293:
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158:
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616:(1803) included a statement, on the verso of the title page, in which John Connelly (whose name is given in other sources as Conly, Connolly, and Coloney) grants permission to Little and Smith to make use in their publications of the shape notes to which he claimed the rights. Little and Smith did not themselves claim credit for the invention, but said instead that the notes were invented around 1790 by John Connelly of
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601:
43:
142:
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820:
819:
816:
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496:(1801), appears to shift keys (and key signatures) from E minor to E♭ major, then back to E minor before concluding in E♭ major. Morgan, however, may be supposed to have intended simply a shift from major to minor while maintaining the same tonic pitch. It was reprinted in many of the early shape note tunebooks, but not in the
1236:, p. 32. "Had this pedagogical tool been accepted by 'the father of singing among the children', Lowell Mason, and others who shaped the patterns of American music education, we might have been more successful in developing skilled music readers and enthusiastic amateur choral singers in the public schools."
557:. The 9th edition of the Bay Psalm Book was printed with the initials of four-note syllables (fa, sol, la, me) underneath the staff. In his book, Tufts substituted the initials of the four-note syllables on the staff in place of note heads, and indicated rhythm by punctuation marks to the right of the letters.
648:
By the middle of the 19th century, the "fa so la" system of four syllables had acquired a major rival, namely the seven-syllable "do re mi" system. Thus, music compilers began to add three more shapes to their books to match the extra syllables. Numerous seven-shape notations were devised. Jesse B.
477:
of the human voice. Modulation is sometimes said to be problematic for shape-note systems, since the shapes employed for the original key of the piece no longer match the scale degrees of the new key; but the ability to use of sharp and flat symbols along with shape notes is a matter of the range of
469:, that is, a change of key in mid-piece. Since the 19th century, most choral music has employed modulation, and since the key change is easy for instruments but difficult for singers, the new tonality is usually established by instrumental accompaniment; accordingly, the choir will also sing in the
596:
were the same as in Little and Smith. Additionally, Law's invention was more radical than Little and Smith's in that he dispensed with the use of the staff altogether, letting the shapes be the sole means of expressing pitch. Little and Smith followed traditional music notation in placing the note
300:
A skilled singer experienced in a shape note tradition has developed a fluent triple mental association, which links a note of the scale, a shape, and a syllable. This association can be used to help in reading the music. When a song is first sung by a shape note group, they normally sing the
304:
The syllables and notes of a shape note system are relative rather than absolute; they depend on the key of the piece. The first note of a major key always has the triangular Fa note, followed (ascending) by Sol, La, etc. The first note of a minor key is always La, followed by Mi, Fa, etc.
312:– fa, sol, la – are each a tone apart. The fourth to sixth notes are also a tone apart and are also fa, sol, la. The seventh and eighth notes, being separated by a semitone, are indicated mi-fa. This means that just four shapenotes can adequately reflect the "feeling" of the whole scale.
348:
system; six of the notes of the scale are grouped in pairs assigned to one syllable/shape combination. The ascending scale using the fa, so, la, fa, so, la, mi, fa syllables represent a variation of the hexachord system introduced by the 11th century monk
356:
The four syllable variation of Guido's original system was prominent in 17th century
England, and entered the US in the 18th century. Shortly afterward, shapes were invented to represent the syllables. (see below). The other important systems are
829:
The four-shape tradition that currently has the greatest number of participants is Sacred Harp singing. But there are many other traditions that are still active or even enjoying a resurgence of interest. Among the four-shape systems, the
623:
Shape notes proved popular in
America, and quickly a wide variety of hymnbooks were prepared making use of them. The shapes were eventually extirpated in the northeastern U.S. by a so-called "better music" movement, headed by
817:
439:
A controlled study on the usefulness of shape notes was carried out in the 1950s by George H. Kyme with an experimental population consisting of fourth- and fifth-graders living in
California. Kyme took care to match his
840:, and is now experiencing a small amount of regrowth. The current reawakening of interest in shape note singing has also created new singings using other recently moribund 19th-century four-shape songbooks, such as
712:
in the
Appalachian regions of West Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky, that regularly use seven-shape songbooks in Sunday worship. These songbooks may contain a variety of songs from 18th-century classics to 20th-century
653:
eventually became the standard. This owes much to the influential
Ruebush & Kieffer Publishing Company adopting Aikin's system around 1876. Two books that have remained in continuous (though limited) use,
361:
systems, which give a different shape and syllable to every note of the scale. Such systems use as their syllables the note names "do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do" (familiar to most people due to the song
452:
significantly better than those taught without them. Kyme additionally found that the students taught with shape notes were also far more likely to pursue musical activities later on in their education.
