ages 15–17; males generally begin puberty around ages 11–12 and complete puberty at ages 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is

1318:. Most American females experience their first period at 11, 12 or 13, but some experience it earlier than their 11th birthday and others after their 14th birthday. In fact, anytime between 8 and 16 is normal. In 547: 1778:

More obvious degrees of partial puberty from direct exposure of young children to small but significant amounts of pharmaceutical sex steroids from exposure at home may be detected during medical evaluation for

2607:(termed adrenarche) can usually be detected between 6 and 11 years of age, even before the increasing gonadotropin pulses of hypothalamic puberty. Adrenal androgens contribute to the development of pubic hair ( 3575: 7041: 3869:

Garn, SM. Physical growth and development. In: Friedman SB, Fisher M, Schonberg SK., editors. Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 1992. Retrieved on 2009-02-20

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Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart".

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Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, Mogensen SS, Leffers H, Main KM, et al. (April 2010). "Hypothesis: exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty".

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Based on a publication from The Ribbon, a newsletter of the Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York States ((BCERF), Vol 6, No. 1, Winter 2001.)

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Vilaplana J, Madrid JA, Sánchez-Vázquez J, Campuzano A, Cambras T, Díez-Noguera A (1995). "Influence of period length of light/dark cycles on the body weight and food intake of young rats".

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Comings DE, Muhleman D, Johnson JP, MacMurray JP (2002). "Parent-daughter transmission of the androgen receptor gene as an explanation of the effect of father absence on age of menarche".

2317:. LH secretion changes more dramatically with the initiation of puberty than FSH, as LH levels increase about 25-fold with the onset of puberty, compared with the 2.5-fold increase of FSH. 5550: 1825:

have resulted in falling ages of puberty, mainly in those populations with the higher previous ages. In many populations the amount of variation attributable to nutrition is shrinking.

1441:, resulting in the characteristic red color of the lips, labia minora and sometimes labia majora. Estradiol together with other ovarian steroids also cause the darker coloration of the 7073: 5791:

Mustanski BS, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ (2004). "Genetic and environmental influences on pubertal development: longitudinal data from Finnish twins at ages 11 and 14".

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Chronic diseases can delay puberty in both males and females. Those that involve chronic inflammation or interfere with nutrition have the strongest effect. In the western world,

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because of the ease with which this type of research can be used for political advocacy. Accusations of bias based on political agenda sometimes accompany scientific criticism.

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Often, the fat pads of the male breast tissue and the male nipples will develop during puberty; sometimes, especially in one breast, this becomes more apparent and is termed

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earlier pubertal timing generally have more positive outcomes in adulthood but more negative outcomes in adolescence, while the reverse is true for later pubertal timing.

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accelerate more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes. Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon.

354: 302: 2530:. The period of hormonal activity until several months after birth, followed by suppression of activity, may correspond to the period of infant sexuality, followed by a 1216:. The first few hairs are described as Tanner stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too numerous to count and appear on the 643:

fuse. Although males are on average 2 centimetres (0.8 in) shorter than females before puberty begins, adult men are on average about 13 centimetres (5.1 in)

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earlier in females in high-stress households, whose fathers are absent during their early childhood, who have a stepfather in the home, who are subjected to prolonged

1571:; a juvenile female who has significant interaction with adult males will enter puberty earlier than juvenile females who are not socially overexposed to adult males. 1554:) usually precedes completion of growth by 1–2 years in females and 3–4 years in males. Stage 5 typically represents maximal gonadal growth and adult hormone levels. 1541: 744:

Outcomes have generally indicated that early onset of puberty in females can be psychologically damaging. The main reason for this detrimental effect is the issue of

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as well as the neurokinin B receptor can alter the timing of puberty. The researchers hypothesized that neurokinin B might play a role in regulating the secretion of

449:—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Before puberty, the external sex organs, known as 5502:

Kaplowitz PB, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Pedlow SE, Herman-Giddens ME (2001). "Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and ethnicity".

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Researchers have hypothesized that early puberty onset may be caused by certain hair care products containing estrogen or placenta, and by certain chemicals, namely

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Boyar R, Finkelstein J, Roffwarg H, Kapen S, Weitzman E, Hellman L (1972). "Synchronization of augmented luteinizing hormone secretion with sleep during puberty".

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Kalloo NB, Gearhart JP, Barrack ER (1993). "Sexually dimorphic expression of estrogen receptors, but not of androgen receptors in human fetal external genitalia".

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Although available dietary energy (simple calories) is the most important dietary influence on timing of puberty, quality of the diet plays a role as well. Lower

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from a developing country at a young age. Conversely, menarche may be slightly later when a female grows up in a large family with a biological father present.

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Rising levels of estradiol produce the characteristic estrogenic body changes of female puberty: growth spurt, acceleration of bone maturation and closure,

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in both sexes. This growth is far more prominent in males, causing the male voice to drop and deepen, sometimes abruptly but rarely "overnight", about one

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Ge X, Natsuaki MN, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D (2007). "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Pubertal Timing: Results From Two National Sibling Studies".

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Mitchell AL, Dwyer A, Pitteloud N, Quinton R (2011). "Genetic basis and variable phenotypic expression of Kallmann syndrome: towards a unifying theory".

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Kayaba H, Tamura H, Kitajima S, Fujiwara Y, Kato T, Kato T (November 1996). "Analysis of Shape and Retractability of the Prepuce in 603 Japanese Boys".

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clearly nutrition, but a number of others have been identified, all which affect timing of female puberty and menarche more clearly than male puberty.

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can occur before other signs of puberty in a few females. These variations deserve medical evaluation because they can occasionally signal a disease.

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Most of these reported social effects are small and our understanding is incomplete. Most of these "effects" are statistical associations revealed by

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Early stages of male hypothalamic maturation seem to be very similar to the early stages of female puberty, though occurring about 1–2 years later.

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Generally, later onset of puberty in females produces positive outcomes. They exhibit positive behaviors in adolescence that continue to adulthood.

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Taga KA (2006-05-03). "A Longitudinal Investigation of Associations Between Boys' Pubertal Timing and Adult Behavioral Health and Well-Being".

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An array of "autoamplification processes" increases the production of all of the pubertal hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads.

2070:, with input and regulation from many other body systems. True puberty is often termed "central puberty" because it begins as a process of the 1467:

Changes of the vulva initiated by estradiol as well as its direct effects also appear to influence the functioning of the lower urinary tract.

133: 4144:"TAC3 and TACR3 mutations in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction" 6796: 6773: 6750: 6672: 6649: 6592: 5628: 4584: 4557: 4505: 4478: 4451: 4399: 4219: 3558: 3527: 3489: 3453: 317: 4521: 3743:"On the threshold of adulthood: A new approach for the use of maturation indicators to assess puberty in adolescents from medieval England" 2861:

levels rise and then decline as puberty ends. Growth finishes and adult height is attained as the estradiol levels complete closure of the

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Andersson KE, Wein AJ (2004). "Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Basis for Current and Future Treatments of Urinary Incontinence".

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Once a male is able to retract his foreskin, penile hygiene should become an important feature of his routine body care. Although the

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Two of the most significant differences between puberty in females and puberty in males are the age at which it begins, and the major

6351:"A developmental study of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system during sexual maturation in the male Djungarian hamster" 5990: 4896: 1550:

achieved at an average age of 15 years for an average female and 18 years for an average male. Potential fertility (sometimes termed

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of oscillators in the brain. By this mechanism, the gonadotropin pulses that occur primarily at night just before puberty represent

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responds to the pulsed GnRH signals by releasing LH and FSH into the blood of the general circulation, also in a pulsatile pattern.

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from pharmaceutical products are excreted into the sewage systems of large cities, and are sometimes detectable in the environment.

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may affect aspects of prenatal or postnatal sexual development in humans. Large amounts of incompletely metabolized estrogens and

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mutations in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction"

6011: 6824: 5938: 3159: 2807:

As the amplitude of LH pulses increases, the theca cells of the ovaries begin to produce testosterone and smaller amounts of

2772: 2662: 2569: 2453: 2155:. The arcuate nucleus is affected and controlled by neuronal input from other areas of the brain and hormonal input from the 1946: 1510: 1415: 1003: 807: 692: 312: 5867:

Kaprio J, Rimpelä A, Winter T, Viken RJ, Rimpelä M, Rose RJ (1995). "Common genetic influences on BMI and age at menarche".

6938:

Tanner JM, Davies PS (1985). "Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children".

6140: 4984:

Tanner JM, Davies PS (1985). "Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children".

1711:, the decline happened later and was then more rapid: from 1945 to 1975 in Japan there was a drop of 11 months per decade. 1703:, females born in 1840 had their menarche at an average age of 17 years. In France, the average in 1840 was 15.3 years. In 7598: 4574: 4547: 3410: 1595: 1457: 1386:. This often precedes thelarche and pubarche by one or more years. Another androgen effect is increased secretion of oil ( 1294:. Before puberty, uterine body to cervix ratio is 1:1; which increases to 2:1 or 3:1 after completion of pubertal period. 1062:

In the months and years following the appearance of pubic hair, other areas of skin that respond to androgens may develop

962:. The penis can regularly get erect during sleep and men or males often wake up with an erection. Once a male reaches his 458: 60: 4273: 1587:

identified as puberty as occurring in 48% of African-American females by age nine, and 12% of white females by that age.

