1958:
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1804:
279:
242:
227:
158:
1883:
organizations under
Communist control, and reorganized a network of unions with allegiance to the Kuomintang and under the control of Du Yuesheng. Some sources say that over 1,000 Communists and KMT leftists were arrested, some 300 were executed and more than 5,000 went missing; some state that 5,000 Communists and leftists were killed while others claim up to 10,000 were killed. Western news reports later nicknamed Gen. Bai "The Hewer of Communist Heads". Some National Revolutionary Army commanders with Communist backgrounds who were graduates of
2076:
1313:
3164:
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169:
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1580:. Sun agreed to let the Communists join the KMT as individuals but ruled out an alliance with them or their participation as an organized bloc. In addition, he demanded that the Communists, upon joining the KMT, adhere to KMT ideology and observe party discipline. Following their admission to the KMT, Communist activities, often covert, soon attracted opposition to the alliance among prominent KMT members. Internal conflicts between left- and right-wing leaders of the KMT with regards to the
3087:
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1911:
1326:
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49:
1595:, he had by 1920 made a military comeback and gained control of some parts of Guangdong province. His goal was to extend his control over all of China, particularly Peking. After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the "
1926:
officially terminated its cooperation with the KMT while Wang, fearing retribution as a
Communist sympathizer, fled to Europe. The Wuhan Nationalist government soon disintegrated, leaving Chiang as the sole legitimate leader of the Kuomintang. In the years after April 1927, 300,000 people were killed
1811:
On 5 April, Wang
Jingwei arrived in Shanghai from overseas and met with the CCP leader Chen Duxiu. After their meeting they issued a joint declaration re-affirming the principle of cooperation between the KMT and the CCP, despite urgent pleas from Chiang and other KMT elders to eliminate Communist
1882:
denouncing Chiang Kai-shek on 13 April, and thousands of workers and students went to the headquarters of the 2nd
Division of the 26th Army to protest. Soldiers opened fire, killing 100 and wounding many more. Chiang dissolved the provisional government of Shanghai, labor unions and all other
1685:
in which foreign concessions in
Nanjing were attacked and looted, both the right wing of the Kuomintang and Western powers became alarmed by the growth of the influence of the Communists, who continued to organize daily mass student protests and labor strikes to demand the return of Shanghai
1642:
from
Guangzhou to Wuhan. On 1 March, the Nationalist government reorganized the Military Commission and placed Chiang under its jurisdiction while it secretly plotted to arrest him. Chiang found out about the plot, which most likely led to his determination to purge the CCP from the KMT.
1174:
2014:, who did not change Chen's policies in any fundamental way. The CCP planned for worker uprisings and revolutions in the urban areas. The White Terror completely routed the Communists, and only 10,000 party members out of 60,000 survived.
1902:. These officials presumed that women who rejected foot binding and traditional hair styles were radicals. Kuomintang forces would cut off their breasts and shave their heads, displaying their mutilated corpses to cow the populace.
2009:
On the
Communists' side, Chen Duxiu and his Soviet advisers, who had promoted cooperation with the KMT, were discredited and lost their leadership roles in the CCP. Chen was personally blamed, forced to resign and replaced by
2005:
sent a telegram to the
Communists in Wuhan, calling for mobilisation of an army of workers and peasants. This alarmed Wang Jingwei, who decided to break with the Communists and come to terms with Chiang Kai-shek.
1863:), denouncing the Wuhan Nationalist Government's policy of cooperation with the CCP. On 11 April, Chiang issued a secret order to all provinces under the control of his forces to purge Communists from the KMT.
3481:
1240:
1396:(Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT). Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in
1355:
1626:
With the growth of KMT authority and military strength, the struggle for control of the Party's direction and leadership intensified. In
January 1927, the NRA, commanded by Chiang Kai-shek captured
3081:
1957:
1101:
801:
1954:
on 18 April. The purges garnered the
Nanjing government the support of much of the NRA, the Chinese merchant class, and foreign businesses, bolstering its economic and military position.