518:
As noted above, the syllables of shape-note systems greatly antedate the shapes. The practice of singing music to syllables designating pitch goes back to about AD 1000 with the work of
597:
heads on the staff, in place of the ordinary oval note heads. In the end, it was the Little/Smith system that won out, and there is no hymnbook used today that employs the Law system.
372:). A few books (e.g. "The Good Old Songs" by C. H. Cayce) present the older seven-note syllabification of "do, re, mi, fa, so, la, si, do". In the seven-shape system invented by
1278:
757:. Such singings are common in Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama, and generally preserve the singing school custom of "singing the notes".
1936:
411:
649:
Aikin was the first to produce a book with a seven-shape note system, and he vigorously defended his "invention" and his patent. The system used in Aikin's 1846
281:
The idea behind shape notes is that the parts of a vocal work can be learned more quickly and easily if the music is printed in shapes that match up with the
2693:
2165:
1053:
292:
2256:
482:
available to the typographer and musical preferences. The development of musical preferences is partly documented by surviving copies of B.F. White's
1224:: "This notation was invented by Philadelphia merchant John Connelly, who on 10 March 1798 signed over his rights to the system to Little and Smith."
1626:
Campbell, Gavin James (Spring 1997), "Old Can Be Used
Instead of New: Shape-Note Singing and the Crisis of Modernity in the New South, 1880–1910",
2743:
1986:
1973:
1397:
1366:
176:
680:
Although seven-shape books may not be as popular as in the past, there are still a great number of churches in the
American South, in particular
448:
as closely as possible for ability, quality of teacher, and various other factors. He found that the students taught with shape notes learned to
210:. The notation, introduced in late 18th century England, became a popular teaching device in American singing schools. Shapes were added to the
410:
2789:
1958:
860:(2013). Thomas B. Malone has specialized in the revival of works by Jeremiah Ingalls, and has published a four-shape edition of Ingalls' 1805
301:
syllables (reading them from the shapes) to solidify their command over the notes. Next, they sing the same notes to the words of the music.
2190:
2093:
1031:
1783:
1147:
864:. Malone organizes an annual mid-July singing in Newbury, Vermont, where Ingalls was a tavern-keeper and musician between 1789 and 1810.
906:
solmization of overlapping hexachords, none of which included the entire diatonic scale (a system also used in
Elizabethan England): see
175:
1262:
2843:
2718:
2698:
2688:
1904:
1809:
1609:
1552:
1533:
1198:
1132:
402:
126:
1286:
717:. Thus today denominational songbooks printed in seven shapes probably constitute the largest branch of the shape-note tradition.
2703:
2401:
1855:
732:. In these traditions, the custom of "singing the notes" (syllables) is generally preserved only during the learning process at
2853:
2738:
2733:
2713:
2523:
1877:
where you can hear a fine example of shapenote singing, including the first run-through with the shapenote syllables being sung
325:
64:
2303:
2249:
1927:
724:
community singings are also intermittently held which feature early- to mid-20th century seven-shape gospel music such as
1828:
1432:
107:
2723:
2708:
2360:
2355:
1651:
investigates the internal debate among shape note singers at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the twentieth.
739:
The seven-shape system is also still used at regular public singings of 19th-century songbooks of a similar type to the
513:
1933:
79:
2728:
2085:
856:
but taking the further step of incorporating songs from 70 other early tunebooks, along with new compositions, is the
554:
60:
2197:
1791:
1787:
1771:
1314:
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syllables with which the notes of the musical scale are sung. For instance, in the four-shape tradition used in the
564:" ("First New England School") began to appear in 1770, prior to the advent of shape notes, which first appeared in
2817:
2421:
2365:
86:
53:
2858:
2489:
1967:. Electronic sound files of songs from several 19th century shapenote songbooks using Melody Assistant software.
