Syrian Jews - Knowledge (XXG)

3425:, would produce standard "Sephardic" prayer books suitable for use in all communities, and particular communities such as the Syrians would order these in bulk, preserving any special usages by oral tradition. (For example, Ḥacham Abraham Ḥamwi of Aleppo commissioned a series of prayer-books from Livorno, which were printed in 1878, but even these were "pan-Sephardic" in character, though they contained some notes about the specific "minhag Aram Tsoba".) As details of the oral tradition faded from memory, the liturgy in use came ever nearer to the "Livorno" standard. In the early years of the 20th century, this "Sephardic" rite was almost universal in Syria. The only exception (in Aleppo) was a "Musta'arabi" 2948: 3246:, being attracted there by the many commercial opportunities it offered. The community became very prosperous, and several of its members are among the wealthiest and the politically and economically most influential families in São Paulo. The community first attended Egyptian synagogues, but later founded their own synagogues, most notably the Beit Yaakov synagogues in the neighbourhoods of Jardins and Higienopolis. The community has its own school and youth movement, and claims a strong Jewish identity and low assimilation rate. The majority of the community affiliates itself institutionally with 3156: 127: 3238:, where most have settled between the late 19th century and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. A lot of the Halabi merchant traders maintained links and resided between Aleppo and Beirut a far back as the 18th century. A later arrival of Syrian Jews to Lebanon took place due to their expulsion from Syria following the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent violent anti-Jewish pogroms perpetrated by their Muslim neighbours. They left Beirut in wake of the first 3380: 4048:, was asked to rule on the validity of this ban. He acknowledged the right of the community to refuse to carry out conversions and to regard as invalid conversions carried out by other communities in which marriage is a factor. At the same time, he cautioned that persons converted out of genuine conviction and recognized by established rabbinic authorities should not be regarded as non-Jewish, even if they were not allowed to join the Syrian community. 52: 3263: 3141: 2819: 145: 4126: 3068:) was later formed on Old Lansdowne Road with more of a Syrian flavor; it and the Queenston Road congregation later merged, while retaining both buildings. They remained known as the "Lansdowne Road synagogue" and the "Queen's Road synagogue", after the names those streets bore in the 1930s. While there are still Sephardim in the Manchester area, a number have left for communities in the Americas. The 2828: 3284:) located in Calles de Jesús María. The first organized Jewish community in Mexico was Alianza Monte Sinai founded on June 14, 1912, mainly by natives of Damascus (together with a few Sephardi Jews) and led by Isaac Capon. They later founded the first synagogue, Monte Sinaí, on Justo Sierra street in downtown Mexico City, originally led by Rabbi Laniado, which still holds a daily service of 181: 163: 109: 217: 91: 199: 3388: 6963:

to Jewish Day School education: "The combination of Jewish commitment and having experienced a complete K-12 Orthodox Jewish Day School education results in an intermarriage rate of not greater than 3%." This suggests that Jewish day schools, rather than the edict, are the decisive factor in discouraging intermarriage.

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the country's imam for a talk. By the time of his death, the Shevet Ahim community numbered 10,000 Jews, 6,000 of whom are Torah-observant. The community now includes several synagogues, mikvahs, three Jewish schools, a yeshiva, a kollel, and a girls' seminary, along with several kosher restaurants and supermarkets.

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gives intermarriage rates for Centrist and Hasidic Jews of 3% for those between the ages of 18 and 39 and 6% overall, as compared with 32% for Conservative Jews, 46% for Reform Jews and 49% for secular Jews. Gordon and Horowitz suggest that the main reason for the difference is the growing commitment

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For many of the details in this section, see Paulette Kershenovich Schuster, "Keeping the Home Fires Burning: the Role of Syrian Jewish Women in Preserving Communal Identity" and Liz Hamui Sutton, "Contemporary Religious Movements within Mexico's Halebi Jewish Community: Three Case Studies", in Yaron

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Supporters of the edict argue that it has been demographically successful, in that the rate of intermarriage with non-Jews in the Syrian community is believed to be less than 3%, as opposed to anything up to 50% in the general American Jewish population. Opponents argue that this fact is not a result

3516:) to which the melody belongs. As time passes, more and more pizmonim are getting lost, and therefore efforts are being made by the Sephardic Pizmonim Project, under the leadership of Dr. David M. Betesh, to preserve as many pizmonim as possible. A website to facilitate its preservation was set up at 3291:

The Rodfe Sedek synagogue, for Aleppan Jews, was established in 1931, largely through the efforts of Rabbi Mordejay Attie. This synagogue, known also as Knis de Cordoba, is situated at 238 Cordoba Street in the Colonia Roma quarter of Mexico City. At the time this neighborhood was home to the largest

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The older generation from prior to the establishment of the Israeli state retains little or no Syrian ethnic identity of its own and is well integrated into mainstream Israeli society. The most recent wave is integrating at different levels, with some concentrating on integration in Israel and others

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Today, some distinctions between these sub-groups are preserved because particular families have traditions about their origins. However, there is considerable intermarriage among the groups, and all regard themselves as "Sephardim" in a broader sense. One can tell Aleppo families of Spanish descent

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By 2008, when Mr. Marcus visited Syria to research a book on the Jewish community there, the number of Jews had shrunk to between 60 and 70 in Damascus. Another six Jews remained in Aleppo, he said. "You could say it was a community on the way to extinction," he said. "The internal war in Syria has

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officiated. The community maintains close contact with their counterparts in North America as well as Israel. In his later years, Rabbi Levy oversaw the construction of new synagogues in Panama City and worked for smooth relations with the country's Arab and Muslim communities. He frequently phoned

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There has been some argument as to whether the ruling amounts to a blanket ban on all converts or whether sincere converts from other communities, not motivated by marriage, may be accepted. The relevant sentence in the English language summary is "no male or female member of our community has the

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and holidays. Some of these are ancient and others were composed more recently as adaptations of popular Arabic songs; sometimes they are written or commissioned for particular occasions, and contain coded allusions to the name of the person honoured. There is a standard Pizmonim book called "Shir

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Also in the 1930s the members of Monte Sinaí established a large synagogue for Damascene Jews situated at 110 Querétaro Street in the Colonia Roma area. They have welcomed Jews of all backgrounds into their midst, which has allowed tremendous growth over the years. In 1938 Jewish immigrants from

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in Egypt in 1869, trade shifted to that route from the overland route through Syria, and the commercial importance of Aleppo and Damascus underwent a marked decline. Many families left Syria for Egypt (and a few for Lebanon) in the following decades, and with increasing frequency until the First

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Although no scientific studies have been completed in regard to the Syrian-Jewish intermarriage rate, anecdotal evidence suggests that the Syrian community's current rate of intermarriage with non-Jews is between 2 and 3%. The National Jewish Population Survey study cited by Gordon and Horowitz

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As Syrian Jews migrated to the New World and established themselves, a divide frequently persisted between those with roots in Aleppo (the Halabi Jews, alternately spelled Halebi or Chalabi) and Damascus (the Shami Jews), which had been the two main centers of Jewish life in Syria. This split

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At the time of the Mahzor Aram Soba of 1527 and 1560, conversions were clearly accepted, as there are blessings in the Mahzor on the rituals of conversions. However, in the early 20th century the Syrian Jewish communities of New York and Buenos Aires adopted rulings designed to discourage

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Following the immigration of Jews from Spain following the expulsion, a compromise liturgy evolved containing elements from the customs of both communities, but with the Sephardic element taking an ever-larger share. In Syria, as in North African countries, there was no attempt to print a

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With its liberal immigration policy, Chile attracted some Syrian Jews, particularly from Damascus, beginning in the late 1800s. Many Syrian Jews also escaped from Syria and Palestine, provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the World War I. At present there are 2,300 Syrian Jews in Chile.

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However, there are exceptions to the rule, such as conversions for the sake of adoptions always being permitted. Additionally, communal rabbis (such as the late Chief Rabbi Jacob S. Kassin) have occasionally recognized conversions carried out by certain rabbis, such as members of the

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neighborhoods as well. Many Syrian Jews own clothing stores along Avellaneda avenue in Flores, and there is a community school on Felipe Vallese (formerly Canalejas) street. Some important clothing chains such as Chemea and Tawil, with tens of shops each, were started by Syrian Jews.

