776:
330:). This borderline lay north of the Lu District (潞州) with the Nie River (涅水) rising in the north west then flowing south into the turbid waters of the upper Zhang River (漳水). Thereafter the river flowed through the Chang Ping Pass (长平关) into the Lu District before arriving first at Gaoping (高平) then joining up with the Qin River (沁水). All of the conflicts between Han, Zhao and Wei occurred in this area, predominantly in the
281:
and said: ‘Our state cannot defend
Shangdang, it has been overrun by Qin. Han wants peace with Zhao and does not desire occupation by Qin. 17 of our cities are willing to pay homage to Zhao, Great King, help our government and people.’ King Xiaocheng was exultant and sent troops to Shangdang.”
208:
in 403 BCE, each one occupied a portion of
Shangdang Prefecture with their respective capitals located in the territory. The area became the front line in the conflict that followed between these three states given its strategic position. Officials responsible for defending these three frontier
523:
In the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) Shangdang
Prefecture again became Lu Prefecture ending the use of the name although successive generations still governed Shangdang County. Only in 1529 CE during the reign of the
285:
As a result, Han’s
Shangdang Prefecture thereafter extended the entire length of the western border of the Shangdang Region. Zhao’s control over Shangdang at this early stage in the Warring States period covered
273:’s reign (306–250 BCE) Qin already effectively controlled the entire western part of Shangdang Prefecture. In 262 Qin attacked Han’s Shangdang Prefecture whereupon records show: “A Han official
1499:
1423:
342:
areas with territory frequently changing ownership. For example
Zhangzi changed hands at least three times. During the Spring and Autumn period, some scholars suggest that
531:
did
Shangdang County become Changzhi County and the former name cease to officially exist. Shangdang continued to be used as a name for the location since during the
436:(265–316) the area had been reduced to ten counties with a steep drop in the number of households to only 12,000. The government again moved eastwards to Lu County (
1504:
699:
425:). In the following Eastern Han dynasty the number of counties decreased to 13 whilst the population dropped to 127, 430 people split amongst 26,222 households.
350:
and thereafter Han, retaking
Changzi and showing that by this time Han had retaken control of the area. In 359 BCE, Zheng, by then a Han vassal retook
1509:
1494:
692:
421:
Dynasty (206 BCE–8 CE) Shangdang possessed 14 counties with a total population of 337,766 people divided between 73,798 households (户
650:
454:
79:
Ancient
Chinese sources describe Shangdang as an “upland location in the mountains”. The east and southeast areas included the
685:
627:
32:
1440:
712:
708:
488:
24:
432:
Period (220–280 CE) the
Shangdang seat of government moved to the north of modern-day Changzhi City. By the time of the
1484:
417:’s 221 BCE unification of China Shangdang became one of the 36 Qin prefectures with control over Changzhi. During the
405:
which broke the power of Zhao and left Qin the major power in China took place in
Shangdang between 262 and 260 BCE.
346:(襄子) “rushed to Zhangzi” thereafter gaining control of the area for Zhao. Later on, in 370 BCE, Zhao attacked the
153:
50:
1161:
787:
278:
1219:
1194:
1131:
1121:
1078:
1060:
1045:
911:
906:
677:
230:
By 265 BCE only seven warring states remained. In Shangdang, Han possessed the northern districts of Yi (
1479:
1343:
1214:
1209:
1141:
1103:
1088:
1083:
896:
520:) seat of government moved to the county, taking responsibility for 10 counties and 125,057 households.