7632: 7303: 6919: 6424:

Lehrer S (1986). "Rats on 22.5-hr light:dark cycles have vaginal opening earlier than rats on 26-hr light:dark cycles".

3481: 3415: 2967: 2858: 2469: 2321: 2098: 1615: 700: 272: 7663: 4468: 4415: 2835: 2026:

The sequence of events of pubertal development can occasionally vary. For example, in about 15% of males and females,

1790: 1220:

as well. By stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle". Stage 5 refers to spread of pubic hair to the

955: 446: 95: 6516:"Continuation of gradual weight gain necessary for the onset of puberty may be responsible for obesity later in life" 4333: 2757: 2647: 2576:

or signal generator in the central nervous system ("GnRH pulse generator"). In the years preceding physical puberty,

1931: 1326:

it is 12.9. The time between menstrual periods (menses) is not always regular in the first two years after menarche.

1642: 7844: 7834: 7575: 7510: 6557: 6426: 5312: 4926: 1866: 905: 247: 52: 7020: 2776: 2761: 2666: 2651: 2623: 1950: 1935: 1771:

Harder to detect as an influence on puberty are the more diffusely distributed environmental chemicals like PCBs (

1499: 796: 7497: 7288: 1888: 1208:

is often the second noticeable change in puberty, usually within a few months of thelarche. It is referred to as

287: 6121: 5741: 1873:

have been notorious for such an effect in the last century, while in areas of the underdeveloped world, chronic

1634: 1342: 916: 7658: 7505: 4297: 2768: 2658: 1942: 1772: 1506: 995:

at ages 14–17, the remainder were partially able to. The findings were supported by further research by Kayaba

803: 297: 262: 232: 218: 6640:

Gordon CM, Laufer MR (2005). "Chapter 4: Physiology of puberty". In Emans SJ, Goldstein DP, Laufer MR (eds.).

6471: 4871: 4605:"Further Fate of the Foreskin: Incidence of Preputial Adhesions, Phimosis, and Smegma among Danish Schoolboys" 1086:

area. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Arm, leg,

1031:

stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle". Stage 5 refers to the spread of pubic hair to the

4497:

Making Sense of Sex: A Forthright Guide to Puberty, Sex and Relationships for People with Asperger's Syndrome

703:. Exogenous GnRH pulses cause the onset of puberty. Brain tumors which increase GnRH output may also lead to 1765: 1545:

Variations of the initial and final height of three males from 12 years old to the end of their growth spurt

1291: 676:, it is also the principal hormone driving the pubertal growth spurt and epiphyseal maturation and closure. 6304:

Rivest RW (1991). "Sexual maturation in female rats: hereditary, developmental and environmental aspects".

7338: 3845: 3194: 2445: 2071: 1995: 727:, a compound responsible for triggering direct release of GnRH as well as indirect release of LH and FSH. 450: 70: 4315: 848:. The penis also increases in size, and a male develops pubic hair. A male's testicles also begin making 7551: 7546: 7387: 7216: 6833:

Ducros, A. and Pasquet, P. "Evolution de l'âge d'apparition des premières règles (ménarche) en France".

5222:

Apter D (1980). "Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: a partly longitudinal study".

3960: 2254:, are critical parts of the control system that switches on the release of GnRH at the start of puberty. 1142: 237: 3849: 1563:

These physical changes are the first visible signs of neural, hormonal, and gonadal function changes.

1153: 872: 7829: 7612: 7541: 4798:"Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis: association with atopy and genital washing" 3654: 3355: 1175:

The first physical sign of puberty in females is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the

1130: 497: 189: 6661:"Chapter 21: Nutritional disorders: integration of energy metabolism and its disorders in childhood" 1817:, which signals to the brain the availability of resources for initiation of puberty and fertility. 1590:

One possible cause of a delay in the onset of puberty past the age 14 in females and 15 in males is

1475:

Hair growth develops under the arms, starting out sparse before thickening and darkening over time.

7391: 7308: 7279: 5536:

Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p357.

3791:

Papadimitriou A (2016). "The Evolution of the Age at Menarche from Prehistorical to Modern Times".

3648:

Buck Louis GM, Gray LE, Marcus M, Ojeda SR, Pescovitz OH, Witchel SF, et al. (February 2008).

3580: 3288:

Values are mean plasma levels, with ranges in parentheses. = Pre-adrenarche. = Post-adrenarche. (

3127: 2903: 2730: 2289: 2094: 1611: 1602:). Kallmann syndrome and other forms of HH affect both men and women. It is caused by a failure in 1419: 1119: 696: 478: 390: 169: 5828:"Age at menarche as a fitness trait: nonadditive genetic variance detected in a large twin sample" 5133:"Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth" 7477: 7267: 7229: 7086: 7002: 6866: 6711: 6520: 6496: 6451: 6331: 6222: 5601: 5460: 5417: 5247: 4252: 4075: 4050:

Meister B, Håkansson ML (2001). "Leptin receptors in hypothalamus and circumventricular organs".

3948: 3904: 3773: 3395: 2721:, during puberty are told the effects are temporary in some male teenagers due to high levels of 2714: 2127:

The onset of this neurohormonal process may precede the first visible body changes by 1–2 years.

2090: 1780: 1568: 1263: 1213: 1170: 861: 486: 6738: 4525: 2123:

Rising levels of estradiol and testosterone produce the body changes of female and male puberty.

5668:"Age of menarche in contemporary British teenagers: survey of girls born between 1982 and 1986" 4845: 1023:

Male at 11.3 yo (prepubertal), 12.5 yo, 14.9 yo and 16.3 yo (post pubertal)

883:

In males, testicular enlargement is the first physical manifestation of puberty (and is termed

7675: 7653: 7333: 7298: 7247: 7031: 6991: 6955: 6927: 6896: 6858: 6820: 6792: 6784: 6769: 6761: 6746: 6719: 6703: 6668: 6660: 6645: 6618: 6588: 6582: 6539: 6488: 6443: 6406: 6372: 6323: 6286: 6277:

Sizonenko PC, Aubert ML (1986). "Neuroendocrine changes characteristic of sexual maturation".

6259: 6214: 6195: 6160: 6109: 6052: 5934: 5911: 5876: 5849: 5808: 5697: 5624: 5593: 5519: 5452: 5409: 5374: 5294: 5239: 5164: 5110: 5072: 5001: 4827: 4778: 4751: 4696: 4669: 4634: 4580: 4553: 4501: 4474: 4447: 4441: 4395: 4215: 4173: 4124: 4067: 4003: 3940: 3896: 3808: 3765: 3708: 3673: 3630: 3554: 3523: 3519: 3485: 3449: 3439: 3390: 2505: 2406: 2382: 1822: 1729: 1591: 704: 558: 454: 434: 335: 282: 257: 184: 40: 5277:

Southam AL, Richart RM (1966). "The prognosis for adolescents with menstrual abnormalities".

4495: 3742: 3513: 3475: 2329:

stimulating hormone) is another protein hormone secreted into the general circulation by the

1232:. In about 15% of females, the earliest pubic hair appears before breast development begins. 7824: 7112: 6981: 6947: 6888: 6850: 6695: 6529: 6480: 6435: 6362: 6315: 6251: 6204: 6152: 6099: 6091: 6042: 6016: 5903: 5839: 5800: 5773: 5687: 5679: 5585: 5511: 5444: 5401: 5366: 5286: 5231: 5154: 5144: 5102: 5064: 4993: 4817: 4809: 4741: 4661: 4624: 4616: 4244: 4163: 4155: 4114: 4106: 4059: 3993: 3932: 3888: 3800: 3757: 3700: 3663: 3620: 3612: 3445: 3293: 2589: 2518: 2378: 2334: 2326: 1904: 1892: 1618:) levels with the subsequent result of a failure to commence or complete puberty, secondary 1453: 1283: 1248: 651:

The hormonal maturation of females is considerably more complicated than in males. The main

1394:, a skin condition that is characteristic of puberty. Acne varies greatly in its severity. 7803: 7719: 7140: 7094: 7051: 6923: 4900: 3405: 3375: 3360: 3229: 2577: 2449: 2437: 2342: 2298: 2282: 2168: 2152: 2137: 2059: 1461: 1303: 1063: 652: 525: 490: 33: 3296:

section, occurs as a separate event and can precede puberty onset by 1 to 2 years.)