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and closer to standard Sephardic Hebrew. That affects especially the interdentals. Nevertheless, Syrian and Iraqi Hebrew are very closely related because of their location and geographic proximity, as is the case with most eastern Jewish communities in the Arabic world other than

3949:). After its completion, the Codex was brought to Jerusalem. Toward the end of the 11th century, it was stolen and taken to Egypt, where it was redeemed by the Jewish community of Cairo. At the end of the 14th century the Codex was taken to Aleppo, Syria (called by the Jews Aram 3017:. After that, the Syrian government clamped down and allowed no emigration, though some Jews left illicitly. In the last two decades, some emigration has been allowed, mostly to America, though some have since left America for Israel, under the leadership of Rabbi Abraham Hamra. 3195:) community of "Sucath David" across the street. The most influential rabbinic authority was Rabbi Isaac Chehebar from the "Yessod Hadat" congregation on Lavalle street; he was consulted from all across the globe, and had an influential role in the recovery of parts of the 3459:" prayer-books which contained a slightly different text, based on the Baghdadi rite, as these were more commonly available, leaving any specifically Syrian usages to be perpetuated by oral tradition. The nearest approach to a current official prayer book is entitled 3405:(native Arabic-speaking Jews) as distinct from that of the Sephardim proper (immigrants from Spain and Portugal): it recognizably belongs to the "Sephardic" family of rites in the widest sense, but is different from any liturgy used today. For more detail, see 3304:, having more than 30 synagogues, a community center and a school each, with Maguen David having at least 5 schools and plans for more (Colegio Hebreo Maguen David, Yeshiva Keter Torah, Beit Yaakov, Emek HaTorah, Colegio Atid and Colegio Or HaJaim). 5432:

waves of immigration: a few of these have become part of the wider Syrian cuisine. Syrian (and Egyptian) recipes remain popular in Syrian Jewish communities around the world. There are traditions linking different dishes to the Jewish festivals.

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The retention of distinct emphatic sounds such as and differentiates Syrian pronunciation from many other Sephardic/Mizrahi pronunciations, which have failed to maintain these phonemic or phonological distinctions, such as between and .

4093:. Nonetheless, these rulings strongly discourage people from converting into the Syrian Jewish community as they require them to show commitment to Judaism above and beyond what is required by the normative rabbinical laws of conversion. 3971:, during which the ancient synagogue where it was kept was broken into and burned. The Codex itself disappeared. In 1958, the Keter was smuggled into Israel by Murad Faham and wife Sarina, and presented to the President of the State, 6900:. The Jewish dialect of Damascus is described by Matsa, Shay in his PhD thesis "The Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Damascus: Distinctive Phonological, Morphological and Lexical Features", also at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 3300:

Aleppo set up Sociedad de Beneficencia Sedaká u Marpé, which evolved into a separate Jewish community: since 1984 it has been known as Comunidad Maguen David. Monte Sinai and Maguen David are now the largest Jewish communities in

3960:, and was considered the community's greatest treasure. Scholars from round the world would consult it to check the accuracy of their Torah scrolls. In the modern era the community would occasionally allow academics, such as 3440:

differed from that of Aleppo in some details, mostly because of its greater proximity to the Holy Land. Some of the laws specific to Eretz Yisrael are regarded as extending to Damascus, and the city had ties both to the

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In 2011, there had been about 250 Jews still living within Syria, mostly in Damascus. As of December 2014, fewer than 50 Jews remained in the area due to increasing violence and war. In October 2015, with the threat of

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Syrian Jews first immigrated to New York in 1892. The first Syrian Jew to arrive was Jacob Abraham Dwek, along with Ezra Abraham Sitt. They initially lived on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Later settlements were in

2772:. In the first half of the 20th century a large percentage of Syrian Jews immigrated to the U.S., Latin America and Israel. Most of the remaining Jews left in the 28 years following 1973, due in part to the efforts of 3288:(afternoon prayer). The Damascene community also bought the first Jewish burial place in Tacuba street on June 12, 1914, which is in use to this day and has been expanded by the recent purchase of the adjacent land. 4097:

of the edict, but of widespread attendance at Orthodox day schools, and that a similarly low rate of intermarriage is found among other Orthodox day-schooled Jews despite the absence of any equivalent of the edict.

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right to intermarry with non-Jews; this law covers conversions which we consider to be fictitious and valueless". In the 1946 "Clarification" a comma appears after the word "conversions", which makes it appear that

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Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), "Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (Ḥalab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah)",

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There have been Syrian Jews from Damascus and Aleppo in Mexico City since the early years of the 20th century. Originally they worshipped in a private house transformed into a synagogue – Sinagoga Ketana

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Jewish pupils in the Maimonides school in 'Amārah al Juwwānīyah, in the historic Maison Lisbona in Damascus. The photo was taken shortly before the exodus of most of the remaining Syrian Jewish community in

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Hamra is also known as Albert Hamra, Abraham Hamra, and Ibrahim al-Hamra (NY Daily News, 19 December 2017, 'Aliza was the daughter of Ibrahim al-Hamra, the former chief rabbi of Syria who moved to Israel')

4034:, particularly where the conversion is suspected of being for the sake of marriage, or accept such converts from other communities, or the children of mixed marriages or marriages involving such converts. 3002:. This still exists, and is the main Aleppo rite synagogue in Israel, though its membership now includes Asiatic Jews of all groups, especially Turkish Jews. There is also a large Syrian community in 5420:

influence), although some dishes have different names among Jewish members. This is partly because of the eastern Mediterranean origins of Judaism as such and partly because the similarity of the

3896:), which was used in teaching children, though not for any liturgical purpose. One version of this was printed in about 1900: another (from the so-called Avishur Manuscript) was printed by the 1315: 3512:

uShbaha Hallel veZimrah", edited by Cantor Gabriel A. Shrem under the supervision of the Sephardic Heritage Foundation, in which the hymns are classified according to the musical mode (

3319:), where they constitute the largest group in Panama's 15,000 strong Jewish Sephardic community. The first wave of immigrants arrived in the late 1940s after riots in Aleppo due to the 2800:. It was estimated in November 2015 that only 18 Jews remain in Syria. In September 2016, the last Jews of Aleppo were rescued, ending the Jewish presence in Aleppo. In August 2019, 1893: 1548: 1243: 6803:, while regarded as a mistake, was diagnostic of Syrian identity. Care was taken to avoid it since Sephardic rabbis from Turkey queried why Aleppans said "adosh, adosh, adosh": 3451:

The liturgy now used in Syrian communities round the world is textually speaking Oriental-Sephardic. That is to say, it is based on the Spanish rite as varied by the customs of

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persists to the present day, with each community maintaining some separate cultural institutions and organizations, and to a lesser-extent, a preference for in-group marriage.

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Kurdish Jews, hailing from the region of Kurdistan, represent another sub-group of Syrian Jews. Their presence in Syria predates the arrival of Sephardic Jews following the

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Lords), notable Franco families are the Ancona, Silvera, and Pichotto families they settled in Syria for trading reasons, while retaining their European nationalities.

5789:– British physicist of Syrian descent who, through his own work and that of his students, played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War. 1430: 6972:

Shoshi Banit, "Ha-mitbaħ ha-Yehudi ha-Suri ke-bitui le-rav-goniyut ha-tarbutit" (Syrian Jewish Cuisine as an Expression of Ethnic Diversity), in Yaron Harel (ed.),

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began the monumental work of reconstructing the lost sections, on the basis of other well-known ancient manuscripts. Since then a few other leaves have been found.

1678: 3085: 5150: 1932: 6476: 5263: 3048:, which had a mixed community that included North African, Turkish, Egyptian and Iraqi as well as Syrian Jews. This community founded two synagogues; one ( 917: 880: 2717:, and their descendants born outside Syria. Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: from the Jews who inhabited the region of today's Syria from 6121: 5208: 3975:. Following its arrival, it was found that parts of the Codex, including most of the Torah, had been lost. The Codex was entrusted to the keeping of the 2922:

Beginning on the Passover holiday of 1992, the 4,000 remaining members of the Damascus Jewish community, as well as the Aleppo community and the Jews of

6893: 2934:, with a few families choosing to go to France and Turkey. The majority settled in Brooklyn with the help of their kin in the Syrian Jewish community. 7578: 6616: 3352:"Shami Jews" redirects here. For the Yemenite Jews who adopted the Sephardic rite of Damascus, as opposed to the actual Jews of Damascene origin, see 2863:

in 1492 and quickly took a leading position in the community. For example, five successive Chief Rabbis of Aleppo were drawn from the Laniado family.

2776:, who claims to have helped some 3,228 Jews emigrate; emigration was officially allowed in 1992. The largest number of Jews of Syrian descent live in 1856: 3340:, estimated at about 20,000, a number of whom remain practicing Jews to this day. Studies have estimated that there are over 400,000 descendants of 5389: 5253: 1879: 7080:

A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America.

2947: 7446:, ed. Alouf: New York, Sephardic Heritage Foundation 1990 (Hebrew only; revised edition 1996, Hebrew and English; a new edition is in preparation) 4057:). Every 20 years or so, the edict is reaffirmed by all leaders and rabbis of the community, often with extra clauses. A full list is as follows: 4002:'s "Mikraot Gedolot ha-Keter", have been based on the Codex. The missing sections have been reconstructed on the basis of cross-references in the 1229: 6889:, vol. 2. 121 ; this is an abridgement of a PhD thesis by the same author at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The full thesis is available at 3455:, and resembles those in use in Greek, Turkish and North African Jewish communities. In earlier decades some communities and individuals used " 3296:(ritual bath) in Mexico was established within the Rodfe Sedek synagogue. In 1982 a funeral house was built in the courtyard of the synagogue. 2636: 1806: 1741: 1623: 7109: 5898: 927: 6738:, 1.1.4 note 2. It is just possible that it was the older pronunciation that was "corrected" to under the influence of Turkish Sephardim. 3171:

Argentina has the third largest Syrian Jewish community after Israel and the United States. The largest Jewish community is in the capital

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conversions are "fictitious and valueless", though this understanding is contested, and there is no equivalent change in the Hebrew text.