1657:
In response to the advances of the NRA, Communists in Shanghai began to plan uprisings against the warlord forces controlling the city. On 21–22 March, KMT and CCP union workers, led by
3477:
1878:. Under an emergency decree, Chiang ordered the 26th Army to disarm the workers' militias; that resulted in more than 300 people being killed and wounded. The union workers organized a
1245:
2231:
In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine-guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter.
3591:
1184:
1950:
immediately after the purge. However, Chiang was defiant, forming a brand new Nationalist Government to rival the Communist-tolerant Nationalist Government in Wuhan controlled by
1404:. The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in the KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in
1179:
718:
1820:
and other gang leaders in Shanghai to form a rival union to oppose the Shanghai labor union controlled by the Communists, and made final preparations for purging CCP members.
2423:[Xu Jianhong’s point of view: How did the Kuomintang and the Communist Party separate? Talk about the meeting between Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yuxiang 95 years ago].
1686:
international settlements to Chinese control. With Bai's army firmly in control of Shanghai, on 2 April the Central Control Commission of KMT, led by former Chancellor of
1348:
3158:
1291:
1157:
1139:
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570:
1693:, determined that the CCP actions were anti-revolutionary and undermined the national interest of China, and it voted unanimously to purge the Communists from the KMT.
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in January 1923. The alliance included both financial and military aid and a small but important group of Soviet political and military advisors, headed by
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1935:'s whole families killed in the mountains, including infants, while young women were sold to prostitution. About 80,000 people were killed in Hunan's
2001:), did not last long. In May 1927, Communists and peasant leaders in the Wuhan area were repeatedly attacked by Nationalist generals. On 1 June,
3596:
3029:
1803:
2025:
were defeated but escaped from Kuomintang forces by withdrawing to the mountains of Jiangxi. In September Mao led a small peasant army in the
2017:
The first battles of the ten-year Chinese Civil War began with armed Communist insurrections in Changsha, Nanchang, and Guangzhou. During the
1918:
During the White Terror, the Kuomintang killed more than one million people, primarily peasants. More than 10,000 communists were executed in
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3641:
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kept their sympathies for the Communists hidden and were not arrested, and many switched their allegiance to the CCP after the start of the
2381:
1599:" on 20 May 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that June. Initial successes in the first months of the Expedition soon saw the KMT
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683:
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in Hunan. It was brutally crushed and the survivors retreated to Jiangxi as well, forming the first elements of what would become the
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1217:
130:
78:
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1771:
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3001:
1034:
1743:
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1974:
1836:
1728:
1525:
1493:
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889:
500:
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362:
330:
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1966:
1828:
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at Guangzhou however, the power of the Communists was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive.
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468:
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376:
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and his left-wing allies, along with the Chinese Communists and the Soviet agent Borodin, transferred the seat of the
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991:
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Before dawn on 12 April, gang members began to attack district offices controlled by the union workers, including
1827:
in Shanghai and the Central Control Commission issued the "Party Protection and National Salvation" proclamation (
1717:
3611:
1871:
3245:
3241:
3106:
2147:
1884:
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1212:
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996:
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811:
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1739:
728:
3491:
3293:
3269:
3150:
3110:
3101:
2715:
2216:
2026:
1939:
and about 300,000 Hunanese civilians were killed in Hunan's Chaling County, Leiyang, Liuyang and Pingjiang.
1577:
1425:
1421:
1381:
1119:
904:
866:
766:
283:
162:
104:
2382:"Revolution Betrayed? The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China (and Other Post-revolutionary Societies)"
3541:
3370:
3366:
3050:
2815:
2481:
1639:
771:
617:
266:
28:
3601:
3380:
2519:
2513:
1910:
1591:
Plans for a Northern Expedition originated with Sun Yat-sen. After his expulsion from the government in
1129:
3131:
3055:
1914:
The Nanking Nationalist government was established in 4.18, with Chiang Kai-shek as head of government.