655:
523:
367:
167:
2144:
1061:
2848:
2807:
2779:
2774:
2748:
2482:
2242:
2217:
2201:
1693:
1038:. See in particular pp. 141-142 for a discussion about the use of a sharped seventh in the minor scale between
2396:
1890:
237:
Shape notes of various kinds have been used for over two centuries in a variety of music traditions, mostly
93:
2172:
1881:
2375:
1846:– web site of the Sacred Harp Musical Heritage Association, dedicated to Sacred Harp and Shapenote singing
1217:(1803) attributes the invention to 'J. Conly of Philadelphia'." And according to David Warren Steel, in
765:
462:
329:
246:
1870:
2764:
2467:
1021:
747:
527:
1983:
1970:
1405:
75:
825:
Oak Grove
Baptist Church, Elba, Alabama, African American 7-shape note gospel singing, 11 October 2003
666:, are still available. These books use seven-shape systems devised by Walker and Swan, respectively.
2863:
2543:
2056:
753:
628:. But in the South, the shapes became well entrenched, and multiplied into a variety of traditions.
1952:
1930:– an extensive site of resources concerning Sacred Harp, other Shape-Note music, Gallery music, etc.
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2668:
2516:
2226:
2477:
2443:
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1824:
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1672:
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883:
857:
705:
689:
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479:
466:
441:
379:
636:(1816) is the first Southern shape-note tunebook, and was soon followed by Alexander Johnson's
2648:
2532:
2406:
2181:
1605:
1548:
1529:
1456:
1258:
1194:
1188:
1128:
1039:
1027:
774:
721:
561:
535:
470:
2150:
1252:
504:'s "Christian Song" is the only song that modulates (in this case, from D minor to D major).
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2411:
2133:
2064:
1720:
1712:
1664:
1635:
853:
849:
837:
832:
681:
633:
629:
501:
336:
320:
203:
147:
1924:– official UK site with events calendar, resources and contacts for all UK shapenote groups
1898:
1245:"the very first shape-note book produced south of the Mason-Dixon line, Ananias Davisson's
2769:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2622:
2566:
2556:
2472:
2426:
2265:
1990:
1977:
1940:
1910:
1874:
1564:
Sing to Me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early
American Materials in Three Old Harp Books
1468:
878:
519:
474:
353:, who originally introduced a six-note scale using the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la.
350:
2338:
2203:
The Southern and Western Pocket Harmony, intended as an Appendix to the Southern Harmony
100:
2643:
2628:
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2571:
2551:
2509:
2438:
2416:
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903:
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2221:
2075:
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2450:
2431:
2137:
2127:
2114:
2048:
2026:
1861:
1742:
1684:
946:
725:
572:. Little and Smith introduced the four-shape system shown above, intended for use in
489:
445:
231:
227:
215:
2102:
604:
A licence found on the verso of the title page of some copies of Little and Smith's
2784:
2638:
2608:
2593:
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2581:
2561:
2457:
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1084:
873:
714:
625:
617:
600:
569:
238:
963:
17:
2210:
2159:
2036:
1511:
A Portion for the Singers: A History of Music Among Primitive Baptists Since 1800
409:
174:
2318:
2313:
2110:
768:. Numerous songbooks are printed in shaped notes for this market. They include
741:
675:
539:
497:
309:
286:
242:
223:
219:
42:
31:
1602:
The Missouri Harmony, or a Choice Collection of Psalm Tunes, Hymns, and Anthems
1042:(1819-1858) and Isaac Holcombe (for) vs. the anonymous "Georgia Boy" (against).
249:
for many years, and now experiencing a renaissance in other locations as well.
141:
2328:
1996:
1834:
1655:
Gates, J. Terry (1988). "A comparison of the tune books of Tufts and Walter".