1350:

During this period, also in response to rising levels of estrogen, the lower half of the

1107: 2820:

above, body odor, acne. The bioactivity of testosterone is to a large degree limited by

32:"Sexual development" redirects here. For sexual development of non-human organisms, see 7743: 7224: 7145: 6534: 6515: 6439: 6104: 6071: 5844: 5827: 5235: 5159: 5132: 4822: 4797: 4629: 4604: 4168: 4143: 4119: 4094: 3625: 3600: 2812: 2489: 2473: 2441: 2410: 1323: 1225: 1091: 1040: 122: 6951: 5068: 4997: 4665: 469:, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average around age 12½. For males, first 7818: 7487: 7182: 7132: 6785:"Chapter 18: The testes: disorders of sexual differentiation and puberty in the male" 6484: 6156: 6070:

Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. (2008).

5985: 5777: 5692: 5667: 5290: 4256: 4142:

Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. (2009).

4063: 3704: 3599:

Guillette EA, Conard C, Lares F, Aguilar MG, McLachlan J, Guillette LJ (March 2006).

2535: 2531: 2429: 2422: 2398: 2207: 2067: 1900: 1837: 1833: 1423: 1391: 1355: 1315: 1274:) are a normal effect of estrogen as well. In the two years following thelarche, the 1188: 1157: 1071: 1067: 6870: 6500: 6455: 6335: 5605: 5464: 5421: 5251: 4079: 3952: 3908: 3777: 2460:. Adrenal androgens contribute to the androgenic events of early puberty in females. 7360: 7343: 7274: 7234: 7150: 7122: 7107: 6644:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 120–155. 6226: 3257: 3095: 2808: 2710: 2705: 2545: 2541: 2493: 2353: 2338: 2297:

hormone secreted into the general circulation by gonadotrope cells of the anterior

2274: 2263: 2251: 2243: 2225: 2195: 2143: 2117: 2079: 2055: 2051: 2006: 1991: 1870: 1751:

There is theoretical concern, and animal evidence, that environmental hormones and

1678: 1619: 1607: 1431: 1427: 1379: 1114: 1103: 940: 893: 839: 720: 715: 656: 644: 629: 621: 517: 482: 1883:

Mental illnesses occur in puberty. The brain undergoes significant development by

413:

in a male. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate

17: 6168: 4208: 3548: 1630:

Comparison of two individual with vast difference in the age of onset of puberty:

7798: 7765: 7748: 7567: 7536: 7531: 7262: 6306: 6255: 6141:"Modern correlates of Freudian psychology. Infant sexuality and the unconscious" 5804: 5715: 3400: 2839: 2746: 2636: 2527: 2497: 2477: 2362: 2330: 2302: 2278: 2247: 2191: 2112:

respond to the rising amounts of LH and FSH by growing and beginning to produce

1920: 1786: 1760: 1756: 1623: 1488: 1438: 1407: 1359: 1138: 1055: 984: 980: 901: 897: 857: 785: 664: 625: 599: 529: 470: 398: 252: 242: 138: 127: 6841:

Gluckman PD, Hanson MA (2006). "Evolution, development and timing of puberty".

6367: 6350: 5478: 3804: 2151:

which generate and release pulses of GnRH into the portal venous system of the

1783:, but mild effects and the other potential exposures outlined above would not. 453:, are sex characteristics that distinguish males and females. Puberty leads to 7770: 7685: 7648: 7556: 7526: 7419: 7380: 7375: 7355: 7082: 6905:

Newer data suggesting that lower age thresholds for evaluation should be used.

6854: 5683: 5589: 5370: 4248: 3385: 3370: 3341: 3317: 3311: 3289: 2838:, increased fat composition, growth of the uterus, increased thickness of the 2599: 2573: 2526:

the prepubertal "gonadostat", which becomes sensitive to negative feedback by

2370: 2310: 2238: 2230: 2212: 2031: 1375: 1286:

in the ovaries increase in size. The ovaries usually contain small follicular

1271: 1267: 1217: 1205: 1087: 1027: 1008: 884: 745: 724: 685: 474: 430: 382: 179: 143: 7036: 6916: 6707: 5149: 3550:

Understanding Child Maltreatment: An Ecological and Developmental Perspective

2373:

of the ovaries and the adrenal cortex. Testosterone is the primary mammalian

1426:

of the vagina. Typically, estradiol will also cause pronounced growth of the

7724: 7482: 7472: 7449: 7396: 7293: 7283: 7194: 7167: 7155: 7117: 6964:

Highly useful growth charts with integrated standards for stages of puberty.

6391: 5907: 3892: 3601:"Altered breast development in young girls from an agricultural environment" 3365: 3323: 3031: 2862: 2851: 2825: 2816: 2722: 2612: 2585: 2549: 2522: 2389: 2113: 2035: 1983: 1896: 1877: 1840:, are associated with later onset and slower progression of female puberty. 1805: 1736: 1575: 1403: 1383: 1331: 1327: 1311: 1184: 1075: 660: 640: 636: 442: 199: 174: 6995: 6986: 6969: 6862: 6543: 6218: 6209: 6190: 6113: 6056: 5915: 5812: 5701: 5597: 5523: 5515: 5456: 5413: 5168: 5114: 5106: 4755: 4746: 4729: 4700: 4620: 4419: 4177: 4128: 4071: 4007: 3812: 3769: 3712: 3677: 3634: 979:

becomes wider, progressively allowing for retraction down the shaft of the

628:; while testosterone is produced, all males' changes are characterized as 6959: 6900: 6892: 6723: 6622: 6492: 6447: 6410: 6376: 6327: 6290: 6263: 6164: 5880: 5853: 5378: 5298: 5243: 5076: 5005: 4831: 4782: 4769:

Krueger H, Osborn L (1986). "Effects of hygiene among the uncircumcised".

4673: 4638: 3944: 3900: 2544:

and sex steroid levels fall to low levels (nearly undetectable by current

2409:

throughout the body. The largest amounts of estradiol are produced by the

1598:(HH). Kallmann syndrome is also associated with a lack of sense of smell ( 1051: 7414: 7370: 7365: 7242: 7199: 7187: 7172: 7102: 7037:

Pictures and detailed information about breast development during puberty

4813: 4687:

Ishikawa E, Kawakita M (2004). "Preputial development in Japanese boys".

3335: 3329: 2847: 2713:) in a large proportion of males. Males who develop mild gynecomastia, a 2608: 2604: 2560:

subject of investigation for decades and remain incompletely understood.

2501: 2432: 2418: 2402: 2374: 2366: 2346: 2306: 2199: 2039: 2027: 2015: 1874: 1813:(beyond growth and activity requirements) are reflected in the amount of 1752: 1671: 1603: 1579: 1449: 1371: 1307: 1259: 1240: 1209: 1183:, occurring on average at about 10½ years of age. This is referred to as 1079: 992: 976: 951: 633: 618: 607: 603: 466: 410: 3998: 3981: 1192:

4), the breasts are approaching mature size and shape, with areolae and

7775: 7714: 7454: 6715: 6683: 6319: 5955:"Are Bisphenol A (BPA) Plastic Products Safe for Infants and Children?" 5435:

Robinson D, Cardozo L (2011). "Estrogens and the lower urinary tract".

4110: 3761: 3668: 3650:"Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs" 3649: 3063: 2394: 2358: 2294: 2270: 2267: 2233: 2188: 2160: 1884: 1849: 1829: 1814: 1810: 1739:, which are used in many cosmetics, toys, and plastic food containers. 1704: 1599: 1513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1452:

and possibly has important effects on the growth and maturation of the

1244: 963: 845: 810: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 394: 148: 111: 6047: 6030: 5479:"Everything You Wanted to Know About Puberty (for Teens) - KidsHealth" 5448: 5405: 3936: 3576:"Girls now reaching puberty before 10—a year sooner than 20 years ago" 2333:

cells of the anterior pituitary. The main target cells of FSH are the

1247:

due to effect of estrogen increasing its resistance to infection. The

7709: 7680: 7622: 7617: 7464: 7254: 7204: 7177: 3728:"Children aren't starting puberty younger, medieval skeletons reveal" 3616: 3380: 2832: 2718: 2561: 2484: 2472:) rises substantially during puberty in response to rising levels of 2211:

are a second source for steroid hormones. Adrenal maturation, termed

2180: 2148: 2109: 1700: 1681:

and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

1442: 1351: 1319: 1275: 1255: 1251: 1193: 1180: 1176: 1134: 1126: 929: 888: 711: 673: 663:

play important physiological functions in puberty. The production of

438: 422: 414: 204: 106: 90: 85: 6699: 1857:

effect is often amplified by a lower body fat mass and cholesterol.

6095: 4875: 4159: 2828:

levels (estradiol stimulates, prolactin decreases SHBG synthesis).

844:

In males, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and

632:. A substantial product of testosterone metabolism in males is the 7782: 7760: 7738: 7729: 7690: 7627: 7160: 6609:

its relation to secondary sexual characteristics and height].