3651:
1416:. By 15 July 1927, the Wuhan regime had expelled the Communists in its ranks, effectively ending the
673:
1898:, local Kuomintang officials specifically targeted short-haired women who had not been subjected to
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3333:
3123:
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1585:
1081:
957:
786:
678:
645:
2458:
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3211:
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2122:
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1429:
1417:
1281:
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871:
708:
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98:
2389:
1764:
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3459:
3435:
3417:
3323:
3265:
3261:
3135:
3017:
2974:
2947:
2924:
2901:
2878:
2859:
2840:
2821:
2793:
2774:
2751:
2662:
2658:
2629:
2623:
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2596:
2575:
2533:
2523:
2487:
2360:
2304:
2255:
2220:
2018:
1888:
1687:
1134:
1086:
986:
981:
939:
861:
856:
839:
821:
3449:
3445:
3394:
3257:
3119:
2163:
2038:
1947:
1330:
1207:
1096:
1091:
929:
919:
34:
1927 killings of Chinese Communist Party members and alleged sympathizers by the Kuomintang
3384:
3143:
3139:
3035:
2981:
2095:
1650:
1576:. The Soviet Union's conditions for alliance and aid included co-operation with the small
1573:
1389:
1124:
976:
894:
806:
622:
192:
173:
2050:
1992:
1854:
1543:
1511:
1471:
1029:
296:
Approx. 5,000 soldiers of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army and members of various gangs
2940:
2917:
2894:
2767:
2744:
2568:
2353:
2247:
2109:
914:
2089:
1946:
publicly denounced Chiang Kai-shek as a traitor to Sun Yat-sen, including Sun's widow
3530:
3348:
2807:
2158:
2002:
748:
2811:
2348:
2081:
2041:
in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, turning the Communist's base of support from urban
1951:
1923:
1899:
1895:
1879:
1669:. The victorious union workers occupied and governed urban Shanghai except for the
1666:
1635:
1569:
1561:
1413:
1317:
3097:
2875:
Underground: The Shanghai Communist Party and the Politics of Survival, 1927–1937
1560:
The roots of the April 12 Incident go back to the Kuomintang's alliance with the
1424:
agents. For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the
17:
3221:
2046:
2042:
1824:
1817:
1706:
1690:
1674:
1665:, launched an armed uprising in Shanghai and defeated the warlord forces of the
1596:
1565:
743:
627:
215:
207:
3427:
3313:
3039:
2071:
1932:
1813:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1393:
924:
578:
270:
246:
231:
149:
143:
92:
48:
2537:
2942:
Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920-1927
2064:
and worldwide recognition of the Republic as the legal government of China.
2011:
1604:
1397:
2790:
The Long March to Power – a History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921–72
2420:
1919:
1631:
1401:
1385:
74:
1812:
influence. When Wang left Shanghai for Wuhan the next day, Chiang asked
2037:
was forced to flee Shanghai in 1933, Mao had established peasant-based
1731: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1646:
1616:
1405:
2515:
Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History
2301:
A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
2254:. Collingwood: History Teachers' Association of Victoria. p. 77.
1961:
A memorial to the incidence in Longhua Revolutionary Martyr's Cemetery
1942:
For the Kuomintang, 39 members of the Kuomintang Central Committee in
1673:
prior to the arrival of the NRA's Eastern Route Army, led by Generals
3091:
3086:
3068:
3045:
2654:
2022:
1982:
1936:
1928:
1927:
in Hunan in three years of warfare against the Communists while many
1875:
1867:
1844:
1620:
1592:
1533:
1501:
1461:
2986:
1480:), while Communist historiography refers to the event as either the
1440:
In KMT historiography, the event is occasionally referred to as the
27:
This article is about the 1927 massacre. For the 1925 massacre, see
2708:"The Politics of Persuasion: Communist Rhetoric and the Revolution"
1420:, a working alliance of both the KMT and CCP under the tutelage of
3169:
1956:
1943:
1802:
1645:
1627:
1612:
1608:
1409:
1408:, in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in
1380:
as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of
2990:
1700:
1965:
The twin rival KMT governments, known as the Ninghan Split (
569:
2056:
In June 1928, the National Revolutionary Army captured the
2241:
2239:
1584:
with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the
286:; Kuomintang leftists; Shanghai labor union militias
2574:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. p. 38.
