2949:
303:
2218:
2955:
68:
2229:
91:
446:
49:
459:
2235:
2943:
1708:
2224:
1702:
1714:
540:
Although older studies have suggested that shastasaurids were suction-feeders, current research indicates that the jaws of shastasaurid ichthyosaurs do not fit the suction-feeding profile, since their short and narrow hyoid bones are unsuitable to withstand impact forces for such kind of feeding, and
474:
measuring over 8 metres (26 ft) in length. One of the largest specimens was discovered in
England in May 2016, when researcher and fossil collector Paul de la Salle discovered a partial jawbone measuring 96 centimeters (3.15 ft) long which was catalogued as BRSMG Cg2488, also referred to as
475:
the
Lilstock specimen. In 2018, Dean Lomax, de la Salle, Judy Massare, and Ramues Gallois identified the Lilstock specimen as a shastasaurid. While its incompleteness made the size of the animal difficult to suggest, it clearly was very large. Using
1162:
Kelley, Neil P.; Irmis, Randall B.; dePolo, Paige E.; Noble, Paula J.; Montague-Judd, Danielle; Little, Holly; Blundell, Jon; Rasmussen, Cornelia; Percival, Lawrence M.E.; Mather, Tamsin A.; Pyenson, Nicholas D. (December 2022).
820:"Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"
468:
Shastasaurids as typically defined have elongate bodies, with over 55 presacral vertebrae. They were the largest ichthyosaurs, with even some of the smaller species like
992:
Rieber, Hans (May 1970). "Phragmoteuthis? ticinensis n. sp., ein
Coleoidea-Rest aus der Grenzbitumenzone (Mittlere Trias) des Monte San Giorgio (Kt. Tessin, Schweiz)".
3072:
395:
in separate families, Shonisauridae and
Besanosauridae, respectively. In various studies, the grouping of Shastasauridae has been variously found to be either
1246:
3136:
2948:
3059:
487:, however, found a shorter length estimate of 22 meters (72 ft). In 2024, the Lilstock specimen was referred to the newly described species
3156:
3146:
383:, and all its descendants." In an alternative classification scheme, paleontologist Michael Maisch restricted Shastasauridae to the genus
3151:
2217:
1050:"An Upper Triassic (Norian) ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) from northern Alaska and dietary insight based on gut contents"
1239:
3131:
2954:
90:
3141:
889:"Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs"
758:"Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs"
2228:
1232:
818:
Bindellini, Gabriele; Wolniewicz, Andrzej S.; Miedema, Feiko; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Sasso, Cristiano Dal (2021-05-06).
290:. The family contains the largest known species of ichthyosaurs, which include some of and possibly the largest known
1048:
Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Kelley, Neil; Whalen, Michael T.; Mcroberts, Christopher; Carter, Joseph G. (2014-09-19).
479:
as a model, the researchers estimated the ichthyosaur to have been 26 meters (85 ft) long, nearly the size of a
2991:
367:
302:
2234:
428:
58:
2986:
2942:
963:"A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones"
962:
628:"A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones"
626:
Lomax, Dean R.; De la Salle, Paul; Massare, Judy A.; Gallois, Ramues (2018-04-09). Wong, William Oki (ed.).