5645: 2622: 2457: 2414: 2314: 2184: 2156: 2105: 2063: 1708: 1641: 1633: 1540: 1411: 1387: 1341: 1279: 1229: 1221: 1152: 1083: 1050: 1036: 1032: 1018: 915: 871: 853: 849: 565: 533: 502: 426: 406: 402: 386: 378: 209: 153: 117: 100: 5553:. National Research Center for Women and Families. Archived from 714:

might be the cause of the GnRH rise. Leptin has receptors in the

6970:"Neurobiological mechanisms of the onset of puberty in primates" 4962: 4960: 4958: 4945: 4943: 2821: 2553: 2500:

a rough indicator of adipose mass for purposes of regulation of

2464: 2258: 2083: 1982:

unknown, though a variety of physiological processes, including

1725: 1287: 925: 418: 7571: 7055: 6031:"Anorexia nervosa: definition, epidemiology, and cycle of risk" 5055:

Siegel MJ, Surratt JT (1992). "Pediatric gynecologic imaging".

1728:

affecting timing are not yet known. Among the candidates is an

1715:

is putting females at greater long-term risk of breast cancer.

1406:(the primary female sex hormone) causes thickening of lips and 975:

During puberty, if not before, the tip and opening of a male's

7406: 6029:

Bulik CM, Reba L, Siega-Riz AM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (2005).

5619:

Hugh Jones, ed. (2008). "Chapter 9. Puberty & Fertility".

2740: 2630: 1914: 1654: 1482: 1437:

Estradiol is also responsible for the increased production of

779: 6684:"Estimation of Spermarche from Longitudinal Spermaturia Data" 2584:

Some investigators have attributed the onset of puberty to a

1390:) from the skin. This change increases the susceptibility to 516:

describes the physical changes to sexual maturation, not the

4576:

What's Happening to My Body? Book for Girls: Revised Edition

2811:. Much of the testosterone moves into nearby cells known as 1346:

Development of a female from childhood to the end of puberty

39:"Pubescence" redirects here. For the 2011 Chinese film, see 4549:

What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition

4470:

What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition

4416:"h2g2 - The Morning Glory (or Nocturnal Penile Tumescence)" 1574:

The average age at which puberty begins may be affected by

991:

found that 1% of those unable to fully retract experienced

417:

and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain,

7042:

Puberty in females: interactive animation of Tanner stages

6791:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 565–628. 6768:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 455–518. 6745:(2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. pp. 171–209. 6667:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 689–724. 4353: 3982:"Leptin, growth hormone, and the onset of primate puberty" 2842:

and the vaginal mucosa, and widening of the lower pelvis.

2187:) respond to rising levels of LH and FSH by producing the 2074:. A simple description of hormonal puberty is as follows: 920:

Development of a male from childhood to the end of puberty

5666:

Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Odoki K, Taylor SJ, Cook DG (2001).

5623:. Oxford Endocrinology Library. Oxford University Press. 3828:, C. T. Onions ed. Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 720. 7047:

Puberty in males: interactive animation of Tanner stages

2857:

Growth hormone levels rise steadily throughout puberty.

1414:. In the vulva and vagina, estradiol causes thickening ( 561:

to early adulthood. Puberty is marked in green at right.

489:, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as 7027:

University of Maryland guide to puberty and adolescence

6584:

Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism

4660:(5). American Urological Association, Inc.: 1813–1815. 4052:

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology

3320:(approximately age 10½ in females and age 11½ in males) 536:, which overlaps much of the body's period of puberty. 7003:"Research shows how evolution explains age of puberty" 4714:

Beaugé M (1997). "The causes of adolescent phimosis".

3160: 2627:

Temporary gynecomastia of a male going through puberty

1266:, which in future plays important part in maintaining 1212:. The pubic hairs are usually visible first along the 954:

during sleep or when waking up are medically known as

3332:(approximately age 11 in females and age 12 in males) 2815:. Smaller increases of FSH induce an increase in the 1768:

could produce some or all of the changes of puberty.

532:

is the period of mental transition from childhood to

5359:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

5194:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. Archived from 5126: 5124: 3986:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

2968: 2824:

which in turn is mainly controlled by estradiol and

7791: 7699: 7641: 7605: 7519: 7496: 7463: 7428: 7405: 7317: 7215: 7131: 7093: 6917:

Role of sex steroids during development—integration

5131:Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010). 4392:

Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation

4268: 4266: 2030:(the first pubic hairs) can precede, respectively, 1322:, the average age of menarche is 12.72, and in the 856:, which contains sperm and other fluids, is called 377:is the process of physical changes through which a 6587:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 889. 6012:"US Girls' Early Puberty Attracts Research Flurry" 5981:"Childhood obesity brings early puberty for girls" 5869:Human Biology; an International Record of Research 5057:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 4207: 2733:in target organs (especially that of the bowels). 2401:of testosterone. Estradiol is the principal human 2215:, typically precedes gonadarche in mid-childhood. 1775:), which can bind and trigger estrogen receptors. 1338:Body shape, fat distribution, and body composition 695:pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones, 3515:Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy 2147:is the driver of the reproductive system. It has 1258:also changes in response to increasing levels of 908:will also start to enlarge to adult proportions. 586:8 Pregnancy – hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) 5088: 5086: 1986:, have been suggested based on animal research. 1903:. Females aged between 15 and 19 make up 40% of 557:Approximate outline of development periods from 5332: 3879:Abbassi V (1998). "Growth and normal puberty". 2444:in both sexes. The major adrenal androgens are 2131:Components of the endocrine reproductive system 1887:which can contribute to mood disorders such as 1793:out of plastic into liquids and foods, and the 1082:(preauricular) hair, periareolar hair, and the 6762:"Chapter 16: Female puberty and its disorders" 6682:Jorgensen M, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE (1991). 6611:Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico 5264: 5180: 5178: 5030: 4966: 4949: 4377: 3965:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3793:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 3195: 1764:substances that activate estrogen or androgen 1448:Testosterone will cause an enlargement of the 1112:"Squeaky-voiced Teen" redirects here. For the 924:By the end of puberty, adult men have heavier 7583: 7067: 6399:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York 6035:The International Journal of Eating Disorders 5646:"Average age at menarche in various cultures" 5279:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1310:, and typically occurs about two years after 691:The onset of puberty is associated with high 355: 8: 6279:Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum 5544: 5542: 5018: 2452:(which are precursors of testosterone), and 1398:Visual and other effects of hormonal changes 1314:. The average age of menarche is 12½ in the 943:. It is usually not a permanent phenomenon. 520:and cultural maturation denoted by the term 27:Physical transition from a child to an adult 6558:"Sex Determination _ Dr Mahmoud Ahmad Fora" 5648:. Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health 4979: 4977: 4975: 4866: 4864: 4862: 3836: 3834: 3469: 3467: 3465: 2904: 2775:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2665:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2521:becomes functional by the end of the first 1949:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1719:Genetic influence and environmental factors 540:Differences between male and female puberty 506: 7590: 7576: 7568: 7074: 7060: 7052: 5344: 5217: 5215: 5042: 3826:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 3507: 3505: 2867: 1795:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 362: 348: 47: 6985: 6815:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP (1996). 6533: 6366: 6208: 6122:"Key to regulation of puberty discovered" 6103: 6046: 5929:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP (1996). 5843: 5691: 5158: 5148: 4821: 4745: 4628: 4167: 4118: 4025:(6th Rev ed.). Blackwell Publishers. 3997: 3667: 3624: 3547:Scannapieco M, Connell-Carrick K (2005). 2795:Learn how and when to remove this message 2685:Learn how and when to remove this message 2476:and may be the principal mediator of the 2456:which is present in large amounts in the 2385:in responsive tissue throughout the body. 1969:Learn how and when to remove this message 1848:Scientific researchers have linked early 1578:as well. For example, the average age of 1529:Learn how and when to remove this message 1418:) of the skin and the growth of both the 826:Learn how and when to remove this message 4598: 4596: 4354:Jorgensen, Keiding & Skakkebaek 1991 3553:. Oxford University Press. p. 195. 2496:. The leptin level seems to provide the 1707:, the average in 1840 was 16½ years. In 1660: 1606:at puberty which results in low or zero 6191:"In Memoriam: Ernst Knobil (1926-2000)" 3427: 3283: 2568:Neurons of the arcuate nucleus secrete 2163:tissue and a variety of other systems. 731:Effects of early and late puberty onset 710:The cause of the GnRH rise is unknown. 461:, which further distinguish the sexes. 270: 217: 161: 77: 59: 6843:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 6743:Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise 5759: 5757: 5755: 4522:"Erections in Babies | LIVESTRONG.COM" 4298:"Male Reproductive System Information" 3958: 3433: 3431: 3165:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 2868: 2417:, but lesser amounts are derived from 2301:. The main target cells of LH are the 1646:Two females from 8.0 to 14.5 years old 1410:as well as further development of the 1125:Under the influence of androgens, the 876:Five Tanner stages of male genitalia; 7445:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis 6392:"Puberty and resonance: a hypothesis" 4365: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 3741:Lewis M, Shapland F, Watts R (2016). 1638:Two males from 11.5 to 16.6 years old 572:1 Follicle-stimulating hormone – FSH 7: 4796:Birley HD, Luzzi GA, Bell R (1993). 4394:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. 2973:Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone 2773:adding citations to reliable sources 2663:adding citations to reliable sources 1947:adding citations to reliable sources 1511:adding citations to reliable sources 808:adding citations to reliable sources 7440:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 6642:Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 6243:The New England Journal of Medicine 6041:(Suppl 1): S2–9, discussion S20–1. 4573:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-06). 4546:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-08). 4467:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-08). 3122: (200–2500) 7032:Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas 6741:. In Falkner F, Tanner JM (eds.). 6440:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1986.tb00759.x 5832:American Journal of Human Genetics 5766:Journal of Research on Adolescence 5313:"Hips widen during female puberty" 5236:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02125.x 4443:Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity 3441:Human Development: A Lifespan View 3338:(approximately age 12½ in females) 3326:(approximately age 10½ in females) 2704:However, a significant portion of 2492:. Its primary target organ is the 2361:hormone produced primarily by the 2293:(luteinizing hormone) is a larger 1670:appears to contradict the article 1270:. Whitish secretions (physiologic 928:and nearly twice as much skeletal 25: 6968:Terasawa E, Fernandez DL (2001). 5716:"Girls maturing slightly earlier" 3750:American Journal of Human Biology 2488:is a protein hormone produced by 1458:corpora cavernosa of the clitoris 1137:, because the longer and thicker 6145:The American Journal of Medicine 5778:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00546.x 5742:"Girls now begin puberty aged 9" 4237:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 4099:Archives of Disease in Childhood 4064:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03493.x 3705:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01051.x 3344:(approximately age 13½ in males) 2745: 2635: 1919: 1659: 1487: 958:and colloquially referred to as 784: 670:secondary sexual characteristics 546: 329: 69: 6737:Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1986). 6659:Gungor N, Arslanian SA (2002). 4730:"Circumcision Policy Statement" 4500:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 4093:Clayton PE, Trueman JA (2000). 2369:, and in lesser amounts by the 1836:intakes, as occur with typical 1498:needs additional citations for 912:Male musculature and body shape 795:needs additional citations for 655:, testosterone, estradiol, and 457:through the development of the 5826:Treloar SA, Martin NG (1990). 5621:Testosterone Deficiency in Men 4846:"Puberty -- Changes for Males" 4316:"The Male Reproductive System" 4214:. New York: Worth Publishers. 3438:Kail RV, Cavanaugh JC (2010). 3200:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone 2570:gonadotropin releasing hormone 2454:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 1844:Obesity influence and exercise 1430:and to a lesser degree of the 1382:, resulting in a more "adult" 1004:American Academy of Pediatrics 894:Tanner scale for male genitals 451:primary sexual characteristics 1: 7840:Human female endocrine system 7599:Development of the human body 6952:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80501-1 6349:Yellon SM, Newman SW (1991). 5333:Gungor & Arslanian (2002) 5069:10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00504-0 4998:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80501-1 4922:"The structure of the larynx" 4666:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65544-7 3482:Jones & Bartlett Learning 3411:Seclusion of girls at puberty 2519:endocrine reproductive system 2436:are steroids produced by the 1596:hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 1098:Voice change and Adam's apple 459:secondary sex characteristics 6485:10.1016/0031-9384(95)00021-A 6157:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90172-4 5437:Neurourology and Urodynamics 5291:10.1016/0002-9378(66)90398-X 5265:Marshall & Tanner (1986) 5031:Marshall & Tanner (1986) 4967:Marshall & Tanner (1986) 4950:Marshall & Tanner (1986) 4872:"Getting The Facts: Puberty" 4378:Marshall & Tanner (1986) 3416:Secondary sex characteristic 2470:insulin-like growth factor 1 2082:begins to release pulses of 1821:nutrition, and increases in 512:(age of maturity), the word 273:Developmental stage theories 134:Emerging and early adulthood 6910:The Neurobiology of Puberty 6256:10.1056/NEJM197209212871203 5805:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1188 5185:Hamilton-Fairley D (2004). 