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has argued that, as the spiritual heir of the Aleppo community, it was the legitimate guardian. Some time after the arrival of the Codex,

2959:(Syrian Jewish liturgical singing), Ades is one of only two synagogues in the world that maintains the ancient Syrian Jewish tradition of 3417:

containing the actual usages of the community, as this would not generally be commercially viable. Major publishing centres, principally

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in 1527, and a second edition, starting with the High Holy Days but covering the whole year, in 1560. This represents the liturgy of the

3119:, Florida to escape the cold weather. There had been a further wave of immigration from Syria in 1992, when the Syrian government under 2979:, leading to a tradition of strict orthodoxy: for example in the 1860s there was a successful campaign to prevent the establishment of a 2971:

since before 1850, with many rabbinical families having members both there and in Damascus and Aleppo. These had some contact with their

5846: 3725: 2718: 1633: 1450: 1440: 680: 2029: 1979: 1944: 1638: 1503: 1370: 7289: 7256: 7234: 7226: 7199: 7185: 7101: 7087: 7073: 7045: 6584: 6536: 4326: 2629: 1721: 1683: 1658: 1578: 1563: 1410: 1350: 1305: 3968: 3433:, but the liturgy of this group only differed from the "Sephardic" by a few textual variants and the order of some of the hymns. 3179:

district, where there are many community schools and temples. For some decades there has been a good-natured rivalry between the

3014: 2784:, New York and is estimated at 75,000 strong. There are smaller communities elsewhere in the United States and in Latin America. 2014: 1996: 1902: 1796: 1648: 1643: 1568: 1533: 1400: 4932: 3824:

Vowels are pronounced as in most other Sephardi and Mizrahi traditions. For example, there is little or no distinction between

3323:. The community consists of many synagogues all united under its flagship, Shevet Ahim Synagogue, where their late Chief Rabbi 2532: 2431: 1986: 1969: 1922: 1821: 1731: 1668: 1618: 1598: 1593: 1513: 1487: 1462: 1340: 1330: 1320: 1300: 1295: 6910: 6458: 7568: 6667:

years, were regarded as extending to Aleppo but not to Damascus, because of the tradition of David's conquest of "Aram Zoba".

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laws. Some dishes of Spanish and Italian origin have become part of the repertoire through the influence of the Sephardi and

3995: 3980: 3941:, it has become the most authoritative Biblical text in Jewish culture. The most famous halachic authority to rely on it was 3706: 3341: 2005: 1991: 1959: 1939: 1907: 1851: 1826: 1801: 1781: 1771: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1726: 1716: 1711: 1688: 1603: 1588: 1508: 1467: 1420: 1415: 1335: 1280: 6890: 3155: 7573: 7563: 5869: 5296: 5203: 5155: 4981: 4971: 3466:

The musical customs of Syrian communities are very distinctive, as many of the prayers are chanted to the melodies of the

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to leave Syria provided they did not immigrate to Israel. Within a few months, thousands of Syrian Jews made their way to

2426: 1964: 1949: 1912: 1874: 1846: 1836: 1831: 1816: 1811: 1791: 1776: 1761: 1736: 1702: 1673: 1573: 1558: 1482: 1472: 1390: 1360: 1285: 1271: 7472:, Eliezer Toledano: Lakewood, NJ, Orot Inc. (Hebrew and English: Baghdadi text, Syrian variants shown in square brackets) 6170: 907: 5382: 5241: 3777: 2963:, the marathon Kabbalistic singing held in the early hours of Shabbat morning to welcome the sunrise over winter months. 2860: 2813: 2034: 1954: 1917: 1841: 1786: 1653: 1628: 1553: 1528: 1518: 1457: 1380: 1375: 1355: 1345: 1325: 1310: 1203: 671: 666: 6339: 6576: 6084: 6004: 5739:: Shortbread pastries with date or nut fillings (the Jewish version differs from the Arab in not using semolina flour) 5301: 5029: 4245: 3957: 3889: 3761: 3430: 3146: 3053: 3045: 2024: 2019: 1974: 1927: 1613: 1583: 1543: 1538: 1395: 701: 2911:

World War, many Jews left the Middle East for western countries, mainly Great Britain, the United States, Mexico and

2895:

also formed part of the broader Syrian community and the Aleppo community included some migrants from these cities.

6009: 4912: 4308: 4270: 4240: 3250:, though few could be described as personally fully Orthodox. There are approximately 7,000 Syrian Jews in Brazil. 2498: 2343: 2051: 1445: 641: 631: 367: 3320: 988: 6885:

The Aleppo Jewish dialect is described by Nevo, Moshe, "An Aleppan Judeo-Arabic Dialect", in Harel, Yaron (ed.),

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candle. This custom was established in gratitude for their acceptance by the more native Syrian-based community.

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The pronunciation occurred very occasionally but was regarded as a mistake made under the influence of Arabic:

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Phonographierte Gesänge und Aussprachsproben des Hebräischen der jemenitischen, persischen und syrischen Juden

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According to the community's tradition, Jews have been in Syria since ancient times, since the time of King

2456: 2446: 2411: 2290: 2280: 2063: 1234: 1176: 1010: 689: 646: 361: 289: 3175:. The Sephardim, and especially the Syrians, are a sizeable community. Syrian Jews are most visible in the 3161: 5342: 5236: 5072: 4976: 4869: 4695: 4422: 4284: 3945:, in his exposition of the laws governing the writing of Torah scrolls in his codification of Jewish law ( 3893: 3878: 3640: 3616: 2575: 2310: 2224: 1290: 842: 461: 431: 7268:

Aleppo Chronicles: the Story of the Unique Sepharadeem of the Ancient Near East – in their Own Words

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is sometimes reduced to or in an unstressed closed syllable or near an emphatic or guttural consonant.

837: 7295: 5403: 4680: 4313: 4303: 4296: 4031: 3793: 3092: 2804:

visited some of the last remaining Jews living in Damascus. As of 2022, only four Jews remain in Syria.

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of surviving sections, of the notes of scholars who have consulted the Codex and of other manuscripts.

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is a generic term for the Jews with an extended history in Western Asia or North Africa); and from the

6187:

just expedited that process." Around 17 Jews remain in Damascus today, according to community leaders.

7558: 5421: 5067: 4996: 4991: 4922: 4590: 4580: 3267: 3210: 2537: 2489: 2229: 2087: 900: 765: 754: 712: 6456:

Carl Hoffman, "My brother lives in Paris, my sister is in Mexico City", Jerusalem Post, 31 July 2008

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The ban is popularly known within the Syrian community as the "edict" or "proclamation" (in Hebrew,

6986: 6019: 5931: 4947: 4902: 4705: 4630: 4318: 4225: 3999: 3984: 3882: 3406: 3401: 3108: 2852: 2722: 2590: 963: 830: 733: 726: 656: 544: 419: 51: 7491: 6528: 6238: 6062: 5910: 5770:. Additionally, it is most commonly shared at happy occasions such as when a couple gets engaged. 5198: 5125: 4927: 4874: 4610: 4550: 4520: 4452: 4407: 4370: 4360: 4291: 4014: 3800:, as in colloquial Syrian Arabic, and today into , in conformity with English and Israeli Hebrew. 3337: 3239: 3100: 2991: 2441: 2391: 2338: 2333: 2247: 2117: 1385: 1214: 973: 893: 747: 313: 5986: 5762: 4235: 6620: 6103: 3964:, access to the Codex, but would not permit it to be reproduced photographically or otherwise. 7285: 7252: 7230: 7222: 7195: 7181: 7145: 7105: 7097: 7083: 7069: 7041: 6580: 6570: 6532: 6522: 5409: 5306: 5135: 5013: 4986: 4954: 4907: 4891: 4769: 4650: 4447: 3722: 3499:

Syrian Jews have a large repertoire of hymns, sung on social and ceremonial occasions such as

3116: 3096: 2738: 2585: 2527: 2507: 2324: 1884: 1523: 983: 854: 784: 661: 574: 441: 6498: 6411: 7382:

Some reprints of the originals are available today, and many Siddurim today, especially the

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There exists a fragment of the old Aleppo prayer book for the High Holy Days, published in

7514: 6917: 6897: 6812: 6462: 6443: 6343: 6034: 5417: 5258: 5188: 5130: 5082: 4961: 4864: 4727: 4515: 4442: 4387: 4382: 4250: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4166: 4149: 3972: 3961: 3953:, the biblical name of part of Syria)—this is the origin of the manuscript's modern name. 3901: 3660: 3580: 3474:(musical mode) used suits the mood of the festival or of the Torah reading for the week. 3463:, but many other editions exist and there is still disagreement on some textual variants. 3383:

Rabbi Jacob Saul Dwek, Rabbi Reuven Ancona and officials of the great synagogue of Aleppo.

