Shechita - Knowledge (XXG)

443: 3021:"Animals should not eat an animal" should perhaps read "one should not eat an animal". "The swift severance of the jugular vein" is not an accurate description of kosher or halal slaughter. Four major blood vessels are severed: two of which supply the brain with oxygenated blood, and two jugular veins that transport blood back to the heart. Consciousness is maintained by a constant flow of oxygenated blood over the brain. It is in "conventional" slaughter that only one jugular is cut. One of FAWC's recommendations was to standardize slaughter by always cutting two carotid arteries. 1547: 678: 531: 7094: 3098:

trade). Occlusions slow blood loss from the carotids and delay the decline in blood pressure that prevents the suffering brain from blacking out. In one group of calves, 62.5 per cent suffered from ballooning. Even if the slaughterman is a master of his craft and the cut to the neck is clean, blood is carried to the brain by vertebral arteries, and it keeps cattle conscious of their pain.

1533: 752:, excessive pressing. Kosher knife makers sell knives of differing sizes depending on the animal. Shorter blades may technically be used depending on the number of strokes employed to slaughter the animal, but the normative practice today is that shorter blades are not used. The knife must not have a point. It is feared a point may slip into the wound during slaughter and cause 580:‎; delay or pausing) – Pausing during the incision and then starting to cut again makes the animal's flesh unkosher. The knife must be moved across the neck in an uninterrupted motion until the trachea and esophagus are sufficiently severed to avoid this. There is some disagreement among legal sources as to the exact length of time needed to constitute 699: 47: 1349:, discusses research papers collected by Compassion in World Farming which indicate that the animal suffers pain during the process. In 2009, Craig Johnson and colleagues showed that calves that have not been stunned feel pain from the cut in their necks, and they may take at least 10–30 seconds to lose consciousness. 602:. They maintain that the animal must be on its back or lying on its side, and some also allow for the animal to be suspended upside down. However, the Rambam explicitly permits upright slaughter, and the Orthodox Union as well as all other major kosher certifiers in the United States accept upright slaughter. 1432:

Efforts are made to improve the techniques used in slaughterhouses. Temple Grandin has worked closely with Jewish slaughterers to design handling systems for cattle, and has said: "When the cut is done correctly, the animal appears not to feel it. From an animal-welfare standpoint, the major concern

1427:

to run into a small stall which had a slick floor on a forty-five-degree angle. This caused the animal to slip and fall so that workers could attach the chain to its rear leg . As I watched this nightmare, I thought, 'This should not be happening in a civilized society.' In my diary I wrote, 'If hell

563:

If one did not sever the entirety of both the trachea and esophagus then an animal may still be considered kosher as long as one severed the majority of the trachea and esophagus (windpipe and food pipe) of a mammal, or the majority of either one of these in the case of birds. The cut must be incised

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Possible reasons for the suffering are laid out in various research papers that Compassion in World Farming has collected. After the throat is cut, large clots can form at the severed ends of the carotid arteries, leading to occlusion of the wound (or "ballooning" as it is known in the slaughtering

1336:

gave results which proved "pain and suffering to the extent as has since long been generally associated in public with this kind of slaughter cannot be registered" and that " occurred generally within considerably less time than during the slaughter method after captive bolt stunning." However, the

936:

Ashkenazic Jews rule that if the adhesion can be removed (there are various methods of removing the adhesion, and not all of them are acceptable even according to the Ashkenazic custom) and the lungs are still airtight (a process that is tested by filling the lungs with air and then submerging them

630:

refers to the location on the neck on which a kosher cut may be performed; cutting outside this location will in most cases disqualify a kosher cut. According to today's normative Orthodox practice, any cutting outside this area will in all cases disqualify a kosher cut. The limits within which the

649:

can occur if one tears out the esophagus or trachea while handling an animal's neck or if the esophagus or trachea is torn by a knife with imperfections on the blade, such as nicks or serration. In order to avoid tearing, the kosher slaughter knife is expertly maintained and regularly checked with

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Studies done in 1994 by Temple Grandin, and another in 1992 by Flemming Bager, showed that when the animals were slaughtered in a comfortable position they appeared to give no resistance and none of the animals attempted to pull away their head. The studies concluded that a shechita cut "probably

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Temple Grandin gives various times for loss of consciousness via kosher ritual slaughter, ranging from 15 to 90 seconds depending on measurement type and individual kosher slaughterhouse. She elaborates on what parts of the process she finds may or may not be cause for concern. In 2018, Grandin

594:‎; pressing/chopping) – The knife must be drawn across the throat by a back and forth movement, not by chopping, hacking, or pressing without moving the knife back and forth. There are those who assert that it is forbidden to have the animal in an upright position during 3010:

The religious stipulations in both faiths stem from the belief that animals should not eat an animal that has undergone hurt or injury in dying. They say the swift severance of the jugular vein and the draining of blood, consumption of which is forbidden, causes the animal to feel virtually

1302:

Mr Bradshaw said the Government had maintained its position in not accepting FAWC's recommendation that slaughter without prior stunning should be banned, as they respected the rights of communities in Britain to slaughter animals in accordance with the requirements of their religion.

483:

However, in practice, as a very long sharp knife is used, in cattle the soft tissues in the neck are sliced through without the knife touching the spinal cord, in the course of which four major blood vessels, two of which transport oxygenated blood to the brain (the

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to run their fingernail up and down both sides of the blade and on the cutting edge to determine if they can feel any imperfections. They then use a number of increasingly fine abrasive stones to sharpen and polish the blade until it is perfectly sharp and smooth.

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to put a stop to attempts to outlaw kosher slaughter. "The pretext is preventing cruelty to animals or animal rights—but there is sometimes an element of anti-Semitism and there is a hidden message that Jews are cruel to animals," said Committee Chair MK

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The knife must be at least slightly longer than the neck width but preferably at least twice as long as the animal's neck is wide, but not so long that the weight of the knife is deemed excessive. If the knife is too large, it is assumed to cause

763:

The blade cannot have imperfections in it. All blades are assumed by Jewish law to be imperfect, so the knife must be checked before each session. In the past the knife was checked through a variety of means. Today the common practice is for the

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knife may be applied are from the large ring in the windpipe to the top of the upper lobe of the lung when it is inflated, and corresponding to the length of the pharynx. Slaughtering above or below these limits renders the meat non-kosher.

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Forums surrounding the ethical treatment of workers and animals in kosher slaughterhouses have inspired a revival of the small-scale, kosher-certified farms and slaughterhouses, which are gradually appearing throughout the United States.

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accidentally slaughters with a knife dedicated to idol worship, he must remove an amount of meat equivalent to the value of the knife and destroy it. If he slaughtered with such a knife on purpose, the animal is forbidden as not kosher.

