228:
130:, stepping into what was for him a new field — engineering — not only knew nothing about the resistance of materials but could not even conceive of the potential resistance of souls . . . despite ten years of already sensational activity as a prosecutor. Krylenko's choice turned out to be a mistake. Palchinsky resisted every pressure the OGPU knew—and did not surrender; in fact, he died without signing any sort of nonsense at all. N. K. von Meek and A. F. Velichko were subjected to torture with him, and they, too, appear not to have given in.
303:, but Stalin insisted that international capital was trying to "weaken our economic power by means of invisible economic intervention, not always obvious but fairly serious, organizing sabotage, planning all kinds of 'crises' in one branch of industry or another, and thus facilitating the possibility of future military intervention". He said: "We have internal enemies. We have external enemies. We cannot forget this for a moment." Bukharin and Rykov were tried and convicted of treason in 1937 in one of the
100:, accusing them of conspiring with former owners of coal mines, who were living abroad and barred from the Soviet Union since the Revolution, to sabotage the Soviet economy. The group was charged with a multitude of crimes, including planning the explosions in the mines, buying equipment from foreign companies that was not needed, incorrectly administering labor laws and safety protocols, and failing to properly set up new mines. The architect of these arrests and interrogations was
17:
325:... the accused men were coming into the court pre-judged... We waited in vain for a genuine piece of impersonal and unimpeachable testimony... that did not carry the suspicion of G.P.U. extortion. The "far-reaching international intrigue" never did emerge... Only a very few , among them two aged Jews, Rabinovich and Imineetov, retained their self-respect intact. Imineetov said, "One day another
73:
215:
caused a trend of support for the government. The Soviet government used the resentment the low level workers had to gain their support of the government. During and after the trial there was an increase of government industrial loan bond purchases by low level workers. The trial also created a fear that
Germans and revolutionaries were threatening the country.
1084:
214:
The trial caused the worker population to turn on engineers, factory administrators and technicians. The worker population already had issues with the companies they worked for due to low wages and poor working conditions. The trial contributed to their distrust and resentment towards them. This also
264:
Following the
Shakhty Trials came a flood of social expulsion, primarily in secondary schools. Any children who were part of an illegal social organization, such as religious groups or the Boy Scouts, would be expelled. With the rise of the academic basis, many universities began implementing social
176:
and low management skills of the politically appointed directors. Stalin, however, saw this as an opportunity to clean up the management of "the old specialists", professionals whose skills were critical to the industry but were not sufficiently engaged with communism politically. In his 1923-1925
177:
speeches, he frequently expressed hostility to this group, and inspired public resentment against them, for example, based on their relatively high earnings. Accusing them of "sabotage" was a convenient way of replacing "the old specialists" with people with more appropriate political views.
227:
218:
German
Secretary of the state Karl von Shubert felt that the Soviet Union handling of the Shakty trials was wrong. He felt Russia should have informed them of these crimes. If the crimes fit the bill then the Germans could have been deported from Russia but that wasn't the case.
180:
The trials constituted a shift in policy toward the intelligentsia, the "bourgeois specialists" that had previously been tolerated and protected due to their needed skills, to then be replaced by the "young proletarian communist specialist". This marked the use of the concept of
320:
Fifty
Russian and three German technicians and engineers from the coal industry were to be tried publicly on charges of counter-revolutionary sabotage and espionage... This was Revolutionary Justice... the same Revolutionary Justice that had presided over the guillotine in the
243:
The trial resulted in eleven of the fifty-three accused engineers being sentenced to death. Thirty-four were sent to prison, four were acquitted and four were given suspended sentences. Six of the death sentences were
112:
itself. Among those accused in similar trials and executed was
Nikolai Karlovich von Meck, Tchaikovsky's nephew by marriage, who was accused of "wrecking" the state railway system. The trial marked the beginning of
252:
was executed in 1929 for his political positions, as well as
Nikolai Karlovich von Meck, Tchaikovsky's nephew by marriage, who was accused of "wrecking" the state railway system. The trial marked the beginning of
270:
165:
311:
were used as a means of presenting to the soviet people what was perceived as major threats to the Soviet Union. This played an important part in creating the cultural atmosphere leading to the
52:
were arrested in 1928 after being accused of conspiring to sabotage the Soviet economy with the former owners of the coal mines. The trial was conducted on May 18, 1928, in
1109:
881:
41:
273:
stated that more communists should be enrolled into the universities and that control over the technical faculties and schools should be transferred over to the
391:
277:. This helped lead to the creation of a new group of intelligentsia elites of "cultured and educated workers" that included later soviet leaders
1114:
274:
585:
491:
440:
719:
397:
353:
60:. Thirty-four of the accused received prison terms, while eleven were sentenced to death (with six being executed; the rest received
1129:
1124:
1021:
857:
775:
747:
694:
658:
546:
202:. Stalin mentioned later that the Shakhty arrests proved that class struggle was intensifying as the Soviet Union moved closer to
409:
687:
Angels in Stalin's paradise: Western reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937, a case study of Louis
Fischer and Walter Duranty
464:
Kurt
Rosenbaum, Community of Fate: German-Soviet Diplomatic Relations 1922-1928, (Syracuse University Press, 1965), p. 265.