3262: 2827: 2746: 2671: 2660: 2517: 2476: 2471: 2451: 2373: 2367: 2300: 2252: 2092: 2073: 1224: 953: 865: 848: 392: 245: 237: 7539: 3904:. This print contains the Torah only, but volumes for the rest of the Bible are planned. 3072:

synagogue has since been sold, and a new synagogue with the same name has been opened in

7082:

Revised ed. Hoboken, N.J. : KTAV; New York, N.Y. : Yeshiva Univ. Press, 1988.

6933:

Prohibiting Syrian and Near Eastern Jews from Marrying Converts", in Yaron Harel (ed.),

6125: 3816:) is pronounced as in Israeli Hebrew, not as in the Yemenite and Iraqi pronunciations. 339: 7437: 6508: 6332: 6024: 5999: 5964: 5860: 5780: 5621:): Meat (sometimes with pomegranate paste or prune juice) on a small, round pastry base 5572: 5413: 5357: 5280: 5177: 4917: 4814: 4545: 4505: 4348: 4338: 4171: 4117: 4109: 4003: 3620: 3570: 3557:

in Jerusalem. In other communities such as New York, it is less widespread; though the

3554: 3477: 3124: 3120: 3076:, to be closer to the current centers of the Sephardic and general Jewish populations. 2995: 2980: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2927: 2773: 2617: 2416: 2285: 2271: 2151: 2130: 2107: 2102: 2080: 2068: 1663: 1144: 1078: 1043: 1021: 958: 796: 774: 636: 615: 591: 357: 285: 61: 2851:

and certainly since early Roman times. Jews from this ancient community were known as

7552: 5970: 5916: 5894: 5880: 5856: 5840: 5810: 5486: 5077: 4937: 4834: 4764: 4560: 4555: 4535: 4530: 4432: 4417: 4156: 4010: 3946: 3593: 3353: 3285: 3215: 3061: 2793: 2734: 2565: 2560: 1766: 1693: 1219: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1026: 978: 740: 579: 484: 446: 397: 293: 281: 241: 132: 5766:: Iced drink made from almond syrup; generally a summer drink, but also used before 3140: 2818: 6455: 6029: 5945: 5939: 5890: 5874: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5792: 5585: 5145: 5140: 5056: 4570: 4495: 4437: 4230: 4125: 3926: 3920: 3797: 3689: 3605: 3576: 3513: 3481: 3471: 3387: 3206: 3197: 3172: 2867: 2832: 2726: 2595: 2421: 2262: 2257: 2215: 2168: 1262: 1129: 1114: 1073: 1038: 651: 493: 277: 5443:

Hamid: Soup made with lemon juice, parsley, mint, onion, potato, celery and garlic

3243: 7119: 7322:(seliḥot and morning service), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878 (repr. New York 1982) 7118:(The Books of Aleppo: Torah Literature of the Rabbis of Aleppo): Jerusalem 1996 6260: 5958: 5904: 5865: 5852: 5834: 5804: 5735: 5447: 5039: 4794: 4595: 4575: 4041: 3976: 3956:

For the next five centuries, it was kept closely guarded in the basement of the

3671: 3504: 3452: 2883: 2580: 2522: 2187: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1053: 6605:"Arabic and Syrian Jewish Identities in Mexico City, A Century after Migration" 6122:"Damascus – Amid Civil War, Syria's Remaining Jews To Celebrate High Holy Days" 5951:

Joseph Matalon – the richest billionaire in Jamaica, his father emigrated from

6228: 5980: 5974: 5767: 5703: 5645: 5580: 5114: 5034: 4829: 4804: 4605: 4585: 4485: 3942: 3588: 3587:. The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is less archaic than the Iraqi Hebrew of 3041: 2976: 2907: 2801: 2238: 1252: 1181: 1139: 968: 948: 507: 414: 334: 7540:"סדר עולת תמיד : (תפלת מנחה [וגם] ערבית) | הספרייה הלאומית" 7149: 5813:– American diplomat, he was the lead negotiator on the Iran 2015 nuclear deal 3315:

also received a large number of Syrian Jewish immigrants, mostly from Halab (

2713:

in the United States) are Jews who live in the region of the modern state of

7525: 6664: 6336: 5925: 5695: 5682: 5674: 5457:

Kibbeh riz: Mashed cooked rice and ground beef shaped into a patty and fried

4749: 4490: 4402: 3907:

Many Syrian Jews have the custom of reciting each paragraph of the Passover

3543: 3542:. In the winter months, the full corpus of 66 hymns is sung, finishing with 3324: 3176: 2968: 2912: 2401: 2386: 1476: 1424: 1186: 1134: 1124: 805: 801: 791: 706: 466: 150: 6840:

The Tiberian Masoretic rule, according to which the pronunciation of vocal

3967:

The Codex remained in the keeping of the Aleppo Jewish community until the

2892: 1154: 7157:

Maqam and Liturgy: Ritual, Music and Aesthetics of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn

7038:

A Fistful of Lentils: Syrian-Jewish Recipes from Grandma Fritzie's Kitchen

6848:

or a guttural consonant, is recorded in the literature (Sethon, Menasheh,

6697:, but occasionally, the sound of both letters slipped into (bilabial v): 6678:

Maqam and Liturgy: Ritual, Music and Aesthetics of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn

6147: 17: 7294:

Zenner, Walter P., "The Ethnography of Diaspora: Studying Syrian Jewry,"

6499:"The Paper Trail of Jerry Seinfeld Leads Back to Ellis Island and Beyond" 6337:"On the Beginnings of the Singing of Bakkashot in 19th Century Jerusalem" 5952: 5884: 5752: 5631: 5613: 5609:

or boiled with onion skins, sometimes adding tea leaves or coffee grounds

5024: 4859: 4819: 4789: 4744: 4675: 4365: 4053: 3934: 3908: 3535: 3529: 3500: 3494: 3467: 3445: 3437: 3184: 3029: 2999: 2984: 2960: 2931: 2923: 2900: 2797: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2742: 2570: 2180: 2112: 943: 451: 402: 57: 6261:"President of Syria's Jewish community passed away; Damascus has 4 Jews" 3550:. This service generally lasts about four hours, from 3:00am to 7:00am. 3534:

It was a custom in Syrian Jewish communities (and some others), to sing

7450:

The Aram Soba Siddur: According to the Sephardic Custom of Aleppo Syria

6233: 5795:– mathematician, widely recognized as the father of modern graph theory 5748:: Fine threads of shredded filo dough filled with pistachios or ricotta 5743: 5627:: A stew of fried cube-shaped potatoes with lamb, beef, or chicken meat 5597: 5592: 5526: 5425: 5097: 5087: 4839: 4824: 4774: 4710: 4655: 4625: 4525: 4427: 4397: 4355: 4343: 4333: 3547: 3539: 3508: 3418: 3235: 3202: 3007: 2888: 2546: 2512: 2381: 2175: 1164: 1159: 1031: 922: 817: 813: 809: 558: 553: 530: 512: 387: 382: 372: 350: 325: 265: 7008: 5687: 5652: 5482: 5466: 5461: 5412:

countries, Syrian Jewish cuisine is fairly similar to other types of

5092: 4966: 4854: 4849: 4784: 4779: 4754: 4734: 4715: 4700: 4665: 4660: 4640: 4620: 4615: 4540: 4500: 4392: 4045: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3780:), like English voiceless "s" but with the tongue a little retracted. 3677: 3611: 3470:, according to a complicated annual rota designed to ensure that the 3456: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3396: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3293: 3231: 3227: 3192: 2916: 2875: 2836: 2777: 2753: 2206: 2201: 2161: 2146: 1257: 1149: 569: 535: 521: 456: 301: 204: 186: 168: 114: 6633:

The reasons for the dominance of the Sephardic rite are explored in

6477:"Amid civil war, Syria's remaining Jews to celebrate High Holy Days" 3933:, is the oldest and most famous manuscript of the Bible. Written in 3242:. Most Syrian Jews established themselves in the industrial city of 2983:

synagogue in Aleppo. Some Syrian traditions, such as the singing of

7404:: Jerusalem, Manṣur (Hebrew only, based on Baghdadi text) 1974–1980 7328:(Rosh Hashanah), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878 (repr. Jerusalem 1986) 6891:

The Arabic dialect of the Jews of Aleppo: phonology and morphology

5920: 5849:– billionaire real estate developer, founder of Wharton Properties 5660: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5225: 4844: 4799: 4739: 4685: 4670: 4565: 3950: 3772: 3651: 3631: 3558: 3442: 3386: 3378: 3261: 3003: 2946: 2848: 2840: 2826: 2817: 2714: 1169: 598: 502: 471: 297: 222: 96: 5465:

Nabulsieh: minced meat with pine nuts and pomegranate seeds in a

5755:

cakes derived from Spanish recipes through Sephardic immigration

5721: 5636: 5451: 4720: 4690: 4645: 4480: 3788: 3756: 3736: 3717: 3701: 3127:, comedian, is of Syrian Jewish descent from his mother's side. 2987:, were accepted by the mainstream Jerusalem Sephardi community. 2915:. Further emigration followed the establishment of the state of 2789: 321: 7484:, ed. Haber: Sephardic Press (Hebrew and English, Shabbat only) 7210: 3575:

The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is similar to that of other

3205:

catering to the community. There were important communities in

3115:, New Jersey. Many of the older residents have a third home in 6909:

The text and a recording of the Damascus version may be found

6207: 4809: 3808: 7059:

Aleppo Studies. The Jews of Aleppo: their History and Culture

6572:

Let Jasmine Rain Down: Song and Remembrance Among Syrian Jews

6436: 5699:: Burghul crushed wheat with pomegranate paste or prune juice 5535:: Fried meat burgers with eggs served with lemon and radishes 3021:

retaining closer ties with their kin in New York and Mexico.