808:). It differs from the previously used knife design because it is made of molten steel and polished to a mirror gloss in which scratches could be seen as well as felt. The new knife was controversial and one of the reasons for the 1772 3995: 836: 3817:

Comparative Report of the Public Debates on Religious Slaughter in Germany, UK, France & Norway. DIALREL Encouraging Dialogue in Issues of Religious Slaughter. Comparative report: Lill M Vramo & Taina Bucher: SIFO

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Further inspection of other parts of the body may be performed depending on the stringency applied and also depending on whether any signs of sickness were detected before slaughter or during the processing of the animal.

2809:", since he completed the prerequisite of understanding the (complex) laws of Shechita and Bedikah. It is assumed that he -as well- is knowledgeable in the details of the laws of giving the gifts, and will not put the 526:

In the case of fowl (with the exception of large fowl like turkey) the bird is held in the non-dominant hand in such a way that the head is pulled back and the neck exposed, while the cut made with the dominant hand.

736:. By biblical law the knife may be made from anything not attached directly or indirectly to the ground and capable of being sharpened and polished to the necessary level of sharpness and smoothness required for 2804:

Shulchan Gavoah to Yoreh Deah 61:61. Text: "The obligation of giving the gifts lay upon the Shochet to separate the parts due to the Kohanim. Apparently, the reasoning is that since the average Shochet is a

1112:

If this procedure is not performed promptly, the blood is considered to have "set" in the meat, and the meat is no longer considered kosher except when prepared through broiling with appropriate drainage.

2457: 3231: 2507: 1423:, fifteen years ago. Employees wearing football helmets attached a nose tong to the nose of a writhing beast suspended by a chain wrapped around one back leg. Each terrified animal was forced with an 442: 3842: 780:. If the blade is found to be damaged, the meat may not be eaten by Jews. If the blade falls or is lost before the second check is done, the first inspection is relied on and the meat is permitted. 973:(an Ashkenazi authority) had an additional stringency, of checking adhesions on additional parts of the lung which Sephardi practice does not require. Some Ashkenazi Jews keep this stringency. 3053:

Experiments for the objectification of pain and consciousness during conventional (captive bolt stunning) and religiously mandated ("ritual cutting") slaughter procedures for sheep and calves.

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If, in addition, there were two or fewer adhesions, and they were small and easily removable, then these adhesions are considered a lesser type of adhesion, and the animal is considered

393:. Rabbis acted as the academics who, among themselves, debated how to apply laws from the Torah to the preparation of animals. Rabbis also conducted experiments to determine under which 4969: 6493: 2532: 2324: 503:

is used, that is very long; and no undue pressure may be applied to the knife, which must be very sharp. The procedure may be performed with the animal either lying on its back (

556:

It has been suggested that eliminating blood flow through the carotid arteries does not cut blood flow to the brain of a bovine because the brain is also supplied with blood by

1924:

Zdun, M., Frąckowiak, H., Kiełtyka-Kurc, A., Kowalczyk, K., Nabzdyk, M. and Timm, A. (2013), The Arteries of Brain Base in Species of Bovini Tribe. Anat. Rec., 296: 1677–1682.

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is required to place dirt on the ground before the slaughter, and then to perform the cut over that dirt, in order to drop some of the blood on to the prepared dirt. When the

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is being performed. It must not be stabbed into the neck or buried by fur, hide, feathers, the wound itself, or a foreign object (such as a scarf) which may cover the knife.

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has observed that "if the rules (of the five forbidden techniques) are disobeyed, the animal will struggle. If these rules are obeyed, the animal has little reaction."

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in the front half of the animal are relatively easy to remove, the back half of the animal is far more complicated, and it is where the sciatic nerve is located.

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Sephardic Jews rule that if there is any sort of adhesion on the forbidden areas of the lungs, then the animal is not kosher. This standard is commonly known as

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This tradition goes back for centuries where local Muslims accept meat slaughtered by Jews as consumable; however, the custom was not universal throughout the

921:) both mean "smooth". In the context of kosher meat, they refer to the "smoothness" (lack of blemish) in the internal organs of the animal. In the case of an 4353: 612:‎; covering, digging, or burying) – The knife must be drawn over the throat so that the back of the knife is at all times visible while 6320: 6264: 3714: 2612: 1468: 5991: 2973: 933:

customs. While there are certain areas of the lung where an adhesion is allowed, the debate revolves around adhesions which do not occur in these areas.

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cannot claim that, since the animal does not belong to him, he cannot give the gifts without the owner's consent. On the contrary, since the average

336:, one must study which slaughtered animals are kosher, what disqualifies them from being kosher, and how to prepare animals according to the laws of 6760: 6525: 4777: 4328: 3722: 1392:

stated that kosher slaughter, no matter how well it is done, is not instantaneous, whereas stunning properly with a captive bolt is instantaneous.

4368: 4270: 1314: 886:"examination of the lung") and other disqualifying signs of the lungs, and most kosher birds will have their intestines inspected for infections. 1053:, is considered complicated and tedious, and hence labor-intensive, and even more specialized training is necessary to perform the act properly. 2941: 1337:

lead of the study William Schulze warned in his report that the results may have been due to the captive bolt device they used being defective.

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must check the knife again in the same way to be certain the first inspection was properly done, and to ensure the blade was not damaged during

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before the slaughter. These injuries were established by the Talmudic rabbis as being likely to cause the animal to die within 12 months time.

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Knesset Committee on Immigration, Absorption and Diaspora Affairs chair says attempts to outlaw 'Shechita' contain 'anti-Semitic' elements.

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When shackling and hoisting is used, it is recommended that cattle not be hoisted clear of the floor until they have had time to bleed out.

1278:

The practices of handling, restraining, and unstunned slaughter have been criticized by, among others, animal welfare organizations such as

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also supported the recommendation saying "We believe that the law must be changed to require all animals to be stunned before slaughter."

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came under attack in the 19th century, Jewish communities resorted to expert scientific opinions which were published in pamphlets called

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A Comparative Analysis of Kosher Slaughter Regulation, and recommendations as to how this issue should be dealt with in the United States

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The carcass must be checked to see if the animal had any of a specific list of internal injuries that would have rendered the animal a

6941: 6284: 6194: 816:. As of present time, the "Hassidic hallef" is universally accepted and is the only permitted blade allowed in religious communities. 2252:"The rules of Shechita for performing a proper cut during kosher slaughter (Rabbi Chanoch Kesselman, Temple Grandin, meat scientist)" 7009: 6485: 6445: 6368: 6325: 6179: 6104: 5578: 4333: 4323: 3901: 3816: 3445: 2141: 1241: 3112:"Electroencephalographic responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning" 6653: 6304: 6134: 5961: 5031: 5026: 4456: 4156: 4106: 3165: 3032: 2224: 2197: 1067:

of the animal (where many of these forbidden meats are located) is often sold to non-Jews, rather than trouble with the process.