1440:
1219:
907:
531:
449:
426:
282:
207:
191:
30:
For the tradition of music primarily associated with shape-note notation, see
2021:
2016:
620:, Pennsylvania. Andrew Law asserted that he was the inventor of shape notes.
289:
and elsewhere, the notes of a C major scale are notated and sung as follows:
2613:
2298:
2283:
2279:
1852:– about a documentary movie The Story of Sacred Harp and Shaped Note singing
761:
697:
340:
The 7-note system as used in a traditional tunebook (the Christian Harmony).
1518:
A Sacred Feast: Reflections on Sacred Harp Singing and Dinner on the Ground
551:
An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes in a Plaine & Easy Method
492:'s "Judgment Anthem", which first appeared in shapes in Little and Smith's
1698:(1798–1831): A history and bibliography of the first shape note tune book"
1725:
363:
211:
736:
and singing may be to an instrumental accompaniment, typically a piano.
2576:
2288:
1734:
1676:
1439:. The Shenandoah Harmony Publishing Company (Boyce, VA). Archived from
640:(1818), Allen D. Carden's The Missouri Harmony (1820) and many others.
1946:
1647:
1367:"African American Practice of Shape-Note Singing in the United States"
1318:
376:, the notes of a C major scale would be notated and sung as follows:
1716:
1668:
1340:
1790:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1639:
945:, p. mistakenly attributes the invention of the syllables to
545:
American forerunners to shape notes include the 9th edition of the
2535:
2234:
1604:(Wings of Song ed.), St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society,
813:
701:
599:
335:
319:
140:
1921:
1915:
1173:
By way of demonstrating the efficacy of the new shape notes, the
2293:
2121:
1159:
Colwell, Richard; James W. Pruett; Pamela Bristah. "Education".
1023:
Public Worship, Private Faith: Sacred Harp and American Folksong
811:
Some African-American churches use the seven-shape note system.
2505:
2238:
1526:
Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology
1867:
1849:
1754:
36:
2116:
The New Harmonia Sacra: A Compilation of Genuine Church Music
417:"Star in the east" done with four-syllable solfege syllables.
2337:
1964:
580:, which used slightly different shapes: a square indicated
391:
378:
291:
156:
1993:
Cyber Hymnal Selection converted to Seven-Shape Notes Book.
1583:
Sacred Song in America: Religion, Music, and Public Culture
983:
An experiment in teaching children to read with shape notes
1901:– article on Sacred Harp from the Handbook of Texas online
844:, as well as new books by modern composers, such as the
1980:
Open Hymnal Round Notes converted to Seven-Shape Notes.
1779:
1774:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
760:
The seven-shape (Aikin) system is commonly used by the
1843:
226:
without the use of more complex information found in
2002:
List of all-day and regular local singings from the
1955:
field recording from the Florida Folklife Collection
1949:– book on teaching small children shapenote singing.
1918:– school furthering the Stamps and Baxter tradition
1868:
Shape-note Connexion & music of Jeremiah Ingalls
2757:
2681:
2607:
2542:
2498:
2389:
2348:
2272:
1905:
Mississippi's African American Shape Note Tradition
1547:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1928:Sacred Harp and Related Shape-Note Music Resources
1120:
951:Plain and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke
1692:Lowens, Irving; Britton, Allen P. (Spring 1953).
1545:Close harmony : a history of southern gospel
1493:America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present
836:has remained in continuous use at one singing in
1026:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
1943:– article about singing schools and shape notes
1862:Shape Notes: the eight note, seven shape method
1213:Dick Hulan writes, "My copy of William Smith's
1018:community is discussed in the third chapter of
568:by William Little and William Smith in 1801 in
2139:The Christian Harp and Sabbath School Songster
1593:A Checklist of Four-Shape Shape-Note Tunebooks
949:, who described a four-syllable system in his
2517:
2250:
1233:
1193:, Univ. of Illinois Press, p. 209 n. 4,
930:
522:. Other early work in this area includes the
8:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1249:, published in Harrison, Virginia, in 1816"
1222:and the Development of Southern Folk Hymnody
145:"Star in the East" from the 1854 edition of
2192:The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion
1127:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 129.