3012:
1707:
1701:
353:
347:
3126:
3098:
2981:
314:
947:
731:
2055:
1977:
1925:
1176:
1116:
1061:
1001:
900:
769:
704:
641:
577:
518:
419:
244:
1713:
1105:"Absence of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs and Its Implications for Triassic Mesopelagic Paleoecology"
3050:
2341:
2184:
1331:
2198:
2454:
1873:
1758:
1508:
1393:
1380:
1343:
1255:
1210:
1085:
1025:
85:
3103:
2223:
566:"Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks"
67:
3085:
2772:
2647:
2612:
2568:
2093:
1473:
1202:
1194:
1144:
1077:
1017:
928:
869:
851:
797:
677:
659:
605:
3090:
3077:
1049:
2892:
2841:
2809:
2692:
2497:
2353:
2298:
1852:
1789:
1184:
1134:
1124:
1069:
1009:
974:
918:
908:
859:
841:
831:
787:
777:
712:
667:
649:
595:
585:
445:
358:
338:
280:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2677:
2581:
2529:
2430:
2191:
2170:
2163:
2041:
2020:
1880:
1590:
1551:
1517:
1489:
1438:
48:
1180:
1120:
1065:
1005:
904:
773:
708:
645:
581:
458:
2885:
2878:
2850:
2619:
2557:
2550:
2513:
2506:
2485:
2380:
2326:
2083:
2063:
2033:
1985:
1969:
1905:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1564:
1139:
1104:
923:
888:
864:
819:
792:
757:
672:
627:
600:
565:
470:
451:
413:
342:
291:
234:
213:
161:
375:, which Merriam named in 1908, as a stem taxon including "the last common ancestor of
3120:
2871:
2749:
2656:
2635:
2439:
2372:
2362:
2319:
2279:
1821:
1773:
1744:
1731:
1661:
1533:
1526:
1449:
1431:
1214:
1089:
1029:
145:
2830:
2823:
2802:
2787:
2742:
2712:
2597:
2543:
2416:
2153:
2101:
2001:
1993:
1961:
1918:
1864:
1838:
1619:
1612:
1572:
1540:
1482:
716:
530:
489:
400:
396:
327:
265:
223:
202:
564:
Fröbisch, N. B.; Fröbisch, J. R.; Sander, P. M.; Schmitz, L.; Rieppel, O. (2013).
1129:
1073:
913:
782:
654:
3044:
2705:
2670:
2589:
2395:
2388:
2265:
2252:
2177:
2112:
2071:
2008:
1932:
1462:
1418:
1407:
1300:
978:
732:"Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art"
547:
had robust sectorial teeth with gut contents of mollusk shells and vertebrates.
543:
524:
505:
333:
287:
255:
77:
3035:
2899:
2857:
2764:
2757:
2663:
2604:
2471:
2312:
2286:
2048:
1894:
1887:
1639:
1630:
1579:
1316:
1285:
1189:
1164:
509:
480:
1198:
1081:
1021:
855:
663:
2794:
2779:
2627:
2446:
1599:
756:
Sander, P. M.; Chen, X.; Cheng, L.; Wang, X. (2011). Claessens, Leon (ed.).
590:
513:
102:
17:
1206:
1148:
932:
873:
801:
681:
609:
403:. Studies that have recovered the group as monophyletic generally include
3029:
2816:
1940:
1765:
1279:
632:
502:
284:
122:
39:
836:
3064:
2864:
1646:
1291:
1013:
846:
132:
1273:
1224:
534:
189:
112:
3006:
457:
444:
307:
301:
337:, and several other traditional shastasaurids, defining it as a
3010:
2970:
2250:
1729:
1378:
1266:
1228:
516:. Evidence for this prey diversity includes gut contents from
948:"Prehistoric Sea Monster Was Nearly the Size of a Blue Whale"
887:
Sander P, Chen X, Cheng L, Wang X (2011). Claessens L (ed.).
493:, with a length estimate of up to 25 meters (82 ft).
1103:
Motani R, Tomita T, Maxwell E, Jiang D, Sander P (2013).
961:
De la Salle P, R Lomax D, A Massare J, Gallois R (2018).
