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and other trees, then arranged them in colorful patterns or decorated their hair with them. This cultural event inspired sculpture, states
Sivaramamurti. He concurs with Vogel and states that over the centuries, the word
478:
538:
222:
97:
In literature, apart from the statue meaning, Salabhanjika can mean a doll, or fairy, or a seductress (harlot) depending on the context. In these contexts, they are also known as
268:
tree, the
Buddhist tradition associating it with the birth of Buddha, while Hindu and Jain traditions using the same tree as timber for making statues and other objects of art.
275:
is found neither in the Vedic literature nor in Pali literature and nor in the major Indian epics, but appears in Indian classical literature of early 1st-millennium CE such as
462:
388:
near Bhopal, a World
Heritage site. Near Patna, another early example of a shalabhanjika was excavated with the Buddhist Stupa and Durakhi Devi Temple remains at the
136:
displayed a stylized female by a tree, typically grasping or breaking a branch as Buddha's mother Maya did. In these contexts, salabhanjika may be related to ancient
297:
in verses 2.83ā84. This may reflect that the literature followed the tradition and popularity of carving wooden statues. The term is also synonymous with terms
586:
83:, the meaning is less specific, and it is any statue or statuette, usually female, that breaks the monotony of a plain wall or space and thus enlivens it.
256:
means any "house, space, enclosure, wall, court" ā such as in dharmaÅÄlÄ (rest house) or goÅÄlÄ (resting space for cows). The same word also refers to the
602:
365:
came to mean "any statue and nothing more", irrespective of the presence or absence of tree, whether female or male, in architecture or literature.
260:, a valuable timber tree used to construct homes and other buildings. According to Vogel, a Sanskrit scholar, the different meanings of the word
948:
897:
C. Sivaramamurti (1955), Sanskrit
Literature and Art ā Mirrors of Indian Culture, Memoirs of The Archaeological Survey of India No. 73, ASI,
817:
789:
958:
953:
809:
781:
434:
Salabhanjikas have been found in many historic temples of India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam and
Indonesia. These include the
431:
in Hindu and Jain temples may include decorations of flower or vine motifs behind or to the side of the statue or relief.
609:
187:
68:
738:
915:
Louis H. Gray (1906). "The ViddhaÅÄlabhaƱjikÄ of RÄjaÅekhara, Now First
Translated from the Sanskrit and PrÄkrit".
545:
448:(S-shaped) pose. These early sculptures were the source of inspiration for the later Hoysala bracket-figures.
352:ā an art historian and Sanskrit epigraphist. These games were played by girls who collected flowers from the
368:
Vogel, Acharya, and other scholars concur that in the arts and literature of the Hindus and Jains, the term
490:
715:
230:, none with any tree. Among these is a woman writing a Sanskrit inscription in Kannada script on a slab.
191:
76:
657:
963:
632:
968:
183:
924:
396:
dynasty dating to the 2nd or 1st century BC. This may reflect the remains of the ancient city of
129:
found inside and outside religious and secular spaces of
Buddhist, Hindu and Jain architecture.
898:
875:
813:
805:
785:
777:
689:
186:. The pose of the Salabhanjika is also very similar to that almost invariably given in art to
276:
497:
412:
349:
126:
125:
group, and is used for transition. The shalabhanjika is a common decorative element and
848:
J Ph Vogel (1929). "The woman and tree or
Salabhanjika in Indian Arts and Literature".
257:
195:
164:
942:
420:
244:
393:
385:
293:
226:
Built about 1100 CE, the Iswara Hindu temple in
Jalasangvi Karnataka features many
210:
137:
60:
683:
484:
Buddhist, 11th-century north India, now at Museo d'Arte
Orientale (Turin, Italy)
397:
176:
439:
205:
56:
879:
380:
In the Buddhist traditions, among the renowned shalabhanjika sculptures with
17:
529:
444:
424:
403:
In the Hindu traditions, among the renowned salabhanjika sculptures without
141:
693:
32:
264:
in the Indian traditions, may be linked to the respective significance of
637:
626:
513:
435:
416:
239:
160:
80:
832:
209:
Shalabhanjika on Eastern Torana (gateway) under a tree, at the Buddhist
902:
593:
561:
469:
408:
389:
199:
40:
928:
802:
Ein ikonographisches Handbuch des Mahayana- und Tantrayana-Buddhismus.