848:. Of a hybrid nature, in terms of reviving
2524:
2510:
2502:
2257:
2243:
2235:
1864:– article promoting the seven shape method
1858:– article on the evolution of shaped notes
1566:, Gainesville: University of Florida Press
1502:The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music
1148:William Smith. Easy Instructor. .. Part II
206:designed to facilitate congregational and
2122:(2008, 26th edition, 7-shape and 4-shape)
1810:Learn how and when to remove this message
1724:
1341:"The Mennonite Hymnal | Hymnary.org"
1285:. Stamps-Baxter/Zondervan. Archived from
1054:"Morgan's Judgment Anthem, Newly Typeset"
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1574:White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands
1528:. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman Press.
1524:Eskew, Harry; McElrath, Hugh T. (1980).
1257:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 34.
182:Audio recording, performed multi-tracked
1254:A companion to the New harp of Columbia
923:
895:
2790:Contemporary Catholic liturgical music
1705:Journal of Research in Music Education
1657:Journal of Research in Music Education
1585:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press
1464:
1454:
1117:That Little and Smith were the first:
987:Journal of Research in Music Education
942:
670:Currently active shape note traditions
424:
324:The 7-note system as used in a modern
214:in written music to help singers find
189:
688:, almost all of the non-instrumental
386:There are other seven-shape systems.
7:
2813:
2694:Christian bands and artists by genre
2104:A Supplement to the Kentucky Harmony
1922:UK Sacred Harp and Shapenote Singing
1916:Stamps-Baxter School of Gospel Music
1911:Pearl River South Singing Convention
1836:An Introduction to ShapeNote Hymnody
998:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2050:Crystal Gems for the Sabbath-School
2022:7-shape notation tunebooks on IMSLP
2017:4-shape notation tunebooks on IMSLP
2228:Wyeth's Repository of Sacred Music
2158:William Little and William Smith,
2011:Public-domain shape-note tunebooks
1404:. Northern Harmony. Archived from
473:of the instrument rather than the
344:The system illustrated above is a
316:Four-shape vs. seven-shape systems
257:Shape notes have also been called
27:Musical notation for group singing
25:
2092:David Clayton and James Carrell,
1889:. Smithsonian in Your Classroom.
1123:America's Musical Life: A History
1014:in setting musical tastes of the
241:but also secular, originating in
2812:
2803:
2802:
2402:Christian electronic dance music
1953:Where Could I Go But To The Lord
1856:Shape Note Historical Background
1759:
425:Problems playing this file? See
407:
296:The C major scale in shape notes
190:Problems playing this file? See
172:
41:
2744:Christian worship music artists
2222:(1911, rev. J. S. James et al.)
2152:Union Harp and History of Songs
1895:With lesson plans for teachers.
1572:Jackson, George Pullen (1932),
1052:Hall, Rachel (23 August 2013).
989:VIII, 1 (Spring 1960), pp. 3–8.
902:The syllables used derive from
576:. In 1803 Andrew Law published
326:Independent Fundamental Baptist
52:needs additional citations for
1177:contains many difficult songs.
1:
2304:Hymnody of continental Europe
2118:(1915, 18th edition, 7-shape)
1959:Art of the States: shape-note
1934:Singing with Sol-fa Syllables
1504:, University of Georgia Press
1161:New Grove Dictionary of Music
308:The first three notes of any
245:, practiced primarily in the
2361:Contemporary Christian music
2356:Christian adult contemporary
1971:Seven-Shape Note Sheet Music
1628:Journal of American Folklore
1251:Hatchett, Marion J. (2003).
614:The Easy Instructor, Part II
606:The Easy Instructor, Part II
514:List of shape-note tunebooks
435:Effectiveness of shape notes
1883:A Shape-Note Singing Lesson
1833:Karlsberg, Jesse Pearlman.
644:Rise of seven-shape systems
461:Many forms of music in the
2880:
2422:Christian alternative rock
2366:Contemporary worship music
1581:Marini, Stephen A (2003),
1119:Crawford, Richard (2001).