695:
1165:"Grouping behavior in a Triassic marine apex predator"
313:
Shastasauridae was named by
American paleontologist
261:
251:
240:
230:
219:
209:
198:
3019:
2840:
2691:
2646:
2567:
2527:
2496:
2469:
2429:
2414:
2361:
2340:
2296:
2263:
2151:
2111:
2082:
2019:
1951:
1904:
1863:
1836:
1788:
1742:
1660:
1629:
1598:
1589:
1550:
1516:
1507:
1472:
1448:
1417:
1391:
1342:
1315:
570:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1240:
317:in 1895 along with the newly described genus
8:
321:. In 1999, Ryosuke Motani erected the clade
3007:
2967:
2697:
2573:
2535:
2524:
2477:
2426:
2422:
2347:
2337:
2304:
2271:
2260:
2247:
2148:
2025:
1910:
1844:
1785:
1750:
1739:
1726:
1604:
1595:
1556:
1513:
1454:
1423:
1399:
1388:
1375:
1321:
1312:
1263:
1247:
1233:
1225:
66:
47:
31:
1188:
1138:
1128:
922:
912:
863:
845:
835:
791:
781:
671:
653:
599:
589:
357:." He also redefined Shastasauridae as a
621:
619:
556:
361:including "the last common ancestor of
1043:
1041:
1039:
512:, shastasaurians fed on a variety of
7:
813:
811:
3137:Triassic reptiles of North America
1054:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
697:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
508:, which fed almost exclusively on
25:
529:and an unnamed specimen from the
2953:
2947:
2941:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2216:
1712:
1706:
1700:
89:
371:, and all its descendants" and
717:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160
1:
3157:Prehistoric reptile families
3147:Fossils of the United States
1130:10.1371/journal.pone.0066075
1074:10.1080/02724634.2014.866573
994:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
914:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480
783:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480
655:10.1371/journal.pone.0194742
979:10.6084/m9.figshare.5975440
306:Shastasauridae indet. from
3173:
3152:Paleontology in California
730:Michael W. Maisch (2010).
368:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
27:Extinct family of reptiles
2977:
2966:
2939:
2700:
2576:
2538:
2523:
2480:
2425:
2350:
2336:
2307:
2274:
2259:
2246:
2214:
2147:
2028:
1913:
1847:
1784:
1753:
1738:
1725:
1698:
1607:
1559:
1457:
1426:
1402:
1387:
1374:
1324:
1311:
1262:
1190:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.005
195:
188:
86:Scientific classification
84:
74:
65:
59:Shastasaurus sikanniensis
55:
46:
34:
541:since some species like
477:Shonisaurus sikanniensis
345:more closely related to
591:10.1073/pnas.1216750110
946:Geggel, Laura (2018).
465:
455:
363:Shastasaurus pacificus
354:Ichthyosaurus communis
348:Shastasaurus pacificus
310:
3132:Triassic ichthyosaurs
3099:Paleobiology Database
463:Shonisaurus popularis
461:
448:
315:John Campbell Merriam
305:
2056:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1978:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1926:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1175:(24): 5398–5405.e3.
449:Life restoration of
420:Guizhouichthyosaurus
245:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3142:Triassic California
2342:Temnodontosauroidea
1181:2022CBio...32E5398K
1121:2013PLoSO...866075M
1066:2014JVPal..34.1460D
1006:1970PalZ...44...32R
905:2011PLoSO...619480S
837:10.7717/peerj.11179
774:2011PLoSO...619480S
709:1999JVPal..19..473M
646:2018PLoSO..1394742L
582:2013PNAS..110.1393F
519:Guizhouichthyosarus
483:. Scaling based on
2972:Related categories
2455:Protoichthyosaurus
1874:Barracudasauroides
1759:Quasianosteosaurus
1509:Ichthyosauriformes
1394:Ichthyosauromorpha
1381:Ichthyosauromorpha
1344:Ichthyosauromorpha
1256:Ichthyosauromorpha
1014:10.1007/bf02989793
466:
456:
437:within the group.