4210:Invitation to the Life Span 3497:occurs around age 12 or 13. 2909:Tooltip Luteinizing hormone 2737:Hormonal changes in females 1861:Physical and mental illness 956:nocturnal penile tumescence 574:2 Luteinizing hormone – LH 7861: 7430:Reproductive endocrinology 6427:Journal of Pineal Research 6368:10.1095/biolreprod45.3.440 5188:Obstetrics and Gynaecology 5019:Gordon & Laufer (2005) 4390:Jones, Kenneth W. (2006). 4274:"Puberty: Adolescent Male" 3805:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002 3477:Women's Gynecologic Health 1867:inflammatory bowel disease 1358:widen (providing a larger 1298:Menstruation and fertility 1168: 1111: 1101: 1039:as part of the developing 837: 219:Development and psychology 38: 31: 7498:Human reproductive system 6940:The Journal of Pediatrics 6855:10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.006 6787:. In Sperling, MA (ed.). 6764:. In Sperling, MA (ed.). 6472:Physiology & Behavior 5684:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1095 5590:10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.002 5371:10.1210/jcem.77.3.8370691 4986:The Journal of Pediatrics 4589:– via Google Books. 4562:– via Google Books. 4510:– via Google Books. 4483:– via Google Books. 4456:– via Google Books. 4334:"Male puberty milestones" 4249:10.1007/s10964-006-9039-4 3842:"Puberty and adolescence" 3284: 2966: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2619:Hormonal changes in males 2266:-releasing hormone) is a 2038:by a few months. Rarely, 1994:in childhood, or who are 1911:Stress and social factors 1889:major depressive disorder 1066:. The usual sequence is: 570:Hormone feedback cycles: 6663:. In Sperling MA (ed.). 5979:McKenna P (2007-03-05). 5793:Developmental Psychology 5578:Trends Endocrinol. Metab 5551:"Early Puberty in Girls" 5549:Zuckerman D (May 2009). 5150:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736 4494:Attwood S (2008-05-15). 4440:Carroll J (2009-01-29). 4021:Johnson M (2007-06-29). 3730:. University of Reading. 3605:Environ. Health Perspect 3584:. London. Archived from 3574:Alleyne R (2010-06-13). 3314:(approximately ages 6—8) 1773:polychlorinated biphenyl 1068:underarm (axillary) hair 298:Psychosexual development 6908:Plant TM, Lee PA, eds. 6789:Pediatric Endocrinology 6766:Pediatric Endocrinology 6665:Pediatric Endocrinology 6355:Biology of Reproduction 5908:10.1111/1467-8624.00456 5740:Rogers L (2010-06-13). 5394:Pharmacological Reviews 4927:Encyclopædia Britannica 3939:(inactive 2024-08-27). 3893:10.1542/peds.102.S3.507 2054:system consists of the 1236:Vagina, uterus, ovaries 1035:and upward towards the 684:Puberty is preceded by 7520:Diseases and disorders 7329:Sexual differentiation 6987:10.1210/edrv.22.1.0418 6760:Rosenfield RL (2002). 6210:10.1210/edrv.22.6.8566 5516:10.1542/peds.108.2.347 5224:Clinical Endocrinology 5107:10.1542/peds.111.4.844 4874:. ppwr. Archived from 4747:10.1542/peds.103.3.686 4621:10.1136/adc.43.228.200 4603:Øster J (April 1968). 4278:Johns Hopkins Medicine 4023:Essential Reproduction 3846:University of Maryland 3726:Lewis M (2020-07-13). 2943:<0.1 (<0.1–0.2) 2628: 2446:dehydroepiandrosterone 2281:cells of the anterior 2072:central nervous system 2022:Variations of sequence 1677:Please discuss at the 1647: 1639: 1546: 1347: 1161: 1059: 1024: 921: 900:will increase and the 880: 595: 522:adolescent development 507: 7552:Premature ejaculation 7547:Hard flaccid syndrome 7217:Human sexual activity 6893:10.1542/peds.99.4.505 4899:. PBS. Archived from 3662:(Suppl 3): S192–207. 2626: 2513:Endocrine perspective 2478:pubertal growth spurt 2101:into the circulation. 2093:respond by secreting 2046:Neurohormonal process 1801:Nutritional influence 1747:Hormones and steroids 1645: 1637: 1544: 1345: 1187:. By the widely used 1160:of puberty in females 1156: 1143:fundamental frequency 1097: 1054: 1022: 919: 878:The Adolescent Period 875: 569: 393:. It is initiated by 336:Psychology portal 238:Nature versus nurture 162:Biological milestones 7542:Erectile dysfunction 6739:"Chapter 8: Puberty" 4814:10.1136/sti.69.5.400 4446:. Cengage Learning. 4095:"Leptin and puberty" 4039:. MERCK. 2008-05-16. 4037:"Precocious Puberty" 3512:Phillips DC (2014). 3356:Adolescent sexuality 2769:improve this section 2659:improve this section 2556:) double in number. 2397:hormone produced by 1943:improve this section 1507:improve this article 1047:Body and facial hair 804:improve this article 479:endocrine disruptors 190:Language acquisition 7321:reproductive system 7309:Vaginal lubrication 7087:sexual reproduction 5678:(7294): 1095–1096. 5335:, pp. 699–700. 5267:, pp. 196–197. 5101:(4 Pt 1): 844–850. 5033:, pp. 186–187. 4897:"The No-Hair Scare" 4740:(3): 686–93. 1999. 3999:10.1210/jc.86.1.459 3887:(2 Pt 3): 507–513. 3581:The Daily Telegraph 3128:Hydroxyprogesterone 2922:6.7 (<1.0–14.6) 2869: 2731:dihydrotestosterone 2377:and the "original" 2246:), both present in 1832:intakes and higher 1420:myoepithelial layer 1228:upward towards the 1120:Squeaky-Voiced Teen 971:Foreskin retraction 391:sexual reproduction 313:Cultural-historical 7754:Emerging adulthood 7319:Development of the 7230:Sexual intercourse 7009:, December 1, 2005 6922:2013-07-04 at the 6837:(1978), 13, 35–43. 6581:Becker KL (2001). 6521:Discovery Medicine 6320:10.1007/bf01923338 4206:Berger KS (2014). 4111:10.1136/adc.83.1.1 3762:10.1002/ajhb.22761 3669:10.1542/peds.1813E 3522:. pp. 18–19. 3474:Schuiling (2016). 3396:Precocious puberty 3112:175 (<10–2500) 3010:3.5 (<0.5–6.6) 3007:2.1 (<0.5–5.4) 2983:4.6 (<1.0–7.2) 2949:2.1 (<0.1–6.8) 2946:0.7 (<0.1–2.8) 2919:4.2 (<1.0–9.0) 2916:2.7 (<1.0–5.5) 2629: 2407:estrogen receptors 2383:androgen receptors 2273:released from the 2091:anterior pituitary 1781:precocious puberty 1648: 1640: 1569:Vandenbergh effect 1547: 1366:Body odor and acne 1348: 1306:is referred to as 1304:menstrual bleeding 1264:vaginal epithelium 1171:Breast development 1165:Breast development 1162: 1149:Changes in females 1060: 1025: 922: 881: 862:nocturnal emission 596: 594:12 Prolactin – PRL 582:6 Pituitary gland 496:Notable among the 487:precocious puberty 228:Pre- and perinatal 18:Sexual development 7845:Sexuality and age 7835:Human development 7812: 7811: 7676:Adult development 7654:Child development 7565: 7564: 7334:Sexual dimorphism 7299:Postpartum period 7021:Support for teens 6974:Endocrine Reviews 6835:Biométrie Humaine 6819:. Little, Brown. 6817:Our Stolen Future 6798:978-0-7216-9539-6 6783:Styne DM (2002). 6775:978-0-7216-9539-6 6752:978-0-306-41952-2 6674:978-0-7216-9539-6 6651:978-0-7817-4493-5 6594:978-0-7817-1750-2 6514:Lehrer S (2015). 6390:Lehrer S (1983). 6314:(10): 1027–1038. 6196:Endocrine Reviews 6189:Neill JD (2001). 6139:Lehrer S (1984). 6048:10.1002/eat.20107 6010:Molly, M. Ginty, 5933:. Little, Brown. 5931:Our Stolen Future 5896:Child Development 5630:978-0-19-954513-1 5449:10.1002/nau.21106 5406:10.1124/pr.56.4.4 5345:Rosenfield (2002) 5137:BMC Public Health 5043:Rosenfield (2002) 4586:978-1-55704-764-9 4579:. HarperCollins. 4559:978-1-55704-769-4 4552:. HarperCollins. 4507:978-1-84642-797-8 4480:978-1-55704-769-4 4473:. HarperCollins. 4453:978-0-495-60274-3 4401:978-0-7216-0615-6 4221:978-1-4292-8352-6 3980:Plant TM (2001). 3937:10.1159/000053061 3560:978-0-19-803563-3 3529:978-1-4833-6475-9 3520:SAGE Publications 3491:978-1-284-12501-6 3455:978-0-495-60037-4 3391:Kallmann syndrome 3303: 3302: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2506:energy metabolism 2335:ovarian follicles 2277:which stimulates 1979: 1978: 1971: 1823:childhood obesity 1730:androgen receptor 1696: 1695: 1592:Kallmann syndrome 1539: 1538: 1531: 1370:Rising levels of 1330:is necessary for 1224:and sometimes as 906:corpora cavernosa 852:. The release of 836: 835: 828: 705:premature puberty 624:is the principal 455:sexual dimorphism 409:in a female, the 397:signals from the 372: 371: 41:Pubescence (film) 16:(Redirected from 7852: 7792:Social and legal 7592: 7585: 7578: 7569: 7304:Mechanics of sex 7113:Follicular phase 7083:Human physiology 7076: 7069: 7062: 7053: 6999: 6989: 6963: 6904: 6874: 6830: 6802: 6779: 6756: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6678: 6655: 6627: 6626: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6537: 6528:(110): 191–196. 6511: 6505: 6504: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6212: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6167:. Archived from 6136: 6130: 6129: 6126:(e) Science News 6117: 6107: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6026: 6020: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5989:. Archived from 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5957:. Archived from 5951: 5945: 5944: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5902:(4): 1046–1051. 5891: 5885: 5884: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5799:(6): 1188–1198. 5788: 5782: 5781: 5761: 5750: 5749: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5695: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5546: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5152: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4981: 4970: 4964: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4868: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4632: 4615:(228): 200–202. 4600: 4591: 4590: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4524:. Archived from 4518: 4512: 4511: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4418:. Archived from 4412: 4406: 4405: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4302:Cleveland Clinic 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4203: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3956: 3931:(Suppl 1): 2–8. 3925:Hormone Research 3919: 3913: 3912: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3848:. Archived from 3838: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3617:10.1289/ehp.8280 3596: 3590: 3589: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3471: 3460: 3459: 3446:Cengage Learning 3444:(5th ed.). 3435: 3294:adrenal androgen 3201: 3197: 3166: 3162: 2974: 2970: 2910: 2906: 2870: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2749: 2741: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2639: 2631: 2379:anabolic steroid 2014:provided in the 1974: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1923: 1915: 1905:anorexia nervosa 1893:bipolar disorder 1880:are widespread. 