7352:(Sukkot), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1879 (repr. Jerusalem 1970) 6852:), but it does not appear to have been observed in practice. 4030:

intermarriage. The communities would not normally carry out

3292:

concentration of Jews from Aleppo in Mexico City. The first

2780:. Outside Israel, the largest Syrian Jewish community is in 7504: 7386:

series are heavily influenced by the Livorno prayer books.

7358:(Pesaḥ), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1880 (repr. Jerusalem 1985) 6231:[BBC roams around the Jewish quarter of Damascus]. 5664:: Hot milk with starch and sugar often served with cinnamon 5567:: Meat balls (sometimes with cherries or pomegranate paste) 3517: 2702: 2693: 5717:: Boiled yogurt with garlic, nana mint, and scrambled eggs 5576:: Chicken sautéed with lemon juice, turmeric, and cardamom 3681:) is often pronounced with a very short postpended schwa . 3187:) community of "Shaare Tefila (Pasito)" synagogue and the 3111:, Brooklyn. These Brooklyn residents spend the summers in 7416:, ed. Albeg: New York, Sephardic Heritage Foundation 1982 7116:

Sifre Ere"tz: ha-Sifrut ha-Toranit shel Ḥachme Aram Tsoba

7057:

Assis, Yom Tov, Frenkel, Miriam and Harel, Yaron (eds.),

5605:

eggs: Hard-boiled eggs stained brown by being baked with

5511:: Lamb or veal cubes with string beans or black-eyed peas 3900:

in 2006, with pages of translation facing pages from the

3619:, but in Israel, it is often now under the influence of 2764:("Shami Jews") for centuries, and a smaller community in 7505:

World Center for Aleppo (Halab) Jews Traditional Culture

6524:

A Travel Guide to the Jewish Caribbean and Latin America

5551:: Stuffed zucchini with rice, meat, nana mint, and lemon 3861:

coming between a long vowel and a final guttural): thus

3052:) in north central Manchester, which has since moved to 6418:. Electronic World Communications, Inc. 20 October 1994 2859:

to the Sephardim. Many Sephardim arrived following the

7520: 7452:, Moshe Antebi: Jerusalem, Aram Soba Foundation 1993 ( 7372:

only): Aleppo 1907 (reflecting the "Musta'arabi" text)

7221:, Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology: 1998. Hardback: 7094:

Aromas of Aleppo: The Legendary Cuisine of Syrian Jews

2906:

In the 19th century, following the completion of the

2749:

forced the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.

2705: 2699: 2696: 7478:, Moshe Antebi, Lakewood, NJ: Israel Book Shop, 2002 5883:– American billionaire, founded, with his brothers, 3218:

is an Argentine-Syrian Jewish world champion boxer.

2185: 2166: 589: 7066:

The Sephardim of Manchester: Pedigrees and Pioneers

5656:: Small half-moon pastry filled with cheese or meat 3885:. They are not known to have any current speakers. 3538:(petitionary hymns), before the morning service on 3032:, which publishes books of Syrian Jewish interest. 3028:(World Center for the Heritage of Aleppo Jewry) in 2737:(referring to Jews with an extended history in the 2690: 271: 259: 231: 213: 195: 177: 159: 141: 123: 105: 87: 82: 69: 6929:Sarina Roffe, "An Analysis of Brooklyn's Rabbinic 3659:) is pronounced as in Israeli Hebrew, not as in 3064:, in the southern suburbs. A breakaway synagogue ( 3013:Many Jews fled from Syria to Palestine during the 6511:when they emigrated to the United States in 1917. 5543:: Stuffed eggplant with rice, meat, and chickpeas 5469:torpedo shaped fried shell often served with peas 6197: 6195: 6171:"A Brief History of the Syrian Jewish Community" 5678:: Rice and lentil or burghul and lentil kedgeree 5440:Riz: Mixture of white rice and short cut noodles 3776:) is pronounced , like Arabic ص (pharyngealized 2796:were rescued in a covert operation and moved to 7378:: Aleppo 1915 (reflecting the "Sephardic" text) 7282:A Global Community: The Jews from Aleppo, Syria 6598: 6596: 5783:– American comedian, his mother was from Aleppo 3792:) is supposed to be , like Classical Arabic ق ( 3553:This tradition still obtains full force in the 2866:In the 18th and 19th centuries, some Jews from 60:, pictured in their ancient Damascene home, in 7436:, ed. Moshe Cohen: Tel Aviv 1988, repr. 2003 ( 6358:"A different history of displacement and loss" 5725:: Aniseed-flavored bracelets with sesame seeds 3086:Syrian Jewish communities of the United States 6659:Other Israel-specific laws, such as omitting 6308:Rabbinic Creativity in the Modern Middle East 5807:– American singer, her mother was from Aleppo 5731:: Shortbread biscuits, often in bracelet form 5635:: Boiled squash, cheese, eggs, and pieces of 5383: 2637: 8: 7476:Siddur Abodat Haleb / Prayers from the Heart 3796:) but sometimes slips historically into , a 3026:Merkaz 'Olami le-Moreshet Yahadut Aram Tsoba 2792:nearby, nearly all of the remaining Jews in 41: 33: 7126:Syrian Jewry: History, Culture and Identity 6935:Syrian Jewry: History, Culture and Identity 6564: 6562: 6554:Syrian Jewry: History, Culture and Identity 6507:Her family identified their nationality as 5877:– billionaire businessman and art collector 5596:: Shabbat meat and bean stew equivalent to 3911:first in Hebrew and then in Judaeo-Arabic. 3898:Merkaz Olami le-Moreshet Yahadut Aram Tsoba 3507:. Pizmonim are also used in the prayers of 2967:There has been a Jewish Syrian presence in 881:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 6987:"Recipes From Cookbooks at Recipelink.com" 5919:– businessman and the only billionaire in 5390: 5376: 4104: 3994:Modern editions of the Bible, such as the 3888:Syrian Jews had a distinctive traditional 3877:Jews in Syria had distinctive dialects of 3448:and to the Jerusalem Sephardic community. 3040:The main settlement of Syrian Jews was in 2644: 2630: 2494: 2135: 1208: 1015: 620: 489: 308: 32: 7526:http://www.dayanofaleppo.com/default.aspx 7466:, ed. Yedid: Jerusalem 1995 (Hebrew only) 6617:Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 6389:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise 5711:: Boiled tomato puree with onion and eggs 2926:, were permitted under the government of 6807:, 1.9.1. note 11. Very occasionally, an 5989:– Argentine lawyer and Financial analyst 5559:: Stuffed vine leaves with rice and meat 5495:: Meat balls with chick peas and spinach 3375:Sephardic law and customs § Liturgy 3226:The majority of the Syrian community of 7531: 6229:"بي بي سي تتجول في حارة اليهود في دمشق" 6045: 5942:– businessman and real estate developer 4116: 3744:) is often pronounced , like Arabic خ ( 3639:) is often pronounced , like Arabic غ ( 2545: 2497: 2323: 2270: 2237: 2214: 2138: 2004: 1892: 1866: 1701: 1495: 1270: 1242: 1101: 935: 864: 764: 679: 623: 543: 520: 492: 320: 7340:(Shabbat), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878 6937:: Ramat Gan 2015 (Hebrew and English). 6556:: Ramat Gan 2015 (Hebrew and English). 5907:– billionaire art dealer and collector 4021:and many other ancient Jewish relics. 3596:. Particular features are as follows: 3579:communities and is influenced both by 7334:(Kippur), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1879 7128:: Ramat Gan 2015 (Hebrew and English) 7061:(Jerusalem, vol. 1 2009; vol 2 2013) 5961:– Jamaican businessman and politician 5825:– was the richest banker in the world 3391:Jewish wedding in Aleppo, Syria, 1914 3354:Yemenite Jews § Religious groups 2938:Present-day Syrian Jewish communities 2899:by the fact that they light an extra 7: 7346:(Daily), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878 7284:: Wayne State University Press 2000 6949:Antony Gordon and Richard Horowitz. 6873: 6861: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6286:"KURDISTAN - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 6085:"Syrian Jews Find Haven In Brooklyn" 4061:Buenos Aires, 1937 (R. David Setton) 3853:A semivocalic sound is heard before 3270:founded by immigrants from Damascus 83:Regions with significant populations 7092:Dweck, Poopa and Michael J. Cohen, 6951:"Will Your Grandchildren Be Jewish" 6609:Syrian Studies Association Bulletin 5893:– billionaire art dealer, his sons 5843:– billionaire real estate developer 5446:Fetteh: Chickpea broth cooked with 4064:New York, 1935 (Hacham Hayim Tawil) 3123:began allowing emigration of Jews. 2675: 2664: 42: 7422:, ed. Faham bros: Jerusalem 1984 ( 6204:"Rescuing the last Jews of Aleppo" 6202:Shah, Khushbu (27 November 2015). 5475:: Small kibbeh balls used in soups 3969:anti-Jewish riots of December 1947 3937:in the year 920, and annotated by 25: 7208:, Aleppo 1914, printed in Ḥamwi, 7178:A New Book of Middle Eastern Food 6635:Sephardic law and customs#Liturgy 6412:"Syrian Chief Rabbi Makes Aliyah" 5913:– Mexican billionaire businessman 3760:) is pronounced , like Arabic ع ( 3721:) is pronounced , like Arabic ط ( 3705:) is pronounced , like Arabic ح ( 3046:Spanish and Portuguese synagogues 672:Historical population comparisons 7579:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 7275:Magic Carpet: Aleppo in Flatbush 6689:No distinction was made between 6150:. Ninemonthsinsyria.blogspot.com 6102:Chafets, Zev (14 October 2007). 5648:and scrambled eggs (for Shabbat) 4124: 4017:." It lies there along with the 3154: 3139: 2752:There were large communities in 2686: 1316:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1230:Historical population by country 215: 197: 179: 161: 143: 125: 107: 89: 50: 6241:from the original on 2021-12-21 5758:Coconut jam: (used at Passover) 5485:instead of potatoes; eaten on ( 5436:Popular dishes are as follows: 5151:List of Jews in the visual arts 3892:(translation of the Bible into 3348:Halabi/Shami divide in diaspora 3203:kosher butchers and restaurants 2725:), and sometimes classified as 7410:, ed. Shehebar: Jerusalem 1976 7398:, ed. Shehebar: Jerusalem 1973 7244:, London 1955 ASIN: B0000CJAHX 6811:meant to be a glottal stop is 6603:Dean-Olmstead, Evelyn (2009). 6569:Shelemay, Kay Kaufman (1998). 6475:Sam Sokol (2 September 2013). 6346:. Pe'amim 56 (1993), 106-124. 6265:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 5264:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur 4076:New York, 2006 "Reaffirmation" 4073:New York, 1984 "Reaffirmation" 4067:New York, 1946 "Clarification" 3981:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 3707:voiceless pharyngeal fricative 3336:There is a large community of 3044:, where they joined the local 2990:A further group immigrated to 2745:) who fled to Syria after the 1: 7194:: New York 1997, London 1999 5156:List of Jewish film directors 4009:The codex is now kept in the 3865:(spirit) is pronounced , and 3583:and by the Syrian dialect of 3561:are sung on other occasions. 2887:. The ancient communities of 2855:"Arabizers" to themselves or 2831:Chief Rabbi Jacob Saul Dwek, 887:Christianity and Judaism 7171:Debash ve-ḤALAB al-leshonech 5948:– Syrian-British businessman 5501:: Meat burgers with eggplant 5416:(which in turn reflect some 4070:New York, 1972 "Affirmation" 4013:, in the building known as " 3778:voiceless alveolar fricative 2994:around 1900, and formed the 2955:. Renowned as a center for 2814:History of the Jews in Syria 7261:La-Qedoshim asher ba-are"ts 7173:: Jerusalem 1998/9 (Hebrew) 7166:: Jerusalem 1935 repr. 1980 7164:La-Qedoshim asher ba-are"ts 7144:, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 6577:University of Chicago Press 6169:Entous, Adam (2014-12-01). 6005:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 5868:& Family – founders of 5588:mixed with an egg and lemon 3958:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 3762:voiced pharyngeal fricative 3431:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 2768:on the Turkish border near 2760:is "Aleppo" in Arabic) and 2186: 2167: 1894:Latin America and Caribbean 590: 7595: 7414:Mahzor Shelom Yerushalayim 7259:(partly based on Laniado, 7040:: Harvard 2002. Hardback: 7009:"Our Founders - ICD Group" 6387:The Jewish Virtual Library 6010:Jewish Quarter of Damascus 5819:– world-renowned architect 5670:: Squash baked with cheese 5401: 5254:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame 3918: 3726:voiceless alveolar plosive 3568: 3527: 3492: 3372: 3351: 3083: 2811: 2499:Jewish political movements 2196:Conversion to Judaism 7402:Bet Yosef ve-Ohel Abraham 6310:(London 2013), chapter 4. 5837:– billionaire businessman 5521:: Egg dish, similar to a 5481:: Same as above but with 4327:Jewish diaspora languages 4091:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 3998:'s "Jerusalem Crown" and 3929:, now known in Hebrew as 3869:(speech) is pronounced . 3803: 3783: 3767: 3751: 3746:voiceless velar fricative 3731: 3712: 3696: 3684: 3666: 3646: 3626: 3600: 3149:, built by Damascene Jews 3015:anti-Jewish riots of 1947 902:Hinduism and Judaism 276: 264: 236: 74: 49: 36: 7249:Aleppo: City of Scholars 6288:. jewishencyclopedia.com 5644:: Cold minced beef with 3164:, built by Aleppine Jews 2975:opposite numbers of the 2870:and elsewhere, known as 728:Temple in Jerusalem 421:Bar and bat mitzvah 7408:Siddur le-Tish'ah be-Ab 7217:Shelemay, Kay Kaufman, 7206:Kelale Diqduq ha-Qeriah 7192:The Book of Jewish Food 7078:Dobrinsky, Herbert C.: 6850:Kelale Diqduq ha-Qeriah 6461:24 October 2010 at the 6321:Intrigue and Revolution 6175:The Wall Street Journal 5928:– Brazilian billionaire 5363:Category:Jewish culture 5161:Jews in American cinema 4038:Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel 4025:Attitudes to conversion 3693:) is pronounced , not . 3565:Pronunciation of Hebrew 3060:) on Queenston Road in 2951:Syrian Jews worship in 2676:الْيَهُود السُّورِيُّون 690:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7242:Middle Eastern Cooking 7162:Laniado, David Tsion, 7096:: HarperCollins 2007, 6521:Frank, Ben G. (2005). 