1089:Sacred Harp Bremen website
1058:Shenandoah Harmony website
673:
511:
457:Shape notes and modulation
29:
2798:
2719:Christian hip hop artists
2699:Christian country artists
2689:Anglican church composers
2490:Urban contemporary gospel
2335:
1939:25 September 2004 at the
1907:article by Chiquita Walls
1873:20 September 2012 at the
1516:Eastburn, Kathryn (n.d.)
1509:Drummond, R. Paul (n.d.)
1500:Cobb, Buell E jr (2001),
1234:Lowens & Britton 1953
931:Lowens & Britton 1953
2844:American styles of music
2780:Christian music industry
2775:Christian music festival
2704:Christian hardcore bands
2176:(1835 and 1844 editions)
2063:Auld, Alexander (1852),
1279:"Heavenly Highway Hymns"
1215:Easy Instructor, Part II
530:(18th century), and the
508:Origin and early history
2739:Christian vocal artists
2734:Christian record labels
2714:Christian metal artists
2397:Christian country music
2035:Aikin, Jesse B (1858),
2028:The Methodist Harmonist
1891:Smithsonian Institution
1600:Hartman, Steve (2005),
1543:Goff, James R. (2002).
328:church hymnal from the
2854:Christian music genres
2567:Ethiopian and Eritrean
2376:Neues Geistliches Lied
2342:
2038:The Christian Minstrel
1989:23 August 2022 at the
1976:23 August 2022 at the
1591:Stanislaw, Richard J,
1562:Horn, Dorothy (1970),
826:
609:
463:common practice period
396:
383:
341:
333:
297:
247:Southern United States
161:
151:
2765:Anglican church music
2468:Latin Christian music
2341:
1984:Seven-Shape Note Book
1365:Fox, Derrick (2015).
1187:Miller, Kiri (2008),
1020:Bealle, John (1997).
862:The Christian Harmony
824:
748:The Christian Harmony
603:
560:Compositions of the "
528:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
395:
382:
339:
323:
295:
160:
144:
2724:Christian punk bands
2709:Christian rock bands
2533:Christian liturgical
2273:Roots and beginnings
2095:The Virginia Harmony
2089:, new edition (1835)
2077:The Missouri Harmony
1780:improve this article
1321:on 11 September 2012
1085:"240 Christian Song"
1064:on 24 September 2021
842:The Missouri Harmony
800:the Mennonite Hymnal
754:New Harp of Columbia
664:New Harp of Columbia
265:, respectively, and
61:improve this article
2729:Christian ska bands
2174:Mason's Sacred Harp
2161:The Easy Instructor
1839:. Emory University.
1792:footnote references
1696:The Easy Instructor
1289:on 13 December 2013
1083:Ingalls, Jeremiah.
796:Silver Gems in Song
780:Hymns of the Church
706:United Pentecostals
566:The Easy Instructor
494:The Easy Instructor
2478:Black Gospel music
2444:Christian hardcore
2343:
2309:Exclusive psalmody
2129:The Hesperian Harp
2106:(1825, reset 2011)
2101:Ananias Davisson,
2066:The Ohio Harmonist
2047:Aikin, LW (1875),
2004:Shenandoah Harmony
1999:Shenandoah Harmony
1997:Singings from the
1947:The Shape of Music
1467:has generic name (
1429:Shenandoah Harmony
884:West gallery music
858:Shenandoah Harmony
827:
690:Churches of Christ
686:Primitive Baptists
651:Christian Minstrel
610:
578:The Musical Primer
397:
384:
369:The Sound of Music
342:
334:
298:
162:
152:
18:Shape note singing
2826:
2825:
2677:
2676:
2412:Christian R&B
2407:Christian hip hop
2180:John G. McCurry,
2074:Allen D. Carden,
1899:Sacred Harp Music
1820:
1819:
1812:
1615:, xxxvii, 346 pp.
1315:"Christian Music"
1313:Champagne, Josh.
1175:"Easy" Instructor
1163:. pp. 11–21.