311:
3114:
3113:
3086:Open Tree of Life
3013:Taxon identifiers
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2992:Triassic reptiles
2962:
2961:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2773:Kazakhstanosaurus
2687:
2686:
2648:Ophthalmosaurinae
2613:Myobradypterygius
2569:Ophthalmosauridae
2465:
2464:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2242:
2241:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2094:Qianichthyosaurus
1832:
1831:
1721:
1720:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1656:
1655:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1474:Parahupehsuchinae
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
274:
273:
184:
167:
75:Scale diagram of
16:(Redirected from
3164:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3008:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2893:Simbirskiasaurus
2842:Platypterygiinae
2810:Pervushovisaurus
2698:
2693:Platypterygiidae
2574:
2536:
2525:
2498:Stenopterygiidae
2478:
2427:
2423:
2354:Temnodontosaurus
2348:
2338:
2305:
2299:Neoichthyosauria
2272:
2261:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2149:
2026:
1911:
1853:Cymbospondylidae
1845:
1790:Cymbospondylidae
1786:
1751:
1740:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1605:
1596:
1557:
1514:
1455:
1424:
1400:
1389:
1376:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1264:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1192:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1060:(6): 1460–1465.
1045:
1034:
1033:
989:
983:
982:
958:
952:
951:
943:
937:
936:
926:
916:
884:
878:
877:
867:
849:
839:
815:
806:
805:
795:
785:
753:
747:
746:
736:
727:
721:
720:
692:
686:
685:
675:
657:
623:
614:
613:
603:
593:
576:(4): 1393–1397.
561:
359:node-based taxon
343:merriamosaurians
339:stem-based taxon
263:
253:
242:
232:
221:
211:
200:
182:
177:
165:
160:
144:
94:
93:
70:
51:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3015:
3005:
2996:
2987:Marine reptiles
2973:
2958:
2905:
2836:
2736:Brachypterygius
2728:Athabascasaurus
2720:Arthropterygius
2683:
2678:Ophthalmosaurus
2642:
2582:Arthropterygius
2563:
2532:
2530:Ophthalmosauria
2519:
2492:
2474:
2461:
2431:Ichthyosauridae
2419:
2402:
2357:
2332:
2301:
2292:
2268:
2255:
2238:
2204:
2192:Svalbardosaurus
2171:Pachygonosaurus
2164:Barracudasaurus
2127:
2107:
2078:
2042:Californosaurus
2021:Euichthyosauria
2015:
1947:
1900:
1881:Contectopalatus
1859:
1841:
1828:
1780:
1747:
1734:
1717:
1676:
1652:
1625:
1591:Eoichthyosauria
1585:
1552:Ichthyopterygia
1546:
1518:Omphalosauridae
1495:
1490:Parahupehsuchus
1468:
1444:
1439:Nanchangosaurus
1413:
1396:
1383:
1358:
1338:
1307:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1169:Current Biology
1161:
1160:
1156:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1047:
1046:
1037:
991:
990:
986:
960:
959:
955:
945:
944:
940:
886:
885:
881:
817:
816:
809:
755:
754:
750:
739:Palaeodiversity
734:
729:
728:
724:
694:
693:
689:
640:(4): e0194742.
625:
624:
617:
563:
562:
558:
553:
499:
443:
341:including "all
300:
292:marine reptiles
181:
175:
164:
158:
142:
88:
42:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3051:Shastasauridae
3041:
3025:
3023:
3021:Shastasauridae
3017:
3016:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2886:Plutoniosaurus
2882:
2879:Platypterygius
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2851:Caypullisaurus
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2620:Nannopterygius
2616:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2558:Macropterygius
2554:
2551:Delphinosaurus
2547:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2514:Stenopterygius
2510:
2507:Magnipterygius
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:Chacaicosaurus
2481:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2381:Excalibosaurus
2377:
2368:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2327:Suevoleviathan
2323:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2084:Toretocnemidae
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2064:Mikadocephalus
2060:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2034:Auroroborealia
2029:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:Himalayasaurus
1982:
1974:
1970:Guanlingsaurus
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:Shastasauridae
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1906:Merriamosauria
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1814:Thalattoarchon
1810:
1806:Phantomosaurus
1802:
1799:Cymbospondylus
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1565:Isfjordosaurus
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1154:
1115:(12): e66075.
1095:
1035:
1000:(1–2): 32–40.