270:
136:
1272:
1156:
1146:
1055:
1204:
1151:
100:
1323:
1257:
1189:
964:
959:
853:
848:
795:
205:
124:
64:
1136:
1353:
1280:
1252:
1126:
1040:
997:
992:
926:
750:
402:
157:
120:
96:
1406:
1401:
1333:
1242:
1184:
1050:
1030:
1007:
969:
949:
916:
549:
262:
110:
643:
The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945-1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership
175:
49:, also named Shangtang) was an administrative subdivision of ancient China from the time of the
274:
1489:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1285:
1262:
1199:
1179:
1093:
1002:
954:
868:
863:
745:
646:
443:
80:
362:. A decade later in 349 BCE Zhao seized territory belonging to Jin in the area of modern-day
1411:
1391:
1300:
1290:
987:
931:
921:
878:
858:
805:
800:
740:
735:
610:
498:
450:
193:
165:
161:
1396:
1318:
1295:
1247:
901:
873:
843:
815:
765:
760:
528:
397:) and the larger eastern part of Lu District. Shangdang also contained the Zhao capital
1328:
1171:
1035:
838:
810:
775:
429:
363:
327:
307:
291:
1473:
1229:
1098:
1070:
1022:
1012:
979:
820:
727:
484:
474:
414:
347:
299:
132:
257:
Han territory within Shangdang was the first to suffer hardship at the hands of the
123:(r. 325–299 BCE) is reported to have said to his son: “Zhao’s territory encompasses
1310:
888:
548:
The first battle between the Communists and the Kuomintang after World War II, the
532:
525:
477:
all of whom moved the seat of government until it finally returned to Huguan Town (
470:
370:
343:
266:
201:
92:
1113:
941:
830:
716:
505:
466:
433:
418:
258:
197:
128:
536:
462:
265:(r. 338–311BCE), Qin’s power grew and the state expanded eastwards across the
1455:
1442:
622:
545:) led an uprising which crossed the Taihang Mountains and burned Shangdang.
588:
508:(581–618 CE) Huguan County was abolished and replaced by Shangdang County (
755:
458:
68:
569:
319:
398:
40:
373:
administrative divisions, Han controlled the whole of Yi District (
152:
The earliest written record of Shangdang is towards the end of the
457:
period Shangdang was home in succession to the territories of the
366:, Shanxi showing that once more it had returned to Han ownership.
88:
84:
261:
because of its location on the border with Qin. From the time of
681:
67:), the prefecture covered roughly the area of modern-day
254:) districts with the other half held by Zhao and Wei.
53:(771–403 BCE). Consisting of a number of districts or
184:) as Provincial Governor of Jin’s Shangdang Region.
1372:
1309:
1271:
1228:
1170:
1112:
1069:
1021:
978:
940:
887:
829:
786:
726:
491:
the Shangdang region became part of Lu Prefecture (
227:) which in time came to mean provincial governor.
385:) and a small part of the east of Jin District (
127:and Shangdang Commandery. To the east lies the
693:
540:
515:
509:
492:
478:
437:
392:
386:
380:
374:
249:
243:
237:
231:
222:
179:
169:
114:
104:
58:
8:
700:
686:
678:
589:"Warring States Period Shangdang (战国上党郡考)"
1500:Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (266–420)
552:, was fought in the region of Shangdang.
780:Han provinces and commanderies in 219 CE
665:
645:. The USA and Canada: Routelage. 2009.
561:
217:) and addressed by the honorific title
1505:Commanderies of the Northern dynasties
583:
581:
579:
497:), an area to the south of modern-day
148:Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE)
156:(771–426 BCE) in connection with the
7:
672:Qin, Chu, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Han and Yan
379:), the western part of Lu District (
71:City in south east Shanxi Province.
306:(长子) (the south west of modern-day
188:Warring States period (475–221 BCE)
14:
290:(涅) (the northwest of modern-day
209:prefectures were given the title
91:Provinces. In the south west lay
774:
1510:Commanderies of the Sui dynasty
1495:Commanderies of the Han dynasty
504:After the establishment of the
487:. In 578 CE, the first year of
455:Northern and Southern dynasties
391:). Zhao possessed Yi District (
277:(冯亭) arrived as an emissary to
139:(楼烦郡) and the Han/Qin border.”
628:Records of the Grand Historian
541:
510:
479:
438:
298:(屯留) (the south of modern-day
45:
36:
28:
1:
489:Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
442:) to the north of modern-day
135:lands. In the West there is
514:). The Shangdang regional (
164:(r. 557–532 BCE), official
1526:
772:
369:Using the nomenclature of
1420:
516:
493:
393:
387:
381:
375:
326:(端氏) (east of modern-day
318:(泫氏) (both in modern-day
250:
244:
242:) as well as half of Lu (
238:
232:
223:
180:
170:
115:
105:
59:
409:Later history (221 BCE–)
154:Spring and Autumn period
51:Spring and Autumn period
248:) and the southern Ze (
99:. To the west were the
279:King Xiaocheng of Zhao
271:King Zhaoxiang of Qin
641:Lew, Christopher R.