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The Jewish method of Slaughter Compared with Other Methods : from the Humanitarian, Hygienic, and Economic Points of View

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with a back-and-forth motion without employing any of the five major prohibited techniques, or various other detailed rules.

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released a gruesome undercover video of cattle struggling to their feet with their tracheas and esophagi ripped out after

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A Discussion of Stunned and Nonstunned Slaughter prepared by an International Group of Scientists and Religious Leaders

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TJ Gibson; CB Johnson; JC Murrell; CM Hulls; SL Mitchinson; KJ Stafford; AC Johnstone; DJ Mellor (13 February 2009).

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results in minimal discomfort" because the cattle stand still and do not resist a comfortable head restraint device.

3775: 3305:"Kosher Box Operation, Design, and Cutting Technique will Affect the Time Required for Cattle to Lose Consciousness" 340:. Subjects of study include the preparation of slaughtering tools, ways to interpret which foods follow the laws of 7034: 6906: 6701: 6637: 6573: 6224: 6184: 6154: 5282: 5277: 4679: 4221: 4126: 4101: 3786:

From the Slaughterhouse to the Consumer. Transparency and Information in the Distribution of Halal and Kosher Meat.

3486: 2023: 434:(slaughterer and inspector), for which qualification considerable study as well as practical training is required. 3864: 1433:

during ritual slaughter are the stressful and cruel methods of restraint (holding) that are used in some plants."

7142: 7018: 6856: 6693: 6129: 5423: 5342: 5202: 4782: 3954: 3304: 1022:

prohibits the eating of certain fats, so they must be removed from the animal. These fats are typically known as

842:

The animal's blood may not be collected in a bowl, a pit, or a body of water, as these resemble ancient forms of

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Jüdische Schweiz : 50 Objekte erzählen Geschichte = Jewish Switzerland : 50 objects tell their stories

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studied under these rabbis, as rabbis were the officials who first interpret, debate, and determine the laws of

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The Prohibition of Ritual Slaughtering (Kosher Slaughtering and Halal) and Freedom of Religion of Minorities

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TONY KUSHNER (1989) STUNNING INTOLERANCE, Jewish Quarterly, 36:1, 16-20, DOI: 10.1080/0449010X.1989.10705025

2064: 1475:. Some of the cattle actually got up and stood for a minute or so after being dumped from the rotating pen. 1246:"Opposition to the Jewish methods of slaughter has a long history, starting at least as far back as the mid- 1132: 1122: 1105:, a process of soaking and salting the meat to draw out all the blood. A special large-grained salt, called 1099:

All large arteries and veins are removed, as well as any bruised meat or coagulated blood. Then the meat is

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company has led to discussion as to whether or not industrialized agriculture has undermined the place of

1096:

Because of the biblical prohibition of eating blood, all blood must be promptly removed from the carcass.

788: 216: 1612: 299: 6848: 6669: 6629: 6541: 6501: 6422: 6416: 6229: 5413: 5378: 4964: 4863: 4772: 4611: 4501: 4466: 4151: 3894: 839:. An animal's "young" is defined as either its own offspring, or another animal that follows it around. 485: 5513: 5498: 3629: 2826: 1428:

exists, I am in it.' I vowed that I would replace the plant from hell with a kinder and gentler system.

496:

is also cut in this operation. With fowl, the same procedure is followed, but a smaller knife is used.

3693:

Anti-Shechita Prosecutions in the Anglo-American World, 1855–1913: "A major attack on Jewish freedoms"

584:, but today the normative practice is to disqualify a kosher cut as a result of any length of pausing. 411:

are essential to every Jewish community, so they earn elevated social status. In the Middle Ages, the

7137: 6872: 6677: 6605: 6356: 6299: 6169: 6021: 6006: 5880: 5780: 5740: 5735: 5588: 4810: 4651: 4419: 4399: 4207: 3985: 3959: 2432: 1506: 1502: 1322: 1088:, on the other hand, specially trained men are hired to prepare the hindquarters for sale as kosher. 560:, but other authorities note the distinction between severing the carotid versus merely blocking it. 2948: 2928:"The Government response to the Farm Animal Welfare Council's report on animal welfare at slaughter" 2737: 1941: 1817: 1295:

According to FAWC it can take up to two minutes after the incision for cattle to become insensible.

787:

was made of forged steel, which was not reflective and was difficult to make both smooth and sharp.

545:

The procedure is done with the intention of causing a rapid drop in blood pressure in the brain and

419:

were respected for committing their time to studying and for their importance to their communities.

373:

started to debate and define kosher laws. As the laws increased in number and complexity, following

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laws became difficult for Jews who were not trained in those laws. This resulted in the need for a

287:

would be permitted, doubts as to the identity and scope of the species on the biblical list led to

3334:"Welfare During Slaughter without stunning (Kosher or Halal) differences between Sheep and Cattle" 239:

states that sheep and cattle should be slaughtered "as I have instructed you", but nowhere in the

6864: 6685: 6509: 6386: 6362: 6274: 5900: 5307: 4800: 4752: 4742: 4553: 4461: 3584: 3538: 3142: 2817:

not wholly knowledgeable in the laws of the gifts -and procrastinates in completing the mitzvah."

2403: 6980: 6927: 6517: 5976: 5317: 3523: 3337: 2859:"Compassion in World Farming: Unstunned Hallal and Kosher Meat (with link to collected reports)" 2745: 3788:

Dialrel project report. Authors: J. Lever, María Puig de la Bellacasa, M. Miele, Marc Higgin.

2349: 2251: 2004:. Rama's commentary on Shulchan Aruch 23-2 requires strict adherence to disqualifying any pause 1063:

In countries such as the United States, where there exists a large non-kosher meat market, the

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is opposed to shackling and hoisting as a method of handling animals and wrote, on visiting a

962: 447: 362: 3715:

Resolution on Disturbing Trends in Europe of Concern to Jewish and Other Religious Minorities

3191:

Discussion of research that shows that Kosher or Halal slaughter without stunning causes pain

3111: 2813:

aside. This, however, is not the case with the animal's owner, since the average owner is an

1228:

The meat is still kosher if the blood does not get covered; covering the blood is a separate

641:‎; tearing) – If either the esophagus or the trachea is torn during the 7132: 6994: 6720: 6269: 5936: 5840: 5800: 5790: 5720: 5583: 5523: 5478: 5443: 5347: 5302: 5242: 5192: 5016: 4974: 4934: 4904: 4894: 4889: 4828: 4631: 4394: 4363: 4186: 4111: 3887: 3576: 3126: 2273: 1925: 1310:

has issued a position paper on slaughter without prior stunning, calling it "unacceptable."

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Stunning Bodies: Animal Slaughter, Judaism, and the Meaning of Humanity in Imperial Germany

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The Cutting Edge: The debate over the regulation of ritual slaughter in the western world

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law limit the extent to which Jewish slaughterhouses can industrialize their procedures.