984:
953:
938:
879:
807:
748:
722:
703:(3): 473–496.
687:
615:
555:
554:
552:
549:
498:
497:Feeding habits
495:
471:Guanlingsaurus
452:Guanlingsaurus
442:
439:
434:wolonggangense
414:Guanlingsaurus
373:Shastasaurinae
299:
296:
279:is an extinct
277:Shastasauridae
272:
271:
270:
269:
259:
249:
238:
235:Guanlingsaurus
228:
217:
214:Himalayasaurus
207:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:Shastasauridae
173:
169:
168:
162:Merriamosauria
156:
149:
148:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
72:
71:
63:
62:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
35:Shastasauridae
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3169:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:Maiaspondylus
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:Cryopterygius
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:Acamptonectes
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2636:Thalassodraco
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:Ichthyosaurus
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:Eurhinosaurus
2370:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:Leptonectidae
2360:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:Hauffiopteryx
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:Hudsonelpidia
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:Sphaerodontes
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1822:Xinminosaurus
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1774:Xinminosaurus
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:Ichthyosauria
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:Ichthyosauria
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:Ichthyosauria
1659:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:Omphalosaurus
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:Cartorhynchus
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Hupehsuchidae
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:Eohupehsuchus
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
949:
942:
939:
934:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
899:(5): e19480.
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
768:(5): e19480.
767:
763:
759:
752:
749:
744:
740:
733:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
550:
548:
546:
545:
538:
536:
532:
528:
526:
522:
520:
515:
511:
507:
504:
501:Unlike other
496:
494:
492:
491:
486:
482:
478:
473:
472:
464:
460:
454:
453:
447:
440:
438:
436:
435:
431:
426:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
309:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
268:
267:
260:
258:
257:
250:
247:
246:
239:
237:
236:
229:
226:
225:
218:
216:
215:
208:
205:
204:
197:
196:
194:
191:
187:
183:Merriam, 1895
180:
174:
171:
170:
163:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Ichthyosauria
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
73:
69:
64:
61:
60:
54:
50:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3127:Ichthyosaurs
3020:
2982:Ichthyosaurs
2946:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2831:Undorosaurus
2829:
2824:Sveltonectes
2822:
2815:
2808:
2803:Parrassaurus
2801:
2793:
2788:Muiscasaurus
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2743:Catutosaurus
2741:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2713:Aegirosaurus
2711:
2704:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2598:Jabalisaurus
2596:
2588:
2580:
2556:
2549:
2544:Argovisaurus
2542:
2512:
2505:
2484:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2417:Thunnosauria
2394:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2352:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2285:
2278:
2221:
2199:Tibetosaurus
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:Nomina dubia
2152:
2102:Toretocnemus
2100:
2092:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2007:
2002:Shastasaurus
2000:
1994:Ichthyotitan
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1962:Besanosaurus
1960:
1952:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1919:Besanosaurus
1917:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:Mixosauridae
1851:
1839:Hueneosauria
1820:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1705:
1645:
1638:
1620:Utatsusaurus
1618:
1613:Parvinatator
1611:
1578:
1573:Chaohusaurus
1571:
1563:
1541:Sclerocormus
1539:
1532:
1525:
1488:
1483:Eretmorhipis
1481:
1461:
1437:
1430:
1406:
1296:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1057:
1053:
997:
993:
987:
970:
966:
956:
941:
896:
892:
882:
827:
823:
765:
761:
751:
742:
738:
725:
700:
696:
690:
637:
631:
573:
569:
559:
542:
539:
531:Brooks Range
523:
517:
506:ichthyosaurs
500:
490:Ichthyotitan
488:
485:Besanosaurus
484:
476:
469:
467:
462:
450:
433:
429:
424:
418:
412:
409:Besanosaurus
408:
405:Shastasaurus
404:
401:paraphyletic
397:monophyletic
393:Besanosaurus
392:
388:
385:Shastasaurus
384:
380:
377:Shastasaurus
376:
372:
366:
362:
352:
346:
332:
328:Shastasaurus
326:
323:Shastasauria
322:
319:Shastasaurus
318:
312:
288:ichthyosaurs
276:
275:
266:Shastasaurus
264:
254:
243:
233:
224:Ichthyotitan
222:
212:
203:Besanosaurus
201:
178:
166:Motani, 1999
152:
76:
57:
56:Skeleton of
29:
18:Shastasauria
3045:Wikispecies
2706:Acuetzpalin
2671:Mollesaurus
2590:Gengasaurus
2396:Wahlisaurus
2389:Leptonectes
2266:Parvipelvia
2253:Parvipelvia
2178:Pessosaurus
2113:Parvipelvia
2072:Shonisaurus
2009:Shonisaurus
1933:Pessopteryx
1463:Hupehsuchus
1419:Hupehsuchia
1408:Baisesaurus
1301:Neodiapsida
847:2434/924636
544:Shonisaurus
525:Shonisaurus
510:cephalopods
441:Description
430:‘Callawayia
425:Shonisaurus
389:Shonisaurus
387:and placed
381:Shonisaurus
334:Shonisaurus
325:to include
256:Shonisaurus
78:Shonisaurus
3121:Categories
2900:Sisteronia
2858:Kyhytysuka
2765:Janusaurus
2758:Grendelius
2664:Baptanodon
2605:Janusaurus
2472:Baracromia
2313:Dearcmhara
2287:Macgowania
2122:see below↓
2049:Callawayia
1895:Phalarodon
1888:Mixosaurus
1671:see below↓
1640:Gulosaurus
1631:Grippiidae
1580:Thaisaurus
1353:see below↓
1332:Sauropsida
1317:Sauropsida
1290:Subclass:
1286:Sauropsida
830:: e11179.
745:: 151–214.
551:References
527:popularis,
481:blue whale
2795:Palvennia
2780:Keilhauia
2628:Palvennia
2447:Malawania
1600:Grippidia
1272:Kingdom:
1215:254874088
1199:0960-9822
1090:129908740
1082:0272-4634
1030:129041989
1022:0031-0220
856:2167-8359
664:1932-6203
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
3036:Q2715499
3030:Wikidata
2817:Sumpalla
1941:Wimanius
1766:Tholodus
1292:Diapsida
1280:Chordata
1278:Phylum:
1274:Animalia
1207:36538877
1149:24348983
1109:PLOS ONE
967:PLOS ONE
933:21625429
893:PLOS ONE
874:33996277
802:21625429
762:PLOS ONE
682:29630618
633:PLOS ONE
610:23297200
503:Triassic
351:than to
298:Taxonomy
285:Triassic
172:Family:
133:Reptilia
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
40:Triassic
3091:4946517
3065:3239018
2865:Leninia
1647:Grippia
1284:Class:
1177:Bibcode
1140:3859474
1117:Bibcode
1062:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
924:3100301
901:Bibcode
865:8106916
793:3100301
770:Bibcode
705:Bibcode
673:5890986
642:Bibcode
601:3557033
578:Bibcode
521:tangae,
139:Order:
129:Class:
3078:116277
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281:family
190:Genera
3104:38876
3073:IRMNG
1297:Clade
1211:S2CID
1086:S2CID
1026:S2CID
973:(4).
824:PeerJ
735:(PDF)
308:China
3060:GBIF
1330:see
1203:PMID
1195:ISSN
1145:PMID
1078:ISSN
1018:ISSN
929:PMID
870:PMID
852:ISSN
798:PMID
678:PMID
660:ISSN
606:PMID
514:prey
427:and
391:and
379:and
365:and
153:Node
1185:doi
1135:PMC
1125:doi
1070:doi
1010:doi
975:doi
919:PMC
909:doi
860:PMC
842:hdl
832:doi
788:PMC
778:doi
713:doi
668:PMC
650:doi
596:PMC
586:doi
574:110
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