1040:Isaac B. Woodbury
1033:9-780-8203-1988-9
822:
788:Pilgrim's Praises
775:Christian Hymnary
722:nondenominational
682:Southern Baptists
662:and M. L. Swan's
660:Christian Harmony
638:Tennessee Harmony
562:Yankee tunesmiths
536:Sarah Anna Glover
500:(1844), in which
412:
177:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2871:
2859:Musical notation
2816:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2749:Gospel musicians
2526:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2189:William Walker,
2126:William Hauser,
2086:The Western Lyre
2083:W. L. Chappell,
2070:
2054:
2042:
1894:
1888:
1844:Fasola Home Page
1840:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1728:
1702:
1688:
1650:
1620:Journal articles
1614:
1595:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1539:
1505:
1495:
1491:Chase, Gilbert,
1473:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1310:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1247:Kentucky Harmony
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1037:
1010:The role of the
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
979:
973:
971:
960:
954:
940:
934:
928:
911:
900:
854:Kentucky Harmony
850:Ananias Davisson
846:Northern Harmony
838:Benton, Kentucky
833:Southern Harmony
823:
770:Christian Hymnal
730:Heavenly Highway
634:Kentucky Harmony
630:Ananias Davisson
542:(19th century).
502:Jeremiah Ingalls
486:from the 1850s.
414:
413:
403:Star in the east
394:
273:, pejoratively.
204:musical notation
179:
178:
168:Star in the East
159:
148:Southern Harmony
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2849:Christian music
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2794:
2770:Christian media
2753:
2673:
2611:
2603:
2538:
2530:
2494:
2473:Southern gospel
2427:Christian metal
2385:
2344:
2333:
2268:
2266:Christian music
2263:
2212:The Sacred Harp
2183:The Social Harp
2062:
2046:
2034:
2013:
1991:Wayback Machine
1978:Wayback Machine
1965:Sacred Harp.mus
1941:Wayback Machine
1893:. October 2000.
1886:
1880:
1875:Wayback Machine
1832:
1829:Wayback Machine
1816:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1777:
1768:This section's
1764:
1760:
1753:
1717:10.2307/3344565
1700:
1691:
1669:10.2307/3344638
1654:
1634:(436): 169–88,
1625:
1622:
1612:
1599:
1590:
1580:
1571:
1561:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1523:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1443:on 30 July 2021
1427:Editors of the
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
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1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1019:
1009:
1005:
1001:, pp. 7–8.
997:
993:
980:
976:
962:
961:
957:
941:
937:
929:
925:
920:
915:
914:
901:
897:
892:
879:Southern gospel
870:
814:
734:singing schools
710:United Baptists
694:Free Methodists
678:
672:
646:
612:Some copies of
584:and a triangle
574:singing schools
524:cipher notation
520:Guido of Arezzo
516:
510:
475:just intonation
459:
437:
432:
431:
423:
421:
420:
419:
418:
415:
408:
405:
398:
392:
351:Guido of Arezzo
318:
279:
267:buckwheat notes
259:character notes
255:
197:
196:
188:
186:
185:
184:
183:
180:
173:
170:
163:
157:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2823:
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2820:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2758:Related topics
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
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2685:
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2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2602:
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2559:
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2540:
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2521:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2439:Christian punk
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2417:Christian rock
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
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2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2207:
2187:
2178:
2171:Lowell Mason,
2169:
2156:
2147:
2135:
2124:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2060:
2044:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1850:Awake, My Soul
1847:
1841:
1818:
1817:
1772:external links
1767:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1751:External links
1749:
1748:
1747:
1689:
1652:
1640:10.2307/541811
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1419:
1408:on 23 May 2009
1388:
1371:Choral Journal
1357:
1332:
1300:
1270:
1264:978-1572332034
1263:
1238:
1226:
1206:
1199:
1190:Traveling Home
1179:
1166:
1151:
1140:
1133:
1110:
1101:
1075:
1044:
1032:
1003:
991:
974:
955:
935:
922:
921:
919:
916:
913:
912:
908:Solfège#Origin
894:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
869:
866:
805:Harmonia Sacra
784:Zion's Praises
671:
668:
656:William Walker
645:
642:
549:(Boston), and
547:Bay Psalm Book
509:
506:
458:
455:
446:control groups
436:
433:
422:
416:
406:
401:
400:
399:
390:
389:
388:
374:Jesse B. Aikin
317:
314:
278:
275:
254:
251:
228:key signatures
208:social singing
187:
181:
171:
166:
165:
164:
155:
154:
153:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2876:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Gospel reggae
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:Christian ska
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:Unblack metal
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:Fusion genres
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:Modern genres
2347:
2340:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:B. F. White,
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:J. S. James,
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1788:inappropriate
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:2027.42/68570
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:(3): 169–93.