258:
118:
1104:
168:
with an emphasis on rapid industrialization. By the end of the 1920s, Soviet industry suffered from a high rate of
1119:
1088:
1004:
Chase, William (2005), "Stalin as producer: the Moscow show trials and the construction of mortal threats",
254:
114:
374:
768:
Technology and
Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917-1941
53:
1066:
Kurt
Rosenbaum. "Community of Fate: German-Soviet Relations 1922-1928. Syracuse University Press, 1965.
510:
385:
173:
157:
145:
986:
978:
943:
875:
631:
1017:
935:
900:
863:
853:
771:
743:
715:
690:
664:
654:
623:
542:
436:
349:
278:
245:
126:
They picked this Palchinsky to be the chief defendant in a grandiose new trial. However, the
61:
1009:
970:
927:
615:
562:
288:
249:
232:
127:
101:
89:
85:
29:
16:
1134:
737:
403:
282:
266:
236:
1039:
850:
Closer to the Masses : Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution, and Soviet Newspapers
428:
369:
296:
199:
182:
161:
93:
45:
1098:
990:
635:
406:(1894–1948) American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937).
326:
322:
304:
169:
153:
1049:
791:
341:
292:
815:
1013:
413:
331:
312:
195:
149:
144:
The Shakhty trials marked the beginning of a long series of accusations against
961:
Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1979). "Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939".
619:
308:
37:
939:
904:
867:
668:
627:
1069:
918:
Rosenbaum, Kurt (July 1962). "The German Involvement in the Shakhty Trial".
380:
300:
203:
72:
1083:
982:
97:
49:
947:
606:
Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1974). "Cultural Revolution in Russia 1928-32".
412:(1884–1938) Soviet petroleum and mining engineer executed during the
190:
57:
974:
931:
226:
71:
15:
1072:. "Stalin The Man and His Era". New York: The Viking Press, 1973.
64:). The remainder were acquitted or received suspended sentences.
109:
105:
81:
1059:
Kurt Rosenbaum, "The German Involvement in the Shakhty Trial",
148:
within the Soviet Union, and were to become a hallmark of the
653:(Revised, third ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Longman.
156:
the Soviet Union began to move away from the policies of the
299:
opposed Stalin's new policy on repression from within the
1044:
The Curious Lottery: And Other Tales of Russian Justice.
740:: The Personal And Political Life Of A Soviet Official
108:
in 1931, he later led a secret police team within the
44:
in 1922. Fifty-three engineers and managers from the
584:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFSolzhenitsynp.285-286 (
152:
of the 1930s. In the 1920s under the leadership of
117:" as a crime within the Soviet Union, as found in
257:" as a crime within the Soviet Union, as found in
579:
1008:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 226–248,
269:as political and social criteria took over. The
172:caused by the forceful execution of unrealistic
318:
188:In a series of articles in 1928, the newspaper
124:
770:. Princeton University Press. pp. 70–94.
8:
880:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
348:, Transaction Publishers, pp. 114–133,
689:. University Press of America. p. 93.
490:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSolzhenitsyn (
563:"Nikolay von Meck - Tchaikovsky Research"
541:, pp. 44–45 (1st ed.). Harper & Row.
84:arrested a group of engineers, including
42:case of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
1110:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1056:New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1937.
485:
392:Political repression in the Soviet Union
457:
185:to motivate changes in soviet culture.
873:
761:
759:
680:
678:
473:
307:, similar to the Shakhty Trial. These
194:used the arrests to announce that the
895:Mencken, H. L. (Henry Louis) (1968).
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
557:
555:
533:
531:
505:
503:
501:
433:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
7:
601:
599:
597:
595:
537:Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. (1973).