577:
64:
831:
Monier Monier Williams (1994 updated), Sanskrit English Dictionary,
716:"The woman and tree or Salabhanjika in Indian Arts and Literature"
221:
204:
151:
133:
31:
372:
has simply meant any statue on any pillar, wall, or in any hall.
90:
also refers to an ancient Indian festival, one celebrated when
252:. The word bhaƱjikÄ means 'breaking, interrupting". The word
384:
tree are found in Bharhut and at the gateways (Torana) of
317:. Prasanna Acharya ā a Sanskrit scholar and the author of
774:
Die indische Gƶtterwelt. Gestalt, Ausdruck und Sinnbild
283:(c. 100 CE). An older reference to the synonymous term
202:, while grasping a branch over her head with one hand.
109:. In the context of Indian poetry and music, the term
348:
as ancient games in early Hindu Sanskrit texts, says
893:
891:
889:
800:Buddhistische Bilderwelt: Hans Wolfgang Schumann,
658:"Temple Strut with a Tree Goddess (Shalabhanjika)"
67:next to, often holding, a tree, or a reference to
761:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization.
685:ÅÄlabhaƱjika in Art, Philosophy, and Literature
94:tree blossoms in the context of Buddha's life.
59:and literature with a variety of meanings. In
392:archaeological site. It is attributed to the
8:
865:
863:
629:, a similar element in Western architecture
677:
675:
917:Journal of the American Oriental Society
874:. Oxford University Press. p. 490.
827:
825:
843:
841:
743:The Journal of the University of Bombay
649:
458:
140:in Indian popular religion, related to
709:
707:
705:
703:
43:era sculpture, Belur, Karnataka, India
319:An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture
7:
407:tree are those at the 12th-century
198:under an asoka tree in a garden in
872:Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture
804:Eugen Diederichs Verlag. Cologne.
333:in the sense of "a wooden image".
291:tree ā is found in the Hindu text
63:, it means an image of a woman or
25:
776:Eugen Diederich Verlag. Cologne.
182:in the ancient literature of the
27:Term in Indian art and literature
660:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
601:
585:
569:
553:
537:
521:
505:
489:
477:
461:
442:in northeast Karnataka, many in
132:In Buddhist sites, reliefs on
1:
580:, now at Altes Museum, Berlin
949:Indian architectural history
682:Udaya NÄrÄyaį¹a RÄya (1979).
329:appear in verse 2.79 of the
688:. Lokbharti. pp. 1ā9.
271:Vogel states that the word
175:is often confused with the
985:
959:Female legendary creatures
954:Sanskrit words and phrases
77:giving birth to Siddhartha
608:Hindu (with tree motif),
117:meter ā one of the minor
596:Indreshwar Temple, Nepal
86:In Buddhist literature,
79:(Buddha). In Hindu and
342:uddalakapushpa-bhanjika
113:is synonymous with the
737:H.D. Velankar (1936).
287:ā woman shaped out of
231:
214:
168:
121:(poetic meter) in the
44:
346:asokapushpaprachayika
225:
208:
155:
35:
772:Eckard Schleberger,
633:List of tree deities
576:Hindu, 12th-century
870:PK Acharya (1934).
739:"Apabhramsa Meters"
714:J Ph Vogel (1929).