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1611:1-883982-54-5
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1554:9780807853467
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1535:0-8054-6809-9
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:9780252032141
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1134:0-393-04810-1
1130:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
984:
978:
975:
969:
965:
964:"Note shapes"
959:
956:
952:
948:
947:Thomas Morley
944:
939:
936:
932:
927:
924:
917:
909:
905:
899:
896:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:
812:
809:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
792:Church Hymnal
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:Stamps-Baxter
723:
720:In addition,
718:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
615:
607:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Justin Morgan
487:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
451:
447:
443:
434:
430:
428:
404:
387:
381:
377:
375:
371:
370:
365:
360:
354:
352:
347:
338:
331:
327:
322:
315:
313:
311:
306:
302:
294:
290:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
195:
193:
169:
150:
149:
143:
139:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2018
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2785:Church music
2589:Prostopinije
2458:Gospel blues
2381:Mass (music)
2371:Gospel music
2323:
2227:
2211:
2202:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2160:
2151:
2138:
2128:
2115:
2103:
2094:
2084:
2076:
2065:
2049:
2037:
2027:
2003:
1998:
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2483:Traditional
2319:Sacred Harp
2314:Jesus music
2111:Joseph Funk
1630:(article),
1465:|last=
1447:10 December
1412:11 November
1345:hymnary.org
1325:11 November
1293:11 November
1016:Sacred Harp
943:Marini 2003
742:Sacred Harp
728:hymnals or
676:Sacred Harp
540:John Curwen
498:Sacred Harp
471:temperament
359:seven-shape
310:major scale
287:Sacred Harp
271:dunce notes
243:New England
200:Shape notes
32:Sacred Harp
2839:Shape note
2833:Categories
2634:Beneventan
2625:(Milanese)
2329:Spirituals
2324:Shape note
2113:and sons,
1961:recordings
1800:March 2016
1433:"About Us"
1396:Stoddard.
1377:(5): 38–51
1220:John Wyeth
1108:Gates 1988
1094:30 January
1068:30 January
918:References
762:Mennonites
745:, such as
674:See also:
555:John Tufts
512:See also:
467:modulation
450:sight read
427:media help
346:four-shape
192:media help
87:newspapers
2664:Old Roman
2659:Mozarabic
2654:Gregorian
2623:Ambrosian
2614:Plainsong
2557:Byzantine
2299:Hymn tune
2284:Polyphony
2280:Homophony
2146:(7-shape)
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1784:excessive
1743:145106169
1685:191348871
1437:Hymn Book
1402:Hymn Book
1283:Hymn Book
999:Horn 1970
904:Guidonian
698:Mennonite
212:noteheads
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2644:Gallican
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2572:Galician
2552:Armenian
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1987:Archived
1974:Archived
1937:Archived
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1827:and the
1457:cite web
1350:11 March
970:, Fasola
868:See also
766:Brethren
751:and the
588:, while
364:Do-Re-Mi
277:Overview
2818:Commons
2669:Ravenna
2609:Western
2577:Obikhod
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2289:Chorale
1778:Please
1770:use of
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1398:"About"
1381:4 April
981:Kyme, "
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366:" from
283:solfège
230:on the
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2166:Part 2
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1887:(PDF)
1739:S2CID
1731:JSTOR
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1681:S2CID
1673:JSTOR
1644:JSTOR
1485:Books
1012:Organ
890:Notes
702:Amish
484:Organ
480:sorts
330:South
232:staff
220:major
108:JSTOR
94:books
2294:Hymn
2282:vs.
2218:c. 2
1606:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1469:help
1449:2019
1414:2012
1383:2018
1352:2023
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1259:ISBN
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