198:were using sabotage as a method of
20:Defendants during the Shakhty Trial
398:The Ghost of the Executed Engineer
329:will arise and will write another
14:
248:as reward for their confessions.
36:) was the first important Soviet
1082:
897:The American mercury (1880-1956)
410:Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky
335:to restore our names to honor."
210:Response of the general populace
608:Journal of Contemporary History
104:. Although he retired from the
1046:New York: Coward-McCann, 1929.
742:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
1:
1115:Political and cultural purges
685:Crowl, James William (1982).
259:Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)
119:Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)
1014:10.1017/cbo9780511614897.015
852:. Harvard University Press.
580:Solzhenitsyn & p.285-286
267:discrimination in enrollment
848:E., Lenoe, Matthew (2009).
766:Bailes, Kendall E. (2015).
735:Kravchenko, Victor (2016).
567:en.tchaikovsky-research.net
92:and A. F. Velichko, in the
1151:
714:. Transaction Publishers.
649:Martin., McCauley (2008).
620:10.1177/002200947400900103
164:, introducing a series of
33:
1130:History of Rostov Oblast
1125:1928 in the Soviet Union
710:Lyons, Eugene (1991).
515:The Espresso Stalinist
435:. London: Allen Lane.
375:Industrial Party Trial
337:
240:
132:
77:
76:Peter Palchinsky, 1913
21:
1054:Assignment in Utopia.
820:Spartacus Educational
796:Spartacus Educational
539:The Gulag Archipelago
230:
75:
54:House of Trade Unions
19:
1091:at Wikimedia Commons
712:Assignment in Utopia
651:Stalin and Stalinism
386:Metro-Vickers Affair
346:Assignment in Utopia
170:industrial accidents
160:(NEP) introduced by
158:New Economic Policy
80:In 1928, the local
1105:Soviet show trials
1061:The Russian Review
488:, p. 285-286.
476:, pp. 702–705
305:Moscow Show Trials
241:
78:
22:
1087:Media related to
1063:XIII, (July,1962)
442:978-0-713-99944-0
271:Central Committee
34:Ша́хтинское де́ло
1142:
1120:1928 in case law
1086:
1027:
1026:
1001:
995:
994:
958:
952:
951:
915:
909:
908:
892:
886:
885:
879:
871:
845:
830:
829:
827:
826:
812:
806:
805:
803:
802:
788:
782:
781:
763:
754:
753:
732:
726:
725:
707:
701:
700:
682:
673:
672:
646:
640:
639:
603:
590:
589:
577:
571:
570:
559:
550:
535:
526:
525:
523:
522:
507:
496:
495:
483:
477:
471:
465:
462:
446:
359:
358:
289:Nikolai Bukharin
250:Peter Palchinsky
233:Nikolai von Meck
231:Oil painting of
174:production plans
135:
102:Yefim Yevdokimov
90:Nikolai von Meck
86:Peter Palchinsky
35:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1095:
1094:
1079:
1036:
1034:Further reading
1031:
1030:
1024:
1003:
1002:
998:
975:10.2307/2496711
960:
959:
955:
917:
916:
912:
894:
893:
889:
872:
860:
847:
846:
833:
824:
822:
816:"Shakhty Trial"
814:
813:
809:
800:
798:
792:"Shakhty Trial"
790:
789:
785:
778:
765:
764:
757:
750:
738:I Chose Freedom
734:
733:
729:
722:
709:
708:
704:
697:
684:
683:
676:
661:
648:
647:
643:
605:
604:
593:
583:
578:
574:
561:
560:
553:
536:
529:
520:
518:
511:"Moscow Trials"
509:
508:
499:
489:
484:
480:
472:
468:
463:
459:
454:
449:
443:
429:Kotkin, Stephen
427:
423:
404:Jack Littlepage
366:
361:
356:
340:
339:
237:Boris Kustodiev
225:
212:
166:Five-Year Plans
142:
137:
134:
70:
12:
11:
5:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1077:External links
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1047:
1040:Walter Duranty
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1022:
996:
969:(3): 377–402.
953:
932:10.2307/126716
926:(3): 238–260.