1838:vegetarian diets 1691: 1688: 1682: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1651:Historical shift 1534: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1491: 1483: 1454:vestibular bulbs 831: 824: 820: 817: 811: 788: 780: 776:Changes in males 665:gonadal steroids 653:steroid hormones 550: 510: 389:body capable of 385:matures into an 364: 357: 350: 334: 333: 332: 233:Infant and child 73: 48: 21: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7804:Age of majority 7787: 7720:Early childhood 7695: 7642:Birth and after 7637: 7633:Gestational age 7601: 7596: 7566: 7561: 7515: 7492: 7459: 7432:and infertility 7431: 7424: 7401: 7320: 7313: 7211: 7141:Spermatogenesis 7127: 7095:Menstrual cycle 7089: 7080: 7017: 7012: 6967: 6937: 6924:Wayback Machine 6915:Sizonenko, PC. 6877: 6840: 6827: 6814: 6810: 6808:Further reading 6805: 6799: 6782: 6776: 6759: 6753: 6736: 6728: 6726: 6700:10.2307/2532505 6681: 6675: 6658: 6652: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6566: 6564: 6562:www.just.edu.jo 6556: 6555: 6551: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6250:(12): 582–586. 6239: 6238: 6234: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6120: 6118: 6084:Nature Genetics 6069: 6068: 6064: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6009: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5763: 5762: 5753: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 4983: 4982: 4973: 4965: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4718:(Sept/Oct): 26. 4713: 4712: 4708: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4205: 4204: 4185: 4148:Nature Genetics 4141: 4140: 4136: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3957: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3530: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3492: 3473: 3472: 3463: 3456: 3448:. p. 296. 3437: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3406:Puberty blocker 3376:Delayed puberty 3361:Child sexuality 3351: 3308: 3292:, or increased 3271:26 (<10–40) 3268:18 (<10–29) 3265:10 (<10–22) 3237:26 (<10–50) 3230:Androstenedione 3208: 3199: 3173: 3164: 3153: 3148: 3135:33 (<10–84) 3121: 3116: 3103:22 (<10–32) 3089: 3084: 3057: 3052: 3026:5.4 (1.8–10.5) 3025: 3020: 3016:6.2 (1.1–11.3) 2998: 2993: 2989:7.4 (3.3–10.5) 2986:6.8 (3.3–10.5) 2972: 2961: 2956: 2934: 2929: 2925:7.7 (2.8–15.0) 2908: 2880: 2813:granulosa cells 2801: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2766: 2750: 2739: 2691: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2656: 2640: 2621: 2578:Robert M. Boyar 2546:clinical assays 2515: 2450:androstenedione 2438:zona reticulosa 2411:granulosa cells 2299:pituitary gland 2221: 2169:pituitary gland 2153:pituitary gland 2138:arcuate nucleus 2133: 2048: 2024: 1975: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1940: 1924: 1913: 1863: 1846: 1803: 1749: 1721: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1676: 1664: 1653: 1632: 1560: 1535: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1504: 1492: 1481: 1473: 1462:urethral sponge 1400: 1378:composition of 1374:can change the 1368: 1340: 1300: 1238: 1203: 1179:of one or both 1173: 1167: 1151: 1129:(or voice box) 1123: 1118:character, see 1110: 1102:Main articles: 1100: 1064:androgenic hair 1049: 1017: 983:and behind the 973: 949: 914: 870: 868:Testicular size 842: 832: 821: 815: 812: 801: 789: 778: 761: 742: 733: 682: 617:For males, the 593: 591: 589: 588:9 Testosterone 587: 585: 583: 581: 580:5 Hypothalamus 579: 577: 576:3 Progesterone 575: 573: 571: 564: 563: 562: 556: 551: 542: 526:Western culture 491:delayed puberty 447:Physical growth 368: 330: 328: 275: 130: 114: 103: 63:and development 62: 44: 37: 34:Sexual maturity 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7858: 7856: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7817: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7744:Preadolescence 7736: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7572: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7325: 7323: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7225:Sexual arousal 7221: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7146:spermatogonium 7137: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7016: 7015:External links 7013: 7011: 7010: 7000: 6965: 6935: 6913: 6906: 6875: 6838: 6831: 6825: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6797: 6780: 6774: 6757: 6751: 6734: 6694:(1): 177–193. 6679: 6673: 6656: 6650: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6613:(in Spanish). 6600: 6593: 6573: 6549: 6506: 6461: 6434:(4): 375–378. 6416: 6382: 6361:(3): 440–446. 6341: 6296: 6269: 6232: 6203:(6): 721–723. 6181: 6151:(6): 977–980. 6131: 6096:10.1038/ng.306 6090:(3): 354–358. 6062: 6021: 6003: 5971: 5946: 5939: 5921: 5886: 5875:(5): 739–753. 5859: 5838:(1): 137–148. 5818: 5783: 5772:(4): 767–788. 5751: 5732: 5707: 5658: 5636: 5629: 5611: 5568: 5538: 5529: 5494: 5483:kidshealth.org 5470: 5443:(5): 754–757. 5427: 5400:(4): 581–631. 5384: 5365:(3): 692–698. 5349: 5337: 5325: 5304: 5285:(5): 637–645. 5269: 5257: 5230:(2): 107–120. 5211: 5174: 5120: 5082: 5063:(1): 103–127. 5047: 5045:, p. 462. 5035: 5023: 5021:, p. 151. 5011: 4992:(3): 317–329. 4971: 4969:, p. 188. 4954: 4952:, p. 187. 4939: 4913: 4888: 4858: 4837: 4808:(5): 400–403. 4802:Genitourin Med 4788: 4761: 4721: 4706: 4689:Hinyokika Kiyo 4679: 4644: 4609:Arch Dis Child 4592: 4585: 4565: 4558: 4538: 4513: 4506: 4486: 4479: 4459: 4452: 4432: 4407: 4400: 4382: 4380:, p. 180. 4370: 4368:, p. 598. 4358: 4346: 4325: 4307: 4289: 4262: 4243:(3): 380–390. 4227: 4220: 4183: 4160:10.1038/ng.306 4154:(3): 354–358. 4134: 4085: 4058:(7): 610–617. 4042: 4028: 4013: 3992:(1): 458–460. 3972: 3914: 3871: 3862: 3830: 3818: 3799:(6): 527–530. 3783: 3733: 3718: 3693:Int. J. Androl 3683: 3640: 3591: 3588:on 2010-06-14. 3566: 3559: 3539: 3528: 3501: 3490: 3484:. p. 22. 3461: 3454: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3224:538 (215–855) 3222: 3219: 3218:394 (240–768) 3216: 3215:328 (190–620) 3213: 3212:297 (150–540) 3210: 3207:35 (<10–70) 3205: 3202: 3191: 3190: 3189:220 (118–320) 3187: 3184: 3183:195 (106–320) 3181: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071:13 (<9–23) 3069: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3045:27 (<9–60) 3043: 3042:15 (<9–30) 3040: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3024:6.6 (1.9–10.8) 3022: 3017: 3014: 3013:4.9 (0.7–9.0) 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2999:6.0 (3.4–8.6) 2995: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980:4.0 (<1–5) 2978: 2975: 2964: 2963: 2962:3.5 (1.5–8.0) 2958: 2953: 2952:3.6 (0.9–8.1) 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2850:necessary for 2803: 2802: 2753: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2693: 2692: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2620: 2617: 2598:Regulation of 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2490:adipose tissue 2481: 2474:growth hormone 2461: 2442:adrenal cortex 2426: 2386: 2350: 2345:tissue of the 2318: 2286: 2255: 2220: 2219:Major hormones 2217: 2208:adrenal glands 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2102: 2087: 2068:adrenal glands 2050:The endocrine 2047: 2044: 2023: 2020: 1977: 1976: 1927: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1862: 1859: 1845: 1842: 1802: 1799: 1748: 1745: 1720: 1717: 1694: 1693: 1667: 1665: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1628: 1559: 1556: 1537: 1536: 1495: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1416:stratification 1399: 1396: 1367: 1364: 1339: 1336: 1324:United Kingdom 1299: 1296: 1237: 1234: 1226:abdominal hair 1202: 1199: 1189:Tanner staging 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1150: 1147: 1099: 1096: 1076:upper lip hair 1048: 1045: 1041:abdominal hair 1016: 1013: 972: 969: 948: 945: 913: 910: 869: 866: 834: 833: 792: 790: 783: 777: 774: 760: 757: 741: 738: 732: 729: 719:encoding both 681: 678: 602:involved, the 592:11 Incentives 553: 552: 545: 544: 543: 541: 538: 370: 369: 367: 366: 359: 352: 344: 341: 340: 339: 338: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 277: 276: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 222: 221: 215: 214: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 164: 163: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 125: 120: 115: 109: 104: 98: 93: 88: 80: 79: 75: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7857: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7488:Breastfeeding 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280:Fertilization 7278: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7133:Gametogenesis 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6980:(1): 111–51. 6979: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6946:(3): 317–29. 6945: 6941: 6936: 6934:. pp 299–306. 6933: 6932:0-444-50296-3 6929: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887:(4): 505–12. 6886: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6577: 6574: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6182: 6171:on 2011-09-21 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6132: 6128:. 2008-12-11. 6127: 6123: 6119:Lay summary: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017:Women's eNews 6013: 6007: 6004: 5993:on 2008-04-19 5992: 5988: 5987: 5986:New Scientist 5982: 5975: 5972: 5961:on 2020-08-06 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5733: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5659: 5647: 5640: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5584:(7): 249–58. 5583: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5557:on 2013-11-09 5556: 5552: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5510:(2): 347–53. 5509: 5505: 5498: 5495: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5201:on 2018-10-09 5197: 5190: 5189: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4903:on 2009-02-05 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4878:on 2008-01-04 4877: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4542: 4539: 4528:on 2012-10-04 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4433: 4422:on 2016-03-07 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3852:on 2013-09-24 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699:(2): 346–59. 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3252:172 (74–284) 3251: 3248: 3246:147 (70–245) 3245: 3243:126 (55–190) 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3209:127 (72–180) 3206: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3180:155 (85–290) 3179: 3177:129 (60–240) 3176: 3174:106 (40–200) 3171: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3154:178 (35–290) 3151: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3058:130 (70–300) 3055: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3039:9 (<9–20) 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2960:3.8 (1.6–8.1) 2959: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2796: 2788: 2785:November 2011 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2754:This section 2752: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2686: 2678: 2675:November 2011 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2644:This section 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2536:Sigmund Freud 2533: 2532:latency stage 2529: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2425:testosterone. 