6148:"Nine Months in Syria" 5746:mabroumeh or ballorieh 5690:salad with vine leaves 5237:List of Jews in sports 4032:conversions to Judaism 4015:The Shrine of The Book 3641:voiced velar fricative 3392: 3384: 3364:Traditions and customs 3271: 2964: 2844: 2824: 2681:, colloquially called 7569:Jewish Syrian history 7470:Orot Sephardic Siddur 7296:Marshall Sklare Award 7219:Let Jasmine Rain Down 6795:The pronunciation of 6362:www.timesofisrael.com 5934:– British businessman 5404:Syrian Jewish cuisine 3873:Judaeo-Arabic dialect 3794:voiceless uvular stop 3390: 3382: 3321:Arab–Israeli conflict 3282:Bet Haknesset HaKatan 3265: 3162:Yesod Hadat Synagogue 2950: 2830: 2821: 1436:São Tomé and Príncipe 1431:Republic of the Congo 825:Second Temple Judaism 696:Kingdom of Judah 667:Modern historiography 272:Related ethnic groups 7574:Sephardi Jews topics 7564:Jewish ethnic groups 7488:Siddur Ve-ha'arev Na 7420:Siddur Kol Mordechai 7124:Harel, Yaron (ed.), 6579:. pp. 75, 243. 6323:(Oxford 2015), ch 3. 6056:(October 14, 2007). 5973:– French author and 5901:are also art dealers 5831:– billionaire banker 5422:Islamic dietary laws 5408:As in most Arab and 5242:Association football 4581:Crossing the Red Sea 4042:Sephardi Chief Rabbi 3985:Porat Yosef Yeshivah 3894:Syrian Judaeo-Arabic 3268:Polanco, Mexico City 2861:expulsion from Spain 2679:al-Yahūd as-Sūriyyūn 2538:World Agudath Israel 1679:United Arab Emirates 766:Second Temple period 756:Babylonian captivity 7521:http://pizmonim.org 7316:: Venice 1527, 1560 7280:Zenner, Walter P., 6623:on 18 October 2013. 6383:"The Jews of Syria" 6020:Persecution of Jews 5967:– American lobbyist 5450:. Often eaten with 4631:Gathering of Israel 4309:Judeo-Tripolitanian 4000:Bar-Ilan University 3883:Judeo-Syrian Arabic 3615:) is traditionally 831:Hellenistic Judaism 409:Land of Israel 368:Principles of faith 290:other Jewish groups 76:175,000 to 275,000+ 56:A Jewish family in 46: 27:Jewish ethnic group 7510:Road From Damascus 7492:Isaac S.D. Sassoon 7240:Smouha, Patricia, 7204:Sethon, Menasheh, 7068:: Manchester 2006 6916:2021-01-13 at the 6896:2021-04-15 at the 6529:Pelican Publishing 6503:The New York Times 6442:2019-02-17 at the 6342:2016-03-04 at the 6128:. 2 September 2013 6108:The New York Times 6089:The New York Times 6063:The New York Times 5911:Isaac Saba Raffoul 5529:, potato or cheese 5199:Biblical cosmology 5126:Ancient Jewish art 4875:Valley of the ants 4611:Conquest of Canaan 4551:Sodom and Gomorrah 3393: 3385: 3338:Lebanese Jamaicans 3272: 3240:Lebanese Civil War 3147:Synagogue Or Torah 2965: 2845: 2825: 2392:Jewish Koine Greek 1934:Dominican Republic 1215:Judaism by country 894:Jews and Christmas 749:Assyrian captivity 7314:Maḥzor Aram Tsoba 7251:: Artscroll 2005 7169:Laniado, Samuel, 7110:978-0-06-088818-3 7054:: Bene Berak 1990 6505:. April 24, 2009. 6356:Friedman, Matti. 5887:clothing company. 5400: 5399: 5292:Ancient Israelite 5136:Judeo-Tat theatre 4651:David and Goliath 3996:Hebrew University 3977:Ben-Zvi Institute 3407:Old Aleppo ritual 3201:. There are many 3056:, and the other ( 2741:, i.e. Spain and 2739:Iberian Peninsula 2654: 2653: 2603: 2602: 2351: 2350: 2098:Reconstructionist 2042: 2041: 1194: 1193: 1001: 1000: 838:Jewish–Roman wars 786:Hasmonean dynasty 702:Kingdom of Israel 606: 605: 307: 306: 16:(Redirected from 7586: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7362:Seder Olat Tamid 7273:Sutton, Joseph, 7266:Sutton, Joseph, 7214:pp. 391–400 7190:Roden, Claudia, 7176:Roden, Claudia, 7152: 7131:Idelsohn, A.Z., 7064:Collins, Lydia, 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6983: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6944: 6938: 6927: 6921: 6907: 6901: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6693:with or without 6687: 6681: 6674: 6668: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6638: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6619:. Archived from 6600: 6591: 6590: 6566: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6472: 6466: 6453: 6447: 6437:Official website 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6381:Bard, Mitchell. 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6353: 6347: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6199: 6190: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6050: 6015:History of Syria 5787:Dennis W. Sciama 5642:Mfarraket al-ful 5581:Beida bi-lemoune 5523:Spanish omelette 5479:Kibbeh bisfarjal 5392: 5385: 5378: 4601:Ten Commandments 4128: 4105: 4019:Dead Sea Scrolls 3989:Mordechai Breuer 3931:Keter Aram Tsoba 3805: 3785: 3769: 3753: 3733: 3714: 3698: 3686: 3668: 3648: 3628: 3618: 3602: 3585:Levantine Arabic 3248:Orthodox Judaism 3158: 3143: 3050:Shaare Tephillah 2798:Ashkelon, Israel 2756:("Halabi Jews", 2723:Musta'arabi Jews 2712: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2677: 2666: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2495: 2376: 2197: 2191: 2172: 2136: 2083: 2030:New Zealand 1982: 1945:El Salvador 1935: 1867:Northern America 1859: 1453: 1209: 1120:Crimean Karaites 1016: 994: 992: 913: 911: 903: 897: 888: 876:Rabbinic Judaism 857: 851: 845: 833: 821: 787: 780:Maccabean Revolt 757: 750: 744: 736: 729: 723: 715: 697: 621: 595: 490: 422: 410: 309: 221: 219: 218: 203: 201: 200: 185: 183: 182: 167: 165: 164: 149: 147: 146: 131: 129: 128: 113: 111: 110: 95: 93: 92: 70:Total population 54: 47: 45: 44: 38: 21: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7515:Tablet Magazine 7501: 7392: 7332:Bet ha-Kapporet 7310: 7305: 7277:: Brooklyn 1979 7270:: Brooklyn 1988 7247:Sutton, David, 7155:Kligman, Mark, 7142:ʻEdah Ṿe-Lashon 7138: 7120:summarized here 7050:Ades, Abraham, 7033: 7028: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6989:. Allbaking.net 6985: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6967: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6928: 6924: 6918:Wayback Machine 6908: 6904: 6898:Wayback Machine 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6844:changes before 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6688: 6684: 6680:, Detroit 2009. 6676:Kligman, Mark, 6675: 6671: 6658: 6654: 6645: 6641: 6632: 6628: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6575:. Vol. 1. 6568: 6567: 6560: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6531:. p. 405. 6520: 6519: 6515: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6463:Wayback Machine 6454: 6450: 6444:Wayback Machine 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6392: 6390: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6366: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6344:Wayback Machine 6333:Seroussi, Edwin 6331: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6180: 6178: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6104:"The Sy Empire" 6101: 6100: 6096: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6058:"The Sy Empire" 6052: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6035:List of Syrians 5996: 5987:Carlos Maslatón 5777: 5540:Muħshi Badinjan 5509:Loubieh blahmeh 5493:Kibbeh Yakhnieh 5406: 5396: 5367: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5327: 5326: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5286: 5285: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5259:Maccabiah Games 5231: 5230: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5183: 5182: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5131:Yiddish theatre 5120: 5119: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5062: 5061: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5019: 5018: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4987:Medieval Hebrew 4897: 4896: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4728:Jewish folklore 4516:Forbidden Fruit 4475: 4474: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4443:Judeo-Malayalam 4251:Lishanid Noshan 4144: 4143: 4103: 4027: 3973:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi 3962:Umberto Cassuto 3939:Aaron ben Asher 3923: 3917: 3902:Jerusalem Crown 3875: 3661:Yemenite Hebrew 3581:Sephardi Hebrew 3573: 3567: 3532: 3526: 3497: 3491: 3436:The liturgy of 3377: 3371: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3334: 3310: 3277: 3256: 3224: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3088: 3082: 3038: 2957:Syrian Hazzanut 2945: 2940: 2872:Señores Francos 2816: 2810: 2747:Alhambra Decree 2689: 2685: 2650: 2605: 2604: 2492: 2482: 2481: 2472:Judeo-Malayalam 2452:Judaeo-Georgian 2372: 2363: 2353: 2352: 2253:Yiddish theatre 2195: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2081: 2054: 2044: 2043: 1980: 1933: 1857: 1451: 1235:Genetic studies 1206: 1196: 1195: 1013: 1003: 1002: 990: 989: 909: 908: 901: 891: 886: 868:and Middle Ages 866:Rabbinic period 853: 847: 840: 828: 799: 785: 755: 748: 739: 731: 727: 718: 713:in Judaism 710: 695: 618: 608: 607: 487: 477: 476: 420: 408: 353: 216: 214: 198: 196: 180: 178: 162: 160: 144: 142: 126: 124: 108: 106: 90: 88: 65: 43:اليهود السوريون 40: 35: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7507: 7500: 7499:External links 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7447: 7441: 7438:High Holy Days 7434:Sha'are Ratson 7431: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7391: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7376:Olat ha-Shaḥar 7373: 7359: 7356:Bet ha-Beḥirah 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7245: 7238: 7215: 7202: 7188: 7180:: London 1986 7174: 7167: 7160: 7159:, Detroit 2009 7153: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7114:Harel, Yaron, 7112: 7090: 7076: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7000: 6978: 6965: 6939: 6922: 6902: 6887:Aleppo Studies 6878: 6866: 6854: 6833: 6821: 6813:hypercorrected 6788: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6740: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6682: 6669: 6652: 6646:Abraham Ades, 6639: 6626: 6592: 6585: 6558: 6544: 6537: 6513: 6490: 6467: 6448: 6429: 6416:IsraelNewsFaxx 6403: 6373: 6348: 6325: 6312: 6299: 6277: 6252: 6220: 6191: 6161: 6139: 6113: 6094: 6091:. 23 May 1992. 