1653:
at the beginning of the Northern Expedition in 1926
531:
513:
499:
494:
485:
467:
453:
448:
439:
421:
407:
402:
393:
375:
361:
356:
347:
329:
320:
2939:
2916:
2893:
2766:
2743:
2567:
2355:The rise of the Chinese Communist Party: 1928–1938
2352:
2975:Tales of Old Shanghai: 1927 – the Communist Purge
2837:Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor
724:Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International
2938:Wilbur, C. Martin; Lien-ying How, Julie (1989).
2856:A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927
2820:(reprinted ed.). Chicago: Haymarket Books.
2598:Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad
2410:Chen Lifu, "Columbia Interviews", part 1, p. 29.
41:
2919:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928
2746:China in the 1920s: Nationalism and Revolution
574:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
3592:Political repression in the Republic of China
3002:
2561:
2559:
1349:
519:
505:
473:
459:
427:
413:
381:
367:
335:
53:Communists being rounded up during the purges
8:
3338:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
2742:Chan, F. Gilbert; H. Etzold, Thomas (1976).
1384:(CCP) organizations and leftist elements in
2359:. University Press of Kansas. p. 581.
2303:(1st ed.). Stanford University Press.
1428:. With the failure and the crushing of the
3179:
3009:
2995:
2987:
2651:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949
2252:China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience
1356:
1342:
1162:
1057:
962:
844:
704:
605:
545:
528:
482:
436:
390:
344:
38:
1791:Learn how and when to remove this message
581:and leading revolutionaries proclaim the
2693:
2681:
2566:Barnouin, Barbara; Changgen, Yu (2006).
2206:
2204:
1909:
1564:, formally initiated by the KMT founder
2877:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2200:
2180:
1997:
1859:
1568:after discussions with Soviet diplomat
1548:
1516:
1476:
1231:
1193:
1165:
1110:
1060:
1005:
965:
903:
880:
847:
785:
757:
707:
664:
636:
608:
557:
2335:
2323:
2286:
2274:
2060:'s capital of Beijing, leading to the
317:
2817:The Tragedy of The Chinese Revolution
2544:from the original on 12 December 2022
2507:
2505:
2503:
2427:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 19 June 2022.
2421:"許劍虹觀點：國共是如何分家的？談談95年前蔣中正與馮玉祥的會面-風傳媒"
2380:J. Perry, Elizabeth (11 April 2003).
1223:Suppression of counterrevolutionaries
7:
2814:(1 May 2010). Issacs, Arnold (ed.).
2769:The Chinese Labor Movement 1919–1927
1729:adding citations to reliable sources
2480:Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005).
2299:Zhao, Suisheng (8 September 2004).
2246:Ryan, Tom (2016). Purnell, Ingrid;
1482:April 12 Counter-revolutionary Coup
739:Peasant Movement Training Institute
684:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
299:Thousands from labor union militias
3572:People murdered by organized crime
2601:. University of Washington Press.
2187:A portmanteau of Nanjing and Wuhan
2021:in August, Communist troops under
1218:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
1140:Revolutionary Committee of the KMT
25:
3617:20th-century mass murder in China
2706:Stranahan, Patricia (July 1994).
2386:Hobart and William Smith Colleges
1392:and conservative factions in the
3478:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
3162:
3149:
3130:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3085:
3067:
3054:
3044:
3034:
2792:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
2431:from the original on 31 May 2023
2128:History of the Republic of China
2118:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
2102:
2088:
2074:
1705:
1517:Ssu-i-erh Fan-ko-ming Cheng-pien
1324:
1311:
592:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
277:
259:
240:
225:
201:
186:
167:
156:
137:
124:
47:
3467:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
2896:Sun Yat-Sen, Frustrated Patriot
1807:Public beheading of a communist
1716:needs additional citations for
719:Founding of the Communist Party
2923:. Cambridge University Press.
2858:. University of Hawaii Press.
2712:Indiana University Bloomington
2457:. 25 June 1928. Archived from
2133:Republic of China Armed Forces
1987:
1978:
1970:
1849:
1840:
1832:
1538:
1529:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1466:
1457:
1449:
520:
506:
474:
460:
428:
414:
382:
368:
336:
1:
3597:Political and cultural purges
3507:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3482:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
3074:Constitutional ROC Government
2900:. Columbia University Press.