423:, in south-central
242:word consisting of
184:Indian subcontinent
157:Birth of the Buddha
148:Related iconography
55:is a term found in
232:
215:
169:
45:
818:978-3-424-00897-5
790:978-3-424-00898-2
759:Heinrich Zimmer,
438:period temple in
16:(Redirected from
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173:(Shorea robusta)
127:Indian sculpture
21:
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311:stambhaputrika
238:is a compound
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196:Gautama Buddha
192:she gave birth
165:Kushan dynasty
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833:ą¤¶ą¤¾ą¤² ÅÄla ÅÄlĆ”
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350:Sivaramamurti
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340:appears with
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171:The sal tree
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53:shalabhanjika
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18:Shalabhanjika
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662:. Retrieved
652:
532:, Tamil Nadu
443:
433:
429:salabhanjika
428:
404:
402:
386:Sanchi Stupa
381:
379:
370:salabhanjika
369:
367:
363:salabhanjika
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341:
338:salabhanjika
337:
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331:Natyashastra
330:
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314:
310:
307:stambhaputri
306:
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294:Natyashastra
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284:
281:Buddhacarita
280:
273:salabhanjika
272:
270:
265:
262:salabhanjika
261:
253:
249:
243:
236:ÅÄlabhaƱjikÄ
235:
233:
227:
211:Sanchi Stupa
179:
172:
170:
156:
138:tree deities
131:
122:
118:
114:
111:salabhanjika
110:
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98:
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88:salabhanjika
87:
85:
72:
61:Buddhist art
52:
49:salabhanjika
48:
46:
37:Salabhanjika
36:
29:
964:Iconography
749:(9): 57ā58.
610:Phanom Rung
516:, Karnataka
500:, Karnataka
411:temples of
398:Pataliputra
177:ashoka tree
107:shilabalika
969:Indian art
943:Categories
856:: 206ā219.
835:, page 260
726:: 202ā209.
644:References
612:, Thailand
468:Buddhist,
440:Jalasangvi
188:Queen Maya
71:under the
57:Indian art
905:, pp. 1-2
880:697763683
530:Srirangam
445:tribhanga
425:Karnataka
376:Locations
336:The word
303:putrilika
277:Asvagosha
258:sala tree
234:The word
218:Etymology
167:, 200s AD
142:fertility
123:catuį¹£padi
99:madanakai
638:Yakshini
627:Caryatid
621:See also
514:Halebidu
436:Chalukya
417:Halebidu
327:bhaƱjikÄ
299:madanika
285:salastri
250:bhaƱjikÄ
240:Sanskrit
161:Gandhara
103:madanika
81:Jain art
923:: 3ā4.
694:6828640
594:Panauti
592:Hindu,
562:Mathura
560:Hindu,
544:Hindu,
528:Hindu,
512:Hindu,
496:Hindu,
470:Bharhut
409:Hoysala
390:Kumhrar
315:putrika
200:Lumbini
41:Hoysala
929:592847
927:
903:143045
901:
878:
816:
808:
788:
780:
763:(1946)
692:
664:11 May
578:Odisha
546:Sirpur
394:Shunga
313:, and
134:stupas
119:chanda
115:pathyÄ
65:yakshi
925:JSTOR
498:Belur
413:Belur
358:Asoka
190:when
75:tree
899:OCLC
876:OCLC
814:ISBN
806:ISBN
786:ISBN
778:ISBN
690:OCLC
666:2013
419:and
354:Sala
344:and
325:and
323:ÅÄlÄ
289:sala
266:sala
254:ÅÄlÄ
248:and
245:ÅÄlÄ
213:site
92:sala
73:sala
69:Maya
405:sal
382:sal
279:'s
194:to
144:.
105:or
51:or
945::
921:27
919:.
888:^
862:^
852:.
840:^
824:^
812:,
784:,
745:.
741:.
722:.
718:.
702:^
674:^
415:,
400:.
356:,
309:,
305:,
301:,
163:,
159:,
101:,
47:A
39:,
931:.
882:.
854:7
747:V
724:7
696:.
668:.
20:)
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