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meat is produced causes "significant pain and distress" to animals and should be banned.

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committee announced (January, 2012) that it would call on European parliaments and the

970: 926: 733: 671: 550: 468: 463: 138: 132: 3743: 7116: 7026: 6144: 6011: 5986: 5921: 5890: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5830: 5795: 5710: 5685: 5655: 5558: 5528: 5383: 5337: 5332: 5297: 5292: 5247: 5232: 5212: 5187: 5152: 5132: 5097: 5000: 4833: 4576: 4536: 4434: 4404: 4279: 4063: 3756: 3564: 3384:"Improving Animal Treatment in Slaughterhouses: An Interview with Dr. Temple Grandin" 3146: 2690: 2671: 2596:"Beit Yousef Meat | Rabbi David Sperling | Ask the rabbi | yeshiva.co" 1669: 1609: – Jewish commandment which bans causing animals unnecessary suffering 1593: 1514: 1444:

The prohibition of stunning and the treatment of the slaughtered animal expressed in

1420: 1416: 1345: 1267: 1247: 1027: 930: 121: 2380:. Lubrich, Naomi, 1976-, Jüdisches Museum der Schweiz (1. Auflage ed.). Basel. 795:

were scratching the knives in a way not detectable by normal people, introduced the

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The Politics of Beef: Animal Advocacy and the Kosher Butchering Debates in Germany

756:, covering, of the blade. The blade may also not be serrated, as serrations cause 283:. For birds, although biblically any species of bird not specifically excluded in 3435: 1478:

The OU's condonation of Agriprocessors as a possibly inhumane, yet appropriately

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in water and looking for escaping air), then the animal is still kosher but not

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The assault on shechita and the future of Jews in Europe. World Jewish Congress

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Temple Grandin says that the experiment needs to be repeated using a qualified

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which determine whether or not they are kosher (having both fins and scales).

275:

The animal must be of a permitted species. For mammals, this is restricted to

252: 236: 88: 84: 80: 3280:">Religious slaughter and animal welfare:a discussion for meat scientists" 3085: 2785: 6973: 6832: 6428: 6199: 5805: 5670: 5645: 5533: 5312: 5257: 4909: 4709: 4616: 4596: 4571: 4506: 3996:

Prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day

3944: 2913: 1588: 1460: 677: 477: 222:) is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to 31: 3710:(Jewish Religious Slaughter) in the Twenty-first Century: Are They Ethical? 3138: 3069: 3056: 2375: 2350:"The rules of Shechita for performing a proper cut during kosher slaughter" 3765:

Shechita – The Jewish Religious Humane Method of Animal Slaughter for Food

3748: 3567:; Sax, Boria (1992). "Understanding Animal Protection and the Holocaust". 3247:"Israeli Knesset committee seeks end to European bans on kosher slaughter 2773: 5608: 4526: 4476: 4166: 3934: 3770: 1638: 1598: 1576: 1166: 1150: 1007: 843: 825: 276: 3483: 3437:

Handbook of Meat and Meat Processing, Second Edition. Y. H. Hui (editor)

3222:"Shechita is not a painful method of slaughter, claims Jewish community" 1182:("Dinnei Shechita"), the rabbinical court relies on him to withhold his 17: 4838: 4792: 4451: 4053: 4015: 3939: 3910: 2810: 2229: 2202: 2172: 2119: 2042: 2000: 1973: 1946: 1876: 1849: 1822: 1628: 1623: 1570: 1487: 1368: 1229: 1149:

unless the animal's owner expresses their agreement to give the gifts.

992: 868: 813: 706: 665: 660: 473: 346: 295: 270: 257: 224: 95: 66: 3799:

Consumer and Consumption issues: Halal and Kosher Focus Groups Results

2595: 4389: 4161: 4121: 4091: 4005: 4000: 3929: 1929: 1582: 1415:

I will never forget having nightmares after visiting the now defunct

1141:

even though he does not own the meat. Thus, it is desirable that the

1085: 1049: 1015: 1002: 982: 741: 354: 114: 108: 101: 3705: 1225:

grabs a handful of dirt, says a blessing and then covers the blood.

698: 828:

prior to the procedure, as is common practice in non-kosher modern

4058: 3949: 1381: 1288: 1137: 1080: 1019: 997: 697: 676: 529: 441: 370: 240: 74: 46: 415:

were treated as second in social status, just underneath rabbis.

6239: 4248: 2753: 1464: 1363:

is humane and that criticism is at least partially motivated by

1011: 426:) of the animal is required for it to be declared kosher, and a 6466: 6076: 5052: 4290: 4252: 3883: 966:. It is the strictest in terms of which adhesions are allowed. 3822:); National Reports (in appendix): Florence Bergeaud-Blecker ( 1178:

is reputed to be well versed and knowledgeable in the laws of

182: 2090:"Widespread Slaughter Method Scrutinized for Alleged Cruelty" 385:

extensively) to perform the slaughtering in the communities.

291:

permitting only birds with a tradition of being permissible.

191: 3055:

Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1978 Feb 5;85(2):62-6.

1356:

and knives of the correct size sharpened in the proper way.

1513:, which records what he considers abuses within the kosher 179: 176: 3879: 2065:"שו"ת תשובות והנהגות ח"ד - שטרנבוך, משה (page 173 of 568)" 1317:

has no such qualms, as leading US meat scientists support

1026:. There is also a biblical prohibition against eating the 952:

meat, but it is often considered praiseworthy to only eat

173: 626:‎; cutting in the wrong location) – 4970:

University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

3758:

Laws of Judaism concerning food laws of ritual slaughter

925:

on cattle's lungs specifically, there is debate between

3051:

Schulze W., Schultze-Petzold H., Hazem A. S., Gross R.

3679:

Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America, Chicago

3470:

Videotapes Show Grisly Scenes at Kosher Slaughterhouse

3202:"Halal, shechita and the politics of animal slaughter" 1359:

Jewish and Muslim commentators cite studies that show

1270:, who introduced the concept of sterility in surgery. 488:) the other two transporting blood back to the heart ( 294:

Fish do not require kosher slaughter to be considered

6494:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

2508:"Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 18:28:1" 1232:

which does not affect the kosher status of the meat.