2839:. Stanford University Press.
2773:. Stanford University Press.
1388:by forces supporting General
1158:Forming the People's Republic
1025:Yan'an Rectification Campaign
3647:Military history of Shanghai
3642:Chinese Communist Revolution
3637:Massacres committed by China
3562:China–Soviet Union relations
3496:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
3232:Chinese Communist Revolution
2946:. Harvard University Press.
2873:Stranahan, Patricia (1998).
2835:Perry, Elizabeth J. (1995).
2750:. New York: New Viewpoints.
2570:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life
2062:nominal unification of China
1823:On 9 April, Chiang declared
1297:100th Anniversary of the CCP
1111:Urban support for Communists
1102:Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan
3092:Republic of China on Taiwan
3060:National Revolutionary Army
3028:Principal belligerents and
2968:Exploring Chinese History:
2788:Harrison, James P. (1972).
2625:Mao: The Man Who Made China
1601:National Revolutionary Army
1507:Sìyī'èr Fǎngémìng Zhèngbiàn
1175:Central People's Government
992:Hundred Regiments Offensive
212:(NRA commander in Shanghai)
3668:
3304:Fujian People's Government
3170:People's Republic of China
2915:Wilbur, C. Martin (1983).
2892:Wilbur, C. Martin (1976).
2854:Smith, Stephen A. (2000).
2649:Jowett, Philip S. (2013).
2595:Constable, Nicole (2014).
2486:. New York: Random House.
2451:"China: Nationalist Notes"
2162:, a 1933 novel written by
2138:List of massacres in China
1906:Aftermath and significance
583:People's Republic of China
26:
3577:Organized crime conflicts
3177:
3024:
2512:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
2153:Shanghai People's Commune
1671:international settlements
540:
527:
481:
435:
389:
343:
325:
303:
290:
252:
179:
116:
57:
46:
3557:Anti-communist terrorism
3155:People's Liberation Army
2970:The Nationalist Movement
2765:Chesneaux, Jean (1968).
2148:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2031:People's Liberation Army
1885:Whampoa Military Academy
1180:Writing the Constitution
1077:People's Liberation Army
1020:Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region
997:New Fourth Army Incident
967:Second Sino-Japanese War
935:Anti-Japanese resistance
501:Traditional Chinese
455:Traditional Chinese
409:Traditional Chinese
363:Traditional Chinese
331:Traditional Chinese
273:and other Shanghai gangs
197:(NRA commander-in-chief)
65:12 April – 15 April 1927
3607:Chinese Communist Party
3582:Triad (organized crime)
3552:Anti-communism in China
3294:Chinese Soviet Republic
3270:Autumn Harvest Uprising
2217:Oxford University Press
2027:Autumn Harvest Uprising
1578:Chinese Communist Party
1426:Autumn Harvest Uprising
1382:Chinese Communist Party
1287:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1256:Intervention in Vietnam
1241:Sino-Soviet Cooperation
1120:China Democratic League
905:Chinese Soviet Republic
777:Canton–Hong Kong strike
515:Simplified Chinese
469:Simplified Chinese
423:Simplified Chinese
377:Simplified Chinese
284:Chinese Communist Party
236:(CCP general secretary)
163:Chinese Communist Party
105:Autumn Harvest Uprising
3492:Hainan Island campaign
3371:Double Tenth Agreement
3367:Chongqing Negotiations
3284:Encirclement campaigns
2622:Short, Philip (2016).
2483:Mao, The Unknown Story
2211:Carter, Peter (1976).
1962:
1915:
1808:
1654:
1640:Nationalist Government
1630:and went on to attack
1372:of 12 April 1927, the
772:May Thirtieth Movement
618:Century of Humiliation
575:
267:Republic of China Army
180:Commanders and leaders
29:May Thirtieth Movement
3632:1927 murders in China
3381:Jiaochangkou Incident
2980:25 March 2016 at the
2520:Duke University Press
2035:CCP Central Committee
1960:
1913:
1806:
1649:
1477:Ssu-i-erh Ch'ing Tang
1251:Intervention in Korea
1130:Jiaochangkou incident
573:
304:Casualties and losses
2661:. pp. 158–159.