630:• Zhao Family Annals
125:Changshan Commandery
21:Shangdang Prefecture
17:Shangdang Commandery
1452: /
449:At the time of the
403:Battle of Changping
121:King Wuling of Zhao
97:Zhongtiao Mountains
33:traditional Chinese
1485:History of Shaanxi
573:Chinese dictionary
550:Shangdang Campaign
535:records show that
263:King Huiwen of Qin
137:Loufang Commandery
83:on the borders of
25:simplified Chinese
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:(202 BC – 220 AD)
1273:Shuofang Province
781:
721:
453:(304–439 CE) and
444:Lucheng, Changzhi
322:City) along with
269:. By the time of
196:by the states of
160:. At the time of
81:Taihang Mountains
1517:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1427:
1374:Jiaozhi Province
779:
778:
719:
702:
695:
688:
679:
670:
654:
639:
633:
620:
614:
607:
601:
600:
598:
596:
585:
574:
566:
544:
543:
519:
518:
513:
512:
499:Xiangyuan County
496:
495:
483:) in modern-day
482:
481:
451:Sixteen Kingdoms
441:
440:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
226:
225:
194:Partition of Jin
183:
182:
173:
172:
162:Duke Ping of Jin
119:) to the north.
118:
117:
108:
107:
101:Taiyue Mountains
62:
61:
47:
38:
30:
1525:
1524:
1520:
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1017:
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640:
636:
621:
617:
608:
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594:
592:
587:
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567:
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529:Jiajing Emperor
411:
190:
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145:
77:
12:
11:
5:
1523:
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1513:
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1192:
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1176:
1174:
1172:Liang Province
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615:
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575:
560:
559:
557:
554:
430:Three Kingdoms
410:
407:
364:Qinshui County
348:State of Zheng
328:Qinshui County
308:Zhangzi County
292:Wuxiang County
189:
186:
149:
146:
144:
141:
76:
73:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1522:
1511:
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1254:
1251:
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1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:Bing Province
1227:
1221:
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1216:
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1211:
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1201:
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1196:
1193:
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1128:
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1111:
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1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
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1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1071:Yang Province
1068:
1062:
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1057:
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1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
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1028:
1026:
1024:
1023:Jing Province
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:
980:Qing Province
977:
971:
968:
966:
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961:
958:
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951:
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947:
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943:
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703:
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651:0-415-77730-5
648:
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551:
546:
538:
534:
530:
527:
521:
507:
502:
500:
490:
486:
485:Huguan County
476:
475:Northern Zhou
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:Qin Shi Huang
408:
406:
404:
400:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Tunliu County
297:
293:
289:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
228:
220:
216:
213:(守 literally
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
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177:
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147:
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94:
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72:
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66:
56:
52:
48:
46:Shăngdăng Jùn
42:
34:
26:
22:
18:
1480:Zhou dynasty
1436:
1422:
1311:You Province
1237:
889:Yan Province
713:commanderies
668:
653:. pp. 22–23.