6076: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6025:Syrian Cantors 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 6000:Ades Synagogue 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5968: 5965:William Haddad 5962: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5888: 5878: 5872: 5863: 5861:Ashley Stewart 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5781:Jerry Seinfeld 5776: 5775:Notable People 5773: 5772: 5771: 5759: 5756: 5749: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5718: 5712: 5700: 5691: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5639: 5628: 5622: 5610: 5600: 5589: 5577: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5512: 5505:Fawleh blahmeh 5502: 5499:Kibbeh bisfiha 5496: 5490: 5476: 5470: 5458: 5455: 5444: 5441: 5414:Syrian cuisine 5402:Main article: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5358:Portal:Judaism 5354: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5204:Mathematicians 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4899: 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4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4118:Jewish culture 4114: 4113: 4102: 4099: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4026: 4023: 4004:Masoretic Text 3919:Main article: 3916: 3913: 3874: 3871: 3832:() or between 3818: 3817: 3801: 3781: 3765: 3749: 3729: 3723:pharyngealized 3710: 3694: 3682: 3664: 3644: 3624: 3621:Israeli Hebrew 3571:Mizrahi Hebrew 3569:Main article: 3566: 3563: 3555:Ades Synagogue 3528:Main article: 3525: 3522: 3493:Main article: 3490: 3487: 3478:Syrian Cantors 3457:Edot ha-Mizraḥ 3373:Main article: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3349: 3346: 3333: 3330: 3309: 3306: 3276: 3273: 3255: 3252: 3223: 3220: 3160: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3125:Jerry Seinfeld 3121:Hafez al-Assad 3084:Main article: 3081: 3078: 3037: 3036:United Kingdom 3034: 2996:Ades Synagogue 2953:Ades Synagogue 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2928:Hafez al-Assad 2812:Main article: 2809: 2806: 2774:Judy Feld Carr 2652: 2651: 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2017: 2009: 2008: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858:United Kingdom 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1291:Bilad-el-Sudan 1288: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1244:Land of Israel 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1102:Related groups 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 997: 996: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Jewish atheism 956: 951: 946: 938: 937: 933: 932: 931: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910:Islamic–Jewish 905: 898: 883: 878: 870: 869: 862: 861: 860: 859: 835: 822: 794: 789: 782: 777: 775:Yehud Medinata 769: 768: 762: 761: 760: 759: 752: 745: 737: 724: 716: 704: 699: 692: 684: 683: 681:Ancient Israel 677: 676: 675: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 637:Land of Israel 634: 626: 625: 619: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 603: 602: 601: 596: 592:Shulchan Aruch 587: 582: 577: 572: 564: 563: 562: 561: 556: 548: 547: 541: 540: 539: 538: 533: 525: 524: 518: 517: 516: 515: 510: 505: 497: 496: 488: 483: 482: 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 417: 412: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 370: 365: 358:God in Judaism 354: 349: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342: 337: 329: 328: 318: 317: 305: 304: 286:Ashkenazi Jews 274: 273: 269: 268: 262: 261: 257: 256: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 211: 210: 207: 193: 192: 189: 175: 174: 171: 157: 156: 153: 139: 138: 135: 121: 120: 117: 103: 102: 99: 85: 84: 80: 79: 72: 71: 67: 66: 55: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7591: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7396:Seder Seliḥot 7394: 7393: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7384:Magen Abraham 7377: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7302: 7298:address, 1997 7297: 7293: 7291: 7290:0-8143-2791-5 7287: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7257:1-57819-056-8 7254: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235:0-226-75212-7 7232: 7229:, Paperback: 7228: 7227:0-226-75211-9 7224: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7200:0-14-046609-6 7197: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7186:0-14-046588-X 7183: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7135:: Vienna 1917 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7102:0-06-088818-0 7099: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7088:0-88125-031-7 7085: 7081: 7077: 7075: 7074:0-9552980-0-8 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052:Derech Ere"tz 7049: 7047: 7046:1-55832-218-3 7043: 7039: 7036:Abadi, J.F., 7035: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6952: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6650:, pp. 224 ff. 6649: 6648:Derekh Ere"ts 6643: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6586:9780226752112 6582: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6552:Harel (ed.), 6548: 6545: 6540: 6538:9781455613304 6534: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6478: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6374: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319:Yaron Harel, 6316: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6240: 6237:(in Arabic). 6236: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6162: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6127: 6126:Vos Iz Neias? 6123: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5971:Joyce Mansour 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932:Ronald Mourad 5930: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5917:Gilbert Bigio 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5881:Joseph Nakash 5879: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857:Thor Equities 5855:– founder of 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841:Stanley Chera 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5811:Robert Malley 5809: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5763:Sharab al-loz 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709:Beid bifranji 5706: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533:Ijjeh blahmeh 5531: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487:Rosh Hashanah 5484: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5410:Mediterranean 5405: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5323:Other aspects 5322: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:Modern Hebrew 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4955:Jewish poetry 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561:Cain and Abel 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Gog and Magog 4534: 4532: 4531:Promised Land 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4433:Judeo-Marathi 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219:Judeo-Aramaic 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011:Israel Museum 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983:, though the 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947:Mishneh Torah 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879:Judaeo-Arabic 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3622: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594:Yemenite Jews 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3342:Jamaican Jews 3339: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3269: 3266:Synagogue in 3264: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3216:Carolina Duer 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3142: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:Ocean Parkway 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3080:United States 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3070:Sha'are Sedek 3067: 3063: 3062:West Didsbury 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2820: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:Sephardi Jews 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719:ancient times 2716: 2710: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2668:Yehudey Surya 2662: 2658: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457:Judeo-Aramaic 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2447:Judeo-Italian 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2427:Ghardaïa Sign 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052:Denominations 2048: 2047: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1880:United States 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1366:Guinea-Bissau 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:Lists of Jews 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1006: 995: 987: 985: 982: 980: 979:The Holocaust 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 906: 904: 899: 895: 889: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 872: 871: 867: 863: 856: 850: 844: 839: 836: 832: 826: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 771: 770: 767: 763: 758: 753: 751: 746: 742: 738: 735: 730: 725: 721: 717: 714: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 685: 682: 678: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 611: 600: 597: 594: 593: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Mishneh Torah 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 550: 549: 546: 542: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 527: 526: 523: 519: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 495: 491: 486: 481: 480: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 418: 416: 413: 411: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 378: 374: 371: 369: 366: 363: 359: 356: 355: 352: 347: 346: 341: 340:Who is a Jew? 338: 336: 333: 332: 331: 330: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 310: 303: 299: 295: 294:Syrian people 291: 287: 283: 282:Sephardi Jews 279: 275: 270: 267: 263: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Syrian Arabic 239: 238:Modern Hebrew 235: 230: 226: 224: 212: 208: 206: 194: 190: 188: 176: 172: 170: 158: 154: 152: 140: 137:75,000-90,000 136: 134: 133:United States 122: 118: 116: 104: 100: 98: 86: 81: 77: 73: 68: 63: 59: 53: 48: 19: 7534: 7513: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7383: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7303:Prayer books 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7248: 7241: 7218: 7209: 7205: 7191: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7141: 7132: 7125: 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Retrieved 7011:. 2021-07-02 7003: 6991:. Retrieved 6981: 6974:Syrian Jewry 6973: 6968: 6954:. Retrieved 6942: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6905: 6886: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6824: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6743: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6677: 6672: 6661:tikkun Rahel 6660: 6655: 6647: 6642: 6629: 6621:the original 6612: 6608: 6571: 6553: 6547: 6523: 6516: 6502: 6493: 6481:. Retrieved 6470: 6451: 6446:(in Hebrew). 6432: 6422:14 September 6420:. Retrieved 6415: 6406: 6398: 6393:14 September 6391:. Retrieved 6386: 6376: 6365:. Retrieved 6361: 6351: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6290:. Retrieved 6280: 6269:. Retrieved 6267:. 2022-09-22 6264: 6255: 6243:. Retrieved 6232: 6223: 6211:. Retrieved 6185: 6179:. Retrieved 6174: 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6142: 6130:. Retrieved 6116: 6107: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6061: 6054:Chafets, Zev 6048: 6030:Weekly Maqam 5946:Simon Halabi 5940:Joseph Cayre 5899:Helly Nahamd 5891:David Nahmad 5875:Jose Mugrabi 5829:Edmond Safra 5823:Joseph Safra 5817:Moshe Safdie 5793:Frank Harary 5761: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5694:Bazirjan or 5693: 5681: 5673: 5668:Kousa b'jibn 5667: 5659: 5651: 5641: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5591: 5586:Chicken soup 5579: 5571: 5562: 5554: 5548:Muħshi Kousa 5546: 5538: 5532: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5478: 5473:Kibbeh ħamda 5472: 5460: 5435: 5429: 5407: 5343:Architecture 5141:Jewish dance 5030:Philosophers 4953: 4952: 4726: 4725: 4571:Burning bush 4511:Tree of Life 4496:Adam and Eve 4438:Judeo-Berber 4324: 4323: 4285:Judeo-Arabic 4283: 4282: 4236:Lishán Didán 4231:Lishana Deni 4217: 4216: 4148: 4147: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4052: 4050: 4036: 4028: 4008: 3993: 3966: 3955: 3930: 3927:Aleppo Codex 3924: 3921:Aleppo Codex 3915:Aleppo Codex 3906: 3897: 3887: 3876: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3852: 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