1922:within 20 days. The
1725:improve this article
1603:(NRA) in control of
1331:Communism portal
1213:First five-year plan
1006:Communist base areas
767:1922 seamen's strike
674:New Culture Movement
3627:Northern Expedition
3334:Second United Front
3254:Nanjing–Wuhan split
3202:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
3051:National Government
2684:, pp. 108–110.
2461:on 21 November 2010
2338:, pp. 180–181.
2326:, pp. 135–140.
1975:traditional Chinese
1837:traditional Chinese
1740:"Shanghai massacre"
1607:and large areas in
1586:Northern Expedition
1494:traditional Chinese
1454:traditional Chinese
1412:, which was led by
1246:Annexation of Tibet
1082:Operation Beleaguer
958:Second United Front
787:Northern Expedition
729:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
679:May Fourth Movement
585:on October 1, 1949.
495:Alternative name（4）
449:Alternative name（3）
403:Alternative name（2）
312:5,000–10,000 killed
220:(Green Gang leader)
3587:Massacres in China
3274:Guangzhou Uprising
3212:First United Front
2718:on 24 October 2006
2143:Guangzhou Uprising
2123:First United Front
2058:Beiyang government
2053:would be fought.
2033:. By the time the
1967:simplified Chinese
1963:
1916:
1829:simplified Chinese
1809:
1655:
1549:Ssu-i-erh Ts'an-an
1486:simplified Chinese
1446:simplified Chinese
1430:Guangzhou Uprising
1418:First United Front
1282:Mao Zedong Thought
1071:Millet plus rifles
890:AB League Incident
848:Aftermath of purge
822:Break with the KMT
709:First United Front
576:
99:First United Front
3622:April 1927 events
3567:Conflicts in 1927
3547:Massacres in 1927
3537:Chinese Civil War
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3436:Liaoshen campaign
3418:Yu Zisan Incident
3385:Peiping rape case
3354:
3353:
3266:Nanchang uprising
3262:Little Long March
3250:Shanghai massacre
3040:Nationalist Party
3018:Chinese Civil War
2953:978-0-674-57652-0
2930:978-0-521-31864-8
2865:978-0-8248-2314-6
2846:978-0-8047-2491-3
2827:978-1-931859-84-4
2757:978-0-531-05589-2
2659:Osprey Publishing
2529:978-0-8223-4780-4
2019:Nanchang Uprising
1889:Chinese Civil War
1860:Pao tang chiu-kuo
1801:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1688:Peking University
1634:, and KMT leader
1522:April 12 Massacre
1467:Sìyī'èr Qīng Dǎng
1378:April 12 Incident
1370:Shanghai massacre
1366:
1365:
1264:
1263:
1232:Foreign relations
1185:1954 Constitution
1148:
1147:
1135:Yu Zisan Incident
1087:Liaoshen campaign
1061:Military conflict
1053:Resumed Civil War
1043:
1042:
987:East River Column
982:Eighth Route Army
948:
947:
862:Little Long March
830:
829:
692:
691:
560:Chinese Communist
544:
543:
536:
535:
490:
489:
444:
443:
398:
397:
352:
351:
321:Shanghai massacre
316:
315:
131:Republic of China
112:
111:
91:Split within the
42:Shanghai massacre
18:Shanghai Massacre
16:(Redirected from
3659:
3612:1927 in Shanghai
3450:Pingjin campaign
3446:Huaihai campaign
3395:Marshall Mission
3360:
3359:
3246:Shanghai Commune
3242:Nanking incident
3195:
3194:
3180:
3168:
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3118:
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3090:
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3078:ROC Armed Forces
3072:
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2749:
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2725:
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2714:. Archived from
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2388:. Archived from
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1999:
1998:Ning-han Fen-lie
1989:
1980:
1972:
1948:Soong Ching-ling
1861:
1851:
1842:
1834:
1796:
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1709:
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1683:Nanking Incident
1550:
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1327:
1320:
1318:China portal
1316:
1315:
1314:
1208:New Marriage Law
1163:
1097:Pingjin campaign
1092:Huaihai campaign
1058:
1035:Women's movement
963:
930:Zunyi Conference
920:Chinese Red Army
845:
817:Shanghai Commune
812:Nanjing Incident
797:Wuhan Government
758:Labor organizing
705:
606:
563:
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3111:Soviet Republic
3102:Communist Party
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1651:Chiang Kai-shek
1574:Mikhail Borodin
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895:Futian incident
881:Internal Purges
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3136:8th Route Army
3127:Liberated Area
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2963:External links
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2808:Isaacs, Harold
2804:
2798:
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2780:978-0804706445
2779:
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2698:
2696:, p. 111.