803: 664:; the animal is regarded in Jewish law as if it were 658:

Breaching any of these five rules renders the animal

3834:) Taina Bucher, Laura Terragni & Lill M. Vramo ( 3047: 3045: 2300:"Deconstructing Kosher Slaughter Part 2: The Basics" 881: 188: 7061: 7008: 6958: 6898: 6891: 6712: 6477: 6438: 6349: 6313: 6097: 6090: 5909: 5628: 5621: 5366: 5075: 5066: 5009: 4988: 4927: 4877: 4819: 4791: 4728: 4660: 4552: 4545: 4377: 4301: 4195: 4082: 4029: 3968: 3917: 446:Slaughtering poultry according to religious rules, 185: 145: 131: 120: 107: 94: 73: 65: 1910:S. D. Rosen. Physiological Insights into Shechita. 1467:, became the center of controversy in 2004, after 1321:as a humane slaughtering method as defined by the 549:, to render the animal insensitive to pain and to 247:described. Instead, they have been handed down in 3830:) Taina Bucher, Lill M. Vramo & Ellen Esser ( 3801:Dr Florence Bergeaud-Blacker IREMAM (CNRS) & 2989:"Government backs down on religious slaughter ban 2882:"End 'cruel' religious slaughter, say scientists" 1499:has any place at all in Jewish ritual slaughter. 837:slaughter an animal and its young on the same day 480:). Nothing is mentioned about veins or arteries. 4349:List of international animal welfare conventions 2613:"The Difference between 'Glatt' and Kosher Meat" 1194:It is a positive commandment incumbent upon the 1186:so long as the owner refuses to give the gifts. 6646:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory 3361:"Maximising Animal Welfare in Kosher Slaughter" 1601: – surname meaning "slaughterer" 1413: 654:fingernail to ensure that no nicks are present. 350:(deformities which make an animal non-kosher). 3641:. Y. H. Hui; (CRC Press. Second Edition 2012) 3162:"Animals feel the pain of religious slaughter" 2900:"BBC: Should Halal and Kosher meat be banned?" 645:incision, the carcass is rendered non-kosher. 472:only as severing the wind pipe and food pipe ( 271:Kashrut § Permitted and forbidden animals 4264: 3895: 3803:Université de la Méditerrainée, Aix-Marseille 3033:"Slaughter of Animals Without Prior Stunning" 2563:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 302–. 1676: 1566:Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws 744:nowadays is to use a very sharp metal knife. 8: 4354:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 3706:Ari Z. Zivotofsky Government Regulations of 2914:"BBC: Halal and Kosher slaughter 'must end'" 2827:Mishnah Torah, laws of kosher slaughter 14:1 1451:The most industrialized attempt at a kosher 514: 504: 317: 39: 6321:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society 6265:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 4292:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) 3853:Should Animals be Stunned Before Slaughter? 3613:Pablo Lerner and Alfredo Mordechai Rabello 2412:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1787:"Kashrut of Birds – The Need for a Mesorah" 1469:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 27:Ritual slaughter of an animal in Jewish law 6895: 6474: 6463: 6094: 6087: 6073: 5625: 5072: 5063: 5049: 4549: 4298: 4287: 4271: 4257: 4249: 3902: 3888: 3880: 3750:What's the Truth about Niqqur Acharonayim? 2416:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2408:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1579: – Islamic ritual slaughter 389:studied under rabbis to learn the laws of 6468:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) 6405:Human Environment Animal Protection Party 3847:The Veterinary Record (2004) 154, 759–765 3409:Thinking in Pictures. My Life with Autism 3382:Yanklowitz, Rabbi Shmuly (13 June 2018). 3057:English translation by Dr Sahib M. Bleher 1585: – Indian ritual slaughter 1330:University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover 1286:said that the method by which kosher and 1161:who refuses to perform this commandment. 876:Today all mammals are inspected for lung 298:, but are subject to other laws found in 6526:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology 4778:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals 3820:National Institute for Consumer Research 3609:Publisher: CABI; 1 edition 304 pp (1998) 3472:By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr. 30 November 2004 3421:"Recommended Ritual Slaughter Practices" 3038:. Federation of Veterinarians of Europe. 2736:Eisenstein, Judah David (19 June 1901). 2192: 2190: 1074:, and some Muslims (particularly on the 458:procedure, which must be performed by a 4369:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 2774:What's the Truth about Nikkur Achoraim? 2431:Klein, Reuven Chaim (22 October 2019). 1760:"Kashrut of Birds – The Biblical Story" 1710: 1657: 1315:American Veterinary Medical Association 1078:) did not accept these hindquarters as 7148:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law 4446:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 3677:, Brooklyn, USA, Dr Muhammad Chaudry ( 2972:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2965: 2607: 2605: 2401: 2015: 1509:, narrated the short documentary film 948:. Ashkenazi custom permits eating non- 38: 6662:Political Animals and Animal Politics 6250:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition 6175:Centre for Animals and Social Justice 4582:Concentrated animal feeding operation 4359:Timeline of animal welfare and rights 4314:Animal rights by country or territory 2115:"Mishneh Torah, Ritual Slaughter 2:7" 1872:"Mishneh Torah, Ritual Slaughter 2:7" 1626:controversy about a specific type of 1308:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe 1109:, is used for the kashering process. 537:permit from Rome, 1762. Today in the 210: 7: 6393:Animalist Party with the Environment 4675:Animal testing on non-human primates 3845:Physiological Insights into Shechita 3539:"Kosher – Farm to table | Food" 3234:from the original on 4 October 2022. 2433:"Bereishis: The Sword of Methusaleh" 1905: 1903: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1573: – report from the EU 996:requirement to remove the carcass's 6817:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home 5022:World Day for the End of Speciesism 3497:, March/April 2005, Vol. 20, No. 2. 2225:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:15" 2198:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:12" 2148:. 15 August 2013. A standing Matter 918: 906: 689:dates back to the mid-18th century. 515: 505: 204: 6942:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 6285:United Activists for Animal Rights 6195:Doctors Against Animal Experiments 4329:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies 2168:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:7" 2038:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:1" 1996:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23:2" 1969:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23:2" 1274:General description of controversy 357:era (beginning in 200 CE with the 25: 6486:On Abstinence from Eating Animals 6446:Animal Rights National Conference 6369:Animal Protection Party of Canada 6326:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society 6180:Chinese Animal Protection Network 6105:American Anti-Vivisection Society 5579:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann 4334:Animal rights in Indian religions 4324:Animal rights and punk subculture 3661:). Reviewers: Dr Temple Grandin ( 3359:Grandin, Temple (28 April 2011). 3245:Harman, Danna (10 January 2012). 1727:Steinsaltz, Adin (17 June 1976). 1396:Efforts to improve conditions in 1242:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 7093: 7092: 6654:Animal Rights Without Liberation 6305:Voice for Animals Humane Society 5032:World Day for the End of Fishing 5027:World Day for Laboratory Animals 4457:Equal consideration of interests 4157:Rabbinical Council of California 4127:Kashruth Council of Canada (COR) 3673:), Rabbi David Sears (Author of 3617:Journal of Law and Religion 2006 3605:Neville G. Gregory, T. Grandin: 3160:Andy Coghlan (13 October 2009). 