642:
637:
626:
618:
609:
605:
593:. Retrieved
591:(in Chinese)
568:
564:
547:
533:Yuan dynasty
522:
503:
471:Northern Wei
448:
427:
422:
412:
371:Tang dynasty
368:
359:
355:
351:
344:Zhao Xiangzi
339:
335:
331:
323:
315:
311:
303:
295:
287:
284:
267:Yellow River
259:State of Qin
256:
229:
218:
214:
210:
191:
174:) appointed
158:State of Jin
151:
129:State of Yan
93:Mount Wangwu
78:
54:
44:
20:
16:
15:
1459: /
1114:Yi Province
942:Xu Province
831:Ji Province
788:Yu Province
717:Han dynasty
595:November 2,
506:Sui dynasty
467:Western Yan
459:Former Zhao
434:Western Jin
428:During the
419:Western Han
236:) and Qin (
111:Mount Wuyun
1474:Categories
1456:36°N 113°E
1344:Youbeiping
556:References
537:Liu Futong
463:Former Qin
192:After the
176:Xing Boliu
131:bordering
65:prefecture
1424:Full list
1324:Guangyang
1258:Dingxiang
1238:Shangdang
1162:Yongchang
965:Guangling
960:Pengcheng
854:Zhongshan
849:Changshan
796:Yingchuan
766:Youfufeng
761:Zuopingyi
709:Provinces
623:Sima Qian
611:Han Feizi
314:(长平) and
312:Chángpíng
275:Feng Ting
75:Geography
1490:Changzhi
1354:Liaodong
1281:Shuofang
1253:Yunzhong
1220:Dunhuang
1195:Jincheng
1132:Guanghan
1122:Hanzhong
1079:Jiujiang
1061:Changsha
1046:Lingling
1041:Jiangxia
993:Pingyuan
927:Shanyang
912:Rencheng
907:Dongping
756:Jingzhao
751:Hongnong
720:(140 AD)
473:and the
219:Tai Shŏu
215:guardian
95:and the
69:Changzhi
1461:36; 113
1407:Jiuzhen
1402:Jiaozhi
1334:Shanggu
1243:Taiyuan
1215:Jiuquan
1210:Zhangye
1185:Hanyang
1142:Jianwei
1104:Yuzhang
1089:Lujiang
1084:Danyang
1051:Guiyang
1031:Nanyang
1008:Donglai
970:Linhuai
950:Donghai
917:Taishan
897:Chenliu
715:of the
570:Shiming
360:Zhǎngzĭ
340:Zhǎngzĭ
324:Duānshì
320:Gaoping
316:Xuànshì
304:Zhǎngzĭ
143:History
109:) with
1387:Cangwu
1382:Nanhai
1364:Lelang
1359:Xuantu
1349:Liaoxi
1339:Yuyang
1286:Wuyuan
1263:Yanmen
1200:Anding
1180:Longxi
1157:Yizhou
1147:Zangke
1094:Kuaiji
1056:Wuling
1003:Beihai
955:Langya
874:Handan
869:Qinghe
864:Hejian
746:Hedong
649:
469:, the
465:, the
461:, the
413:After
401:. The
399:Handan
352:Túnliú
332:Túnliú
296:Túnliú
166:Xie Hu
133:Donghu
43::
41:pinyin
35::
27::
1447:113°E
1412:Rinan
1392:Yulin
1301:Beidi
1291:Shang
1205:Wuwei
1152:Yuexi
998:Le'an
988:Jinan
932:Jiyin
922:Jibei
879:Bohai
859:Xindu
806:Liang
801:Runan
741:Henei
736:Henan
661:Notes
632:(赵世家)
89:Henan
85:Hebei
63:, or
1444:36°N
1397:Hepu
1319:Zhuo
1296:Xihe
1248:Xihe
1190:Wudu
902:Dong
844:Julu
816:Chen
728:Sili
711:and
647:ISBN
597:2010
526:Ming
358:and
338:and
211:Shŏu
204:and
202:Zhao
87:and
55:Zhōu
1329:Dai
1137:Shu
1036:Nan
839:Wei
811:Pei
542:刘福通
517:上党郡
511:上党县
480:壶关城
356:Niè
336:Niè
302:),
294:),
288:Niè
206:Han
198:Wei
181:邢伯柳
116:五云山
106:太岳山
37:上黨郡
29:上党郡
19:or
1476::
1127:Ba
1099:Wu
1013:Qi
821:Lu
625:,
578:^
501:.
494:潞州
446:.
439:潞县
423:hù
394:仪州
388:晋州
382:潞州
376:沁州
354:,
334:,
310:,
239:沁州
233:仪州
224:太守
200:,
171:解狐
39:;
31:;
701:e
694:t
687:v
599:.
539:(
251:泽
245:潞
221:(
178:(
168:(
113:(
103:(
60:州
57:(
23:(
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