920:Russian Review
910:
887:
858:
831:
807:
783:
776:
755:
748:
727:
721:978-0887388569
720:
702:
695:
674:
659:
641:
591:
572:
551:
527:
497:
478:
466:
456:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:
441:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
407:
401:
394:
389:
383:
378:
372:
370:Dekulakization
365:
362:
355:978-0887388569
354:
317:
297:Mikhail Tomsky
224:
221:
211:
208:
200:class struggle
162:Vladimir Lenin
141:
138:
123:
94:North Caucasus
69:
66:
46:North Caucasus
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1089:Shakhty-Trial
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1023:9780511614897
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:Slavic Review
957:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
877:
869:
865:
861:
859:9780674040083
855:
851:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
832:
821:
817:
811:
808:
797:
793:
787:
784:
779:
777:9780691605753
773:
769:
762:
760:
756:
751:
749:9781786259646
745:
741:
739:
731:
728:
723:
717:
713:
706:
703:
698:
696:9780819121851
692:
688:
681:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
660:9781405874366
656:
652:
645:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
598:
596:
592:
587:
581:
576:
573:
568:
564:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:0-06-080332-0
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
516:
512:
506:
504:
502:
498:
493:
487:
482:
479:
475:
470:
467:
461:
458:
451:
444:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
415:
411:
408:
405:
402:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
357:
351:
347:
343:
342:Lyons, Eugene
336:
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:French Terror
316:
315:in the 1930s.
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
251:
247:
238:
234:
229:
222:
220:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:
186:
184:
183:class warfare
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Joseph Stalin
151:
147:
146:class enemies
139:
136:
131:
129:
122:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
74:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
26:Shakhty Trial
18:
1060:
1053:
1050:Eugene Lyons
1043:
1005:
999:
966:
962:
956:
923:
919:
913:
896:
890:
849:
823:. Retrieved
819:
810:
799:. Retrieved
795:
786:
767:
736:
730:
711:
705:
686:
650:
644:
614:(1): 33–52.
611:
607:
575:
566:
538:
519:. Retrieved
517:. 2014-08-17
514:
486:Solzhenitsyn
481:
469:
460:
432:
396:
345:
338:
330:
319:
293:Alexei Rykov
287:
263:
242:
217:
213:
189:
187:
179:
143:
140:Implications
133:
125:
79:
62:commutations
25:
23:
474:Kotkin 2014
414:Great Purge
313:Great Purge
309:show trials
196:bourgeoisie
150:Great Purge
1099:Categories
825:2017-04-21
801:2019-02-03
521:2019-02-13
421:References
279:Khrushchev
40:since the
38:show trial
1070:Adam Ulam
991:197767739
940:0036-0341
905:976561071
876:cite book
868:923116929
669:191898287
636:162501071
628:0022-0094
452:Footnotes
381:Sharashka
301:Politburo
223:Aftermath
204:socialism
431:(2014).
364:See also
344:(1937),
332:J'Accuse
283:Brezhnev
275:Vesenkha
255:wrecking
246:commuted
128:Krylenko
115:wrecking
96:town of
48:town of
983:2496711
388:of 1933
377:of 1930
98:Shakhty
50:Shakhty
30:Russian
1135:Donbas
1020:
1006:Stalin
989:
981:
948:126716
946:
938:
903:
866:
856:
774:
746:
718:
693:
667:
657:
634:
626:
545:
439:
352:
295:, and
191:Pravda
58:Moscow
987:S2CID
979:JSTOR
944:JSTOR
632:S2CID
68:Trial
1018:ISBN
936:ISSN
901:OCLC
882:link
864:OCLC
854:ISBN
772:ISBN
744:ISBN
716:ISBN
691:ISBN
665:OCLC
655:ISBN
624:ISSN
586:help
543:ISBN
492:help
437:ISBN
350:ISBN
327:Zola
281:and
110:NKVD
106:OGPU
82:OGPU
24:The
1010:doi
971:doi
928:doi
899:.
616:doi
235:by
1101::
1052:,
1042:,
1016:,
985:.
977:.
967:38
965:.
942:.
934:.
924:21
922:.
878:}}
874:{{
862:.
834:^
818:.
794:.
758:^
677:^
663:.
630:.
622:.
610:.
594:^
565:.
554:^
530:^
513:.
500:^
291:,
285:.
261:.
206:.
121:.
88:,
56:,
32::
1012::
993:.
973::
950:.
930::
907:.
884:)
870:.
828:.
804:.
780:.
752:.
724:.
699:.
671:.
638:.
618::
612:9
588:)
582:.
569:.
549:.
524:.
494:)
445:.
416:.
253:"
239:.
113:"
28:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