2880:Hickman, Martin (22 June 2009). 2483:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 18" 2374:Battegay, Caspar, 1978- (2018). 1942:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23" 1818:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 21" 1545: 1531: 553:in a prompt and precise action. 169: 127:Sefer Kodashim, Hilchot shechita 45: 6375:Animal Justice Party of Finland 6260:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics 5469:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause 5057:(academics, writers, activists) 4950:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 3695:(North American Jewish Studies) 3607:Animal Welfare and Meat Science 3537:Romanoff, Zan (13 March 2013). 3255:Johnathan Lis January 10, 2012" 3164:. New Scientist. Archived from 2458:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 6" 1845:"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 6" 1202:(non-domesticated animals) and 397:animals were no longer kosher. 6598:Animals, Property, and the Law 4670:Alternatives to animal testing 4339:Christianity and animal rights 3752:by Rabbi Dr. Ari Z. Zivotofsky 3744:Shechita at The Orthodox Union 3663:Colorado State University, USA 3434:Hui, Y. H. (11 January 2012). 3119:New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2636:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1266:. Among these authorities was 1254:The Gutachten (expert reports) 832:since the early 20th century. 500: 69:texts relating to this article 1: 6235:Korea Animal Rights Advocates 4940:Cambridge University primates 4472:Ethics of uncertain sentience 4132:Kosher Supervision of America 4084:Kosher certification agencies 2987:Kirby, Terry (2 April 2004). 1036:), so that, too, is removed. 724:‎), or alternatively a 6295:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics 4440:Argument from marginal cases 4203:Civil laws regarding kashrut 4182:Union of Orthodox Synagogues 3651:Imperial College, London, UK 1236:Animal welfare controversies 687:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 539:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 243:are any of the practices of 220:shehitah, shechitah, shehita 57: 51:A 15th-century depiction of 6582:Morals, Reason, and Animals 6210:Farm Animal Rights Movement 6160:Anonymous for the Voiceless 4844:International primate trade 4319:Anarchism and animal rights 4097:Central Rabbinical Congress 3925:Milk and meat in Jewish law 3683:Islamic Services of America 3667:Bar-Ilan University, Israel 3600:Dembo, Isaak Aleksandrovich 3131:10.1080/00480169.2009.36882 3068:Cohen, Nick (5 July 2004). 2304:The Kosher Omnivore's Quest 1785:Zivotofsky, Ari Z. (2011). 1758:Zivotofsky, Ari Z. (2011). 1681:"to purge"). The Hebrew is 1297:Compassion in World Farming 1284:Farm Animal Welfare Council 1280:Compassion in World Farming 1056:While the small amounts of 882: 858:Post-procedure requirements 804: 783:In previous centuries, the 328:) is a person who performs 7164: 6702:Making a Stand for Animals 6574:The Case for Animal Rights 6225:Hunt Saboteurs Association 6185:Cruelty Free International 6155:Anti-Vivisection Coalition 4680:Animal testing regulations 4102:Chicago Rabbinical Council 3581:10.2752/089279392787011638 2744:. Vol. 10. New York: 2560:Law and Custom in Hasidism 1495:as well as whether or not 1440:Agriprocessors controversy 1239: 1120: 980: 598:due to the prohibition of 365:and extending through the 268: 29: 7088: 6857:The Ghosts in Our Machine 6694:Animal Ethics in the Wild 6473: 6462: 6130:Animal Legal Defense Fund 6086: 6072: 5424:William Hamilton Drummond 5062: 5048: 4783:Welfare of farmed insects 4410:Animal–industrial complex 4297: 4286: 3778:14 September 2019 at the 3653:), Dr Joe M. Regenstein ( 3647:Muslim Council of Britain 2916:. BBC News. 10 June 2003. 2902:. BBC News. 16 June 2003. 2557:Vertheim, Aharon (1992). 2278:Jewish Encyclopedia 1906" 772:After the slaughter, the 729: 721: 638: 623: 609: 591: 577: 381:(someone who has studied 318: 44: 6935:Journal of Animal Ethics 6801:Your Mommy Kills Animals 6190:Direct Action Everywhere 5594:Johann Heinrich Winckler 5539:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers 4996:Direct Action Everywhere 4700:Huntingdon Life Sciences 4685:Labcorp Drug Development 4642:Feedback (pork industry) 4607:Intensive animal farming 4344:History of animal rights 3639:Meat and Meat Processing 3484:When Kosher Isn't Kosher 2717:. Jewishencyclopedia.com 2715:Jewish Encyclopedia 1905 2280:. Jewishencyclopedia.com 1210:(domesticated animals). 324:, "slaughterer", plural 30:Not to be confused with 7070:Holocaust on your Plate 6841:An Apology to Elephants 6622:Do Animals Have Rights? 6558:Animals, Men and Morals 6534:Better-World Philosophy 6411:Italian Animalist Party 6290:United Poultry Concerns 6245:Last Chance for Animals 6140:Animal Liberation Front 6027:Maud Ingersoll Probasco 4512:Replaceability argument 4430:Animal-free agriculture 4147:OK Kosher Certification 3991:Foreleg, cheeks and maw 3866:What Does "Glatt" Mean? 3772:Shehitah: A photo essay 3718:The Rabbinical Assembly 3665:), Dr. Ari Zivotofsky ( 3655:Cornell University, USA 3522:Foer, Jonathan Safran. 3489:10 January 2013 at the 3070:"God's own chosen meat" 1133:foreleg, cheeks and maw 1123:Foreleg, cheeks and maw 7043:Salvation of Innocents 6590:Zoos and Animal Rights 6165:Beauty Without Cruelty 6125:Animal Justice Project 5459:John Zephaniah Holwell 5113:Stephen St. C. Bostock 4690:Great ape research ban 4309:Animal rights movement 3797:dialrel final report: 3669:) Dr Doni Zivotofsky ( 3507:Fishkoff, Sue (2010). 2022:: CS1 maint: others ( 1677: 1561:Christian dietary laws 1430: 1198:to cover the blood of 1153:have the authority to 1145:refuse to perform the 824:The animal may not be 789:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 709: 690: 542: 462:, is described in the 451: 7062:Fairs and exhibitions 6949:The Animals' Defender 6921:Cahiers antispécistes 6849:Speciesism: The Movie 6670:Animal (De)liberation 6630:Striking at the Roots 6542:The Universal Kinship 6502:The Rights of Animals 6423:People Animals Nature 6417:Party for the Animals 6230:In Defense of Animals 5992:Nina Douglas-Hamilton 5379:David Renaud Boullier 4965:Silver Spring monkeys 4864:Wild animal suffering 4773:Pain in invertebrates 4612:Intensive pig farming 4502:Opposition to hunting 4467:Ethics of eating meat 4152:Orthodox Union Kosher 3986:limb of a live animal 3809:; Dr Ari Zivotofsky, 3807:University of Cardiff 3790:University of Cardiff 3511:. New York: Schocken. 2653:. Jewish Encyclopedia 2533:"Mishnah Chullin 1:2" 2325:"Mishnah Chullin 5:3" 1912:The Veterinary Record 1897:Sefer Beit David 24:4 1689:) and the Yiddish is 1606:Tza'ar ba'alei chayim 1190:Covering of the blood 1170:pointed out that the 1127:The Torah requires a 701: 680: 547:loss of consciousness 533: 445: 6678:Sentientist Politics 6606:The Lives of Animals 6357:Animal Justice Party 6170:Born Free Foundation 6007:Lizzy Lind af Hageby 5881:Wendy Turner-Webster 5589:Adam Gottlieb Weigen 4811:Recreational fishing 4652:Ventilation shutdown 4420:Animal protectionism 4400:Animal consciousness 4208:Criticism of kashrut 3960:Kosher by ingredient 3659:Shared Journeys, USA 3657:) and Dr Eric Clay ( 3649:), Dr Stuart Rosen ( 3524:"If This Is Kosher…" 2794:Deuteronomy 12:23–24 1729:The Essential Talmud 1693:. This is done by a 1511:If This Is Kosher... 