2686:
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2668:978-1782004073
2667:
2641:
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2628:. Bloomsbury.
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2528:
2522:. p. 33.
2499:
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2442:
2412:
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2392:on 1 June 2004
2372:
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2310:978-0804750011
2309:
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2289:, p. 170.
2279:
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2015:
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2003:Joseph Stalin
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1742: –
1741:
1737:
1736:Find sources:
1730:
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1719:
1714:This section
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1015:Yan'an Soviet
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749:28 Bolsheviks
747:
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701:Early history
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40:
37:
30:
19:
3602:White Terror
3524:
3471:
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3258:715 Incident
3249:
3095:
2941:
2918:
2895:
2874:
2855:
2836:
2816:
2789:
2768:
2745:
2735:Bibliography
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2711:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2650:
2644:
2624:
2617:
2597:
2590:
2569:
2546:. Retrieved
2514:
2482:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2385:
2375:
2354:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2300:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2251:
2230:
2212:
2183:
2157:
2082:China portal
2055:
2051:People's War
2049:, where the
2016:
2008:
1996:
1986:
1964:
1952:Wang Jingwei
1941:
1924:Soviet Union
1917:
1900:foot binding
1896:White Terror
1893:
1880:mass meeting
1865:
1858:
1848:
1822:
1810:
1787:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1723:Please help
1718:verification
1715:
1681:. After the
1667:Zhili clique
1656:
1636:Wang Jingwei
1625:
1590:
1582:United Front
1570:Adolph Joffe
1562:Soviet Union
1559:
1547:
1537:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1481:
1475:
1465:
1441:
1439:
1414:Wang Jingwei
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1308:
1292:National Day
1030:Yan'an Forum
802:Hunan Report
154:
122:
117:Belligerents
36:
3652:Politicides
3222:Canton Coup
2722:25 November
2396:25 November
2336:Wilbur 1976
2324:Wilbur 1976
2287:Wilbur 1983
2275:Wilbur 1983
2047:countryside
2043:proletariat
1894:During the
1825:martial law
1818:Du Yuesheng
1691:Cai Yuanpei
1675:Bai Chongxi
1597:Canton Coup
1566:Sun Yat-sen
1203:Land Reform
744:Canton Coup
646:Nationalism
628:Warlord Era
216:Du Yuesheng
208:Bai Chongxi
97:End of the
3531:Categories
3405:Operation
3314:Long March
2799:0333141547
2548:5 November
2518:. Durham:
2170:References
2159:Man's Fate
1993:Wade–Giles
1933:She people
1855:Wade–Giles
1814:Green Gang
1781:April 2017
1751:newspapers
1679:Li Zongren
1663:Chen Duxiu
1659:Zhou Enlai
1556:Background
1544:Wade–Giles
1512:Wade–Giles
1472:Wade–Giles
1394:Kuomintang
1166:Government
925:Long March
579:Mao Zedong
562:Revolution
271:Green Gang
247:Zhou Enlai
232:Chen Duxiu
150:Green Gang
144:Kuomintang
93:Kuomintang
3503:1950–1958
3442:1948–1949
3407:Beleaguer
3401:1945–1949
3391:1945–1947
3330:1937–1946
3310:1934–1936
3300:1933–1934
3290:1931–1934
3280:1930–1934
3228:1927–1949
3187:Post-1945
3030:campaigns
2538:503828045
2195:Citations
2012:Qu Qiubai
1605:Guangdong
1520:) or the
1422:Comintern
1398:Guangzhou
872:Guangzhou
840:Civil War
665:Movements
651:Anarchism
103:Start of
3474:Incident
3472:Amethyst
3463:Incident
3432:incident
3183:Pre-1945
3120:Red Army
2978:Archived
2542:Archived
2465:11 April
2429:Archived
2425:storm.mg
2351:(1972).