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:aromatization 2396: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381:. It acts on 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2343:spermatogenic 2340: 2339:Sertoli cells 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089:Cells in the 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2007:epidemiologic 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1973: 1970: 1962: 1959:November 2011 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1928:This section 1926: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1901:schizophrenia 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1834:dietary fiber 1831: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1668:This section 1666: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1543: 1533: 1530: 1522: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1496:This section 1494: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1471:Underarm hair 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:smooth muscle 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:United States 1313: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1158:Tanner stages 1155: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1141:have a lower 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:perianal hair 1069: 1065: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 988: 986: 982: 978: 970: 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 946: 944: 942: 937: 933: 931: 927: 918: 911: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 886: 879: 874: 867: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 841: 830: 827: 819: 809: 805: 799: 798: 793:This section 791: 787: 782: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 758: 756: 753: 749: 747: 739: 737: 730: 728: 726: 722: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 680:Puberty onset 679: 677: 675: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 646: 642: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 620: 615: 611: 609: 605: 601: 568: 560: 555: 549: 539: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 483:xenoestrogens 480: 476: 472: 468: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 365: 360: 358: 353: 351: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 327: 326: 325: 324: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 278: 274: 269: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 220: 216: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 170:Fertilization 168: 167: 166: 165: 160: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 129: 126: 124: 123:Preadolescent 121: 119: 116: 113: 110: 108: 105: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 81: 76: 72: 68: 67: 64: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 7771:Middle adult 7706:Early years 7668: 7606:Before birth 7392:Paternal age 7388:Maternal age 7361:Tanner scale 7350: 7344:Virilization 7339:Feminization 7289:Implantation 7275:Insemination 7259:Ejaculation 7235:Masturbation 7151:spermatocyte 7123:Luteal phase 7108:Menstruation 7007:ScienceDaily 7006: 6977: 6973: 6943: 6939: 6909: 6884: 6880: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6816: 6788: 6765: 6742: 6727:. Retrieved 6691: 6687: 6664: 6641: 6617:(1): 12–17. 6614: 6610: 6603: 6583: 6576: 6565:. Retrieved 6561: 6552: 6525: 6519: 6509: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6405:(1): 39–43. 6402: 6398: 6385: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6200: 6194: 6184: 6173:. Retrieved 6169:the original 6148: 6144: 6134: 6125: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5995:. Retrieved 5991:the original 5984: 5974: 5963:. Retrieved 5959:the original 5949: 5930: 5924: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5769: 5765: 5745: 5735: 5724:. Retrieved 5722:. 2001-05-03 5719: 5710: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5650:. Retrieved 5639: 5620: 5614: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5559:. Retrieved 5555:the original 5532: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5486:. Retrieved 5482: 5473: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5340: 5328: 5317:. Retrieved 5307: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5260: 5227: 5223: 5203:. Retrieved 5196:the original 5187: 5140: 5136: 5098: 5094: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 4989: 4985: 4931:. Retrieved 4925: 4916: 4905:. Retrieved 4901:the original 4891: 4880:. Retrieved 4876:the original 4850:. Retrieved 4840: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4777:(4): 353–5. 4774: 4770: 4764: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4716:Br J Sex Med 4715: 4709: 4695:(5): 305–8. 4692: 4688: 4682: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4612: 4608: 4575: 4568: 4548: 4541: 4530:. Retrieved 4526:the original 4516: 4496: 4489: 4469: 4462: 4442: 4435: 4424:. Retrieved 4420:the original 4410: 4391: 4385: 4373: 4366:Styne (2002) 4361: 4349: 4338:. Retrieved 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4281:. Retrieved 4277: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4209: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4031: 4022: 4016: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3961:cite journal 3928: 3924: 3917: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3865: 3854:. Retrieved 3850:the original 3825: 3821: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3756:(1): 48–56. 3753: 3749: 3736: 3721: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3659: 3653: 3643: 3611:(3): 471–5. 3608: 3604: 3594: 3586:the original 3579: 3569: 3549: 3542: 3533: 3514: 3495: 3476: 3440: 3297: 3285: 3258:Testosterone 3240:77 (40–112) 3144:97 (17–235) 3141:75 (10–185) 3096:Progesterone 3090:75 (39–160) 2856: 2844: 2830: 2809:progesterone 2806: 2791: 2782: 2767:Please help 2755: 2727: 2711:gynecomastia 2706:testosterone 2703: 2699: 2696: 2681: 2672: 2657:Please help 2645: 2597: 2594: 2583: 2567: 2558: 2542:Gonadotropin 2540: 2528:sex steroids 2516: 2494:hypothalamus 2483: 2463: 2428: 2405:and acts on 2388: 2363:Leydig cells 2354:Testosterone 2352: 2320: 2303:Leydig cells 2288: 2275:hypothalamus 2264:gonadotropin 2257: 2252:hypothalamus 2248:KNDy neurons 2244:neuropeptide 2237: 2226:Neurokinin B 2224: 2206: 2204: 2196:testosterone 2192:sex hormones 2176: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2144:hypothalamus 2142: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2118:testosterone 2080:hypothalamus 2078:The brain's 2056:hypothalamus 2052:reproductive 2049: 2025: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992:sexual abuse 1988: 1980: 1965: 1956: 1941:Please help 1929: 1882: 1871:tuberculosis 1864: 1855: 1847: 1827: 1819: 1804: 1785: 1777: 1770: 1761:Sex steroids 1757:progestogens 1750: 1741: 1734: 1722: 1713: 1697: 1684: 1669: 1629: 1620:hypogonadism 1608:gonadotropin 1594:, a form of 1589: 1585: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1558:Age of onset 1551: 1548: 1525: 1516: 1505:Please help 1500:verification 1497: 1474: 1466: 1447: 1436: 1432:labia majora 1428:labia minora 1402:In females, 1401: 1380:perspiration 1369: 1349: 1301: 1239: 1204: 1174: 1124: 1115:The Simpsons 1113: 1108:Adam's apple 1104:Voice change 1061: 1026: 1001: 996: 989: 974: 960:morning wood 959: 950: 941:gynecomastia 938: 934: 923: 882: 877: 843: 840:Tanner scale 822: 816:October 2009 813: 802:Please help 797:verification 794: 770: 766: 762: 754: 750: 743: 734: 721:neurokinin B 716:hypothalamus 709: 690: 683: 657:progesterone 650: 630:virilization 622:testosterone 616: 612: 600:sex steroids 597: 590:10 Testicle 521: 518:psychosocial 513: 505: 495: 463: 374: 373: 318:Evolutionary 293:Psychosocial 194: 144:Middle adult 61:Human growth 45: 29: 7830:Adolescence 7776:Elder adult 7766:Young adult 7749:Adolescence 7613:Development 7537:Dyspareunia 7532:Dysorgasmia 7478:Development 6849:(1): 7–12. 6479:(1): 9–13. 6307:Experientia 6285:: 159–181. 5347:, p. . 4771:J Fam Pract 3401:Puberphonia 3280:40 (27–70) 3274:38 (24–62) 3138:52 (10–98) 3109:36 (10–75) 3106:30 (10–51) 3080:36 (23–69) 3077:26 (17–58) 3074:18 (10–37) 3056:50 (30–100) 3048:55 (16–85) 2997:10.3 (6–15) 2935:6.6 (3–18) 2879:Prepubertal 2840:endometrium 2538:described. 2371:theca cells 2331:gonadotrope 2311:theca cells 2279:gonadotrope 1806:Nutritional 1787:Bisphenol A 1624:infertility 1439:pheomelanin 1408:oral mucosa 1360:birth canal 1290:visible by 1245:keratinizes 1218:pubic mound 1139:vocal folds 1056:Facial hair 902:glans penis 858:ejaculation 659:as well as 626:sex hormone 578:4 Estrogen 530:adolescence 498:morphologic 471:ejaculation 253:Young adult 139:Young adult 7819:Categories 7686:Senescence 7557:Vaginismus 7527:Anorgasmia 7381:Adrenarche 7376:Spermarche 7356:Gonadarche 6881:Pediatrics 6826:0316875465 6729:2023-03-03 6688:Biometrics 6567:2022-07-06 6175:2009-05-03 5997:2010-05-22 5965:2013-11-09 5940:0316875465 5726:2007-08-02 5652:2007-08-02 5644:Finley H. 5561:2010-07-13 5504:Pediatrics 5488:2019-08-23 5319:2013-11-09 5315:. 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Health24 4283:2020-02-27 4105:(1): 1–4. 3881:Pediatrics 3856:2013-09-13 3655:Pediatrics 3423:References 3386:Hebephilia 3371:Andropause 3342:spermarche 3318:gonadarche 3312:adrenarche 3290:Adrenarche 3172:49 (20–95) 3152:48 (12–90) 3147:Follicular 3120:35 (13–75) 3115:Follicular 3088:44 (30–89) 3083:Follicular 3051:Follicular 3019:Follicular 2992:Follicular 2955:Follicular 2933:7.6 (3–18) 2928:Follicular 2846:mid cycle 2600:adrenarche 2574:oscillator 2550:germ cells 2419:testicular 2239:kisspeptin 2231:tachykinin 2213:adrenarche 2066:, and the 2032:gonadarche 1984:pheromones 1878:infections 1737:phthalates 1687:April 2021 1479:Variations 1376:fatty acid 1302:The first 1292:ultrasound 1282:, and the 1272:leukorrhea 1268:vaginal pH 1206:Pubic hair 1201:Pubic hair 1028:Pubic hair 1015:Pubic hair 1009:dermatitis 885:gonadarche 838:See also: 746:body image 725:kisspeptin 686:adrenarche 528:, wherein 475:spermarche 443:sex organs 288:Ecological 283:Attachment 243:Adolescent 180:Childbirth 128:Adolescent 7761:Adulthood 7725:Childhood 7483:Lactation 7473:Thelarche 7450:Andrology 7397:Menopause 7294:Pregnancy 7284:Fertility 7239:Erection 7195:Germ cell 7168:Oogenesis 7156:spermatid 7118:Ovulation 7023:(archive) 6708:0006-341X 5748:. 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