1503:Jonathan Safran Foer 1328:A 1978 study at the 1323:Humane Slaughter Act 568:Forbidden techniques 430:has a double title: 422:An inspection (Heb. 361:and 300 CE with the 285:Deuteronomy 14:12–18 147:Other rabbinic codes 7102:( 139 ) 6928:Etica & Animali 6914:Between the Species 6638:An American Trilogy 6331:Humanitarian League 5942:Frances Power Cobbe 5554:Arthur Schopenhauer 5549:Henry Stephens Salt 5429:Edward Payson Evans 5123:Stephen R. L. Clark 4980:War of the currents 4869:Wildlife management 4763:Pain in crustaceans 4758:Pain in cephalopods 4213:Kosher airline meal 3811:Bar-Ilan University 3805:; Dr Adrian Evans, 3681:) and Paul Hbhav, ( 3468:The New York Times 3227:The Daily Telegraph 2746:Funk & Wagnalls 2742:Jewish Encyclopedia 2437:The Times of Israel 1793:. Scharf Associates 1766:. Scharf Associates 1731:. pp. 224–225. 1613:Terefah controversy 1117:Giving of the Gifts 1076:Indian subcontinent 1039:The removal of the 835:It is forbidden to 712:The knife used for 492:) are severed. The 41: 7128:Cruelty to animals 6865:Unlocking the Cage 6686:Wild Animal Ethics 6510:The Ethics of Diet 6387:Animalist Movement 6363:Animal Politics EU 6275:Sentience Politics 5901:That Vegan Teacher 5514:Siobhan O'Sullivan 5499:José Ferrater Mora 5308:Steve F. Sapontzis 4801:Commercial fishing 4753:Pain in amphibians 4743:Cruelty to animals 4715:Operation Backfire 4554:Animal agriculture 4462:Emotion in animals 3739:Jeremy A. Rovinsky 3645:: Dr Shuja Shali ( 3340:on 21 October 2012 3168:on 15 October 2009 2790:Leviticus 17:10–14 2639:. Merriam-Webster. 1343:, writing for the 710: 691: 558:vertebral arteries 543: 521:shechita me'umedet 452: 255:, and codified in 7110: 7109: 7103: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7051:Onward to Freedom 7019:Animal Liberation 7004: 7003: 6825:Forks Over Knives 6777:Peaceable Kingdom 6737:Shores of Silence 6729:A Cow at My Table 6614:Eternal Treblinka 6566:Animal Liberation 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6345: 6344: 6280:Uncaged Campaigns 6255:Mercy for Animals 6220:Great Ape Project 6135:Animal Liberation 6081:(groups, parties) 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 5967:Elizabeth Farians 5876:Christine Townend 5816:Heather Nicholson 5741:Brigitte Gothière 5731:Antoine Goetschel 5617: 5616: 5278:Charles Patterson 5183:Gary L. Francione 5158:Josephine Donovan 5148:Daniel Dombrowski 5128:Alasdair Cochrane 5044: 5043: 5040: 5039: 4923: 4922: 4854:Predation problem 4738:Animal euthanasia 4647:Foam depopulation 4482:Insects in ethics 4246: 4245: 4218:Kosher restaurant 2776:kashrut.com, 2007 2570:978-0-88125-401-3 2387:978-3-85616-847-6 1791:Is Turkey Kosher? 1764:Is Turkey Kosher? 1664:The English word 1652:Explanatory notes 1507:Jewish vegetarian 1221:is complete, the 1151:Rabbinical courts 685:belonging to the 511:shechita munachat 448:Shalom Koboshvili 363:Babylonian Talmud 300:Leviticus 11:9–12 237:Deuteronomy 12:21 159: 158: 109:Babylonian Talmud 85:Deuteronomy 14:21 81:Deuteronomy 12:21 16:(Redirected from 7155: 7143:Ritual slaughter 7101: 7096: 7095: 6907:Animal Sentience 6896: 6761:Legally Blonde 2 6721:The Animals Film 6475: 6464: 6270:Rise for Animals 6095: 6088: 6074: 5937:Edith Carrington 5841:Craig Rosebraugh 5801:Virginia McKenna 5791:Jo-Anne McArthur 5721:Juliet Gellatley 5626: 5584:Mary Anne Warren 5524:Humphrey Primatt 5509:Edward Nicholson 5479:Charles R. Magel 5444:Thomas G. Gentry 5303:Richard D. Ryder 5243:Thomas Lepeltier 5073: 5064: 5050: 5017:World Animal Day 4975:Unnecessary Fuss 4935:Brown Dog affair 4905:Animals in sport 4895:Animal slaughter 4890:Animal sacrifice 4829:Culling wildlife 4632:Wildlife farming 4550: 4395:Animal cognition 4364:Total liberation 4299: 4288: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4250: 4187:Kosher Australia 4112:Edah HaChareidis 3904: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3836:Norwegian report 3826:) Adrian Evans ( 3622:Dorothee Brantz 3592: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3541:. Jewish Journal 3534: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3336:. Archived from 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3198: 3192: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3116: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3065: 3059: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2947:. Archived from 2946: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2802: 2796: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2688: 2682: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2619:on 26 July 2018. 2615:. 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Howard Moore 5439:John Galsworthy 5419:Wilhelm Dietler 5362: 5358:Corey Lee Wrenn 5268:Martha Nussbaum 5178:Lawrence Finsen 5118:Paola Cavalieri 5093:Kristin Andrews 5068: 5058: 5036: 5005: 4984: 4919: 4873: 4815: 4787: 4748:Pain in animals 4724: 4656: 4622:Poultry farming 4541: 4373: 4293: 4282: 4277: 4247: 4242: 4191: 4142:Montreal Kosher 4137:London Beth Din 4078: 4025: 3964: 3913: 3908: 3877: 3861:Eliezer Melamed 3780:Wayback Machine 3728:Lewis, Melissa 3702: 3598:(1894) Author: 3563: 3560: 3558:Further reading 3555: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3495:Tikkun Magazine 3491:Wayback Machine 3481: 3477: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3407:Temple Grandin 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3332:(August 2011). 3330:Grandin, Temple 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3309:www.grandin.com 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3210:. 6 March 2014. 3207:TheGuardian.com 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3090: 3088: 3080:(4695): 22–23. 3067: 3066: 3062: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2997:The Independent 2991:The Independent 2986: 2985: 2981: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2954:on 31 July 2009 2951: 2944: 2942:"Archived copy" 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2886:The Independent 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2803: 2799: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2748:. p. 132. 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2698:Forbidden Foods 2689: 2685: 2679:Forbidden Foods 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2584:Leviticus 22:28 2582: 2578: 2571: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2537:www.sefaria.org 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2512:www.sefaria.org 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2487:www.sefaria.org 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2462:www.sefaria.org 2456: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2400: 2388: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2329:www.sefaria.org 2323: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2069:hebrewbooks.org 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2014: 2007: 2005: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1923: 1919: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1815: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1725: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1615: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1442: 1402: 1400:slaughterhouses 1332:indicates that 1276: 1256: 1244: 1238: 1192: 1125: 1119: 1094: 985: 979: 896: 883:bedikat ha-reah 865: 860: 822: 810:excommunication 791:, fearing that 705:slaughter of a 696: 570: 513:) or standing ( 466:section of the 440: 432:Shochet u'bodek 344:, and types of 310: 273: 267: 234: 172: 168: 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7161: 7159: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7031: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6900: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6789: 6781: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6753:Meet Your Meat 6749: 6741: 6733: 6725: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6578: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6550:The New Ethics 6546: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6381:Animals' Party 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:AnimaNaturalis 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Animal Justice 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6052:Gretchen Wyler 