2250:(eds.).
2068:See also
1920:Changsha
1632:Nanchang
1498:四一二反革命政變
1490:四一二反革命政变
1402:Changsha
1386:Shanghai
857:Nanchang
551:a series
549:Part of
475:四一二反革命政变
461:四一二反革命政變
291:Strength
75:Shanghai
70:Location
3430:Kiangya
2045:to the
2039:soviets
1816:leader
1765:scholar
1617:Jiangxi
1526:Chinese
1406:Nanjing
1376:or the
1194:Reforms
656:Marxism
609:Context
601:Origins
309:Minimal
3167:
2950:
2927:
2904:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2824:
2796:
2777:
2754:
2665:
2655:Oxford
2632:
2605:
2578:
2536:
2526:
2490:
2435:31 May
2363:
2307:
2258:
2223:
2023:Zhu De
1995::
1985::
1983:pinyin
1977::
1969::
1937:Liling
1929:Hakkas
1876:Pudong
1874:, and
1872:Nanshi
1868:Zhabei
1857::
1847::
1845:pinyin
1839::
1831::
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1621:Fujian
1593:Peking
1546::
1536::
1534:pinyin
1528::
1514::
1504::
1502:pinyin
1496::
1488::
1474::
1464::
1462:pinyin
1456::
1448::
1274:Legacy
553:on the
264:
86:Result
2175:Notes
1944:Wuhan
1772:JSTOR
1758:books
1697:Purge
1628:Wuhan
1613:Hubei
1609:Hunan
1530:四一二慘案
1458:四一二清黨
1450:四一二清党
1436:Names
1410:Wuhan
637:Ideas
521:四一二惨案
507:四一二慘案
383:四一二清党
369:四一二清黨
337:四一二事件
79:China
3488:1950
3456:1949
3424:1948
3414:1947
3377:1946
3363:1945
3345:1944
3320:1936
3238:1927
3218:1926
3208:1924
3198:1923
3144:etc.
2948:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2794:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2724:2006
2663:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2550:2022
2534:OCLC
2524:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2467:2011
2455:Time
2437:2023
2398:2006
2361:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2221:ISBN
1979:寧漢分裂
1971:宁汉分裂
1931:and
1841:保黨救國
1833:保党救国
1744:news
1677:and
1661:and
1619:and
1400:and
1368:The
429:东南清党
415:東南清黨
62:Date
3428:SS
2213:Mao
1727:by
1552:).
3533::
3157:)
3142:,
3138:,
3122:)
3104:/
3080:)
3062:)
3042:/
2810:;
2710:.
2657::
2653:.
2558:^
2540:.
2532:.
2502:^
2453:.
2384:.
2238:^
2229:.
2215:.
2203:^
1991:;
1981:;
1973:;
1891:.
1870:,
1853:;
1843:;
1835:;
1623:.
1615:,
1611:,
1588:.
1542:;
1532:;
1510:;
1500:;
1492:;
1470:;
1460:;
1452:;
269:;
77:,
3340:)
3336:(
3159:→
3147:→
3129:(
3124:→
3113:(
3082:→
3076:(
3064:→
3053:(
3010:e
3003:t
2996:v
2956:.
2933:.
2910:.
2887:.
2868:.
2849:.
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2783:.
2760:.
2726:.
2671:.
2638:.
2611:.
2584:.
2552:.
2496:.
2469:.
2439:.
2400:.
2369:.
2313:.
2264:.
1794:)
1788:(
1783:)
1779:(
1769:·
1762:·
1755:·
1748:·
1721:.
1524:(
1484:(
1444:(
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1073:"
1069:"
31:.
20:)
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