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982:Lewis Gompertz 5979: 5974: 5972:Emarel Freshel 5969: 5964: 5962:Muriel Dowding 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5896:Gary Yourofsky 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5811:Ingrid Newkirk 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5751:Charlotte Laws 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5676:Yves Bonnardel 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Martin Balluch 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5599:Steven M. Wise 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Bernard Rollin 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5504:Leonard Nelson 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5409:Herman Daggett 5406: 5401: 5399:Priscilla Cohn 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Jeremy Bentham 5370: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5288:Jessica Pierce 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5218:Kyle Johannsen 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143:David DeGrazia 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083:Carol J. Adams 5079: 5077: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4955:Pit of despair 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4885:Abandoned pets 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4730:Animal welfare 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4705:Model organism 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4662:Animal testing 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4637:Working animal 4634: 4629: 4627:Slaughterhouse 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:Insect farming 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4562:Animal product 4558: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4517:Sentiocentrism 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Animal welfare 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4233:Kosher tourism 4230: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4044:Chalav Yisrael 4041: 4039:Bishul Yisrael 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3976:Kosher animals 3972: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3857: 3855:Raffi Berg BBC 3849: 3840: 3814: 3794: 3782: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3712: 3701: 3700:External links 3698: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3675:Vision of Eden 3637:Appendix I in 3635: 3627: 3619: 3610: 3603: 3593: 3565:Arluke, Arnold 3559: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3529: 3514: 3499: 3475: 3460: 3446: 3426: 3423:. Grandin.com. 3412: 3400: 3374: 3351: 3321: 3296: 3271: 3237: 3230:. April 2011. 3213: 3193: 3189:Temple Grandin 3179: 3152: 3102: 3060: 3041: 3023: 3014: 3002: 2979: 2933: 2919: 2905: 2891: 2872: 2850: 2839: 2830: 2819: 2807:Talmid Chacham 2797: 2778: 2766: 2728: 2702: 2683: 2664: 2642: 2622: 2601: 2587: 2576: 2569: 2549: 2524: 2499: 2474: 2449: 2423: 2386: 2366: 2341: 2316: 2291: 2265: 2243: 2216: 2186: 2159: 2133: 2106: 2081: 2056: 2029: 1987: 1960: 1933: 1917: 1899: 1890: 1863: 1836: 1804: 1777: 1750: 1742:Shulchan Aruch 1734: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1675:(from Spanish 1656: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1610: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1553:Animals portal 1542: 1539:Judaism portal 1526: 1523: 1457:Agriprocessors 1453:slaughterhouse 1441: 1438: 1405:Temple Grandin 1401: 1394: 1373:European Union 1275: 1272: 1255: 1252: 1237: 1234: 1191: 1188: 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1093: 1090: 990:refers to the 981:Main article: 978: 975: 895: 892: 864: 861: 859: 856: 821: 818: 734:Ashkenazi Jews 695: 692: 672:Temple Grandin 656: 655: 632: 617: 603: 585: 569: 566: 541:'s collection. 469:Shulchan Aruch 439: 436: 332:. To become a 309: 304: 289:rabbinical law 269:Main article: 266: 263: 233: 230: 217:transliterated 157: 156: 150: 143: 142: 136: 133:Shulchan Aruch 129: 128: 125: 118: 117: 112: 105: 104: 99: 92: 91: 78: 71: 70: 63: 62: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7160: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Animal rights 7121: 7120: 7118: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027:Tame Yourself 7024: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6988:No Compromise 6985: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6489:(3rd century) 6488: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6461: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6419:(Netherlands) 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Animal Rising 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115:Animal Ethics 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012:Jessie Mackay 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:James Granger 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922:Henry B. Amos 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Louise Wallis 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:Kim Stallwood 5854: 5852: 5851:Jasmin Singer 5849: 5847: 5846:Nathan Runkle 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:David Olivier 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:John Feldmann 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686:Aymeric Caron 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:Carole Baskin 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Laurids Smith 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:James Rachels 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:John Lawrence 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Brigid Brophy 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348:Tatjana Višak 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338:David Sztybel 5336: 5334: 5333:Cass Sunstein 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298:Mark Rowlands 5296: 5294: 5293:Evelyn Pluhar 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Andrew Linzey 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5233:Will Kymlicka 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Dale Jamieson 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Valéry Giroux 5191: 5189: 5188:Robert Garner 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5153:Sue Donaldson 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133:J. M. Coetzee 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098:Tom Beauchamp 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5002: 5001:Hunt sabotage 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989:Methodologies 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834:Hare coursing 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4577:Chick culling 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4537:Vegetarianism 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:Anthrozoology 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Animal ethics 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4280:Animal rights 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064:Kosher locust 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832:German report 3829: 3825: 3824:French report 3821: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691:David Fraser 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3602:, 1847?–1906 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3509:Kosher Nation 3503: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3482:Aaron Gross: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3449: 3447:9781439836835 3443: 3440:. CRC Press. 3439: 3438: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3363:. Forward.com 3362: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3260: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:New Statesman 3071: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2861:. 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